Junqueira's Basic Histology Ch.

2
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1. Eukaryotic Animal cells; have distinct membrane- 17. Phagosome The membranes of cytoplasmic extensions
Cells limited nuclei surrounded by cytoplasm meet and fuse, enclosing the bacterium in an
intracellular vacuole called a phagosome
2. Prokaryotic Bacteria; have a cell wall around the
Cells plasmalemma and lack other membranous 18. Fluid-phase smaller invaginations of the cell membrane
structures, including an envelope around endocytosis form and entrap extracellular fluid and its
the DNA dissolved contents
3. Blastomeres Produced by the first zygotic cellular 19. Pinocytotic ~80 nm in diameter; pinch off inwardly from
divisions Vesicles the cell surface
4. Embryonic Explanted to tissue culture cells of the 20. Transcytosis a process in which pinocytotic vesicles move
Stem Cells inner call mass to the opposite cell surface where they fuse
with the membrane and release their
5. Cell Cell specialization process
contents outside the cell
Differentiation
21. Receptor- High-affinity binding of substances (such as
6. Integrins The plasma membrane contains these
mediated low-density lipoproteins and protein
proteins which are linked to cytoplasmic
endocytosis hormones) to their receptors caueses these
protein filaments and ECM components
proteins to aggregate in special membrane
7. Cytoskeleton Determines the shape and motility of cells regions that then invaginate and pinch off
8. Inclusions Generally deposits of carbohydrates, lipids, internally as vesicles
or pigments in the cytoplasm 22. Coated Pit The occupied receptors associate with other
9. Glycolipids outer lipids, including oligosaccharide proteins on the cytoplasmic membrane
chains that extend outward from the cell surface and begin invagination as coated pits
surface and contribute to a delicate cell 23. Clathrin The electron dense coating on the
surface coating called the glycocalyx cytoplasmic surface of coated pits contains
10. Integral directly incorporated within the lipid several polypeptides, the major one being
Proteins bilayer itself clathrin

11. Peripheral Exhibit a looser association with one of the 24. Coated In a coated pit, Clathrin molecules interact
Proteins two membrane surfaces, particularly the Vesicle like the struts in a geodesic dome, forming
inner that region of cell membrane into a cage-like
invagination that is pinched off into the
12. Multipass The polypeptide chains of many integral
cytoplasm, containing the ligands and their
Transmembrane proteins span the membrane several times,
receptors internally
Proteins from one side to the other
25. Caveolae Another type of receptor-mediated
13. Receptors participate in important interactions such as
endocytosis very prominent in endothelial
cell adhesion, cell recognition, and the
cells uses invaginations called caveolae that
response to protein hormones; contribute
involved the membrane protein caveolin
to the glycocalyx
26. Endosomal a dynamic system of membranous vesicles of
14. Lipid Rafts have higher concentrations of cholesterol
Compartment various sizes and shapes located in the
and saturated fatty acids which reduce lipid
cytoplasm near the cell surface (early
fluidity
endosomes) or deeper in the cytoplasm (late
15. Endocytosis Bulk uptake; an active process involving endosomes)
folding and fusion of the membrane to
27. Exocytosis bulk movement of large molecules from
form vesicles that enclose the material
inside to outside the cell can involved the
transported
form of vesicular transport; a membrane-
16. Phagocytosis Certain white blood cells such as limited cytoplasmic vesicle fuses with the
macrophages and neutrophils are plasma membrane, resulting in the release of
specialized for engulfing and removing its contents into the extracellular space
particulate matter such as bacteria, without compromising the integrity of the
protozoa, dead cells, and unneeded plasma membrane
extracellular constituents
28. Constitutive used for products that are released from 41. Channel- open upon ligand binding to allow ion
Secretion cells continuously as soon as synthesis is linked transfer across the membrane
complete such as procollagen for the ECM Receptors
29. Regulated occurs in response to signals coming to the 42. Enzymatic Ligand binding induces catalytic activity in
Secretion cells, such as the release of digestive receptors associated peripheral proteins
enzymes from pancreatic cells in response
43. G-Protein- upon ligand binding change an associated
to specific stimuli
coupled "G Protein" that then binds the guanine
30. membrane The process of membrane movement and Receptors nucleotide GTP and is released to activate
trafficking recycling in which portions of the cell other cytoplasmic proteins
membrane become part of the endocytotic
44. Signal Hydrophilic Ligands (or first messengers)
vesicles or vacuoles during endocytosis;
Transduction binding such receptor proteins often begin
during exocytosis, membrane is returned to
a process of Signal Transduction
the cell surface
45. Hydrophobic Bind reversibly to carrier proteins in the
31. Multivesicular Subpopulations of vacuoles among the early
Signaling plasma for transport through the body
bodies and late endosomes in many cells
Molecules (such as steroids and thyroid hormones)
accumulate small vesicles and tubules within
their lumens by further invaginations of their 46. Ribosomes a minute particle consisting of RNA and
limiting membranes associated proteins, found in large numbers
in the cytoplasm of living cells. They bind
32. Exosomes Small visicles (<120 nm in diameter) which
messenger RNA and transfer RNA to
allow the transfer of membrane proteins and
synthesize polypeptides and proteins.
other materials to nearby cells
47. Polyribosomes a cluster of ribosomes held together by a
33. Gap Junctions communicating junctions that allow the
(Polysomes) strand of messenger RNA that each
exchange of ions and small molecules which
ribosome is translating. Smooth ER doesn't
act as signals that pass from cell to cell
have these. Rough ER does.
without reaching the extracellular fluid
48. Endoplasmic a network of membranous tubules within
34. Target Cells Only cells with receptors for a specific
Reticulum the cytoplasm of a eukaryotic cell,
ligand
continuous with the nuclear membrane. It
35. Endocrine the signal molecules (hormones) are carried usually has ribosomes attached and is
Signaling in the blood to target cells throughout the involved in protein and lipid synthesis.
body
49. Cisternae This network extends from the surface of
36. Paracrine the chemical mediators are rapidly the nucleus to the cell membrane and
Signaling metabolized after release so that they act encloses a series of intercommunicating
only on local cells very close to the source channels and sacs
37. Synaptic A special kind of paracrine interaction in 50. Signal 15-40 amino acids that includes a series of
Signaling which neurotransmitters act only on adjacent Sequence six or more hydrophobic residues
cells through special contact areas called
51. Signal- inhibits further polypeptide elongation
synapses
recognition
38. Autocrine Signals bind receptors on the same cell type Particle (SRP)
Signaling that produced the messenger molecule
52. translocator complex of proteins associated with the
39. Juxtacrine important in early embryonic tissue complex translocation of polypeptides across
Signaling interactions, signaling molecules such as membranes
proteins remain part of a cell membrane and
53. Smooth phospholipid synthesis is a major role of
bind surface receptors of the target cell
Endoplasmic enzymes in the SER, so is to sequester and
when the two cells make direct physical
reticulum release Ca(2+) in a controlled manner
contact
54. Sarcoplasmic a specialized type of smooth ER that
40. Receptors for including most hormones and
Reticulum regulates the calcium ion concentration in
Hydrophilic neurotransmitters, usually transmembrane
the cytoplasm of striated muscle cells.
Signaling proteins in the plasmalemma of target cells,
Molecules frequently as part of lipid rafts 55. Golgi completes post translational modifications
Apparatus of proteins synthesized in the RER and then
packages and address these proteins to
proper destinatations
56. Transport Material moves from the RER cisternae to 71. Mitochondria Both mitochondrial membranes contain a
Vesicles the Golgi apparatus in these small, matrix & higher density of protein molecules than
membrane-enclosed carriers Intermembrane other membranes in the cell and have
space reduced fluidity
57. Coat Protein Forward movement of vesicles in the cis
COP-II Golgi network of saccules is promoted by 72. Outermembrane Sieve-like, containing many
this of Mitochondria transmembrane proteins called porsins
that form channels through which small
58. COP-I Backwards movements in the cis Golgi
molecules such as pyruvate and other
network involve this
metabolites readily pass from the
59. Golgins interact with enzymes; receptors and cytoplasm to the inter- membrane space
other binding proteins; and fusion-
73. inner membrane folded to form a series of long infoldings
promoting proteins to specify,organize,
called cristae, which project into the
and shape Golgi membranes
matrix and greatly increase the
60. Secretory found in cells that store a product until its membrane's surface area
Granules release by exocytosis is signaled by a
74. Electron Matrix enzymes include those that oxidize
metabolic, hormonal, or neural message
Transport Chain pyruvate and fatty acids to form acetyl co
(regulated secretion)
A and those of the citric acid cycle that
61. Zymogen Secretory granules with dense contents of oxidize acetyl coA releasing CO2 as
Grandules digestive enzymes are also referred to as waste and small energy-rich molecules
this that provide electrons for transport along
62. Lysosomes sites of intracellular digestion and the ETC
turnover of cellular components 75. Chemiosmotic is the movement of ions across a
63. Heterolysosome the composite, active lysosome; after Process selectively permeable membrane, down
extracellular material has been taken up their electrochemical gradient. More
by the cell and is being digested and specifically, it relates to the generation of
acidified by the lysosome ATP by the movement of hydrogen ions
across a membrane during cellular
64. Residual Body Indigestible material is retained within a
respiration or photosynthesis.
residual body, a small vacuolar remnant
76. ATP Synthase Membrane-associated proteins of the ATP
65. Lipofuscin Residual bodies can accumulate over time
synthase system form large (10 nm)
as granules of this
multisubunit globular complexes on stalk-
66. Autophagy The removal of excess or nonfunctional like structures that project from the matrix
organelles and other cytoplasmic side of the inner membrane
structures by the lysosomes
77. Apoptosis In the cytoplasm this protein activates sets
67. Autophagosome A membrane from SER forms around the of proteases that degrade all cellular
organelle or cytoplasmic portion to be components in this regulated process that
removed results in rapid cell death
68. Proteasomes Small abundant protein complexes that 78. Peroxisomes a small organelle that is present in the
function to degrade denatured or cytoplasm of many cells and that contains
otherwise nonfunctional polypeptides the reducing enzyme catalase and usually
69. Ubiquitin an abundant cytosolic 76-amino acid some oxidases.
protein found in all cells; a compound 79. Oxidases remove hydrogen atoms that are
found in living cells that plays a role in the transferred to molecular oxygen,
degradation of defective and superfluous producing H2O2
proteins. It is a single-chain polypeptide
80. Catalases Break down H2O2
70. Mitochondria membrane-enclosed organelles with
81. Cytoskeleton complex array of microtubules,
arrays of enzymes specialized for aerobic
microfilaments (actin filaments), and
respiration and production of adenosine
intermediate filaments
triphosphate (ATP)
82. microtubules also organized into larger arrays called
axonemes in the cytoplasmic extensions
called cilia, and flagella. made of subunits
called tubulin
83. Microtubule contain tubulin assemblies that act as 96. Neurofilament proteins of three distinct sizes make
Organizing nucleating sites for polymerization heterodimers that form the subunits of the
Centers major intermediate filaments of neurons
(MTOCs)
97. Lamins family of seven isoforms present in the cell
84. Dynamic continuous cycles of polymerization and nucleus where they form a structural
Instability depolymerization at steady-state conditions framework called the nuclear lamina
depending on concentrations of tubulin,
98. Inclusions cytoplasmic, have little or no metabolic
Ca2+, Mg2+ and the presence of various
activity but contain accumulated
microtubule-associated proteins (MAPs)
metabolites or other substances not
85. Centrosome the most dominant MTOC in most somatic enclosed by membrane.
cells is the centrosome which is organized
99. Fat Droplets Inclusion; accumulations of lipid molecules
around 2 cyclindrical centrioles each about
prominent in adipocytes, adrenal cortex
.1 Mm in diameter and .3-.5 in length
cells, liver and other cells
86. Kinesins carry material away from the MTOC near
100. Glycogen aggregates of the carbohydrate polymer in
the nucleus toward the plus end of
Granules which glucose is stored, are visible in
microtubules
several cell types, mainly liver cells, in the
87. Cytoplasmic carry material along microtubules in the form of irregular clumps of periodic acid-
Dyneins opposite direction (retrograde transport) Schiff- positive or electron-dense material.
generally toward the nucleus
101. Lipofuscin yellowish-brown pigment, granules of
88. Microfilaments composed of actin allow cellular motility lipofuscin contain a complex mix of material
and most contractile activity in cells by partly derived from residual bodies after
reversible assembly of the actin filaments lysosomal digestion
and interactions between these filaments
102. Hemosiderin dense, brown aggregate of denatured
and the associated protein, myosin.
ferritin proteins with many atoms of bound
89. treadmilling migration of subunits through the polymer, iron. it occurs in phagocytic cells, especially
which occurs rapidly in purified filaments in macrophages of the liver and spleen where
this process it results from phagocytosis of red blood
cells
90. stress fibers actin filaments concentrated into parallel
bundles
91. actin-binding the lengths and other physical properties of
proteins actin filaments are controlled by a large
variety of actin-binding proteins
92. Myosin use ATP to transport cargo along F-actin
93. Intermediate much more stable than microtubules and
filaments actin filaments; are one of three types of
cytoskeletal elements. The other two are
thin filaments (actin) and microtubules.
Frequently the three components work
together to enhance both structural
integrity, cell shape, and cell and organelle
motility.
94. Keratinization results in an outer layer of nonliving skin
cells that reduces dehydration
95. Vimentin the most common class III intermediate
filament protein and is found in most cells
derived from mesenchyme; important
vimentin-like proteins include desmin found
in almost all muscle cells and glial fibrillar
acidic protein (GFAP)