OUMH1303 ENGLISH FOR ORAL COMMUNICATAION _ SWSIM 18/05/2018 1

Topic 1 Communication: An Overview

P4: Communication is a systematic process in which
people interact with and through symbols to
create and interpret meanings.
1) 6 Elements which are present in all
communication acts
• Context –physical (real environment, eg class room),
social-psychological (relationship, friendship),
Temporal (the time when the communication
took place, eg, day, night), Cultural ( value,
behaviours, beliefs)
• Source-receiver – (speaker and receiver)
• Message –(verbal, non-verbal)
• Channels –(medium: vocal, visual, olfactory (smell),
tactile (touch))
• Noise - Interference
• Effect – Communication effect,
intellectual effect, (changes in thinking)
affective effect, (changes in attitude)
psychomotor effect.(changes in behavior)
2) Types of Communication p7-8
a) Oral CommunicationFace to Face Conversation,
Meetings, Voice mail messages,
Teleconferencing, Oral Presentation, Public
Speaking
b) Written Communicationletter, fax, memo, reports,
news, minutes of meetings,
c) Non-verbal Communicating appearance, posture,
eye contact, grooming, nervousness, dressing
5) 7 ways/forms that oral communication often
takes:
• Intrapersonal communication - self-talk or a
conversation you hold with yourself under
certain circumstances
• Interpersonal communication - communication
between several people
• Small group communication - takes place in a
group, usually comprising 5 to 10 people
• Public communication - involves communication
between a speaker and an audience
• Mass communication - sent out from a source to
many receivers all over the world (Radio, TV)
• Corporate communication - takes place among
members of an organization
• Intercultural communication - communication
between people of diverse cultures and ethnicity
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Topic 2 Oral Communication:
Some Basic Principles
1) Oral communication involves two crucial skills : -
listening and speaking.
2) Mindful Attention
3) What is the difference between hearing and
listening? P23
- Hearing is merely the physical ability to hear
sounds, occur unconsciously. I.
- Listening is to hear something mindfully and
close attention.

3) 4 main purposes in communication: p8

4) What is the difference between passive listening
- To inquire – to obtain information in various ways.
and active listening? P24
- To inform – dissemination fo information using
• In passive listening, you listen passively, at a low
different channels.
level of concentration and absorb the minimum
- To persuade – to influence people and bring them number of words.
round to your thought.
• Active listening involves a higher level of
- To develop goodwill – to maintain & from cordial and concentration.
harmonious relationships with people you’re
5 components of effective listening: p23
communicating.

4) Models of Communicatiaon:
1. Linear Model – one way- sender  receiver
2. Interactive Model – takes turn--
sender reciever
3. Transactional Model – simultaneously – both a
speaker and a listener
5) Active listening can be improved by:
• paraphrasing the speaker message,
Implications of Transactional Model p12
• identifying your weaknesses,
• preparing yourself mentally and physically,
• setting priorities.
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6) Principles of Oral Communication: p26
1. Interpretation of Symbols Create Meaning
The meaning of words may have a positive or
negative or even neutral connotation
2. Rules in Communication
a) Constitutive Rules - define what
communication means by showing us the
meaning behind certain kinds of symbols used
in communication.
b) Regulative Rules - These unwritten rules tell
you when, where, how and with whom you
have a conversation
3. Punctuation Affect Meaning
Signal the beginning or ending or a interaction.
4. Voice Attribute
 Volume -clear-good breath controls
 Pitch -a pleasant pitch
 Intonation - subtle nuances in meaning can
arise when u vary the pitch
 Tone - which effect ur emotions and
attitude
 Tempo - best speak rate 125 words per
minute
 Enunciation - the clarity of each part of the word
 Pronunciation
7) Benefits /WHY WE NEED GOOD ORAL
COMMUNICATION SKILLS
1. Building Friendships – foster friendship- good
speaker are good listener
2. Knowledge Acquisition – ask questions, express
opinions/ideas, summaries information
effectively.
3. Developing Workplace Competencies --
8) ROLES OF SPEAKER AND LISTENER p32
i) Evaluate the Situation
a)Avoid Miscommunication – receiver should listen
carefully to ensure message is understood
correctly
b)Give and Receive Feedback – ask question to
make sure the meaning of the msg
c) Maintain Goodwill - listener should accept and
receives the speaker message with an open
mind.
ii) Understand Needs –to fulfill his own needs as
well as the receiver’s needs. (Maslow’s
Hierarchy of Needs: Physical Needs ->•
Security Needs ->• Social Needs ->• Esteem
Needs ->• Self-Actualization Needs
iii) Use Interpersonal Skills
a)Make You-Statements--put the
receiver/customer first
2
b)Have A Positive Attitude--cheerful, optimistic,
enthusiastic outlook
c) Be A Good Listener---listen intently, takes note,
ask Q
d)Keep Things Confidential -
e)Be Considerate---be polite, honest, respect the
opinions of others.
9) INTERFERENCE/ Noises IN COMMUNICATION
p37
i. Physical Interference - This kind of interference
is external and outside the control of both the
speaker and the receiver.
ii. Physiological Interference - These are barriers
to communication due to physiological
challenges on the part of the speaker or the
receiver. –hearing impaired, speech
articulation problems, suffer from short-term
memory loss
iii. Psychological Interference - This type of
interference stems from the mental makeup of
the receiver or sender, and includes biases,
prejudices, narrow-mindedness, and extreme
emotional behavior.
iv. Semantic Interference - These barriers include
language, dialectal and cultural differences.
eg. Mouse, gay
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Topic 3 Active Listening Skills
1) Active listening has several benefits: p42
a) It enables people to listen attentively to others;
b) It prevents misunderstandings
c) It encourages the speaker to explain more
2) TIPS FOR ACTIVE LISTENING p42
• Focus on the Message - Think about what the
speaker is saying and do not let your attention
wonder.
• Anticipate What the Speaker Wants to Say - Try to
figure out where the speaker is going and what
the next point is.
• Identify Main and Supporting Points - Begin by
breaking what is said into main points and
supporting points.
• Check for Bias - Ask yourself questions about the
speaker sources and their validity
• Listen between the Lines - To listen effectively, one
has to listen to two channels at the same time.
• Minimize Distractions
Distractions may come from:
 OUMH1303 ENGLISH FOR ORAL COMMUNICATAION _ SWSIM 18/05/2018
Within us—we r daydreaming
Our surroundings-noise, temperature etc
The speaker- accent, style, dressing , language
etc
Implicit Listening: Comprehension of Speaker
Intention p46
To predict where a speaker is going or will say next.
When listening to a talk, pay attention to words
that tell us where the speakers is trying to lead
us.
“Today, I’m going to talk about,…”, “Firstly,…”.”My
point/topic is…”
P47 Signal Words
Listening for Emotive or Persuasive Language:
p50
Emotive language reveals a speaker’s attitude and
feelings towards the subject and persuades the
listener to feel the same rather than increases
the listener’s knowledge of the subjects.
Eg. Charming, cozy bedrooms, warm and loving
female,
Listening for speaker Bias and Stereotyping in
Messages p51
Be aware of speaker’s bias language and stereotyping
in speech in order to be able to make an objective and
fair judgment of the message you are hearing.
Listening for Enjoyment p53
Listening to radio messages, songs, poems, and other
aesthetic and enjoyable materials
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Topic 4 Listening in Formal Academic Contexts
Problems when listening to lectures: p56
i. Decoding or recognizing what has been said
ii. Comprehending, ie, understanding the main and
subordinate points delivered
iii. Taking notes or writing down quickly, briefly and
clearly, the main points presented for future
reference.
1) Lecturers presentation or lecturing styles include
p57
a) Reading Style –the lecturer reads from the
notes.
b) Conversational Style – the lecture speaks
informally with or without the notes.
c) Rhetorical Style – the lecturer present the
content like a performer with high key and
frequently making digressions and asides.
3
2) Whatever style the lecturer uses, there will always
be cues that point listeners to important ideas
and information in the lecture. Some of these
devices or cues include:
a. Stress, Intonation, Pauses
b. Use of Relative Clauses or Other Supporting
Clauses
c. Logical Connectors, Number, and Other
Phrases
d. Vocal Underlining
The lecturer may also use his body to emphasize
certain points especially through the use of hand
gestures.
Macro-markers: higher-order discourse markers
signaling major changes and emphasis in
lectures.
Micro-markers: Lower-order markers of segmentation
and inter=sentences connections.
Examples of Macro-makers and Mirco-Makers p58-59
Listening for Sequence in Ideas p61
Eg. First, First of all, Next, After you have, Finally,
Lastly, Second, Then, Following that,
3) Listenting for Sepcific Language Cues to
Understand Facts and Opinions p63
Facts - A fact is something that has objective reality; it
is not a matter of perception or opinion and is
true.
Eg: statistical data, reports, examples of actual events
and happenings.
Opinions - Opinions are often based on what one
believes to be true or on how a person feels
about something
4) Listening for MEANING FROM INTONATION p69
Intonation—the use of melody and the rise and fall of
the voice when speaking.
The voice uses intonation to express grammatical
meaning, emotion, attitudes and reactions.
1. Falling intonation - This type of intonation pattern
usually accompanies positive statements or
declarative sentences.
The fall in intonation signals confidence and
authority.
2. Rising Intonation - This type of intonation pattern
usually accompanies statements expressing doubt
or yes/no questions
A rising tone indicates uncertainty and sometimes
politeness.
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Listening for Comprehension From Complete 3) Enunciation p98

Discourse Rather Than From Isolated Words:
Verbal enunciation is the act of speaking. Good
How to Take Notes
enunciation is the act of speaking clearly and
Note-taking helps you to concentrate on what the concisely.
lecturer is saying and to provide you with a
4) Stress
summary for later reference or revision.
Stress and intonation are important in speech. They
Guide in quick note taking: p78
signal meaning, attitude and grammar.
i. Omit completely certain sentences which are not
necessary to the main ideas.
ii. Concentrate on the important sentences 2 kinds of stress: p102
iii. Write in short phrases
i. In word stress, stressing certain syllables signal
iv. Use common symbols or sighs and
their meaning.
abbreviations
v. Show connections between ideas by using ii. In a sentence stress, stress picks out the most
 Space important words.
 Numbers and letters
 Underlining
 Common symbols and signs. Examples p78-79 How Can We Say the Same Thing in Different Ways
by Using Stress? P104
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(i) When we say words of two or more syllables in
Topic 5 Speaking: Speech Training isolation, we stress one of the syllables.
The basic elements in speaking: (ii) When words are arranged in a sentence, certain
Pronunciation, articulation, stress and intonation. syllables will be stressed to convey the
1) Pronunciation: p89-96 message.
The different sound groups are formed by the 26 (iii) Intonation is used to give further subtleties of
letters in the English alphabet. P112. meaning to the syllables that are deliberately
Words that are correctly voiced help to get the stressed.
intended message cross. A wrongly pronounced word 5) Intonation p106
will confuse and disturb the listener in understanding
the message. P55,98 6) Rhythm p108-109
2) HOW TO IMPROVE YOUR PRONUNCIATION 7) Voice Modulation and Projection p109
1. Listening and watching a lot of English In public speaking, one should be able to project one’s
program on radio and television , voice so that people at the back of the room can
eg. ;listening to English songs, watching hear. However projection is more than just
English news and movies loudness. It is about distance, clarity, and
connection with the audience.
2. Use a dictionary that has a phonetic
alphabet page, Dictionaries are also useful as
a tool to learn word stress or emphasis
Topic 6 Speaking in a Social Context
--Learn the alphabet and their sounds
--learn to identify difficult sounds, then practice 1) Making Small Talk
--Learn word stress p112
Small talk is conversation about everyday topics such
3. Use a right intonation as the weather or sports.
a. Use falling intonation to show it is a Small talk is usually brief as it is a filler while waiting.
statement
b. Use rising intonation to show it is a P117 We use different tenses depending on the
question. subject matter.
c. Use a very high pitch to indicate that you TOPICS SUITABLE FOR SMALL TALK
are surprised.
d. Use a very low pitch to indicate hat you a. The weather
are angry b. Books read
e. If your pitch is too neutral it may suggest c. Films
that you are bored or uninterested in the d. Hobbies and interests
conversation. e. Sports
f. Food and restaurants
4. Do not speak too fast because the tendency g. The education system
to make mistakes is then higher h. A news item
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Topics to avoid as they are personal and/or Topic 7 Group Interaction Skills
sensitive are:
Members of group discussion have to participate
a. Religious issues actively by asking questions, responding to
b. One’s health problems questions, offering opinions, etc to make the
c. Office politics discussion successful.
d. Politics in General
1) Asking and Responding to Questions p139
Different Ways of Asking Questions p140
2) Asking for and Giving Information p119
i. Wh-Questions
When asking question---phrase the question carefully
ii. Yes/No Questions
When giving information—should be relevant, brief and
iii. Using Polite Forms
to the point
2) Purpose of Questions p141
3) Making Suggestion s and Recommendations
p122 i. Asking for information
Some useful Phrases p122, p124 ii. Responding to question: Asking for agreement
4) Making Request and Offers p126 iii. Asking for clarification
Use phrases p127
5) Extending Invitations p129 3) Expressing Opinions, Agreeing and Disagreeing
p143
Useful Phrase p130
Opinions are formed based on one’s knowledge and
6) Express Thanks p131
feelings. To make your opinions sound logical
Expressing thanks is part and parcel of good manners. and credible, cite reasons and facts.
7) Speaking in Cross-Cultural Situations p132 Suitable Expressions p145
When interacting with people from different cultural,
religious and ethnic groups, remember to be
Analyzing the Conversation p146
mindful of:
I. Different social and cultural practices  States opinion.
 Support an Opinion.
II. Significant religious holidays  Support an opinion with a question.
III. Language and expressions which may be  Disagree. Gives reason.
difficult for people of other cultures, living in
different countries, to understand.
4) Negotiating p148
Negotiation is aimed at resolving conflict among
8) Guidelines in Social Communication p135 people.
When communicating with people from different Negotiation will be successful if we provide alternative
cultures and ethnicity, use these guidelines: suggestions and support arguments with
a) Avoid figures of speech or idiomatic expressions. reasons.

b) Don’t use fancy, cute or trendy terminology. We can either negotiate for a

c) Use specific and accurate terms i. Win-win situation: all parties win.
ii. Win-lose situation:
d) Be careful of words which may have different iii. Lose-lose situation
meanings in different cultures or nationalities.
e) Avoid the use of slang, e.g. cool which means in
style. These are some phrases that we can use to
negotiate:
f) Avoid using abbreviations e.g. Atty instead of
Attorney or acronyms • Can we do this another way ⁄?
• What about...
• How about…
----------------------------------------------------------------------- • All right then ⁄
• Okay, then ⁄
• Are you sure ⁄?
There are two ways of negotiation:
i. To seek a compromise
ii. To make others agree with you.
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5) Arguing and Conceding
Useful phrases for Arguing and Conceding p152
6) Turn-Taking p154
The fundamental rule of turn-taking is that speakers
should take turns to hold the floor No two
speaker should speak at the same time.
There are also two other rules to be observed, which
are that:
i. Long silences are to be avoided,
ii. We should listen when others speak.
3) The skills we can employ in turn-taking include:
(a) Recognizing the appropriate moment to get a
turn;
(b) Signaling the fact that you want to speak;
(c) Holding the floor while you have your turn;
(d) Recognizing when other speakers are signalling
to speak;
(e) Yielding the turn; and
(f) Signaling the fact that you are listening.
4) Signals
People use discourse markers as a signal that they
wish to speak.
That reminds me…, By the way…, Well, anyway…,
Like I say…, Yes,but…
5) Making Everybody Active
By invite members in the group to give their opinions.
6) Explanation and Justification
Support our views by giving the reasons or
explanation.
Ways to support and Justify your Opinions p158
 Facts—gives facts to show that your ideas are
based on true information and not just feelings
 Statistics—Give numbers to show that your
ideas are based on research.
 Examples—Describe a situation to explain what
you mean.
 Personal Stories-
7) Helpful Phrases to Show Support
a. For example…
b. For instance…
c. Let me give you an example…
d. I say this because….
e. The reason for my opinion is….
8) Interrupting and Expressing Disagreement p160
It is more convincing to listener if your disagreement is
supported by facts.
6
Useful Phrases to interrupt with p161
Useful Phrases to Express Disagreement p161
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Topic 8 Public Speaking
1) THE IMPORTANCE OF PUBLIC SPEAKING
Public Speaking will Improve Your
i) Social Skills - learn to conquer your fear of
speaking in front of an audience, boost your self-
confidence and project yourself better in diverse
situations
ii) Academic and Professional Skills
You will learn to be:
(a) A persuasive and effective communicator;
(b) More confident and able to project a positive
self-image to others;
(c) More critical when analyzing arguments and
information given to you;
(d) Able to respond appropriately to criticisms and
arguments.
iii) Speaking Skills –
a) helps your overcome feelings of self
consciousness and fear of speaking at length to
an audience
b) You will become more confident, charismatic
and influential.
c) You will learn to be more adept at reaching out
to various types of people as you tailor your
speech to be needs of different audiences.
d) Enhance your leadership skills
2) HOW TO BUILD CONFIDENCE IN PUBLIC
SPEAKING p171
• Change the Way You Think
Think positively- build your confident through
careful preparation.
• Systemic Desensitization (graduated exposure therapy)
• Skills Training
Learning more about oral presentation skills
• Prepare and Practice Your Speech
remember the main points, write down notes on
cue cards, says it naturally, and practice many
times.
• Relaxation Techniques
Breath deeply and exhale slowly—try to relax
• Gain Experience
With experience, your fear will give way to
comfort, confidence and even enjoyment.
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3) TIPS FOR GIVING AN EFFECTIVE SPEECH p174
• Appearance - Dress suitably for the occasion.
(Formal/Informal—dress according to the dress
codes of the community/society who will be your
audience)
• Body Language - Adopt a confident posture
Use gestures to emphasis a point or reinforce
ideas. However, do not over do it.
Maintain good eye contact with your audience.
Make them feel that you are speaking to each
and every one of them.
• Voice
- Speak well with good pronunciation, intonation and
articulation. Speak the standard language.
- Pause at intervals when you speak. Do not speak too
fast or continuously without pause.
- Volume: Speak loud enough so that you can be
heard by all your listeners. Be aware of the noise
interference.
4) DIFFERENT TYPES OF SPEECHES p178
1. -The informative speech increases the
listeners knowledge, understanding or ability
pertaining to a particular issue, topic or skill.
2. -The persuasive speech aims at influencing
listeners attitudes, behavior, beliefs or even
values.
3. -The negotiation speech is used in conflict
negotiation, mediation, and for third-party
intervention in a crisis situation.
4. -The argumentative speech is concerned
mainly with reaching conclusions through logical
reasoning that is based on evidence
5) Types of Informative Speeches p178
i. -Instruction – to teach listeners how to do certain
task.
ii. -Demonstration – to show listeners how to
perform a certain task.
iii. -Explanation –gives explanation for certain
occurrences or phenomena.
iv. Description—gives details of a place, object or
occurrence.
v. –Briefing—summarizes information
vi. –Reporting—detailed information on a particular
topic of interest
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6) Guidelines for Making Effective Informative
Speeches p179
(i) Begin with a clear thesis statement.
(ii) Organize your speech well so that it is easy to
follow.
(iii) Be sensitive to your listeners values and
experiences.
(iv) Adjust the level of complexity, usefulness and
relevance of your content to your listeners.
(v) Design your speech to facilitate retention and
learning.
(vi) Invite audience participation.
(vii) Make use of presentation or visual aids.
7) The Persuasive Speech
Types of Persuasive Speeches: p179
The persuasive speech aims at influencing listeners’
attitudes, behavior, beliefs or even values.
Persuasive speeches are classified based on the main
issue that each speech addressed:
i. –Facts
Facts are based on evidence. Forward the
questions of fact concern what is true and
what is false.
ii. –Values
Questions of value concern what people deem
to be morally right or wrong, just or unjust,
good or evil.
iii. -Policy
Question of policy concern what rules should
be adopted, what procedures should be
implemented, what policy should be followed.
8) Guidelines for Making Effective Persuasive
Speeches p180
(i) Anticipate selective exposure;
(ii) Expect gradual changes, a little at a time;
(iii) Identify with your audience;
(iv) Make logical appeals
(v) Use emotional appeals
9) The Negotiation Speech p180
The negotiation speech is used in conflict negotiation,
mediation and for third-party intervention in a
crisis situation.
Negotiation aims to resolve, or reduce, conflict to the
satisfaction of all parties involved.
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Types of Negotiation: p180
1. -Distributive Bargaining
I- win-you lose, or it might be the other way round.
2. -Integrative Bargaining -alter the goal and
outcomes
3. -Attitudinal Bargaining –alter the relational patterns
4. -Intra-organizational Bargaining –seeks internal
consensus among parties involved to cooperate.
10) Guidelines for Making Effective Negotiation
Speeches
(i) Do your research well;
(ii) Abide by the rules set out by both parties;
(iii) Make sure the parties involved trust you;
(iv) Use deductive arguments;
(v) Know yourself and take stock of your intellectual
and emotional makeup;
(vi) Understand your and the other party expectations;
(vii) Be prepared to make bids and also give
concessions.
11) The Argumentative Speech p181
The argumentative speech is concerned mainly with
reaching conclusions through logical reasoning
that is based on evidence.
Types of Argumentative Speeches p182
1. -Debate and Negotiation
2. -Eristic Dialogue
3. -Legal Debate
4. -Tournament Debate
12) Guidelines for Making Effective Argumentative
Speeches p182
(i) Arguments ought to comply with certain principles or
norms;
(ii) Give reasoned arguments for and against a
proposition;
(iii) Make rational arguments, not emotional statements
and personal viewpoints;
(iv) Debaters need to follow the rules of debate
depending on the debate format e.g. the
Parliamentary Debate format;
(v) Critically evaluate and analysis the opponent
speech;
(vi) Be ethical, fair and honest.
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8
Topic 9 Preparing an Oral Presentation
1) INPUT AND OUTPUT
3 factors of profiles/preparations:
i. Occasion for the Speech
--Profiling the occasion for making the speech
involves asking questions about the aim, that is,
what the speech is meant for.
--The organization hosting the speech
--Agenda of the day
--The length of time
Benefit: This will contribute to putting you at ease
and help u to concentrate on organizing the
structure and content of your presentation.
ii. The Audience -
--Make enquiries about the audience (age, gender,
social, economic, educational background, prior
knowledge etc)
--Whom? What do they know? What do they want
to know? What do I want them to know?
Benefit: you can create speeches that are
appropriate for them in terms of content, the
language used and even style.
iii. The Setting -
--Check the public address systems, the
equipment.
--Formal or informal setting –to dress appropriately
--be punctual
Benefit : Making yourself familiar with the setting --
- reduce panic attacks and minimize the risk of
unexpected problems cropping up at the last
minute
2) DETERMINING THE PURPOSE AND TOPIC p193
1. Determine the Aim
The aim is linked to the presentation topic.
2. Determine the Objectives/Topics
The objectives are more specific.
Examples of Topics-Purposes, Aim and Objectives
p194, 195
3) COLLECTING MATERIAL p196
The material related to the topic of presentation can be
drawn from
i. Information Resources (Libraries, internet,
newspaper, magazines, CDs and journals)
ii. Life Experience (genuine life experience can help
you to establish a real connection with the
audience)
iii. Adapt Material (Select only significant facts and
figures)
iv. More is Best (Prepare more to boost your
confidence especially during the question-and-
answer session—but too much info will bored your
audience.)
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4) Structuring The Oral Presentation p198
Why Structure is Important?
• the audience cannot pay attention for a long period of
time and may find the presentation difficult to
follow if it is not systematically structured and
organized
• A good structure helps to capture and hold their
attention.
5) Basic Procedures of Structuring p198
Present a lucid introduction, well-researched content
and a comprehensive conclusion.
(a) Inform the audience what they are going to listen
to;
(b) Present the content of the presentation; and
(c) Summarize the main points.
7) Main Ideas p198
 Limit the main ideas to between 3 and 6 only.
 Each of the main ideas should be properly
introduced, arranged and concluded.
8) Sequencing of Main Ideas p199
 Start from the easier to the more difficult, or from
the know to the unknown.
 Or following the time sequence.
 Or following the logical sequence.
9) Outlining the Material p199
 The material collected are to put into categories
based on the main ideas.
 The sub-ideas should not be more then five to
avoid confusion.
 The sequence should be clear and logical.
 Develop the structure by webbing or mapping.
10) Using Visual Aids p204
The Need for Visual Aids p205
(a) Firstly, they can enhance the audience
comprehension of the subject matter.
 It helps the listeners grasp the content of the
message more quickly, and minimize
miscommunication, misunderstanding and
misinterpretations.
 Elements and concepts which are difficult to
explain through words can also be clarified.
(b) helps listeners to be more focused as they can
catch their attention and hold it for longer time.
9
(c) visual aids can add authenticity, beauty, credibility
and variety to the entire presentation
Examples of Visual Materials p205
 Unprepared materials
consists of information which is not prepared
in advance but are displayed to the audience
there and then. The information can be written
on board or flip cards.
 Prepared Materials
consist of information which is prepared in
advance.:
a) Non-projected materials (pictures,
posters,handout, realia etc)
b) Projected materials (slides, video clips, CD
etc)
 Visual Equipment. (OHP, slide, LCD projectors,
video, CD, DVD players, computer)
11) Guides for Using Visual Aids p208
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Topic 10 Making an Oral Presentation
1) INTRODUCING THE TOPIC
Introduce the topic before beginning to talk about it.
This helps to prepare the audience to listen to
the presentation.
Some useful phrases commonly used to introduce a
topic are as follows: p214
• Good morning ladies and gentlemen,
Today, IÊd like to talk about …
• Good morning ladies and gentlemen,
My topic for today is …
• Good morning ladies and gentlemen,
… is the topic of my presentation today.
Suggestion on how to start: p215
1. Begin with one of the use phrases above.
2. Begin with a question. Then use one of the
phrases above.
3. Begin with a statement about the topic. Then
use one of the phrases above.
4. Be specific rather than vague.
Today, I’d like to talk about examination
results.(general)
Today, I’d like to talk about examination
results and the media. (specific)
 OUMH1303 ENGLISH FOR ORAL COMMUNICATAION _ SWSIM 18/05/2018 10

2) PRESENTING THE CONTENT 2. Summarising

Before I conclude, ladies and gentlemen, let me
A General Outline:
summarise what I have said. First,... Second,...
1. Gather information by profiling the occasion, the
3. Inviting Participation:
audience, the setting (Topic 9)
And that, ladies and gentlemen, is the end of my
2. Prepare the Speech talk. Now let me open the floor for any questions or
comments.
Prepare the outline as below: p216
5) Inviting Participation p220
(a) Introduction of the topic.
Generally, at the end of speeches, speakers do no
(b) Body of the talk:
invite participation from the floor. However if you do so,
(i) Definition of terms (if any); you have to cautious and well prepare to answer the
audiences’ questions, and received their comments
(ii) Describing the situation; open minded.
(iii) Points in favour; and
(iv) Points against.
(c) Conclusion
(i) Summarise the main points; and
(ii) Concluding with an appeal, proposal, etc

3) The Actual Presentation p217

(a) Stand straight, don’t slouch.
(b) Maintain eye contact with the audience.
(c) Greet the audience, and then start your
presentation.
(d) Give an overview of what you are going to talk
about.
(e) Try not to read from your notes. Talk to the
audience instead.
(f) Use your notes as prompts only.
(g) As you speak, turn your head slowly to look at
one section of the crowd before turning to
another section.
(h) Pause between ideas. Don’t rattle on at full
speed.
(i) Speak with an even tone. Be loud enough to be
heard but do not shout. Similarly, don’t talk to
yourself, mumble or speak too softly.
(j) At the end, summarise what you have said.
(k) Then, thank the audience for being good
listeners.
(j) Invite comments and participation.
(m) When it’s over, leave with a smile.

4) Giving the Conclusion p219

Steps in concluding: p219
1. Summarise the main points.
2. Thank the audience for being a good listener,
and smile as you leave.

Type of Conclusion EXAMPLE p219

1. Straight Conclusion
In conclusion, ladies and gentlemen, let me say
(that children have their rights and we should
respect those rights.) Thank you.