A.

Definition
A hallucination is a perception in the absence of external stimulus that has qualities of
real perception. Hallucinations are vivid, substantial, and are perceived to be located
in external objective space. They are distinguishable from these related phenomena:
dreaming, which does not involve wakefulness; illusion, which involves distorted or
misinterpreted real perception; imagery, which does not mimic real perception and is
under voluntary control; and pseudohallucination, which does not mimic real
perception, but is not under voluntary control. Hallucinations also differ from
"delusional perceptions", in which a correctly sensed and interpreted stimulus is given
some additional (and typically absurd) significance.

Hallucinations can occur in any sensory modality—visual, auditory, olfactory,

gustatory, tactile, proprioceptive, equilibrioceptive, nociceptive, thermoceptive and
chronoceptive.

Hallucinations are a disturbance or a change of perception where the client perceive

something that actually does not happen. An application and appreciation which is
experienced through the five senses without any outside stimulus or stimulus
(Maramis, 2005).

Hallucinations are perceptual disturbances in the absence of the senses stimuli from
outside that encompasses all the sensing systems where they occur at the time of the
individual's consciousness either (Stuart, 2007).

B. Etiology
According to Stuart ( 2007), the cause of hallucinations caused by several factors :
1. Predisposing Factors:
a. Biological
b. Psychological
c. Socially
d. Developmental factors
2. Stressor precipitation
3. Assessment of stressors (response)
4. Source Koping
5. Coping Mechanism
C. Signs and Symptoms
1. Symptoms:
a. Hallucinations or sound hearings: talk or laugh alone, get angry without cause,
directing the ears towards the closed.
b. Hallucinations of vision: pointing towards a particular, fear on
something that is not clear.
c. Smell of olfactory: smells like it smells certain odors and
close the nose.
d. Hallucinations tasting: often spit and vomiting.
e. Hallucinaceous touch: scratching the surface of the skin.
2. Cause:
a. Predisposing factors
1) Developmental factors: developmental constraints will disrupt
relationships
interpersonal that can increase stress and anxiety that can
ends with a perceptual disorder.
2) Socio-cultural factors: the various factors in society that make a person
feel excluded or lonely.
3) Psychological factors: interpersonal relationships are not harmonious and
the role double or contradictory roles that may cause severe anxiety
the last with an increase in reality so that hallucinations occur.
4) Biological factors: abnormal brain structures found in patients
disorder oriented reality.
b. Precipitation factor
1) Socio-cultural Stressor: stress and anxiety will increase when it occurs
decrease in family stability, separation with important people or
alienated from the group.
2) Biochemical factors: various studies on dopamine norepineprine,
indolamine and oxygenic substances are suspected to bind to the disorder
of orientation reality includes hallucinations.
3) Behavior: a patient with a reality orientation disorder is concerned with
changes in affective perception, motor and social affective processes.
D. Ranges of Hallucination Responses
Hallucinations are a disturbance of sensory perceptions, the stock is a disorder of
content mind. Both are a nuisance of the response neorobiology. Therefore, Overall,
the range of hallucinatory responses follows the rules of the neorobiological response
range. Response ranges the most adaptive neo-chemology is the logical mind and
the creation of a harmonious social relationship. The most maladaptive response range
is the presence of delusions, hallucinations, including social isolation withdraws.

E. Classifications
1. Auditory Hallucinations
a. Mendengar suara-suara atau kegaduhan.
b. Mendengar suara yang mengajak bercakap-cakap.
c. Mendengar suara menyuruh melakukan sesuatu yang berbahaya
d. Talk or laugh alone.
e. Angry without cause.
f. Leads the ear in a certain direction.
g. Closing the ears.
2. Visual Hallucinations
a. Pointing in a certain direction.
b. Fear of something that is not clear.
c. Seeing shadows, rays, shapes geometric, cartoon form, look ghosts, or
monsters.
3. Olfactory Hallucinations
a. Smelt like it was smelling certain odors.
b. Closes the nose.
c. Smell smells like smell blood, urine, feces, sometimes the smell is pleasant.
4. Tasting hallucinations
a. Often spit.
b. Gag.
c. Feeling flavor like blood, urine, or feces.
5. Tactile Hallucinations
a. Scratching skin surface.
b. Says there are insects onsurface of the skin.
 c. Feel like electric shock

F. Treatments
There are few treatments for many types of hallucinations. However, for those
hallucinations caused by mental disease, a psychologist or psychiatrist should be
alerted, and treatment will be based on the observations of those doctors.
Antipsychotic and atypical antipsychotic medication may also be utilized to treat the
illness if the symptoms are severe and cause significant distress. For other causes of
hallucinations there is no factual evidence to support any one treatment is
scientifically tested and proven. However, abstaining from hallucinogenic drugs,
stimulant drugs, managing stress levels, living healthily, and getting plenty of sleep
can help reduce the prevalence of hallucinations. In all cases of hallucinations,
medical attention should be sought out and informed of one's specific symptoms.