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Abstract- Banana and orange peels can provide an efficient and cost-effective biosorbents for
dyes, metals and organic pollutants removal from industrial water/wastewaters. Energy
dispersive Atomic X-ray (EDAX), Spectrometry Scanning electron microscopy (SEM),
Fourier transformation infrared (FTIR) and thermogravimetric (TGA) analysis were used to
characterize the surface of biosorbent. A better understanding of the chemistry behind these
interactions can help in the preparation of commercial biosorbents using waste banana and
orange peels. EDAX showed the presence of carbon, oxygen, sodium, aluminium, calcium,
Magnesium, potassium, sodium, silica and other minor elements on the surface of peels. FTIR
spectrometric results confirm that aliphatic group, carboxylic acid group etc on the surface of
peels. The TG traces showed the loss of moisture and the evolution of some light weight
molecules including water.
Key words – Biosorbents, peels, EDAX and SEM analysis, FTIR spectrometry, TGA analysis
peel cellulose, orange peel cellulose To understand the morphology of the peels,
immobilized Ca-alginate beads and banana the scanning electron microscopy (SEM)
peel cellulose immobilized Ca-alginate was carried out using a scanning electron
beads for the adsorptive removal of Cu2+, microscope (QUANTA, Model 200 FEG,
Pb2+, and Zn2+ from an aqueous solution Netherland). Samples were gold sputtered
was tested. Liang et al. [2010] Mg2+ and using a sputter coater, (Edwards S150), and
K+ type orange peel adsorbent for removal the SEM and the elementary analysis was
of Cu2+. FTIR and SEM were used to done simultaneously using an EDAX
characterize the adsorbents. Lu et al. [2009] Spectrometry. Textural characteristic of the
reported orange peel cellulose bio-sorbents peels was determined by nitrogen
has been specifically prepared by different adsorption at 77.15 K using an automatic
chemical modifications to understand the pulse chemisorption system (Micromeritics
mechanism of copper adsorption from Chemisorb 2720). The Brunauer–Emmett–
chloride solutions. The different bio- Teller (BET) [Brunauer et al., 1938] surface
sorbents and raw orange peels were area and monolayer pore volume of the
characterized using elemental analysis and Peels were determined using software
FTIR. Li et al. [2008] have prepared the available with the instrument. The
chemically modified orange peel cellulose functional groups in the peels were
adsorbents and its biosorption behaviors of ascertained using FTIR spectrometer
Co(II), Ni(II), Zn(II) and Cd(II) have been (Thermo Nicolet, NEXUS, USA) at room
studied. Effects of different chemical temperature. Pellet (pressed-disk)
modifications on the adsorbent properties technique was used for this purpose. The
including different alkalis saponification spectral range was from 4000 to 400 cm-1.
(NaOH, NH4OH, and Ca(OH)2) and Thermogravimetric analysis (TGA) of the
different acids (C6H6O7·H2O, H2C2O4, and samples was carried out using a DuPont Hi-
H3PO4) modification after saponification Res TGA 2950, USA. About 10 mg of the
with NaOH were investigated. The FTIR GAC sample was uniformly spread over
spectra showed that there are different the crucible base in all the experimental
functional groups in adsorbents, which are runs. Under a heating rate of 10 K/min and
able to react with metal ions in aqueous an oxidizing atmosphere (moisture-free air
solution. flowing at a rate of 200 ml/min), the
The purpose of this work is to investigate samples were heated from the ambient
the surface texture and other properties like temperature to 1000 oC. The differential
SEM, EDAX, FTIR and TGA on the thermal gravimetry (DTG) and differential
surface of banana and orange peels to thermal analysis (DTA) data were recorded
confirm the biosorption mechanism studies. as a function of sample temperature and
time, using the Pyris diamond software.
2. Material and methods
Biomass preparation: Fruit peel of banana 3. Results and discussion
and orange peels was collected from the The average particle size of peels was
fruit stall located in the campus of Indian calculated to be 0.89 mm and 0.97mm.
Institute of Technology, Roorkee, India. Proximate analysis showed for banana peel
The fruit peels were dried, crushed and and orange peel: 12.20%, 10.32% moisture,
washed thoroughly with double distilled 87.34%, 89.12% volatile matter and
water to remove the adhering dirt and 3.3.5%, 3.10% Ash in blank-GAC. Heating
finally dried in an air oven at 100–105 oC value of banana peel and orange peel were
for 24 h. After drying the bio-sorbents was found to be 3.83 MJ/ kg and 4.23 MJ/ kg,
sieved through 150-mesh size and analysis respectively. The BET surface area of
as such. orange peel and banana peel were found to
be 2.341 m2/g and 1.856 m2/g. Similar
0.400
0.258 mg/min 197Cel
303Cel
-0.200
50 10.00 -42.9 uJ/mg
48 147 uJ/mg 140.0 -0.400
0.00
46
-0.600
DTG mg/min
44
DTA uV
-10.00
TG %
120.0
534.42
71Cel -0.800
42
-7.20 uV
24Cel
40 -20.00 99.9%
1734.98
-1.000
99Cel 100.0
38 91.1% 174Cel
1383.45
1054.40
-40.00
3751.32
1637.24
32
310Cel -1.600
30 -50.00 54.1% 60.0
2923.06
28 400Cel -1.800
41.2%
-60.00 499Cel 600Cel
26 34.8% 33.0% 40.0 -2.000
3853.67
3821.14
24
-70.00
-2.200
3421.57
22
50 100 150 200 250 300 350 400 450 500 550 600
20 Temp Cel
18
34
330Cel 200.0
30.00 210Cel 0.428 mg/min
0.346 mg/min 0.500
32
67Cel
0.180 mg/min 180.0
30
20.00
1236.34
1438.70
28 0.000
160.0
1071.46
26
1742.33
10.00
3752.25
24 -0.500
2849.32
%T
22 0.00
DTG mg/min
120.0
DTA uV
TG %
20 74Cel
25Cel -2.82 uV
-1.000
2924.75
100.0%
18 -10.00
175Cel
3854.83
3841.10
100.0
89.8%
16
100Cel -1.500
-20.00 93.3% 80.0
14
3422.43
300Cel
225Cel 59.1%
12 77.0%
60.0
-30.00 -2.000
10 350Cel
43.1%
425Cel
400 0 350 0 300 0 250 0 200 0 150 0 100 0 500 33.8% 599Cel 40.0
500Cel
26.3%
W av enu mber s ( c m- 1) -40.00 28.4%
-2.500
Figure 3b. FTIR of orange peel. 50 100 150 200 250 300
Temp Cel
350 400 450 500 550 600
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