ISAK Accreditation Handbook Guide

ISAK ACCREDITATION HANDBOOK
January 2016
By
Michael Marfell-Jones, Francisco Esparza-Ros, Arthur Stewart and Hans de Ridder.

ISAK Accreditation Handbook
Published by the
The International Society for the Advancement of Kinanthropometry
January 2016
This version replaces all previous versions of the ISAK Accreditation Handbook
ISBN 978-84-16045-79-2
Acknowledgements: The authors wish to acknowledge the Universidad Católica San Antonio de Murcia
(UCAM) for its support in the creation of an International Chair of Kinanthropometry, which has facilitated
the realization of this work; and Ms. Raquel Vaquero-Cristóbal for her excellent contribution in the updating
and translation of the Handbook.
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Table of contents
Foreword ......................................................................................................................................... 5
Historic overview ............................................................................................................................................... 5
Format .................................................................................................................................................................... 5
SECTION 1: International Anthropometry Accreditation Scheme (IAAS) ............... 7
Introduction ......................................................................................................................................................... 8
Level 1 Technician – Restricted Profile Anthropometrist................................................................. 9
Accreditation ....................................................................................................................................................................... 9
Curriculum Structure ....................................................................................................................................................11
Re-accreditation Level 1 ..............................................................................................................................................12
Level 2 Technician – Full Profile Anthropometrist ............................................................................13
Accreditation .....................................................................................................................................................................13
Level 3 Instructor Anthropometrist .........................................................................................................17
Accreditation .....................................................................................................................................................................17
Level 4 Criterion Anthropometrist ........................................................................................................... 20
Accreditation Criteria ....................................................................................................................................................20
Appointment Procedure...............................................................................................................................................20
Term of Criterion Anthropometrist ........................................................................................................................21
SECTION 2: The ISAK Manual................................................................................................. 23
SECTION 3: Regulations for conducting an ISAK Course.............................................. 25
1. Course Organisation .............................................................................................................................................26
2. Application to run a course ...............................................................................................................................27
3. Course Delivery ......................................................................................................................................................28
4. Practical Examination ..........................................................................................................................................31
5. Course Evaluation form ......................................................................................................................................32
6. Notification to S-G of practical examination successes ........................................................................35
7. Payment of Course Fees ......................................................................................................................................35
8. Receipt of required post-course documentation.....................................................................................35
9. Forwarding of TEM information to the Examiner ..................................................................................35
10. Receipt of notification from Examiner of successful candidates ...................................................35
11. Notification to candidate of completion of all requirements ..........................................................35
12. Final notification of complete course results to the ISAK Secretariat .........................................35
ISAK courses as part of a larger subject or programme within an institution ....................................36
APPENDIX ..................................................................................................................................... 37
ISAK-IAAS – THEORY COMPONENTS ......................................................................................................38
Kinanthropometry – History and Evolution .......................................................................................................39
ISAK-IAAS Introduction................................................................................................................................................39
BASIC ANATOMY: LANDMARKS and MEASUREMENT SITES .....................................................................39
EQUIPMENT AND CALIBRATION .............................................................................................................................41
STATISTICS ........................................................................................................................................................................42
SOMATOTYPE ...................................................................................................................................................................43
BODY COMPOSITION .....................................................................................................................................................44
SIMILARITY AND SCALING .........................................................................................................................................45
ANTHROPOMETRY AND HEALTH ...........................................................................................................................45
ETHICS (core) ...................................................................................................................................................................46
LARGE-SCALE SURVEYS (L3) ....................................................................................................................................47
PEDAGOGY (L3) ...............................................................................................................................................................47
APPLICATIONS OF ANTHROPOMETRY .................................................................................................................48
GROWTH AND DEVELOPMENT ................................................................................................................................48
ANTHROPOMETRY AND SPORTS PERFORMANCE..........................................................................................48
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Foreword
Kinanthropometry is “The academic discipline which involves the use of anthropometric measures in relation
to other scientific parameters and/or thematic areas such as human movement, physiology or applied health
sciences” (Stewart, 2010). Acquiring and using such valid measures relies on adherence to measurement
principles and protocols which are administered nationally or internationally.
In response to requests from many anthropometrists around the world to 1) standardise techniques and
applications; 2) increase the competencies of individuals involved in kinanthropometry; and 3) establish a
process whereby professionals within the field and the public consumer can recognise professional
competence at different levels, the International Society for the Advancement of Kinanthropometry (ISAK)
has developed international standards for anthropometric assessment and an international anthropometry
accreditation scheme (IAAS). The standards are published in its definitive text, the International Standards
for Anthropometric Assessment (Stewart et al, 2011). The accreditation scheme is detailed in this publication.
Historic overview
During the past three and a half decades many researchers have looked to the International Society for the
Advancement of Kinanthropometry (ISAK) and its predecessor, the International Working Group on
Kinanthropometry (IWGK), for guidance regarding the standardisation of anthropometric techniques and
applications. Prior to 1996, protocols described in Ross and Marfell-Jones (1983, 1991) were taught in
international courses in kinanthropometry and used by a number of ISAK members and non-members in their
courses and research. These protocols, however, though subscribed to by most, if not all, ISAK members,
were never formally adopted by ISAK as its standards. So, in 1996, ISAK approved its initial accreditation
scheme. This scheme was based on the anthropometry section of the Laboratory Standards Assistance
Scheme (LSAS) of the Australian Sports Commission, (itself developed with the integral involvement of
senior members of ISAK) and utilised the Norton and Olds (1996) update of Ross and Marfell-Jones’s
measurement descriptions as its teaching foundation. In 1998, delivery of training under the scheme received
an important boost with the publication of Gore et al. (1998), “Accreditation in anthropometry, a curriculum
guide”, which provided valuable guidance and support for those teaching approved ISAK courses. Over the
next five years, the scheme was refined and updated, culminating in its current form which was approved by
the ISAK Executive Council on 7 August 2004. It defines the ISAK Accreditation Scheme, specifies the
requirements for organising ISAK courses and acts as a significant resource for teaching and examining. This
document supersedes all previous documents relating to the scheme.
Format
The International Anthropometry Accreditation Scheme (IAAS) has three related components. The first
component is its definition, rules and regulations. The second component is the International Standards for
Anthropometric Assessment publication, (commonly referred to as the ISAK Manual). It contains detailed
definitions of all ISAK profile variables, detailed measurement technique descriptions and information on
instrumentation. The third component is the guide for those who teach approved ISAK courses. It provides
details of all administrative procedures to be followed in relation to running an ISAK course, detailed
descriptions of both theory and practical course content, and pragmatic recommendations to assist the efficient
and effective running of courses.
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SECTION 1: International Anthropometry
Accreditation Scheme (IAAS)
Introduction
The accreditation scheme is based on the concept of a four-level hierarchy. Its foundation principle is the
objective maintenance of quality assurance of measurements by requiring that all levels of ISAK practitioner
have to meet initial technical error of measurement (TEM) criteria. This takes the form of an end-of-course
practical examination followed by the meeting of further TEM criteria on the measurement of 20 subjects to
indicate satisfactory repeatability of measures.
The four levels each serve a different purpose.
Level 1 is designed for the majority of ISAK-accredited anthropometrists who have little on-going
requirement for more than the measurement of height, weight and skinfolds. A small number of girths and
two bone breadths have also been included at this level to enable the monitoring of health and growth
variables, and calculation of the somatotype - all of which ISAK sees as valuable tools for the comparison of
body size, shape and composition. Thus, a person who successfully completes Level 1 can demonstrate
adequate precision in 2 base measures, 5 girths, 8 skinfolds and 2 breadths and has a basic understanding of
the theory of anthropometric applications.
Level 2 is designed for those anthropometrists who wish to offer their subjects a more-comprehensive range
of measurements. A Level 2 anthropometrist can demonstrate adequate precision in 4 base measures, 8
skinfolds, 13 girths, 8 segment lengths, 9 breadths and has a broad understanding of the theory of
anthropometry and its interpretation.
Level 3 is designed only for those anthropometrists who wish to engage in the training and accreditation of
Levels 1 and 2 anthropometrists. Its purpose is to increase the availability of training courses so that ISAK
training can be offered to greater numbers of candidates worldwide. Like Level 2 anthropometrists, Level 3
practitioners can demonstrate adequate precision in all 42 anthropometric dimensions, but, in addition, have
sufficient theoretical and practical knowledge of anthropometry to be able to instruct and accredit Level 1 and
2 anthropometrists.
Level 4 is the most senior level. It recognises many years of experience in taking ISAK-approved
measurements, a high level of theoretical knowledge, involvement in the teaching/examining of ISAK
workshops or courses, involvement in large anthropometric research projects and a significant publication
record in anthropometry. It is reserved for a relatively small group of internationally-recognised
anthropometrists and carries with it the responsibility to train and examine Level 3 anthropometrists, as well
as the right to train and examine the other two levels.
The four levels are explained in more detail in their individual sections.
All accredited ISAK Anthropometrists are members of ISAK.
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Level 1 Technician – Restricted Profile Anthropometrist
A person who can demonstrate adequate precision in 2 base measures, 8 skinfolds, 5 girths, and 2 breadths of
the Restricted Profile (see Figure 1).
Figure 1 – Restricted Profile
Accreditation
This person will be competent in the assessment of a Restricted Profile. The Restricted Profile consists of the
following sites (2 base measures, 8 skinfolds, 5 girths, 2 breadths):
Base Measures Body mass

Stature
Skinfolds Triceps
Subscapular
Biceps
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Iliac crest
Supraspinale
Abdominal
Front thigh
Medial calf
Girths Arm (relaxed)
Arm (flexed and tensed)
Waist (minimum)
Hip
Calf (maximum)
Bone breadths Biepicondylar humerus
Biepicondylar femur
Pre-requisites (minimum): None
Certification will be issued after:
1. Successful participation in an anthropometry course (at Level 1) containing theory and practical
components as specified in the Level 1 curriculum.
2. Successful demonstration of landmarking, equipment manipulation and measurement of the Restricted

Profile in front of a Level 3 or Level 4 Anthropometrist.
3. Successful completion of a practical examination (80% minimum) in the presence of a Level 3

(Instructor) or Level 4 (Criterion) Anthropometrist. The examination will consist of the measurement of
a sample set of at least 10 variables from the Restricted Profile on at least 3 subjects. The 10 variables of
the exam must include: 1 base measure, 5 skinfolds, 3 girths and 1 bone breaths. To score points for a
variable, the intra-tester % TEM in the practical exam must be no more than 10% for skinfolds and no
more than 2% for the other measures. To score points for a variable, the inter-tester %TEM between the
criterion and the technician (when using the same equipment and remarking) must be no more than 12.5%
for skinfold measures and no more than 2.5% for the other measures (see Table 1).
Table 1 - Target inter- and intra-tester TEMs for the three accreditation levels
LEVEL 1 a b
Within-course Post-course profiles
intra-tester Skinfolds 10.0% 7.5%
other 2.0% 1.5%
inter-tester Skinfolds 12.5%
other 2.5%
LEVEL 2 a b
other 1.5% 1.0%
other 2.0%
LEVEL 3 a b
other 1.5% 1.0%
other 2.0%
LEVEL 4 a b
other 1.5% 1.0%
other 2.0%
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4. Successful post-course completion of repeat measures of the Restricted Profile on 20 subjects, where a
subject is landmarked once and then duplicate or triplicate measures are taken. All variables of the
Restricted Profile are to be measured on each of the 20 subjects. [This must be done by measuring the
entire proforma once, then the entire proforma a second time, then taking third measures where needed.]
The calculated intra-tester %TEMs for the duplicates must not exceed 7.5% for any skinfold nor 1.5% for
any of the other measures. The authenticity of the measurement session(s) and original data sheets must
be certified by the candidate. The authenticity and adequacy of those measurements are matters for the
Examiner to determine. Note: Level 1s have four months from the date of their practical
examination to submit their 20 proformas on an electronic TEM calculation spreadsheet.
Certification expires four years and four months from the date of the practical examination.
Curriculum Structure
Restricted Profile - Technician
Total time 60 hours over a minimum of three full days.
Lecturer-directed Learning: 40 hours – 6 theory, 18 in-course practical and 16 post-course practical.
Independent Learning: 20 hours.
Practical Level 1
18 hours instructor contact time & approximately 16 hours of post-course candidate time to collect 20
restricted profiles.
Content
• Landmarking: correct location of acromiale, radiale, mid-acromiale-radiale, triceps skinfold site, biceps
skinfold site, subscapulare, subscapular skinfold site, iliocristale, iliac crest skinfold site, iliospinale,
supraspinale skinfold site, abdominal skinfold site, patellare, front thigh skinfold site, maximal calf girth
and medial calf skinfold site landmarks.
• Handling equipment: correct manipulation of measuring tape, segmometer, skinfold calipers, small
sliding calipers, scale and stadiometer headboard.
• Measuring with supervision: repeated measures, in correct order, of all items in the Restricted Profile.
• Practical exam versus level 3 or 4.
• Technical error of measurement: use of collected exam data to calculate TEM.
• Post-course measuring 20 subjects: to determine the TEM for each measure in the Restricted Profile.
Theory Level 1
6 hours contact time - 4 core and 2 optional.
Core Content
• ISAK History and IAAS Structure
• Equipment and calibration: basic aspects of calibration of skinfold calipers, bone calipers, tapes,
segmometers, scales and stadiometers
• Basic Anatomy: terminology, anatomical landmarks and measurement sites.
• Statistics: TEM (2 measures per subject) confidence intervals, interpreting real changes; Effect size, e.g.
phantom z-scores, percentiles.
• Body composition: ∑skinfolds, regression equations, percent body fat, some errors of these equations;
other methods.
• Somatotype: Definitions, basic calculations, somatocharts, relationship to sport performance
• Ethics: informed consent, measurement etiquette, measurement ambient condition, measuring women and
children, ethnic and cultural sensitivities
Optional Content
Optional content must be added to the above core content to make up the requisite number of theory hours.
Optional content should be geared to the specific needs and interests of the candidates, e.g.
proportionality/Scaling, Growth & Development, Health, Body Image, Nutrition, Ergonomics, Sports
Medicine, Physical Anthropology or Ergonomics.
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Re-accreditation Level 1
Accreditation expires as indicated on the ISAK certificate. Candidates whose previous accreditation has
expired for more than two years are ineligible for re-accreditation. In the case that the student can not do
the re-accreditation before the deadline, he/she has to do the Level 1 course complete. This rule will be
applied from July 2016. For re-accreditation, ISAK requires the verification of technique and accuracy in the
form of a three-subject practical exam in the presence of a Level 3 (Instructor) or Level 4 (Criterion
Anthropometrist). Inter-tester TEM targets (of 12.5% for each skinfold and 2.5% for each of the other
measures), must be met. ISAK also requires the successful completion of repeat measures of the Restricted
Profile on 20 subjects and the submission of these in the required format to the Level 3 or Level 4
Anthropometrist who conducted the re-accreditation practical examination. Students have four months from
the date of their practical examination to submit their 20 proformas. Re-accreditation is valid for a period of
four years and four months from the date of the practical examination.
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Level 2 Technician – Full Profile Anthropometrist
A person who can demonstrate adequate precision in all 42 anthropometric dimensions.
Accreditation
This person will be competent in the assessment of a Full Profile. The Full Profile consists of the following
sites: 4 base measures, 8 skinfolds, 13 girths, 8 segment lengths, 9 breadths (see Figure 2).
Figure 2 – Full Profile
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Base Measures Mass
Stature
Sitting height
Arm span
Skinfolds Triceps
Subscapular
Biceps
Iliac crest
Supraspinale
Abdominal
Front thigh
Medial calf
Lengths Acromiale – radiale
Radiale – stylion
Midstylion – dactylion
Iliospinale + box height
Trochanterion + box height
Trochanterion - tibiale laterale
Tibiale laterale
Tibiale mediale - sphyrion tibiale
Foot length
Girths Head
Neck
Arm (relaxed)
Arm (flexed and tensed)
Forearm (maximum)
Wrist (distal styloids)
Chest (mesosternale)
Waist
Gluteal (hip)
Thigh (1 cm below gluteal fold)
Thigh (mid tro-tib laterale)
Calf (maximum)
Ankle (minimum)
Breadths Biacromial
Anterior-posterior abdominal depth
Biiliocristal
Transverse chest
Antero-posterior chest
Biepicondylar humerus
Bi-styloid
Biepicondylar femur
Pre-requisites (minimum) Accreditation at ISAK Level 1 for at least 6 months or other qualifications that
may be deemed appropriate by the ISAK Accreditation Working Group. Candidates whose Level 1
accreditation has expired must re-pass a Level 1 practical examination before behind admitted to a Level 2
course.
2. Successful demonstration of landmarking, equipment manipulation and measurement of the Full Profile
in front of a Level 3 or Level 4 Anthropometrist.
3. Successful completion of a practical examination (80% minimum) in the presence of a Level 3

(Instructor) or Level 4 (Criterion) Anthropometrist. The examination will consist of the measurement of
a sample set of 10 variables from the Full Profile on at least 3 subjects with remarking. The 10 variables
of the exam must include: 3 skinfolds, 3 girths, 2 lengths and 2 bone breaths. To score points for a
variable, the intra-tester % TEM in the practical exam must be no more than 7.5% for skinfolds and no
more than 1.5% for the other measures. To score points for a variable, the inter-tester %TEM between
the criterion and the technician (when using the same equipment) must be no more than 10.0% for
skinfold measures and no more than 2.0% for the other measures (see Table 1).
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4. Post-course successful completion of repeat measures of the Full Profile on 20 subjects, where a subject
is landmarked once and then duplicate or triplicate measures are taken without remarking. All measures
of the Full Profile are to be taken for each of the 20 subjects. [This must be done by measuring the entire
proforma once, then the entire proforma a second time, and taking third measures where needed.] The
calculated within-measure (intra-tester) % TEMs for the duplicates must not exceed 5.0% for any
skinfold nor 1.0% for any of the other measures. The authenticity of the measurement sessions and
originality of the data must be certified by the candidate. The authenticity and adequacy of those
measurements are matters for the Examiner to determine. Note: Level 2s have 6 months from the date
of their practical examination to submit the 20 proformas on an electronic TEM calculation
spreadsheet.
Certification expires four years and six months from the date of the practical examination.
Full Profile - Technician
Total time 80 hours and a minimum of four full days.
Lecturer-directed learning: 52 hours – 10 theory, 22 in-course practical, 20 post-course practical.
Practical Level 2
22 hours instructor contact time & approximately 20 post-course hours of candidate time to collect 20 Full
Profiles
Content
• Landmarking: correct location of all landmarks required for the Full Profile. This will include the
revision of those landmarks for Level 1.
• Handling equipment: revision of the correct manipulation of those pieces of equipment used for Level 1
measurements plus correct manipulation of segmometer, anthropometer or large sliding calipers or wide-
spreading calipers.
• Measuring with supervision: repeated measures, in correct order, of all items in the Full Profile.
• Technical error of measurement: use of data collected to calculate TEM.
• Practical exam versus Level 3 or 4.
• Measuring 20 subjects: collection and use of data to define individual TEMs for all measures in the Full
Profile.
Theory Level 2
10 hours contact time – 7 core and 3 optional.
Core content
• ISAK History and IAAS Structure: Review and updates.
• Equipment and calibration: Revision of Level 1, plus wide-spreading calipers, anthropometer or large
sliding calipers, segmometer - basic aspects of calibration of each.
• Statistics: Review of Level 1 topics plus Error Reduction by Other Methods (or similar).
• Body composition: Revision of Level 1. Whole-body adiposity, anatomical and chemical models. Other
methods.
• Somatotype: Definitions, basic calculations, somatocharts, relationship to sport performance
• Anthropometry and health: relationships between body fat, quantity and distribution, exercise and health,
use of anthropometric markers of health status and risk.
• Ethics: Revision of Level 1 plus cultural sensitivity, informed consent and proxemics.
Optional Content
Optional content should be geared to the specific needs and interests of the candidates; e.g. Proportionality,
Scaling, Growth & Development, Sports Anthropometry, Body Image, Nutrition, Ergonomics, Biomechanics,
Sports Medicine, Special Populations, Physical Anthropology.
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Accreditation expires as indicated on the ISAK certificate. Candidates whose previous accreditation has
expired for more than two years are ineligible for re-accreditation. In the case that the student can not do
the re-accreditation before the deadline, he/she has to do the Level 2 course complete. This rule will be
applied from July 2016. For re-accreditation, ISAK requires the verification of technique and accuracy in the
form of a three-subject practical exam in the presence of a Level 3 (Instructor) or Level 4 (Criterion)
Anthropometrist. Inter-tester TEM targets (of 10.0% for each skinfold and 2.0% for each of the other
measures), must be met. ISAK also requires the successful completion of repeat measures of the Full Profile
on 20 subjects and the submission of these in the required format to the Level 3 or Level 4 Anthropometrist
who conducted the re-accreditation practical examination. Students have six months from the date of their
practical examination to submit their 20 proformas. Re-accreditation is valid for 4½ years from the date of the
practical examination.
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Level 3 Instructor Anthropometrist
In addition to technical competence, a Level 3 person requires adequate theoretical knowledge about
anthropometry to be able to instruct and accredit Level 1 and 2 Anthropometrists.
Accreditation
This person will be competent in the assessment of the ISAK Full Profile and in the teaching and examination
of Level 1 and 2 courses.
Pre-requisites (minimum)
1. Bachelor’s degree or equivalent in human movement science, nutrition, sports medicine, medicine,
functional anatomy or similar subject.
2. Completion of an ISAK Level 2 course. Candidates whose Level 2 accreditation has expired must re-
pass a Level 2 practical examination before behind admitted to a Level 3 course.
3. Significant demonstrable experience in anthropometry, as judged appropriate by a Criterion
Anthropometrist. (e.g. equivalent to at least 100 full profiles).
2. Successful completion of a 3-hour written theory examination on the topics of the Level 3 curriculum.
This is an open-book, written assessment of core theory subjects including pedagogical theory. Questions
may be in essay, short answer or multiple-choice format. Successful completion of a theoretical
examination (75% minimum for those writing the exam in a first language and 50% for those not writing
the exam in a first language).
3. Successful completion of a practical examination (80% minimum) in the presence of a Level 4 (Criterion)
Anthropometrist. The examination will consist of the measurement of a sample set of 10 variables from
the Full Profile on at least 3 subjects with remarking. The 10 variables of the exam must include: 3
skinfolds, 3 girths, 2 lengths and 2 bone breaths. To score points for a variable, the intra-tester % TEM in
the practical exam must be no more than 7.5% for skinfolds and no more than 1.5% for the other
measures. To score points for a variable, the inter-tester %TEM between the criterion and the technician
(when using the same equipment) must be no more than 10.0% for skinfold measures and no more than
2.0% for the other measures (see Table 1).
4. Post-course successful completion of repeat measures of the Full Profile on 20 subjects, where a subject
is landmarked once and then duplicate or triplicate measures are taken without remarking. All of the Full
Profile is to be taken for each of the 20 subjects. [This must be done by measuring the entire proforma
once, then the entire proforma a second time, then taking third measures where needed.] The calculated
within-measurer (intra-tester) %TEMs for the duplicates must not exceed 5.0% for any skinfold nor 1.0%
for any of the other measures. The authenticity of the measurement sessions and originality of the data
must be certified by the candidate. The authenticity and adequacy of the those measurements are matters
for the Examiner to determine. Note: Level 3s have 6 months from the date of their practical
examination to submit the 20 proformas on an electronic TEM calculation spreadsheet.
Accreditation expires four years and six months from the date of the practical examination.
Full Profile – Instructor
Total time 110 hours and a minimum of six full days.
Lecturer-directed learning: 76 hours – 18 theory, 38 in-course practical, 20 post-course practical
Practical Level 3
38 hours instructor contact time & approximately 20 post-course hours of candidate time to collect 20 Full
Profiles.
17
Content
• Landmarking: full anthropometric profile.
• Handling equipment: manipulation of skinfold calipers, measuring tape,
• small sliding calipers and stadiometer headboard, segmometer, anthropometer the large calipers and the
wide-spreading calipers, scale.
• Measuring with supervision: repeated measures, in correct order, of all items in the Full Profile.
• Technical error of measurement: the use of collected data to calculate TEM and Intra-class Correlation
Co-efficient (ICC).
• Conducting anthropometric research or large scale survey.
• Teaching skills: Pedagogic approaches to teaching a practical skill; the demonstration of specific tasks
from the entire syllabus to more junior anthropometrists, e.g. landmarking, measurement demonstration;
fault correction.
• Practical exam versus Level 4.
• Measuring 20 subjects: the collection and use of data to define individual TEMs for each measurement
site.
Theory Level 3
18 hours contact time
Core Content
• ISAK History and IAAS Structure
• Equipment and calibration: Full calibration of skinfold calipers – relative and absolute calibration –
dynamic/static, upscale/downscale.
• Somatotype. Relationship of physique to health, sports performance, age and ethnicity
• Proportionality/Scaling.
• Body composition: multi-compartment models, and limitations of laboratory methods eg. DEXA,
bioelectrical impedance, ultrasound, medical imaging (e.g.) MRI, CT, K40, other equipment (e.g. 3D
scanning).
• Statistics: Review of Level 2 topics plus Errors in anthropometry: - Standard Error of Estimate, Intra-
class Correlation Co-efficient (ICC), TEM - establishing TEM before a large scale survey within and
between team members. Prediction equations, accuracy and validity; classification systems using
anthropometry (e.g. ROC analysis for decision-based modelling).
• Measurement of Special Populations: Children, obese and the aged.
• Large scale surveys: Special issues, use of troika and resources to facilitate high turnover and rapid
feedback to subjects. Use of computers. Ethics.
• Pedagogy: Teaching of Anthropometry; contents and requirements of L1 and L2 courses
Optional Content
Optional content should be geared to the specific needs and interests of the candidates, e.g. Growth &
Development, Sports Anthropometry, Body Image, Nutrition, Ergonomics, Biomechanics, Sports Medicine,
Physical Anthropology. As such, this may include presentation and feedback approaches of results of
anthropometric measurements to specific groups.
Accreditation expires as indicated on the ISAK certificate.
To be eligible for re-accreditation, Level 3’s must have instructed and examined on a minimum of two
courses, at least one of which must be a Level 2, during their current 4-year accreditation period. Evidence of
this will be required from the candidate. Candidates whose previous accreditation has expired for longer
than two years are ineligible for re-accreditation. In the case that the student can not do the re-accreditation
before the deadline, he/she has to do the Level 3 course complete. This rule will be applied from July 2016.
For re-accreditation, ISAK requires the verification of technique and accuracy in the form of a three-subject
practical exam in the presence of a Level 4 (Criterion Anthropometrist), or Designated Level 3. [A Designated
L3 is one who has been examined by an L4 in the previous 12 months. A list of these can be found on the
website.]. In addition, the re-accreditation protocol must include a pedagogical component, delivered
alongside the practical component, within a 1-day workshop. Both components must be examined.
Inter-tester TEM targets (of 10.0% for each skinfold and 2.0% for each of the other measures), must be met in
the practical examination. ISAK also requires the successful completion of repeat measures of the Full Profile
on 20 subjects and the submission of these in the required format to the Level 4 (or Designated Level 3)
18
anthropometrist who conducted the re-accreditation practical examination. Students have six months from the
date of their practical examination to submit their 20 proformas. Re-accreditation is valid for 4½ years from
the date of the practical examination.
19
Level 4 Criterion Anthropometrist
A Criterion Anthropometrist has a high level of theoretical knowledge and many years of experience in taking
measurements. This includes involvement with large anthropometric research projects, which lead to
publications.
Accreditation Criteria
A Level 4 or Criterion Anthropometrist (CA) must meet the following criteria
• Hold current Level 3 accreditation

• Have many years of experience in taking anthropometric measurements
• Have a high level of theoretical knowledge
• Be involved in the teaching/examining of ISAK workshops or courses
• Have had involvement in large-scale measuring research projects
• Have a publication record in anthropometry in international, peer-reviewed journals
• Have made a significant contribution to ISAK as an organisation
• Be a member in good standing of ISAK
• Experience in taking measurements

Verification should include both intra- and inter-tester technical error of measurement (TEM)
determinations. The inter-tester determinations should be against a certified CA.
• High level of theoretical knowledge

This can be demonstrated by didactic papers or chapters and observed presentations, which must include
teaching classes or workshops, and must include expertise across the major areas of kinanthropometry,
viz., absolute and relative size, shape (somatotype), body composition, and growth in relation to gross
motor performance. While it is not expected that the candidate should be a world expert in every area,
he/she should be able to teach current knowledge in each area and common applications and be a
competent resource person for Levels 1 to 3 anthropometrists.
• Involvement in the teaching/examining of ISAK workshops or courses

Evidence of ISAK courses taught/examined in the previous 2 years must be provided.
• Involvement in large-scale projects

The applicant should describe the projects and his/her role in them.
• Publications in kinanthropometry
These should include refereed publications, invited chapters and papers. The applicant should summarise
the kinanthropometric content of a large number of his/her in a specific area, or on a limited topic.
• Significant contribution to ISAK as an organisation

Evidence of involvement in the administration/promotion of ISAK at a level deemed to be significant by
the panel, e.g. ISAK Executive Council membership, Editor of the ISAK newsletter, Webmaster,
significant national and/or international promotion, must be supplied.
• Be a member in good standing

The applicant must not only be a fully paid-up member of ISAK, but must also not be the subject of any
unresolved disciplinary issue or complaint.
Appointment Procedure
Potential Level 4s must be jointly nominated by two existing Level 4s. Following nomination, the nominee
will be asked to submit a comprehensive Curriculum Vitae which details the extent of their theoretical and
practical experience and achievements in anthropometry in general and the teaching of Level 1 and 2 ISAK
courses in particular. Within the framework of the general criteria, each application will be judged on its
merits. Nominees whose Level 3 accreditation has expired must re-pass a Level 3 practical examination
before being considered for promotion to Level 4.
20
The nomination process is detailed below.
(a) Two Level 4’s who deem the Level 3 worthy of recognition as a Level 4 Criterion Anthropometrist
sufficiently capable and reliable to train and accredit ISAK Level 3 Anthropometrists, make a
nomination by jointly writing to the Chair of the ISAK Accreditation Working Group (AWG).
Nominating L4’s must have previously worked in one or more ISAK courses with a nominee,
preferably a Level 3 course which the nominee had assisted at.
(b) The AWG Chair will review the nomination and, if not made aware of any valid reason for declining
the nomination, will write to the nominee requesting the candidate to confirm his/her willingness to be
evaluated for Level 4 status and, if so, asking him/her to submit a comprehensive Curriculum Vitae
detailing relevant theoretical and practical experience, achievements in anthropometry in general and
the teaching of Level 1 and 2 ISAK courses in particular. The CV and/or attachments must address all
the criteria listed above for L4 recognition.
(c) Once all necessary information has been received the AWG Chair will forward the application to two
other current or former members of the ISAK Council who are also Level 4s. [Nominating L4’s cannot
be members of the Evaluation Panel.] This panel of three will then judge whether or not the candidate
meets the standard for appointment.
(d) If the application receives unanimous approval, the President of ISAK will inform the candidate of
his/her designation as a Criterion Anthropometrist.
(e) If the application receives two positive votes only, an additional Level 4 will be asked to examine the
original submission materials. If the additional Level 4’s decision is positive, recognition as a Level 4
will be granted. If not, the nomination will be declined.
(f) If the nomination receives fewer than two positive votes, it will be deemed unsuccessful, and the
nominee informed accordingly. [If unsuccessful, a nominee is eligible for nomination again in the
future at such time as their qualifications for consideration have improved, but no sooner than 12
months from the date of the initial nomination.]
Term of Criterion Anthropometrist

The designation of Level 4 Criterion Anthropometrist shall be for a period of four years from the initial letter
of approval and expires as indicated on the Level 4 ISAK certificate or the expiry of ISAK membership,
whichever date is the earlier.
Accreditation expires as indicated on the ISAK certificate.
To be eligible for re-accreditation, Level 4’s must have instructed and examined on a minimum of two
courses, at least one of which must be a Level 3, during their current 4-year accreditation period. Evidence of
this will be required from the candidate. Candidates whose previous accreditation has expired for longer
than two years are ineligible for re-accreditation. In the case that the student can not do the re-accreditation
before the deadline, he/she has to do the the appoinment procedure for Level 4 again. This rule will be applied
from July 2016.
To gain re-accreditation to teach and examine ISAK accreditation courses, a Level 4 must request an
extension for a further four years by submission to the AWG Chair of evidence that he/she continues to meet
the criteria, by the achievement of acceptable inter-tester %TEMs (of 10.0% for skinfolds and 2.0% for other
measures) from the full profile against a current Criterion Anthropometrist, or Designated Level 3
anthropometrist, by the submission of acceptable repeat measures of the Full Profile on 20 subjects and
submission of evidence of on-going involvement in the teaching and examining of ISAK courses, as above.
In addition, the re-accreditation protocol must include a pedagogical assessment, delivered by another Level
4. This will be done alongside the practical component, within a 1-day workshop, if the practical component
is examined by a Level 4. If the practical examination is conducted by a Designated Level 3, the pedagogical
component must be examined by another Level 4. Re-accreditation is valid for 4½ years from the date of the
practical examination.
21
22
SECTION 2: The ISAK Manual
The ISAK Manual is the publication upon which the ISAK Accreditation Scheme is based. As well as being
an integral part of the Accreditation Scheme, it is also a stand-alone publication (Stewart, A.D., Marfell-Jones,
M. J., Olds, T. and de Ridder, J.H., International standards for anthropometric assessment (2011). ISAK:
Lower Hutt, New Zealand), that is available for purchase as indicated on the ISAK website.
The Manual defines, (from previous definitions and descriptions from a series of classic textbooks and
congresses throughout the twentieth century), sets of anthropometric landmarks and measurement variables
whose use enables a comprehensive assessment of the size, shape and composition of the human body. It also
provides comprehensive technique guidelines and equipment recommendations. The standardization provided
by the Manual facilitates both national and international data comparison and aggregation, resulting in a
quantum enhancement of our breadth of knowledge of human morphology.
This Manual is, therefore, the cornerstone of all practical tuition in the ISAK Anthropometry Accreditation
Scheme and, as such, its use is required for all ISAK anthropometrists, both trainees and trained.
It is the responsibility of all Level 3 and Level 4 anthropometrists to use hard copies of the most recent
published version of the ISAK Manual when teaching ISAK courses.
24
SECTION 3: Regulations for
conducting an ISAK Course
25
Introduction
An ISAK accreditation course is the main vehicle for the promotion of the Accreditation Scheme. As with
running almost any quality training programme, until a certain level of experience is achieved, the
organisation and delivery of a course almost inevitably turns out to be a bigger job than first thought. ISAK
therefore offers this document to its Level 3 and 4 anthropometrists in the hope of minimising any mismatch
between perception and reality and optimising the chances of positive outcomes and experiences for both
candidates and instructors as they prepare for, and participate in, a course. This section provides details of all
administrative procedures to be followed in relation to running an ISAK course. These are followed by
detailed descriptions of both theory and practical course content and pragmatic recommendations to assist the
efficient and effective running of courses. ISAK strongly recommends that newly-accredited Level 3s begin
by teaching one or more Level 1 courses, before offering a Level 2 course.
Overview
There are at least twelve identifiable steps in running a course. These are:
1. Organisation of course.
2. Application to the ISAK Secretariat for approval to run a course.
3. Delivery of course.
4. Conduct of practical examination.
5. Course evaluation.
6. Despatch of results to the Secretary-General, who will issue an invoice.
7. Payment of course fees and receipt of certificates.
8. Receipt of required post-course TEM documentation.
9. Forwarding of TEM information to the Examiner for checking.
10. Receipt of notification from Examiner of success.
11. Issuing of certificates only to those candidates who have completed their TEM measures satisfactorily.
Certificates can be issued as soon as each student completes their TEM requirements.
12. Final notification of complete course results to the Secretary-General.
Failure to complete these steps correctly, in order, may result in further course approvals being
withheld and/or future approvals that have already been issued being cancelled.
Each of these points is considered in detail below.
1. Course Organisation
Preliminary Thinking
Before you begin the process, you need to ask yourself some fundamental questions. Can you actually
deliver the course, i.e. will you be able to access adequate facilities (labs, lecture rooms), adequate
equipment and sufficient teaching personnel? Do you think you will be able to generate enough income
to cover the costs of conducting the course?
Facilities
Sufficient laboratory space is needed for candidates to do practical work unimpeded. This both allows
them to concentrate on their measuring and promotes a safe work area. Screened areas should be
available, if possible, for those preferring a measure of privacy. Access is also needed to a sufficient
number of computers to allow the demonstration and practice of the use of associated computer
programs.
26
Equipment
Many courses suffer from lack of equipment. Although some items of equipment are expensive, it is
essential to have enough to eliminate undue waiting, so provision must be made for the necessary
equipment to be available. This might be by purchase, borrowing, rental or requiring students at Levels 2
and 3 to bring their own equipment. Care should be taken to budget for the cost of repairing or replacing
equipment in the event of damage. ISAK requires the provision of at least 1 skinfold calliper, 1 tape
measure, 1 segmometer and 1 anthropometric box for each troika (measuring group of three) and at least
1 small sliding calliper per 6 students at Level 1; and the same equipment at Levels 2 and 3 plus 1 wide-
spreading calliper and/or 1 large sliding-calliper, per six participants. Where available, one complete set
of equipment per three participants is desirable.
Staffing
Although courses can be organised by someone who does not hold Level 3 or 4 accreditation, a Level 3
or 4 anthropometrist is required for teaching and examining. If you, as the Course Organiser, do not hold
the necessary accreditation, you need to identify and seek the agreement of a Level 3 or 4 to accept
overall responsibility for teaching and examining the course. Sufficient staff are needed to ensure that
quality training is provided. The ratio of instructors to candidates must be no more than 1:15 if
unassisted. [Twelve is an ideal number for both pair and troika practice.]
Up to nine additional students may be accepted on a course if the instructor is assisted by an accredited
Level 2 anthropometrist during practice practical sessions. The instructor remains responsible for all
teaching and examining at all times. Only instructors accredited at the appropriate level can measure the
models for the practical exam.
The maximum number of students per course is 45, irrespective of the number of instructors that
will teach the course.
Course Schedule
The first thing to do is draft a reasonably-detailed schedule, specifying what will be delivered each day,
by whom and where.
Budget
Organisers then need to draw up a detailed course budget in order to calculate whether or not they can
afford to run the course. A comprehensive understanding of potential costs is necessary in order to
determine fee levels and minimum numbers needed for final course go-ahead. This involves writing
down all necessary expenditure and comparing it with expected income. Compulsory budget items per
candidate are the current accreditation fee, the current ISAK Manual royalty fee (both available from the
ISAK Secretariat) and the cost of purchasing hard copies of the ISAK Manual (compulsory for all
Level 1 courses and for all other courses where candidates do not already have a copy of the latest version
of the Manual).
ISAK Manual
All practical tuition is based upon the definitions and guidelines in the ISAK Manual. All candidates in
a Level 1 course must be provided with a hard copy of the latest version. [Level 2 and 3 candidates
may use their own copy of the Manual only if that copy is the latest version]. Therefore, not only do you
need to build this into your budget, but you also need to order them in plenty of time for delivery before
the course begins. [ISAK manuals can be obtained from your nearest ISAK distributor, the list of whom
can be found on the ISAK website (http://isakonline.com/publications)].
2. Application to run a course

For a course to be approved for ISAK accreditation, requests must be received at by the ISAK Secretariat
at least two months prior to the course starting. All ISAK courses must be approved prior to delivery.
Before it can make an approval decision, the Secretariat needs to know:
1. The level of course

2. The proposed dates.
3. The proposed number of candidates.
4. The venue the course is to be run at and which city it is in.
5. The name of the Level 3 or 4 Anthropometrist(s) responsible for teaching and examining and the
names of any assistants.
6. That the course will be taught according to ISAK guidelines.
27
The required information must be entered in the Approval Request spreadsheet which must be obtained
from the ISAK Secretariat info@isakonline.com (to ensure that it is up-to-date) completed and sent to the
ISAK Secretariat. [Approval is normally pro forma, except where unresolved administrative issues with
a previous course an instructor has run.]
NOTE: Running a course without prior approval is considered a serious matter which will be
regarded as a major disciplinary issue, so do not put yourself or your students in a position where
you have taught a course without approval and approval is subsequently denied. The consequences
of that happening would be disastrous for all concerned, especially for you as the
examiner/organizer.
If the Secretariat has any concerns about the request it will communicate these with you. Once there are
no concerns, an approval letter will be sent to you.
No course will be approved which is more than one year out from the approval application date.
Advertising
Once you have received your approval letter, but not before, you can proceed to advertise the ISAK
course. This should be done as early as possible, hence the importance of getting early approval, and
repeated as often as your budget for this item allows. Advertising on the ISAK Web page
(www.isakonline.com) is useful and free for members, but advertising directly to your target market e.g.
nutritionists, fitness centre staff, medical practitioners as well, is usually essential, as potential Level 1
candidates, in particular, are unlikely to be familiar with the ISAK Website. However, if you do not want
your course published on the ISAK website, please let the Secretariat know when applying for course
approval.
Nobody can use the ISAK name or logo in his/her email, flyers or other documents without the
prior consent of the Secretary-General.
3. Course Delivery
Your course schedule will consist of a number of theory and practical sessions, culminating in the
practical exam. The theory content that must be covered is outlined in the Curriculum Structure for each
level (See and Appendix). Practical sessions need to be well planned in terms of equipment, space,
demonstration and practice. Level 1 courses must involve a minimum of 24 hours (6 theoretical + 18
practical), delivered over a minimum of 3 full days. Level 2 courses must involve a minimum of 32 hours
(10 theoretical + 2 practical), delivered over a minimum of 4 full days. Level 3 courses must involve a
minimum of 56 hours (18 theoretical + 38 practical), delivered over a minimum of 6 full days, with the
final 3 days being spent involving the Level 3 candidates in the running and teaching of a Level 1 course.
On-line theory supplementation for courses is considered an added extra to on-course teaching. If used, it
does not reduce the minimum hours and days specified for courses.
ISAK-accredited anthropometrists must re-accredit before their current accreditation expires, other than
in exceptional circumstances. Therefore, a re-accreditation opportunity at the same level must be offered
with all approved courses
Demonstrations
Demonstrations must be clear, concise and consistent and follow all specifications in the ISAK Manual.
Theory
Theory sessions must be presented by nominated ISAK L3s or L4s, unless prior approval has been given
for a guest instructor. [Guest instructors, must be individuals with specific equivalent expertise who are
qualified to present materials suited to the course which meet ISAK standards and the educational
objectives of the course.] Guest instructors can present no more than 20% of the theory sessions. The
content for all core subjects can be found in Appendix 1.
Practice
For practice, ISAK recommends the use of groups of three (troikas), where one candidate is the subject,
one is the measurer and the other is the recorder, with the roles rotating. Experience has shown that while
a ratio of fifteen candidates (i.e. five troikas) to a highly experienced instructor may be manageable, one-
to- twelve is optimal. Ratios higher than this compromise an instructor’s ability to provide the candidates
with quality learning support. Instructors should pay particular attention to candidate technique during
these sessions, as it is the regular practice of correct technique that results in the development of
anthropometric measurement competency. Troikas should be allocated their own measurement station
28
and, preferably, their own dedicated set of equipment. Sharing equipment (which is sometimes
inevitable) wastes time and increases the risk of equipment loss or damage. Though not always possible
for financial or practical reasons, the recruitment and use of external subjects (i.e. non-course
participants) for measurement practice sessions is encouraged as this increases the time that candidates
spend actually measuring.
Post-course requirements session

It is essential to include a brief session to explain post-course requirements to candidates. It is important
to stress that candidates must complete 20 duplicate profiles in their own time AFTER the course and
within the specified time-frame, and submit them on the appropriate electronic spreadsheet; and that
accreditation cannot be awarded until the examiner is satisfied that 20 subjects have been legitimately
measured and that the TEMs achieved are within allowable limits.
Consent
In many countries, it is standard practice to have anthropometric subjects sign “Informed Consent” forms
prior to the start of measurement. ISAK recommends this practice at all times for the protection of both
the subject and the measurer. A sample form is shown in Figure 3. This sample may or may not meet
the legal requirements of your own country.
29
Figure 3 – Sample Consent Form
Insert relevant logo here
CONSENT FORM FOR PARTICIPATION IN ANTHROPOMETRIC

MEASUREMENT
Measurer/Co-ordinator…..……………….. Position: ………………………
Subject Name: …………………................
Date of Measurement: ……………………... Venue:…………………………..
I, (Insert name) ………………………………………the Subject, confirm the following:
1) The purpose of the measurements, that I am agreeing to have taken, has been
explained to me.
2) The full nature of what is required of me during anthropometric measurement and

data collection has also been explained to me prior to the commencement of the
measurement process and I give permission for the body contact this entails.
3) I understand that I am completely free to withdraw from the measurement process at

any time, should I so choose.
Signed ………………………………… (Subject)* Date: ………
Signed ………………………………… (Measurer/Co-ordinator) Date: ………
* NB: Parent/Guardian must sign here if the person is under age
Signed ………………………………… (Parent/guardian) Date: ………
30
4. Practical Examination
The key to successfully running the practical examination is organisation.
Examination Schedule
Each candidate needs to double (or triple) measure at least 10 variables on each of three subjects who
have already been measured by the criterion measurer (L3 or L4). Therefore, you need to create an
examination schedule that ensures this occurs, allows you to identify how many criterion subjects and
recorders will be needed (in order to cater for all examinees), and identifies their allocation to a
measurement station and a sequence of candidates. It is important that candidates are allowed a
reasonable time with each of their three subjects. A time frame of 20 minutes per subject is
recommended. Excessive repeat skinfold measurements on a subject over a short time period leads to
subject soreness and potential changes in skin compressibility for skinfold measurements. Examiners
must be cognisant of these factors when determining the ratio of subjects to examinees. [As a guideline,
a ratio of one subject per six candidates minimises these problems.] There is no single best way to devise
an examination schedule, but a sample of a successfully-used schedule is attached for your information
and use (see IAAS File Attachment 1 Sample Examination Measurement Schedule.xls). You will see
that the number of positions to be filled can be significant.
Criterion subjects and recorders

The practical examination cannot proceed without criterion subjects and finding enough subjects who will
be available for the duration of the examination can be a challenge. Subjects should preferably represent
a range of physiques, of both sexes, though excluding the obese. You will need recorders for each subject
measurement occasion. The demand for personnel usually means that examinees have to record when
they are not themselves being examined.
Measures
For each examinee, choose a sample set of measures from the relevant proforma. ISAK recommends
using 10 variables, (1 base measure, 5 skinfolds, 3 girths, and 1 bone breadth) for Level 1; and 10
variables, (3 skinfolds, 3 girths, 2 lengths and 2 breadths) for Levels 2 and 3. Print sufficient proformas
for criterion measurers as well as all examinees. [For combined Level 1 and 2 courses, an examiner’s
proforma will differ from the candidates at each level, and take longer to complete.]
Room set-up
The examination room should be large enough so that the stations are spaced well apart. Each station
should have 1 anthropometric box, an equipment table with, ideally, a full set of anthropometric
equipment and a laptop laid out on it and a desk or chair for the recorder. Where equipment has to be
shared by more than one station, it needs to be made very clear which stations are sharing what
equipment so that examiners and examinees always use the same equipment for any individual subject.
Criterion measures
The Level 3 or 4 Anthropometrist must measure all the subjects prior to the start of the exam. This must
be done on the same day, preferably immediately before the examination, in order to avoid any changes
inherently caused by dehydration, diet, hormonal circadian rhythms, and so on. The mean or median
value for each chosen variable is then used in the TEM calculation spreadsheet as the criterion value.
Examination procedure
The examination starts when the first candidate measures his/her first subject. [The candidate must use
the same instruments to measure a subject as those used on that subject by the criterion measurer.] The
candidate first marks up the subject and then takes measurements of each of the ten prescribed variables,
one after the other, informing the recorder of the value to be recorded as they proceed. Having completed
this first round of measurements, the candidate once again measures each of the ten variables in turn this
time without remarking. Once this has been completed, the recorder advises the candidate which
measures have a bigger difference between first and second measurement than 5% for skinfolds or 1% for
other measures. [Note that this is nothing to do with the target TEMs, but merely a yardstick by
examining relative differences, to determine if a third measure is necessary]. The candidate then takes a
third measure for the required variables. Once this has been done, the candidate moves on to the next
station. [The examiner determines how much time candidates are allowed to measure a single subject
(including marking), with ISAK’s recommendation being 20 minutes.] The subject stays at the same
station for the duration of the exam. The recorder can either stay at the same station with the subject or
move stations with the candidate. Once the candidate has completed the measures on their three subjects,
they hand their measurement results (electronic and paper) in for TEM evaluation. [The two closest
measures of each variable will be used to calculate the intra-tester TEM. The mean of two or the median
of three measures of each variable will be used to calculate the inter-tester TEM. For each calculation
31
that is within the allowable TEM the candidate scores 1 point – giving a maximum total of 20 points (10
intra-tester and 10 inter-tester). To pass, a candidate must obtain a minimum of 80% of the available
marks.]
In addition, a written 3-hour open-book, theory exam is required for all L3’s. The Pass mark for this
examination is 75% minimum for those writing the exam in a first language and 50% for those not
writing the exam in a first language. Both the practical and the theory examinations must be passed to
gain Level 3 accreditation. [A shorter written or oral theory exam is optional for L1 and L2s. If held,
however, the theory exam is only formative and does not count towards a Pass or Fail.]
Re-examination procedure
If candidates fail the practical (or the Level 3 theory examination), they should be offered the opportunity
to re-sit. If necessary, i.e. where the examiner incurs further costs, an additional fee may be charged for
this re-sit.
Software
There are many programs available to calculate the necessary intra-tester and inter-tester TEM data for
the practical exam. It is up to the Organiser/Examiner as to which one is used, as long as it correctly
performs the required TEM calculations, (as specified above). [Examples are shown in IAAS File
Attachment 2 Sample L1 Practical Exam TEM calculation spreadsheet.xls and IAAS File
Attachment 3 Sample L2&L3 Practical Exam TEM calculation spreadsheet.xls. Before you use
them, make sure you understand how they work and which cells require data entry. Forgetting to enter the
level of the course, for example, affects the %TEM calculations.]
Using the Excel file for exams, the instructor(s) must grade the examination at the time and individually
communicate the marks obtained, while reporting any mistakes made, whether they were intra- or inter-
evaluator, in order to serve as a learning technique.
5. Course Evaluation form

A course evaluation form is an important vehicle for your candidates to provide feedback relating to the
course. The Course Evaluation form is attached in Figure 4. It is obligatory to complete it in order to
maintain ISAK course quality.
32
Figure 4 - Course evaluation form
ISAK COURSE EVALUATION FORM
Course Code: …………..… Chief Instructor:………………….……
Date: ………………..… (e.g. 15 to 17 June 2015)
Course level: ………..
Please devote a few minutes to give your opinion of the above course.
1.- The Scientific level that you think this course reached.
Very high High Average Low Very low
2.-The level of each of your instructors: knowledge, attitude to and support for students,
quality of presentations and demonstrations, etc.
1. ...................................
(name)
2. ...................................
(name)
3. ...................................
(name)
3.- The material provided during the course (ISAK Manual, notes delivered, videos, etc.)?
Very good Good Average Poor Very poor
4.- The course length.
Good Too long Too short Far too long Far too short
5.- The quality of the course organisation.
6.- Your overall opinion of the course.
33
7.- How did you find out about this course?
Organizing Institution ISAK website Media Teachers
Family or Friends Other
8.- What did you like most about the course?
9.- What did you like least about the course?
10.- What do you recommend to improve this course?
11.- Would you recommend this course to someone else?
12.- Any other comments
Thank you for your assistance. ISAK’s aim is to seek continual improvement.
34
6. Notification to S-G of practical examination successes
Within ten working days after the practical examination has been completed, the Course Organiser must
provide the ISAK Secretariat info@isakonline.com with the student information database using the
spreadsheet that you were sent with your approval letter. On receipt of this information, the Secretariat
will send the course organiser an invoice for the course accreditation fees.
NOTE: When a student enrols in an ISAK course, he/she is agreeing that relevant data will be transferred
to the ISAK Secretariat database in order to allow future communication with him/her. It is the Course
Organiser’s responsibility to inform the student of this.
7. Payment of Course Fees

Payment of invoices is due on their receipt. Once all due fees have been paid to ISAK, certificates will
be generated for all candidates and will be sent to the Course Organiser. [Level 1 and Level 2 certificates
will be sent as individual digital copies. Level 3 and Level 4 certificates will be sent as hard copies.] The
Course Organiser will then retain all certificates until the Examiner informs them that a candidate has met
all their certification requirements, i.e. satisfactorily completed their 20 post-course proformas. Then,
and only then, does the Course Organiser send the certificate to the candidate. In the event that
candidates do not successfully complete their 20 post-course proformas before the 4 or 6-month deadline,
(which is not uncommon), the Course Organiser will destroy any remaining, unearned certificates.
8. Receipt of required post-course documentation

Once the 20 post-course profiles have been completed, the candidate must send all required
documentation, including electronic files, to the Course Organiser within the allocated time (i.e. 4 months
for Level 1 and 6 for Level’s 2 and 3). Candidates may only be given an extension to submit their
proformas beyond these periods in exceptional circumstances, i.e. circumstances entirely beyond the
candidate’s control.
As for the practical exam, there are different programs available to calculate the necessary intra-tester
TEMs for the 20 subjects measured. It is up to the Examiner as to which one is used, as long as it reliably
indicates whether a candidate has met the relevant TEM standard for each variable or not. Examples are
shown in IAAS File Attachment 4 L1 Data Entry Printout and 20 PROFORMA TEM calculation
spreadsheet.xls and IAAS File Attachment 5 L2&L3 Data Entry Printout and 20 PROFORMA
TEM calculation spreadsheet.xls. At this, point, the Course Organiser should check that the required
number of proformas has been submitted, that each one is complete (i.e. there are no missing measures
and the generated graphs make sense) and that there is no question of malpractice. If there is a shortfall
of some sort, the candidate should be advised of its nature and what they need to do to remedy it.
9. Forwarding of TEM information to the Examiner

Once satisfied that the candidate has submitted the required data, the Course Organiser must send the
required TEM information to the Examiner (or Chief Examiner, if more than one). It is the examiner’s
sole responsibility to determine whether all requirements have been met or not.
10. Receipt of notification from Examiner of successful candidates

The Examiner will send the Course Organiser written notification that a candidate has passed all
requirements.
11. Notification to candidate of completion of all requirements

On receipt of notification of success from the Examiner, the Course Organiser can send each successful
candidate their certificate.
12. Final notification of complete course results to the ISAK Secretariat

At the expiry of four or six months from the date of the Practical exam, the Course Organiser must send a
completed Course Results spreadsheet to the Secretariat so that it can maintain an accurate
membership/accreditation database.
35
ISAK courses as part of a larger subject or programme within an institution
Anthropometric training is often included as a stand-alone course, or as part of a larger course, in many
tertiary institutions around the world, (not least because many of our accredited Level 3 and Level 4
anthropometrists are full-time staff members in such institutions). If that training follows the ISAK
prescription exactly, an ISAK L3/L4 may wish to offer his/her candidates the opportunity to gain ISAK
accreditation at the same time as meeting other academic requirements. To be able to do this, the course must
be formally approved by ISAK (as per the process outlined in these regulations) on each separate offering
occasion.
This does not mean that it is compulsory for all candidates in the class to enrol in the ISAK course, (unless
you have made an ISAK pass part of your requirement to pass the course). A candidate can elect to enrol or
not. Such election must occur prior to the offering of the within-course practical exam. [After all, no bona
fide educational provider provides tuition and then only charges a fee if the candidate is successful, so ISAK
is no different in this regard.] Election not to do the ISAK course does not prevent your giving a candidate
anthropometric training. It just means that the training would not be designated ISAK training (even though it
may be identical) and would, in effect, have nothing to do with ISAK.
For each candidate who elects to do the course, the requisite certification fee must be paid to ISAK, with the
Course Organiser being the ISAK debtor. The Course Organiser determines how that fee is gathered from the
candidate (e.g. as an extra, or from within their overall course fee).
**********
IMPORTANT TO REMEMBER:
• Nobody can use the ISAK name or logo in his/her email, flyers or other documents without the
prior consent of the Secretary-General.
• Nobody can exceed in his/her course the maximum number of students that has been authorized by
ISAK Secretariat.
• If an instructor runs a course without the authorization of the ISAK Secretariat, the instructor
risks losing his/her accreditation status.
• All the rules of the Handbook are obligatory. Failure to observe them may incur serious
consequences.
• Ignorance of these rules is not an acceptable excuse for non-compliance.
36
APPENDIX
37
ISAK-IAAS – THEORY COMPONENTS
Core applies to all three levels; when information is specific to a level the numbers are given. Core
components are shown first, followed by optional components for all three levels.
KINANTHROPOMETRY – HISTORY AND EVOLUTION: core all.
ISAK-IAAS COURSE REQUIREMENTS: core all.
BASIC ANATOMY: core all.
EQUIPMENT AND CALIBRATION: core all.
STATISTICS core all.
SOMATOTYPE: core all.
BODY COMPOSITION: core all.
ETHICS: core all.
SIMILARITY AND SCALING: optional 1 & 2; core 3.
ANTHROPOMETRY AND HEALTH: optional 1 & 3; core 2.
LARGE-SCALE SURVEYS: core 3.
PEDAGOGY – teaching anthropometry: core 3.
OTHER TOPICS: optional, depending upon specific interests of candidates, and availability of instructors e.g.
Growth and Development, Body Image, Nutrition, Ergonomics, Sports Medicine, Physical Anthropology and
Ergonomics. This may include practical demonstrations of other research tools as appropriate.
The following are outlines of the theory modules. Unless otherwise stated, the information applies to all three
accreditation levels. When information is specific to Level 1, the superscript 1 is used; similarly 2 and 3
designate Levels 2 and 3 respectively.
38
**********
Kinanthropometry – History and Evolution
Theory components.
Status – core; Time – 30 min maximum
Objectives
All three levels should be familiar with the history and evolution of anthropometry and kinanthropometry. A
review only may be necessary for L2 and L3 if they attended this topic in a recent course.
Content
• Definition of anthropometry and kinanthropometry – links to present
• Historical precedents – names of persons and places from the Monaco Congress to the present
• Review of important studies of Olympic and World Championships
• Special populations, national samples, applications (optional)
• WHO Expert Committee Report statement on anthropometry
• Other anthropometry initiatives (International Biological Programme); Anthropometric
Standardization Manual; National and industrial initiatives.
*********
ISAK-IAAS Introduction
Theory components.
Status – core; Time – 15 min maximum
Objectives
All three levels should be familiar with the requirements for ISAK-IAAS certification at all levels. A review
only may be necessary for L2 and L3 if they attended this topic in a recent course.
Content
• What is ISAK?
• Predecessor, IWGK - 1978; Foundation of ISAK, 1986
• Presidents and Secretaries-General – 1978- present
• Present officers – Executive Council members
• Working groups; Proceedings
• The Anthropometry Accreditation Scheme – Australian Sports Commission
• ISAK Anthropometry Accreditation Scheme – four levels, L1-L4.
• Course hours; restricted and full profiles.
• Path to certification – steps needed
**********
BASIC ANATOMY: LANDMARKS and MEASUREMENT SITES
Basic anatomy is essential for accurate identification of the bony landmarks used to locate measurement sites.
The material can be presented in two parts, those items required for Level 1, and those for Level 2.
Status – core, L1-L2; Time – 1 hr minimum
Purposes:
(1) To identify all required landmarks using a skeleton, on a diagram, and on a live subject for the Restricted
(Level 1) or Full 2011 (Level 2) profile; and
(2) To identify the skinfold, girth, length and breadth sites for the Restricted (Level 1) or Full (Level 2)
profile. There are 17 measures for Level 1, and 42 measures for Level 2. Stature and Mass are basic measures
for both Levels 1 and 2.
The anatomical landmarks are bony sites that are located, palpated and most are marked. The measurement
sites are located using anatomical landmarks and many are marked before measurement.
39
Table 1 - Anatomical landmarks and measurement sites (Restricted profile).
Bony sites Mark Measurement sites Mark

Vertex Mid-acromiale-radiale Yes
Glabella Triceps skinfold Yes
Orbitale Subscapular skinfold Yes
Tragion Biceps skinfold Yes
Mandible Iliac crest skinfold Yes
Acromiale Yes Supraspinale skinfold Yes
Radiale Yes Abdominal skinfold Yes
Subscapulare Yes Front thigh skinfold Yes
Iliocristale Yes Medial calf skinfold Yes
Iliospinale Yes Arm girth relaxed Yes
Patellare Yes Arm flexed and tensed
Waist girth (min)
Gluteal girth
Calf girth (max)
Humerus breadth
Femur breadth
Table 2 - Anatomical landmarks and measurement sites (Full profile).

(Most lengths are defined by the bony marks.)
Bony sites Mark Measurement sites Mark

Vertex Mid-acromiale-radiale Yes
Glabella Mid-stylion Yes
Orbitale Mid-Trochanterion-tibiale laterale Yes
Tragion Triceps skinfold Yes
Mandible Subscapular skinfold Yes
Acromiale Yes Biceps skinfold Yes
Radiale Yes Iliac crest skinfold Yes
Stylion Yes Supraspinale skinfold Yes
Subscapulare Yes Abdominal skinfold Yes
Mesosternale Yes Front thigh skinfold Yes
Iliocristale Yes Medial calf skinfold Yes
Iliospinale Yes Head girth
Trochanterion Yes Neck girth
Tibiale laterale Yes Arm girth relaxed Yes
Patellare Yes Arm flexed and tensed
Tibiale mediale Yes Forearm girth (max)
Sphyrion tibiale Yes Wrist girth
Chest girth Yes
Waist girth (min)
Gluteal girth (max)
Thigh girth
Mid-thigh girth Yes
Calf girth (max)
Ankle girth (min)
Hand length Yes
Foot length
Biacromial breadth
A-P abdominal breadth
Biiliocristal breadth
T-V chest breadth Yes
A-P chest depth Yes
Humerus breadth
Styloid breadth
Femur breadth
40
Terminology
Landmarks and other terms are identified by their Latinized names. Anthropometrists should use this specific
terminology, regardless of language. That is, do not translate “Acromiale” into another word in your language.
Use “Acromiale” as the international term, thus facilitating communication between anthropometrists around
the world (Stewart et al., 2011).
The planes of the body: sagittal, coronal (or frontal) and transverse.
Anatomical terms and their definitions: superior/inferior, lateral/medial, anterior (or ventral)/posterior (or
dorsal), proximal/distal, superficial/deep, ipsilateral/contralateral.
References
Stewart, A., Marfell-Jones, M., Olds, T., and de Ridder, H. (2011). International standards for anthropometric
assessment. ISAK: Lower Hutt, New Zealand. 125pp.
Marfell-Jones, M. (1996). Essential anatomy for anthropometrists. In: K. Norton and T. Olds, (Eds.),
Anthropometrica, (Chapt. 1, pp. 3-26). Sydney: University of New South Wales Press.
**********
EQUIPMENT AND CALIBRATION
Calibration is one of the theory topics, however, it may be taught as part of the practical sessions when
introducing equipment. The following should be included in the course content for Levels 1-3. Higher levels
assume that lower level competencies have been met.
Status – core; Time – 1 hr minimum
Theory components
Objectives
To describe how to calibrate jaw gap and jaw pressure in skinfold calipers, and to calibrate other
anthropometric equipment such as tapes, sliding calipers, anthropometers, stadiometers and weighing scales.
Content
• Know and perform different methods of calibrating jaw gap (e.g. with vernier calipers, spacers, rods)
• Describe how to develop a calibration range for a set of calipers using foam blocks
• Understand basic maintenance requirements for the Harpenden (and other) skinfold calipers,
including spring replacement and pivot and cam servicing
• Understand the use of calibration weights for calibrating weighing scales
• Understand the difference between upscale and downscale, and between static and dynamic jaw
pressure calibration 2,3
• Understand how a load cell skinfold calibration rig works 3
• Be familiar with methods of calibrating linear measurement equipment 3
LEVEL 1.
Calibration theory is required to understand simple procedures for calibrating jaw gaps and pressures in
skinfold calipers, as well as distances on tapes, small sliding calipers and stadiometers. Essential maintenance
requirements.
Educational outcomes:
Demonstrate use of skinfold calipers, measuring tape, small sliding (bone) caliper and stadiometer.
LEVEL 2.
Calibration theory is revised in relation to jaw gap and jaw pressure calibration of skinfold calipers. At level
2, candidates should have a quantitative appreciation of errors induced by decalibration.
Demonstrate calibration of skinfold caliper jaw gap with metal rods and jaw pressure using foam blocks.
Calibration of sliding and spreading calipers, and anthropometers.
41
LEVEL 3.
Calibration theory should include a discussion of techniques of upscale and downscale calibration.
Demonstrate calibration of skinfold caliper jaw gap with metal rods and jaw pressure using foam blocks.
Calibration of sliding and spreading calipers, and anthropometers.
**********
STATISTICS
The following should be included in the course content for Levels 1-3. Higher levels assume that lower level
competencies have been met.
Theory components
Objectives
To understand the TEM, the basic statistic used to quantify measurement error.
Content
• Understand the notion of intra-tester and inter-tester variability
• Understand the concepts of accuracy and precision
• Know how to calculate a TEM and percentage TEM using two sets of measures
• Use TEMs to calculate the 95% confidence limits for a single measurement
• Use TEMs to decide whether a real change has occurred
• Use TEMs to calculate how multiple measurements will reduce error 2,3
• Know how to calculate a TEM and percentage TEM using more than two sets of measures 3
• Understand and calculate the intra-class correlation coefficient 3
• Know how to determine TEMs prior to a large-scale survey 3
LEVEL 1.
Knowledge of the technical error measurement (TEM) enables candidates to understand IAAS target TEMs
and to analyse their own precision and accuracy as anthropometrists.
Calculate the TEM for duplicate measures using a computer if necessary.
Achieve TEMs within the prescribed limits, viz. for skinfolds 12.5% (inter-tester) and 10.0% (intra-tester) and
for other measurements 2.5% (inter-tester) and 2.0% (intra-tester).
Know how to use TEMs to calculate the 95% confidence limits for a single measurement, and to decide
whether a real change has occurred between measurement occasions.
LEVEL 2.
The discussion of measurement error is expanded to include calculating the TEM when there are more than
two series of measurements.
Calculate the TEM for duplicate measures and explain the concepts of precision and accuracy.
Review TEMs to calculate the 95% confidence limits for a single measurement, and to decide whether a real
change has occurred between measurement occasions.
Achieve TEMs with the prescribed limits, viz. for skinfolds 10.0% (inter-tester) and 7.5% (intra-tester) and
for other measurements 2.0% (inter-tester) and 1.5% (intra-tester).
LEVEL 3.
The discussion of measurement error should include calculation of the intra-class correlation coefficient
(ICC), calculating TEMs from more than two sets of measures, and procedures for establishing TEMs for
large-scale surveys when working in teams.
42
Calculate the TEM for duplicate or triplicate measures and explain the concepts of precision and accuracy.
Review TEMs to calculate the 95% confidence limits for a single measurement, and to decide whether a real
change has occurred between measurement occasions.
Appreciate the differences between TEM and other methods of measurement error, e.g. standard error of
measurement.
A much wider appreciation of the statistical methods used with anthropometric data is required. This involves
formulae, predictions, limits of agreement, systematic differences, frequency distributions, classification of
anthropometric data and the applications of anthropometry to dichotomous tests.
**********
SOMATOTYPE
Theory components
Objectives
To understand what a somatotype represents, and how to calculate, plot and analyse somatotypes.
Content
• Understand what the three components of the somatotype represent
• Be familiar with the difference between photoscopic and anthropometric ratings
• Be able to calculate somatotype components from raw data
• Have a general understanding of the applications of somatotyping in relation to sports performance,
psychology and health
• Know how to plot somatotypes in two 1 and three 2,3 dimensions
• Calculate and apply the SAD and SAM 2,3
LEVEL 1.
Somatotype can be calculated from the restricted profile items, and has useful applications in sports profiling,
growth and aging, and body image.
Understand what is meant by somatotype and the three components.
Be able to calculate values for these component using the rating form and equations.
Be able to plot a somatotype on the 2-D somatochart.
LEVEL 2.
Somatotyping should now include the calculation and application of somatotype statistics (SAD and SAM)
and the three dimensional nature of the somatochart.
Understand the 3-D nature of the somatochart.
Be able to calculate the SAD between pairs of somatotypes, individuals or means.
Be able to calculate group statistics for the components, and SAMs.
LEVEL 3.
Application of somatotyping in relation to body image, sports performance and health. Be able to teach Level
1 and 2 content.
Understand the difference between photoscopic and anthropometric ratings.
Be able to make a rough estimate of the somatotype from a photo or live.
Understand the calculation of comparative statistics between groups, and tracking change in somatotypes.
To facilitate the meaningful comparison of different groups for somatotype.
43
**********
BODY COMPOSITION
Theory components
Objectives
To know the different types of body tissue from a chemical and anatomical viewpoint, and the different
methods of estimating the quantity of these types of tissue.
Content
• To understand the distinction between fat mass and fat-free mass in the two compartment models
• To understand how hydrodensitometry is used to determine body density, and the associated
measurement error and variability
• To understand how an estimate of percentage body fat is derived from body density (using Siri or
Brozek methods)
• To understand how regression equations using skinfolds and girths as raw inputs can be developed to
predict body fat 2,3
• To understand the assumptions associated with this procedure, and to grasp qualitatively and
quantitatively the associated error 2,3
• To understand three-, four- and five- compartment models of body composition, and contemporary
methods required to apply them 3
• To understand qualitatively the relative errors associated with these multicompartment models 3
LEVEL 1.
The concepts of body composition, regression equations, Body Mass Index (BMI) and densitometry are
introduced. Advantages and limitations. Percentage body fat from regression equations based on densitometry
– its value and discussion why it is no longer considered the “gold standard”
Understanding of the utility and limitations of body fat percentage, as opposed to other quantifiable estimates
of fatness. Introduction to other body composition measurements. Understand the assumptions behind these
types of estimates.
LEVEL 2.
Body composition should be expanded to a broader paradigm of body composition, its variability, meaning
and implications.
Understanding of the utility and limitations of body fat percentage. As opposed to other quantifiable
estimates of fatness. Introduction to other body composition measurements.
Understanding of errors relating to assumptions and measurement.
Understanding the differences between anatomical and chemical models.
LEVEL 3.
Body composition should be expanded to include a more detailed discussion of laboratory methods such as
DEXA, total body water, ultrasound and medical imaging.
Understanding of the utility and limitations of body fat percentage. As opposed to other quantifiable
estimates of fatness. Introduction to other body composition measurements.
Understanding of errors relating to assumptions and measurement.
Understanding the differences between anatomical and chemical models.
Critical analysis of body composition methodology, and utility in applied settings, from a framework of
individual measures and multi-compartment models.
44
**********
SIMILARITY AND SCALING
In the ISAK-AAS, similarity and scaling is one of the theory topics. According to the curriculum guide (Gore
et al. 1998), the following should be included in the course content for Levels 1-3. Higher levels assume that
lower level competencies have been met.
Status – optional 1, core 2,3; Time – 1 hr minimum
Theory components
Objectives
To understand the principles which allow us to compare the dimensional and functional characteristics of
individual of different sizes.
Content
• Understand the three general methods used in scaling, ratio, (linear) regression and general
allometric methods
• To understand the principles behind geometrical similarity
• To apply the principles of geometrical similarity to scale dimensional characteristics of different-
sized individuals to a common height 2,3
• To understand alternative scaling systems, such as elastic similarity 3
• To scale functional variables using the general allometric equation 3
LEVEL 1.
Optional (See Level 2)
LEVEL 2.
Similarity and scaling, should describe the problem of comparing individuals of different size. This will
involve a discussion of the principles of allometry and geometrical similarity, and fractionation procedures.
Demonstrate knowledge of the “Phantom” stratagem and be able to calculate and interpret z-scores relative to
the Phantom.
Demonstrate a general knowledge of the Drinkwater-Ross fractionation procedure, and the Kerr method.
LEVEL 3.
Similarity and scaling should deal with alternative similarity systems to geometrical similarity, such as elastic
similarity, and the question of scaling functional as well as anthropometric variables.
Critical appraisal of general allometric equation, geometrical and alternative similarity systems, including the
“Phantom”, the Drinkwater-Ross and other fractionation procedures.
**********
ANTHROPOMETRY AND HEALTH
Status – core 1,2,3; Time – 1 hr minimum
45
Theory components
Objectives
To understand the association between anthropometric variables and disease processes.
Content
• Appreciate the distinction between heaviness (i.e. total body mass), fat distribution and specific fat
depots, in relation to their ability to predict health status and risk
• Be able to calculate BMI, understand how it relates to all-cause and specific mortality, and appreciate
its shortcomings
• Know why different recommended BMI levels are made for different ethnic groups
• Calculate WHR and understand its strengths and limitations in assessing health status
• Understand the variability of body fat distribution among subcutaneous depots, and between
subcutaneous and visceral depots, especially in relation to relative health risk
• Know recommended WHR levels, bearing in mind the variability in site location 2,3
• Understand the interactions between BMI and WHR in relation to risk 3
• Understand alternative metrics such as Conicity Index and others 2,3
• Anticipate the magnitude of changes which occur during typical exercise programs 2,3
• Understand the interactions of diet and exercise in relation to anthropometric measures and risk 3
• Understand the relationship between anthropometric indicators and morbidity and mortality
(including diseased states other than cardiovascular disease e.g. arthritis, gall bladder disease) 3
LEVEL 1.
Optional (See Level 2)
LEVEL 2.
A discussion of the relationships between diet, exercise and health, and the use of anthropometric markers of
health status and risk.
Be able to calculate BMI and waist-hip ratio (WHR) and interpret them in relation to health risk
Understand the relative importance of measures of heaviness, fat mass, fat distribution and specific fat depots
for assessing health status and risk
LEVEL 3.
A discussion of the physiological mechanisms which underlie the relationship between anthropometry and
health status.
Be able to calculate BMI and WHR and interpret them in relation to health risk
Understand the relative importance of measures of heaviness, fat mass, fat distribution and specific fat depots
for assessing health status and risk, and the underlying physiological rationale.
*****************
ETHICS (core)
Theory components.
Status – core; Time – 15 minutes minimum
Objectives
All three levels must be familiar with the ethics of anthropometric measurement.
Content
• Definition of ethical behaviour.
• The Governance arrangements for conducting anthropometric measurements
• Ethical considerations – who, what, when and where to measure.
• Subject respect.
• Personal space.
• Informed consent and the right to withdraw.
46
• The process of acquiring formal ethical approval.
*************
LARGE-SCALE SURVEYS (L3)
Status – Core3 ; Time – 45 minutes minimum
Objectives
To cover all aspects of the conduction of a large-scale anthropometric survey.
Content
• The who, what, where and why of the survey.

• Approval – internal and external agencies.
• General organization, logistics.
• Personnel.
• Facilities.
• Equipment – anthropometric and computing.
• Accommodation.
• Victualling.
• Transport.
• Subject compliance.
• Public relations.
• Data management – collection, secure and anonymous storage, feedback, publication. Intellectual
property rights.
• Budget and funding.
**************
PEDAGOGY (L3)
Status – Core3; Time – 6 hours minimum
Objectives
To provide an introduction to basic generic teaching skills and approaches and specific coverage of how to
organise, teach and examine ISAK Level 1 and 2 courses.
• Effective Communication: e.g. Visibility, audibility, clarity, body language.
• Audio-visuals
• Handouts: paper, electronic.
• Technique demonstration: e.g. demonstrate, allow practice, encouragement, fault correction, ,
mentoring.
• Organisation: Preparation, teaching delivery, assessment, follow-up.
• Administration.
• Facility management; health and safety.
• Budgeting.
• Marketing.
• Management of subjects for measurement.
47
**********
APPLICATIONS OF ANTHROPOMETRY
Status: optional; Time – 1 hour minimum.
Objectives
The content will depend on the specific interests of candidates, as well as the knowledge and availability of
instructors. The content can be from single or multiple areas, such as, but not limited to, sports performance,
talent selection of athletes, nutrition, body image, sports medicine. Instructors should construct their own
presentations to include content and educational outcomes appropriate to each level as illustrated in the above
theory components.
**********
GROWTH AND DEVELOPMENT
Objectives
The content will depend on the specific interests of candidates, as well as the knowledge and availability of
instructors. The content can be from single or multiple areas, such as, but not limited to, optimal growth of
children, maturity indicators, peak height velocity, national norms, abnormal growth, exercise, health, ageing,
menopause. Instructors should construct their own presentations to include content and educational outcomes
appropriate to each level as in the above theory components.
**********
ANTHROPOMETRY AND SPORTS PERFORMANCE
Objectives
To relate to elite performance and the biomechanical and physiological requirements of different types of
sport. The content will relate to material from other lectures, including growth and development and body
composition, which consider the are of athletes’ health as well as performance.
Content
Relevant biomechanical principles (e.g. force, acceleration, efficiency)
The concept of productive mass and ballast relating to minimum weight
Morphological optimisation via skeletal size and proportions
Morphological prototype via modelling muscle and adipose tissue
Athletes at risk from overtraining, and other unsafe practices
Female athlete triad
********
48

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ISAK ACCREDITATION HANDBOOK

Michael Marfell-Jones, Francisco Esparza-Ros, Arthur Stewart and Hans de Ridder.

The International Society for the Advancement of Kinanthropometry

The four levels each serve a different purpose.

All accredited ISAK Anthropometrists are members of ISAK.

Figure 1 – Restricted Profile

Base Measures Body mass

Pre-requisites (minimum): None

Certification will be issued after:

2. Successful demonstration of landmarking, equipment manipulation and measurement of the Restricted

3. Successful completion of a practical examination (80% minimum) in the presence of a Level 3

Figure 2 – Full Profile

Certification will be issued after:

3. Successful completion of a practical examination (80% minimum) in the presence of a Level 3

Certification will be issued after:

• Hold current Level 3 accreditation

• Experience in taking measurements

• High level of theoretical knowledge

• Involvement in the teaching/examining of ISAK workshops or courses

• Involvement in large-scale projects

• Significant contribution to ISAK as an organisation

• Be a member in good standing

Term of Criterion Anthropometrist

Each of these points is considered in detail below.

2. Application to run a course

1. The level of course

Post-course requirements session

Insert relevant logo here

CONSENT FORM FOR PARTICIPATION IN ANTHROPOMETRIC

Measurer/Co-ordinator…..……………….. Position: ………………………

Subject Name: …………………................

Date of Measurement: ……………………... Venue:…………………………..

I, (Insert name) ………………………………………the Subject, confirm the following:

2) The full nature of what is required of me during anthropometric measurement and

3) I understand that I am completely free to withdraw from the measurement process at

Signed ………………………………… (Subject)* Date: ………

Signed ………………………………… (Measurer/Co-ordinator) Date: ………

* NB: Parent/Guardian must sign here if the person is under age

Signed ………………………………… (Parent/guardian) Date: ………

Criterion subjects and recorders

5. Course Evaluation form

Very high High Average Low Very low

Very good Good Average Poor Very poor

4.- The course length.

5.- The quality of the course organisation.

Very good Good Average Poor Very poor

6.- Your overall opinion of the course.

Very good Good Average Poor Very poor

Organizing Institution ISAK website Media Teachers

Family or Friends Other

8.- What did you like most about the course?

9.- What did you like least about the course?

10.- What do you recommend to improve this course?

11.- Would you recommend this course to someone else?

12.- Any other comments

7. Payment of Course Fees

8. Receipt of required post-course documentation

9. Forwarding of TEM information to the Examiner

10. Receipt of notification from Examiner of successful candidates

11. Notification to candidate of completion of all requirements

12. Final notification of complete course results to the ISAK Secretariat

• Ignorance of these rules is not an acceptable excuse for non-compliance.

KINANTHROPOMETRY – HISTORY AND EVOLUTION: core all.