ME Test-7

1
:2: ESE – Offline Test-2018
01(a). (i) Mean temperature = 325.5 K

Sol: As the process is cyclic, the change in Ts  T
 325.5
internal energy is zero. The heat given to the 2
system is then equal to the work done by it. Ts + T = 651 K
The work done in part AB is W1 = 0 as the T = 651 – 353 = 298 K = 25C
volume remains constant. The part BC Pr = 0.709
represents an isothermal process so that the Grashoff’s number,
work done by the gas during this part is g..T.L3
Gr =
W2 = nRT2 In(V2/V1) 2
During the part CA.
9.81
1
80  25 0.183
V  T.  325.5
So, V/T is constant and hence, 
1.82 10 5
2

nRT Gr = 29184714.11
p is constant.
V Ra = Gr. Pr = 20691962.3
The work done by the gas during the part The optimum fin spacing is to be determined
CA is
Sopt  2.714  L
 2.714 
0.18
W3 = p(V1 – V2) Ra 1/ 4
20691962 .31/ 4
= nRT1 – nRT2 (S)opt = 7.243 × 10-3 m = 7.243 mm
= –nR(T2 – T1) (ii) Number of fins
The net work done by the gas in the process W 120
  14.55  15
ABCA is
(n) =
Sopt   t 7.243  1
W = W1 + W2 + W3 Heat transfer coefficient
  k 0.0279
= nR  T2 In 2  T2  T1 
V h  1.31  1.31 
Sopt 0.007243
 V1 
The same amount of heat is given to the gas. h = 5.046 W/m2
Total heat transfer rate, Q = h.A.T
01(b). = 5.046 (2nLH)(Ts – T)
Sol: = 5.046 (2 × 15 × 0.18 × 0.024)(80 – 25)
W= 0.12 m Q = 35.968 W
H=0.024 m
01(c).
L= 0.18 m
Sol: This is a case of simple heating and
humidification of air by the addition of
steam as shown in Fig. The air mass flow
(S)opt rate is
a 
m
cmm60  90  60  6820 kg d.a / h
Ts = 80C = 353 K v 0.792
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:3: ME–Conventional Test– 7 (Solutions)
01(d).
Steam
Sol:
P
qin
(1) Q (3) 2 3
(2)
a
m a
m
4
qrej
1
3
h1=13.82 3 V
ti=2.5 Adding
 Process 1 – 2,
Simple Heating 2 Steam
1 3=2 T2 = T1 rk–1
1 = 0.792 =0.0036
Process 2 – 3,
t1=5 t2 v3
t p2 = p3 ,  rc
v2
where 0.792 m3/kg d.a is the specific  T3 = T2 rc = rc rk–1
volumes of the entering air. qcombustion = cp (T3 – T2)
By moisture balance = cp (rck–1 T1 – rk-1 T1)
 a 3  1   40
m q in
 rc  1
T1  c p  r k 1
40 40
3  1   0.0036  q in
a
m 6820  rc  1 
c p r k 1 T1
 0.00947 kg w.v / kg d.a
By energy balance
01(e).
 a h 3  h1   40.73600   40h v
m Sol: Assuming 100 moles of fuel gas, the
where, hv = 2691.3 kJ/kg is the enthalpy of combustion equation can be written as
saturated steam at 110C, 22.6C2H6+73.6CH4+2.4CO2+1.4N2+226.3
(O2+3.76N2)1.25
Thus,
= 121.2CO2+215.0H2O+56.6O2+1065.4N2
h 3  13.82 
1
146,540  402691.3 Molecular weight of fuel gas
6820
= 0.22630+0.73616+0.02444+0.01428
= 51.1 kJ/kg d.a
= 20 kg/kg mol
From Psychometric chart, at 3
Moles of air supplied
226.332  3.76  281.25
DBT= 26.5C
=  1340
WBT = 18.1C 28.96
Total reaction moles = 100 moles of fuel gas
+ 1340 moles of air
= 1440 moles of combustion gas
Molecular weight of combustion gas
121.2  44  215  18  56.6  32  1065.4  28  800    1200 300 

 = 1.005 ln  0   
1440  300   1500 750 

40845 .2
 28.36 kg / kg mol  P2  P1 
1440
2
Total number of moles of combustion gas = 0.986 
5
per kg fuel gas
 I = To[(S)gen]
1440 kg mol kg mol of fuel gas
 0.72  2
100 kg mol fuel gas 20 kg = 300 0.986   = 175.8 kJ/kg
 5
Volume of combustion products per kg fuel
Now we have to calculate the maximum
gas
work
273  260
VG  0.72  22.4  31.49 m3 / kg fuel  Wmax = Wact + I
273
[where, I = Irreversibility]
Gas analysis by volume:
Wmax = (397.5 + 175.8) kJ/kg = 573.3 kJ/kg
121.2
CO 2   0.098 or 9.8% Wact 397.5
121.2  56.6  1065 .4 II   = 0.693
Wmax 573.3
56.6
O2   0.046 or 4.6%
1243 .2
02(b).
1065 .4
N2   0.856 or 85.6% Sol: Turbocharger : Its compressor is driven by
1243 .2
the power generated from expansion of
exhaust gases in a turbine connected to it.
02(a).
Sol: P4 = 1.03 bar
isen =0.85
is =0.8
1500 K
q1
C T
100 kPa, 300K 100 kPa, 800 K
air P2 = 1.8 bar
P3 = 1.6 bar
750 K T3 = 850 K
qL = 300 kJ/kg W P1 = 0.98 bar
T1 = 290 K Engine
We calculate the actual work using first law
 q + h1 = h2 + Wact Let actual exit temperature of C be T2 and
Wact = (1200 – 300) – 1.005[800 – 300] kJ/kg ideal be T2.
= 397.5 kJ/kg  1
Wact 397 .5 T2  P2  

I    0.331  
Heat sup plied 1200 T1  P1 
0.286
Irreversibility, I = To [(S)gen]  1.8 
 T2  290     345 K
T   P    Q1 Q 2   0.98 
(S)gen = C p n 2   R n 2     
 T1   P1   T1 T2  T2  T1
c 
T2  T1
T2  T1 kA = 0.31 W/m.K

 T2  T1 
c kB = 0.05 W/m.K
 T2 = 359 K
Similarly for turbine
 1
T4  p 4  
ho
 
T3  p3 
r1 1
r2
2
0.33
r3
 1.03  1.33
 T4  850    = 762 K 3
 1.6  A
B
T  T4
T  3  T4  T3  T T3  T4 
T3  T4
 T4 = 775 K T1 T2 T3 T
Power required by compressor
r2  r1 r3  r2 1
W m c T  T 
c a pa 2 1 4k A r1r2 4k B r2 r3 h  2r32
 a 1.005359  290 
m T1  T
Heat loss 
 a kW 
 69.35 m  R th
800  20
a
m 
Given,  20 0.725  0.6

0.765  0.725

1
f
m 4  0.31  0.725  0.6 4  0.05  0.765  0.725 10  2  0.765 2
21 780
g m
and m f  m
a m g a
m = = 3615.39 watt
20 0.2157
Power developed by turbine Similarly:
 g cpg T3  T4 
m Heat loss =
T1  T2
r2  r1
 a  1.15  885  775 
21 4 k A r2 r1
 m
20
800  T2
a
= 90.56 m =
 0.725  0.6 
 
 Percentage of turbine power used to run  4  0.31  0.725  0.6 
compressor =
69.35
 100 = 76.6 % 800  72
3615.39 =
90.56 4  0.31  0.725  0.6
T2 = 533.31C
02(c). T3  T T3  20
Sol: Given: with reference to the below figure, Heat loss = 
1 1
T1 = 800C h o  A 3 10  2  0.765 2
r1 = 0.6m, T3  20
3615 .39 
r2 = r1 + 0.125 = 0.6 + 0.125 = 0.725m 1
r3 = r2 + 0.04 = 0.725 + 0.04 = 0.765m 10  2  0.765 2
ho = 10 W/m2.K  T3 = 118.32C
03(a). V 0.85
m2 =   20.14 kg
Sol: Take tank as our control volume, v 2 0.04221
Writing mass balance for the control volume he = hg (at 260C) = 2796.6 kJ/kg
we get Putting all the values in equation (iv) we get
dm i 0 dm e  dm  QCV = 14162 kJ = 14.16 MJ
  
dt dt  dt C.V
03(b).
dm e  dm  Sol: The cycle of refrigeration is represented on
   ……….. (i)
dt  dt C.V T-s diagram as
mi = mass entering control volume TC
me = mass leaving the control volume T2 2
4 3
Writing energy balance for the control 30
volume we get 24 5
0 0
d
mi h i  Q  d me h e  w    dU  –3
–10
1
dt dt  dt C.V 8 6 7
 dU  S
 m e h e   
dQ d
 ……………. (ii)
dt dt  dt C.V h1 = h7+cpv(T1–T7)
Now at the exit state, h is constant so = 348.17+0.6117 = 352.477 = 352.5 kJ/kg
T
s1  s7  c pv log e 1
d
meh e   h e  dme ……………. (iii) T7
dt dt
270
Using (i), (ii) and (iii  1.5639  0.611 log e
263
dQ  dm   dU  = 1.579949703  1.58
 he    
dt  dt C.V  dt C.V Process 2–1 is isentropic
 s1 = s2
On integration we get
T T
Q + he (m2–m1) = m2u2 – m1u1 1.58  s3  cpv log e 2  1.5487  0.721 log e 2
T3 303
Q = (m2u2–m1u1) – he(m2–m1) ……….. (iv) T 1.58  1.5487
u1 = uf+x(ug–uf) log e 2   0.043411927
303 0.721
= 1128.4 + 0.7 (2599 – 1128.4) Also, T2 = 316.4435072 = 316.44 K
Also, h2 = h3 + cpv(T2–T3)
= 2157.8 kJ/kg
= 365.16+0.721(316.44–303)
u2 = ug (at 260C) = 2599 kJ/kg = 374.85024 = 374.9 kJ/kg
v1 = vf+x(vg–vf) h6 = h5 = h4 – cpl(T)
= 228.89–0.9986 = 222.962 = 223 kJ/kg
= 1.2755 10-3 + 0.7 (0.04221–1.275510-3)
v1 v 7
= 0.03 m3/kg 
T1 T7
V 0.85
m1 =   28.33 kg v 0.07731
v1 0.03  1 
270 263
v2 = 0.04221 m3/kg
0.7731  270 03(c).

 v1   0.07936768
263 Sol: At inlet, RH  = pw/ps = 0.6,
 v1 = 0.0794 m /kg 3
At 20C, ps = 0.0234 bar
ps1 = 0.60.0234 = 0.01404 bar
(i) Refrigerating effect = h1 – h6 10 5  0.99896 10
= 352.5 – 223 = 129.5kJ/kg Dry air flow, m a 
0.287 10 3  293
Total R.E kJ / min 
(ii) Mass flow rate, m R   11.8795 kg / s  11.88 kg / s
RE kJ / kg 
2400  0.01404 
  18.533 kg / min Moisture flow, 1  0.622  
129.5  1.013  0.01404 
(iii) Theoretical piston displacement/min
 0.00874 kg vap / kg dry air
= Mass flow (kg/min)  specific
volume at suction (m3/kg) h1 = cpt1+(2500+1.88t1)
= 18.5330.0794 = 1.472m3/min = 1.00520+0.00874(2500+1.8820)
(iv) Heat removed through the condenser / min
m  h 2  h5  = 42.28 kJ/ kg d.a
 R kW
60 At exit, at 26C,
18.553374.9  223 Ps = 0.0336 bar,  = 100%
  46.97  47kW
60 pw2 = 0.0336 bar
(vi) Theoretical bore and stroke
0.0336
Theoretical piston displacement/cylinder 2  0.622
1.013  0.0336
Total displacmen t / min
 = 0.02133 kg vap/kg dry air
Number of cylinder
h2 = cpt2+(2500+1.88t2)
1.472 = 1.00526+0.00874(2500+1.8826)
  0.736m3 / min
2 = 80.50 kJ/kg d.a
 2  Makeup water required
0.736  d  L  N   d 2  1.25d  1000
4 4 = ma(2–1) = 11.88 (0.02133 – 0.00874)
0.736  4 = 0.1497 kg/s
d  3  0.090843245 m
  1.25  1000 mw1 = 6kg/s = cooling water inflow
 d = 91mm mw2 = 6 – 0.1497
 L = 113.75 = 114mm = 5.8503 kg/s = cooling water outflow
Applying steady flow energy equation
Note : In question no. 3(b), Typography error mw1hw1+mah1+Ws = mw2hw2+ma(h2)
occurred in the question. The given Where Ws = shaft work input to the fan
o o
temperature, T C should be 7 C. The = 4.90 kW
o o
solution is given for 7 C not for T C. and hw1 = 4.18745 = 188.4 kJ/kg
Marks will be awarded based on the 6188.4–5.85hw2 = 11.88(80.50 – 42.28) – 4.90
correct steps followed during the solution hw2 = 116.751 kJ/kg
of the problem. 116.752
Exit temperature =  27.88 C
4.187
04(a). T04 = T10 – T(T10 – T04)

Sol: = 993–0.8(993–741.2) = 791.6 K
03 10
WLPT = Cpg(T10–T04) = 1.147(993–791.6)
T 09 04
05
09 = 231 kJ/kg of air
04
WN = 231–112.86 = 118.14 kJ/kg of air
02 06
07 Wplant 1850
02
07 a 
m   15.7 kg / s
WN 118.14
08 01
T05 = T02+(T04–T02)
S = 412.3+0.75(791.6–412.3) = 696.8 K
 1
p  
T07   T01  07   300  2.5 0.2857

Q  Cpg T03  T05  T10  T09 
 01 
p
= 1.147(993–696.8+993–894.6)
= 389.8 K = T02 = 452.61 kJ/kg of air
T  T01 389 .8  300
T07  T01  07 
118.14
 300   th   100  26.1%
C 0.8 452.61
= 412.3 K = T02 WLPC = WHPC = WHPT
WLPC = WHPT = 1.005(412.3–300) = 15.7112.86 = 1771.9 kW
= 112.86 kJ/kg of air WLPT = 15.7231 = 3626.7 kW
WHPT = WLPC = Cpg(T03–T09)  a  Heat input
m
f 
m
WHPT 112.86 comb  CV
T09  T03   993 
C pg 1.147 15.7  452.61 3600

0.98  43100
= 894.6 K
 605 .65 kg of fuel / h
T  T09
T09   T03  03 605.65
T sfc   0.327 kg of fuel / kW h
1850
993  894.6
 993   870 K
0.8
04(b)(i).
p03 = 0.97p02(1–0.03)
Sol: Parts of liquid cooling system:
= 0.976.250.97 = 5.88
The main parts in the water-cooling system
p 03 5.88
p 09   = 3.45 bar are:
 4.0303
 993 
 T03   1   (i) water pump,

T    870 
 9  (ii) fan,
p10 = 3.45(1–0.03) = 3.374 bar (iii) radiator and pressure cap,
 1 (iv) fan belt,
0.2481
 p 04    1.03  (v) water jacket,
T04  T10    993   
 p10   3.347  (vi) thermostat valve,
= 741.2 K (vii) temperature gauge, and
(viii) hose pipes.
: 10 : ESE – Offline Test-2018
Water pump: water is conducted to the copper fins

This is a centrifugal type pump. It is provided around the tubes.
centrally mounted at the front of the cylinder An overflow pipe, connected to the upper
block and is usually driven by means of a tank, permits excess water or steam to
belt. This type of pump consists of the escape. There are three types of radiators: (i)
following parts: (i) body or casing, (ii) gilled tube radiator, (ii) tubular radiator and
impeller (rotor), (iii) shaft, (iv) bearings, or (iii) honey comb or cellular radiator.
bush, (v) water pump seal and (vi) pulley. Thermostat valve :
The bottom of the radiator is connected to It is a check valve which opens and closes
the suction side of the pump. The power is with effect of temperature. It is fitted in the
transmitted to the pump spindle from a water outlet of the engine. During the warm
pulley mounted at the end of the crankshaft. up period, the thermostat is closed and the
Seals of various designs are incorporated in water pump circulates water only throughout
the pump to prevent loss of coolant from the the cylinder block and cylinder head, when
system. the normal temperature is reached (higher
Fan: than freezing point), the thermostat opens
The fan is generally mounted on the water and allows hot water to flow towards
pump pulley, although on some engines it is radiator.
attached directly to the crankshaft. It serves
two purposes in the cooling system of a 04(b)(ii).
engine. Sol: P
3
(a) It draws atmospheric air through the
qin
radiator and thus increases the
4
efficiency of the radiator in cooling hot 2
qout
water. 1
(b) It throws fresh air over the outer v
surface of the engine, which takes
away the heat conducted by the engine The properties of air at room temperature are
parts and thus increases the efficiency k = 1.4
of the entire cooling system. The heat input to the cycle for 0.039 grams
Radiator: of fuel consumption is
The purpose of the radiator is to cool down Qin = mfuel qHv
the water received from the engine. The = (0.039 10–3 kg)(43000 kJ/kg)
radiator consists of three main parts: (i) = 1.677 kJ
upper tank (ii) lower tank and (iii) tubes. The thermal efficiency is then
Hot water from the upper tank, which comes Wnet 1 kJ
th    0.5963
from the engine, flows downwards through Qin 1.677 kJ
the tubes. The heat contained in the hot
: 11 : ME–Conventional Test– 7 (Solutions)
From the definition of thermal efficiency, 5  107 0.025 2

Ts     800  539.58C
we obtain the required compression ratio to 30 4
be Heat transfer rate at axis → (at r = 0)
th  1 
1  dT 
k 1 Q =  k.A 
r  dr  r 0
1 1 Q = – 30×(×d×L)×(0 – 4.167×10-5 ×2r)r=0
r   9.66
1  th  1 /  k 1
1  0.5963 1/ 1.41 Q=0
Heat transfer rate at surface
04(c). (r = 0.025 m = 25 mm)
Sol: Given:  dT 
Q  k.A 
d = 5 cm = 0.05 m  dr  r 0.025
q  5  107 W / m3 = – 30 × (×d×L)×(–4.167×105×2×2.5×10-2)
T = 800 – 4.167 × 105 r2 = – 30×(×0.05×1) × (–4.167×105×2×0.025)
 = 1100 kg/m3, Q = 98.182 kW/m
cp = 800 J/ kg.K
k = 30 W/m-K (ii) If q  108 W / m3
T = 800 – 4.167 × 10-5r2
1   T  q 1 T
r  
r r  r  k  
1  2  rT  q
1 q 1 T
(i) 
r r  r 

k
r r
 
r   4.167  105  2r  
k  

Ts Ts
  rT  q 1 q 1 T
    .r
r  r  k r r

 4.167  105  2r 2  
k  

r
q 1 T
rT
r

q r 2
k 2
 C1
1
r

 4.167  105  4r  
k  

T q r C q 1 T
 .  1  4.167  105  4  
r k 2 r k  
q r 2 108 1 T
=  .  C1nr  C 2  4.167  105  4   .
k 4 30  30  
 
C1 = 0  1100  800 
q r 2 T
T  C2  56.81C / S
k 4 
At r = 0, T = 800 = Tmax T
is independent of radius that’s why it is
 800 = C2 
same for both axis and surface.
q r 2
T   .  800
k 4
At r = 0.025, T = T3
05(a). vapour at constant pressure to its saturation

Sol: qheat lost
temperature.
24C
(ii) Dry and Wet bulb temperatures

Win = 4 kW  Dry bulb temperature (DBT) is temperature
R
recorded of air by ordinary thermometer.
 Saturated vapour pressure (Psat) is the
TL saturated partial pressure of water vapour at
Let the outdoor temperature be TL C the dry bulb temperature.

 When unsaturated air is blown over the wet
24  273
 Maximum COP =
24  273  273  TL  wick of a thermometer the water in the wick
evaporates and air comes out as saturated air
297
 in this process cooling effect produces and
24  TL
the temperature drops to a new value and
 24  TL 
3800
Heat lost by house = this temperature is called as the Wet Bulb
3600
Temperature(WBT).
= 1.056  (24 – TL)
1.056  24  TL  (iii) Relative Humidity :
Actual COP =
4
 Relative Humidity () is defined as the ratio
1.056  24  TL  297
Now,  of the partial pressure of the water vapour in
4 24  TL 
the mixture to the saturation pressure (ps) of
 TL2 – 48 TL – 549  0 water at the mixture temperature.
 TL = 57.5C or –9.54C p v vs m
   v
But, TL = 57.5C is not possible. p s v v m sat
 Lowest outdoor temperature is –9.54C pv .p a
 
p s 0.622 p s
05(b).
Sol: (iv) Specific humidity :
(i) Dew Point temperature (DPT) :  Specific humidity or humidity ratio () is
P=Psat
T PV defined as the ratio of mass of water vapour
1 (mv) to the mass of dry air (ma) in the
Tsat=Tdp 2 mixture.
mv
s 
ma
DPT is the temperature at which water
vapour present in air starts to condense, s   0.622 ps
p atm  p s
when it is cooled at constant pressure. The
formation of dew on the grass is the best
example. It occurs due to cooling of water
pvv 1.2 Q1 1.5 m1T2


R T M p 18 p v Q1 m1  30  0 
  v  v  v  
p a v M a p a 29 p a 1.2  30
RaT T2  = 24C
1.5
pv T2 – T1 = 24
  0.622 
pa T2 – 0 = 24
pv kg of vapour New output temperature, T2 = 24C
  0.622 
p atm  p v  kg of dry air
05(d).
05(c). Sol: In this section, the various advantages and
Sol: Effectiveness ()  mair–0.2 (given) disadvantages of ramjet are enumerated.
 m–0.2 Advantages of Ramjet :
q actual (i) Ramjet is very simple and does not have any
(a) Effectiveness () =
q max moving part. It is very cheap to produce and
requires almost no maintenance.
qactual =  qmax
 m
 c p min T max
(ii) Due to the fact that a turbine is not used to
drive the mechanical compressor, the
qactual   m [cp and T are constant] maximum temperature which can be allowed
qm in ramjet is very high, about 2000C as
–0.2
qm m compared to about 900C in turbojets. This
qm 0.8
allows a greater thrust to be obtained by
0 .8
q2  m2  burning fuel at air-fuel ratio of about 13:1,
 
q1  m1  which gives higher temperatures.
[m2 = 2mi mass flow rate is doubled)] (iii) The specific fuel consumption is better than
other gas turbine power plants at high speed
 2  1.7411
q2 0.8
q1 and high altitudes.

(iv) Theoretically there seems to be no upper
q2 = 1.74 q1
limit to the flight speed of the ramjet.
q  q1
% increase in heat transfer = 2 Disadvantages of ramjet:
q1
(i) Since the compression of air is obtained by
1.74 q1  q1
 = 74.11 % virtue of its speed relative to the engine, the
q1
take-off thrust is zero and it is not possible
(b) Heat transfer rate (Q1) = m1c T1
to start a ramjet without an external
If m2 = 1.5 m1 (flow rate increase 50 %)
launching device.
Q2 = 1.2 Q1 (Heat transfer increase by 20 %)
(ii) The engine heavily relies on the diffuser and
Q 2 m 2c T2
 it is very difficult to design a diffuser which
Q1 m1c T1
will give good pressure recovery over a wide
range of speeds.
(iii) Due to high air speed, the combustion P1 = 600 kPa

chamber requires flame holder to stabilize V1 = 0.8 m3
the combustion. R = 0.287 kJ/kgK
(iv) At very high temperatures of about 2000 C T1 = 1200 K
dissociation of products of combustion
occurs which will reduce the efficiency of The mass of air is
the plant if not recovered in nozzle during P1V1 600  0.8
m  = 1.394 kg
expansion. RT1 0.287  1200
P(kPa)
05(e).
1
Sol: 600
 The system has a primary circuit of low- 300 2
voltage current and a secondary circuit for 3
the high-voltage current.
 The primary circuit consists of the battery, V(m3)
ammeter, ignition switch, primary coil The work during process 1-2 is
winding, and breaker points V2 P
W1-2 = mRT1n = mRT1n 1
 The secondary circuit contains the secondary V1 P2
coil windings, distributor, spark plug leads,  600 
= 1.394  0.287  1200  n 
and the spark plug.  300 
SPARK PLUGS = 332.8 kJ
IGNITION COIL
5
By using first law of thermodynamics for
1 2 3 4 6
Secondary
process 1-2
windings
Q = W + U
Primary = 332.8 + 0
Ignition
windings Q = 332.8 kJ
Switch
Ammeter Distributor By using first law of thermodynamics for
Breakerpoints
process 2-3:
– + Cam
Q = W + U
Q = 0 + m  CV  T3  T2 
Battery Condenser
= 1.394 × 0.718 × (300 – 1200)

06(a)(i).
= –900.8
Sol:
Qtotal = 332.8 – 900.8 = –568 kJ
Negative sign indicates that heat is rejected
from the system.
P = 600 kPa
v=0.8m3
T = 1200 K
06(a)(ii). The flow conditions imply the following:

Sol: First law of thermodynamics for a Steady   
Steady state: m1  m2  m
Flow Energy Equation on time basis :
Insulated: Q = 0
 V22   V12 
 W
Q 
  m   h 
 2 2  gZ 
2   
m 
 1 2  gZ1 
h 
No change in temperature of water: du = 0
out   in  
 p V2   p 1 V12 
W   2  2  gZ 2    
v  gZ 1 
(i) Water turbine:  v2 2   1 2 
The turbine uses the potential and kinetic
energy of water and converts into a useful (iii) Steam Nozzle:
mechanical energy.  A schematic diagram of a nozzle is shown in
fig. Since the primary purpose of a nozzle is
to increase the flow velocity of the fluid the
Z1 Water turbine change in the kinetic energy cannot be
Generator ignored.
2
Z1 1
h1 kJ/kg h2 kJ/kg
V1 m/s V2 m/s
A1 m2 A2 m2
The flow conditions imply the following:
  
The flow conditions imply the following:

Insulated: Q = 0   
No change in temperature of water: du = 0 Horizontal: Z2 = Z1
 p V 2
 p 2
W   1   gZ1    2 
1 V
 gZ 2 2 Insulated: Q = 0
 v1 2   v2 2 
 =0
No shaft work is involved: Ws
W is positive because work is done by the
system. The control volume expression gives
(ii) Centrifugal pump: V2  V12  2000(h1  h 2 )  V1  V2 
These are used for pumping of liquids from
 V2  2000 (h 1  h 2 )
lower level to higher level.
 V2  44.72 h
Surface
(iv) Gas Turbines
Control
In turbines heat energy is converted into
Z2
work energy
W Water 1 dW
Pump h1 (kJ/kg)
dm
Motor V1(m/s)
Z1
dQ
Water Pump =0 2
dm
Fig.: Centrifugal Water Pump
The flow conditions imply the following: h 2  h1

Adiabatic efficiency =  =
   h2  h1
h 2  h1 370  353.61
Horizontal : Z2 = Z1 h2  h1  =
 0.9

Insulated: Q = 0 h2  h1  18.21
V12 dQ V2 dW = 353.61+18.21 = 371.82 kJ/kg
h1    h2  2 
2000 dm 2000 dm Work of compression
(V  V )  dW  r kg / sech2  h1 kJ / kg 
2 2
dW
 (h 1  h 2 )  1 
  ve 
2 Wc  m

dm 2000  dm 
= 0.3056(18.21) = 5.565 kW
Work is done by the system. NRE 35.17
COP  = = 6.32
WC 5.565
06(b). Condenser load (kW)
Sol: Evaporator temperature = 10 – 5 = 5C  r kg / sech2  h 3 kJ / kg 
=m
Condenser temperature = 35 + 5 = 40C = 0.3056(371.82–238.53)
T = 40.733 kW
2
2 Also, Condenser load = NRE +WC
3
40C = 35.17 + 5.565
2
= 40.735 kW
1
4
5C 06(c).
6 1
Sol: Given, f 
m  kg / s ,
S 3600 600
Cdf = 0.65, Z = 0.003 m
h1 = (hg)5C = 148.97  204.64
 2 
Aj  d j   1.2  1.131 mm 2
2
= 353.61 kJ/kg
4 4
h3 = h4 = 238.53 kJ/kg
= (1.13110–6) m2
h2  370 kJ / kg
 f2
2f p1  p 2  gZf  
m
Net refrigerating effect,
Cdf2 A f2
 r kg / sech1  h4 kJ / kg 
NRE = m
 f2
m
= 3.51710 = 35.17 KW p1  p 2   g Z f
Cdf2 A f2 2f
where,
 r kg / sec
1
mass flow rate of refrigerant = m   9.81  0.003  750
 r 353.61  238.53 = 35.17

m
2 2

600  0.65  1.131  10
6 2
  2  750
35.17
r
m = 3427 + 22 = 3449 N/m2 = 0.03449 bar
353.61  238.53
3449 3449
35.17 In metre of water, h  
= = 0.3056 kg/sec H2O  g 1000  9.81
115 .08
3449
In mm of H2O, h   351.6 mm of H 2O
9.81
Air flow per second, = Q E / Q G is low, the absorption units are

 a  Cd a A 2 2 a p1  p 2 
m usually built when waste heat is available,
1 and they are built in relatively bigger sizes.

a 
m 15.3  0.0255 kg / s
600 One current application of the absorption
Cda = 0.8 , a = 1.2 kg/m3 , system that may grow in importance is the
p1 – p2 = 3449 N/m2 utilization of solar energy for the generator
ma heat source of a refrigerator for food
A2 
C da 2a  p1  p 2  presentation and perhaps for comfort
cooling.
0.0255

0.8  2  1.2  3449  H2O Vapour QC
= (3.5035 10–4) m2 = 3.5035 cm2 105C

7.5cm Hg abs
3.5035  4 105C
d2  = 2.112 cm = 21.12 mm Cooling
 Steam or
Condenser
Generator any heat water
QG source
07(a)(i). Heat 75 cm Hg abs

Heat Exchanger
Sol: REFRIGERATION CYCLES : Exchanger H2O Vapour
There is another absorption refrigeration Weak 0.7 cm Hg
65%
63C, Strong 0.7 cm Hg

solution solution QE
system, namely, lithium bromide-water QA
Refrigeration
vapour absorption (figure). Here the 7C
load
refrigerant is water and the absorbent is the
60% conc. Cooling
solution of lithium bromide salt in water. Absorber water Water 13C
Evaporator
Since water cannot be cooled below 00C, it
Solution pump
can be used as a refrigerant in air Pump
conditioning units. Lithium bromide solution

has a strong affinity for water vapour 07(a)(ii).
because of its very low vapour pressure. It Sol: T1 = 273 + 90 = 363 K
absorbs water vapour as fast as it is released T2 = 273 + 40 = 313 K
in the evaporator. T3 = 273 + 5 = 278 K
While the vapour compression refrigeration COP  E  COPR
system requires the expenditure of ‘high-
T1  T2 T3
grade energy in the form of shaft work to = 
T1 T2  T3
drive the compressor with the concomitant
363  313 278
disadvantage of vibration and noise, the = 
363 313  278
absorption refrigeration system requires only
50 278
‘low-grade’ energy in the form of heat to =   1.094
363 35
drive it, and it is relatively silent in operation
and subject to little wear. Although the COP
07(b). 4  0.04

Sol: Thus the volume of air actually sucked in at   189  107  0.15
0.1 MPa and 50C Re = 17964.579 > 2300

V m / hr 3
 
mkg / hr   R kJ / kg o K  T o K    ∵ Re > 2300, the flow is turbulent.
 kN / m 2   Nusselt number correlation for turbulent
1170  0.287  273  50 flow
  1084 .6 m3 / hr
1000  0.1 NuD = 0.23 ReD0.8 Pr0.4
Thus swept volume/hr = 0.023 (17964.579)0.8  (0.706)0.4
Actual volume / hr NuD = 50.67
=
volumetric efficiency hD
 50.67
1084.6 k
  1355.75 m3 / hr
0.8 50.67  0.027
h
rpm  0.15
Also swept volume/hr =  60  D2L
2 4  h = 9.12 W/m2K
1500 
1355.75   60  D2 1.25D Ti = 60oC
2 4
air
 1355 .75  4  2 
1/ 3
1 = 45C Te
D  2 = (Te – 15)
 1500  60    1.25 
15C Tube 15C
= 0.313 m = 313 mm
L = 3131.25 = 391.25 mm
Heat transfer rate = hA LMTD
07(c).
 c p Ti  Te   9.12  DL 
m
1  2 
Sol:  
n 1 
 = 0.04 kg/s
m Ts = 15C  2 
0.15 m 0.04  1007 60  Te   9.12    10  0.15 

45  Te  15
 45 
Ti = 60C n 
 e
T  15 
10 m
 45  9.12    1.5
n  
 = 1.128 kg/m ,  Te  15  0.04  1007
3
Given,
cp = 1007 J/kgK,  = 18910–7 Pa.s  Te = 30.48C
k = 0.027 W/mK , Pr = 0.706 Heat transfer rate (Q) = m cp T
VD = 0.04  1007  (60 – 30.48)
Reynolds number (Re) =
 = 1188.96 W
AVD m D Q = 1.189 kW
 
.A A (ii) Mass flow rate = 0.04 kg/s
D
m 
4m AV = 0.04
Re  

   D2 D 
1.128   D2  V  0.04
4 4
  1
0.4
1.128   0.152  V  0.04   4.2  1.4
4 T2 / T1 = (P2 / P1) = 
 1.4 
V = 2.0 m/s
T2 = 253  1.3687 = 346.29 K
Correlation for friction factor:
T2 / T1 = T3 / T4.
f = [0.790 ln(ReD) – 1.64]–2
T3 = 45oC = 45 + 273 = 318
f = 0.0268
346 .29 318
fLV 2 
Pressure drop, P   g 253 T4
2gD
 T4 = 232.331 K
0.026  10  22  1.128
 253  232.331
2  0.15 C.O.P =
(346.29  253)  (318  232.331)
P = 4.043 Pa
= 2.712
08(a). (ii) Mass of air circulated / min : m
 a
Sol: Given, Refrigerant Capacity (R.C) = mass flow rate
Pressure of refrigerator = 1.4 bars of air  (Refrigeration effect)
Pressure of cooler = 4.2 bars 10TR = m a  cp (T1 – T4)
Temperature at inlet of compressor, 10  3.5167 = m a  1.005  (253-232.331)
T1 = – 20oC   a = 101.09 kg/min = 1.684 kg/sec
m
o
Air is cooled to Tc = 45 C. (iii) Theoretical piston displacement:
(cP)Air = 1.005 kJ/kg K ;  RT1 1.684  0.287  253  60
 = m
V =
1.4  100
1
L/D = 1.2 ; N = 600 r.p.m , P1
Refrigeration capacity = 10 tons  = 52.430 m3/min.
V1
T 4.2 bar
2 (iv) Power required / ton of Refrigeration:
1.4 bar Work done on air in the compressor
3

1 R
=m (T2 – T1)
 1
4
1.4
S = 1.684  0.287  (346.29  253)
T1  T4 0.4
(i) C.O.P =
(T2  T1 )  (T3  T4 ) = 157.807 kW
T1 = – 20oC = –20 + 273 = 253 K Work done by air expander
Assuming compression and expansion 
R
=m (T3–T4)
 1
following the same law.
T 1.4
2
Pc = 1.684  0.287  (318  232.331)
0.4
3 Pe = 144.915 kW
1 Net Work Input = 157.807 – 144.915
4 = 12.892 kW
S
 kW Per Ton of refrigeration engine. Under this condition all the other
12.892 cylinders will motor the cut out cylinder and
= = 1.2892
10 the speed and output drop of the engine. The
Assuming v = 100% engine speed is brought to its original value
 2 by reducing the load.
 v1 
m D LNk
4 If there are k cylinders, then
1 k
v1  ip1 + ip2 + ip3 + ip4 + ... + ipk =  bp k + fpk
 1

P1 ………..(1)
RT1 where, ip, bp and fp are respectively
140 indicated, brake and frictional power and
  1.928 kg / m 3
0.287  253 the suffix k stands for the cylinder number.
1 If the first cylinder is cut-off, it will not
v1  = 0.518 m3/kg
 produce any power but it will have friction,
 600 then
1.684  0.518   1.2D 3  1
4 60 k
ip2 + ip3 + ip4 + …..+ ipk =  bpk + fpk
L  1.2D 2
D = 0.452 m …...(2)
L = 0.543 m Subtracting Eqn (2) from Eqn (1)
k k
ip 1   bp k   bp k
08(b). 1 2
Sol: Similarly we can find the indicated power of

(i) Morse Test: the cylinders, viz., ip2, ip3, ip4,…, ipk
The Morse test is analysis of obtaining The total indicated power developed by the
indicated power of the engine without any engine, ipk, is given by
aid of heavy machinery. This test is k
ip k   ip k …..(3)
applicable only to multi cylinder engines. 1
The test involves shutting of one of the When all the k cylinders are working, it is
cylinder, noting the difference in brake possible to find the brake power, bpk, of the
power obtained in different experiment. engine.
In this test the engine is first run at the The frictional power of the engine is given
required speed by adjusting the throttle in SI by
engine or the pump rack in CI engine and fpk = ipk – bpk …..(4)
the output is measured. The throttle rack is
locked in this position. (ii) Valve Timing Diagram of Four-Stroke
Then, one cylinder is cut out by short Engines
circuiting the spark plug in the SI engine or The effect of the intake valve timing on the
by disconnecting the injector in the CI engine air capacity is indicated by its effect
on the air inducted per cylinder per cycle, During the exhaust stroke, the exhaust valve
i.e., the mass of air taken into cylinder is often set close a few degree after TDC on
during one suction stroke. the exhaust stroke, as indicated in Fig.
(iii) Pre Combustion Chamber:

The upward movement of the piston forces
the air to flow into the small pre-combustion
chamber importing a directional movement
to the air. This swirl is maximum at about
150 before TDC, i.e. close to the time of fuel
injection.
Fig: Valve timing diagram 4-stroke SI engine

The fuel is injected, into the pre-combustion
chamber. The high pressure created in the
Fig shows representative intake valve timing pre-combustion chamber during initial
for both a low speed and high speed SI combustion forces the burning fuel into the
engine. main combustion chamber at a high velocity
The intake valve starts to open 10 before where it combines rapidly with the rest of
TDC. It may be noted from Fig. that for a the air. The orifice passage connecting the
low speed engine, the intake valve closes pre and main combustion chamber is
10 after BDC, and for a high speed engine, designed to distribute the unburned and
60 after BDC. partially burned fuel through main chamber
For either a low speed or a high speed so that efficient utilization of the air can be
engine operating in its range of speeds, there achieved. The pre-combustion chamber
is some point at which the charge per contains nearly 25 to 30% of the total air
cylinder per cycle becomes a maximum, for charge. The passage area connecting the two
a particular valve setting. chambers is normally kept below 25% of the
If the revolutions of the low speed engine cylinder bore. The pre-combustion chamber
are increased beyond this point, the intake runs hot and helps for easy evaporation of
valve in effect closes too soon, and the fuel injected and reduces the delay period.
charge per cylinder per cycle is reduced. The fuel is kept away from the main air
If the revolutions of the high speed engine body until combustion starts so combustion
are increased beyond this maximum, the chamber and the combustion in the III stage
flow may be chocked due to fluid friction. tends to be rapid and complete due to violent
These losses can become greater than the projection of the burning fuel into the
benefit of the ram, and the charge per cylinder.
cylinder per cycle falls off.
08(c)(i). 08(c)(ii).
Sol: Sol:
(i) The process 1-2, a polytropic process (i). Emissive power (E) =  Ts4
 T   p  = 0.8(5.6710–8 W/m2.K4)(473 K)4
S12  m C p n  2   Rn  2  
  T1   p1   = 2270 W/m2
  523   875   G = Tsur
4
= 5.6710–8 W/m2.K4(298 K)4
 4  1.005  n   0.288  n  
  313   125   = 447 W/m2
= 4  (0.516 – 0.5604) = –0.178 kJ/K (ii). Heat loss from the pipe is by convection to
(ii) The process 2-3, throttling process the room air and by radiation exchange with
h2 = h3 the walls.
or T2 = T3 Hence, q = qconv + qrad and from equation
  p  with A = DL.
S23  m  Rn  3  
  p2   q = hDLTs  T   DLTs4  Tsur
4

  257   The heat loss per unit length of pipe is then
 4    0.288  n   = 1.411 kJ/K
  875   q 
q
=15 W/m2.K(0.07 m)(200 – 25)C
L
(iii) The process 3-4, a polytropic cooling process + 0.8(0.07m) 5.6710–8 W/m2.K4
(4734–2984)K4
 T   p 
S34  m C p n  4   Rn  4   q  =577 W/m + 421 W/m = 998 W/m
  T3   p3  
  453   125  
 4  1.005  n   0.288  n  
  523   257  
= 4  (–0.144 + 0.2075) = 0.2527 kJ/K
Overall change in entropy,
Stotal = S1-2 + S2-3 + S3-4
= –0.178 + 1.411 + 0.2527
= 1.485 kJ/K

ME Test-7

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1

:2: ESE – Offline Test-2018

01(a). (i) Mean temperature = 325.5 K

121.2  44  215  18  56.6  32  1065.4  28  800    1200 300 

Wact 397 .5 T2  P2  

T2  T1 kA = 0.31 W/m.K

0.7731  270 03(c).

04(a). T04 = T10 – T(T10 – T04)

Water pump: water is conducted to the copper fins

From the definition of thermal efficiency, 5  107 0.025 2

05(a). vapour at constant pressure to its saturation

(ii) Dry and Wet bulb temperatures

Let the outdoor temperature be TL C the dry bulb temperature.

pvv 1.2 Q1 1.5 m1T2

q1 and high altitudes.

(iii) Due to high air speed, the combustion P1 = 600 kPa

= 1.394 × 0.718 × (300 – 1200)

06(a)(ii). The flow conditions imply the following:

The flow conditions imply the following: h 2  h1

 r 353.61  238.53 = 35.17

Air flow per second, = Q E / Q G is low, the absorption units are

1 and they are built in relatively bigger sizes.

= (3.5035 10–4) m2 = 3.5035 cm2 105C

07(a)(i). Heat 75 cm Hg abs

63C, Strong 0.7 cm Hg

conditioning units. Lithium bromide solution

0.15 m 0.04  1007 60  Te   9.12    10  0.15 

Sol: Similarly we can find the indicated power of

(iii) Pre Combustion Chamber:

Fig: Valve timing diagram 4-stroke SI engine

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