A Pilot Study

To Evaluate
Ocean Sequestration of CO2,
Fisheries Restoration, and
Hurricane Intensity Reduction:
One Solution To Three Problems
Abstract. Atmocean, Inc. has developed wave-activated deep ocean pumps, to reduce sea
surface temperature and thus hurricane strength, with possible side benefits of enhancing
biological activity to restore fisheries, and simultaneously absorb atmospheric CO2 while
producing oxygen. Although the undertaking is daring and costly, if successful, this technology
offers potential for enormous benefits for already shrinking shore habitats and marshlands as
well as for humankind. However, benefits often have associated costs. Before any large-scale
deployment, we need to undertake a pilot study to understand all the possible consequences that
our pumps may have on both regional and global climate and on marine communities.

Ocean Science. In general, ocean temperatures Adjacent pump cylinders are connected in a
decrease and nutrients increase with greater matrix, maintaining relative position one to the
depth. This is evident from oceanic upwelling, next from the sea-anchor effect. Periodic
a natural process that enhances biological seafloor anchoring maintains absolute position
activity – for example, the Newfoundland of the matrix within an ocean basin.
Banks are a long-standing productive fishery
just now getting depleted by overuse. Likewise, Figure 1. The Atmocean Pump.
the ocean is by far the largest CO2 sink, with
phytoplankton – which thrive on surface
nutrients - providing the critical link. And, it is
well-established that hurricane intensity
correlates to higher sea surface temperatures.

The Atmocean Pump. We have developed a

wave-activated deep ocean pump to bring
nutrient-rich cold water to the surface. Each
pump comprises a buoy, flexible tube, cylinder
with valve, cable to connect the buoy and
cylinder, and a communications & control
module. Through wave action, deep water is
brought to the surface where it mixes with
adjacent surface water, generally in the top 20
to 50 meters surrounding each pump.

1
Experimental Results. We conducted a
preliminary experiment in Bermuda during
December 2005 and showed that a smaller
prototype of the pumps (Ø 25 cm, 150 m long)
worked and actually brought cold water up
(Fig. 4). From that experiment, we estimate
our pumping efficiency is approximately 30%.
Figure 4. Results of Test of 500’ Prototype blooms (Paerl 1995). Enhanced primary
Demonstrating Pumping Capability
24
Temp Probe attached
23 outside the tube just
Temperature, degrees C.
primary production will probably lead to
increased zooplankton production, which
subsequently may enhance fish production
(e.g., Ware and Thomson. 1991). Greater fish
production could benefit the fishing industry.
On the downside, a high nutrient load could
lead to toxic or non-toxic phytoplankton
production could result in high day-night
amplitudes of oxygen and pH, which can be
harmful to fish and other organisms (Wetzel
2001). Also, when a phytoplankton bloom

below the surface

crashes, it often causes anoxia due to
22
Temp Probe attached
degradation of organic material by bacteria
21 inside the tube just (Anderson et al. 2002, Kuypers et al. 2004,
below the surface Temp Probe
20 attached to Justic et al. 2005).
base (500'
19 deep)
Another effect from the increased
18
phytoplankton production could be a net
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transport of carbon from the atmosphere into

the ocean – a process believed to act against
global warming (Martin et al. 1990, Joos et al.
Ocean Surface Nutrient Enhancement. 1991, Watson et al. 2000). However,
During normal conditions, the upper water effectiveness and long-term consequences of
layer of the ocean is low in nutrients, which in enhanced carbon transport into the ocean due to
turn, limits algae production. The deep cold ocean fertilization are a topic of active debate
ocean water that we will bring to the surface to (Peng and Broecker 1991, Sarmiento and Orr
reduce the temperature of the upper water layer 1991, Kerr 1994, Gnanadesikan et al. 2003)
will contain a higher level of nutrients. The and the scope of this issue is complex (Arrigo
effects on the marine ecosystem are expected to and Tagliabue 2005).
be similar to those caused by ocean fertilization
(e.g., iron fertilization experiments (Martin et Hurricane Intensity. Hurricane frequency
al. 1994, Boyd et al. 2004), naturally occurring (Smith 1999) and intensity (Emanuel 2005)
upwelling (Fitzwater et al. 2003), or extreme have increased over the last century which has
wind mixing events caused by hurricanes been attributed to global warming (Michener et
(Walker et al. 2005)). al. 1997) and hurricane intensity is positively
correlated with sea surface temperature
After measuring the degree of change in the (Emanuel 2005).
nutrient load, we will be able to assess whether
the wave-activated pumps might have a Last year’s hurricane Katrina brought that issue
positive impact or negative repercussions on in the center of public attention as she caused
the environment. We expect to see a over 1,400 deaths and was with an estimated
phytoplankton bloom and this enhanced damage of $100 billion the most expensive
primary production may permeate through the natural disaster in US history (National
ecosystem to higher trophic levels. Enhanced Hurricane Center). A cooling of the upper

2
warmer ocean layer during hurricane season
and in the path of the hurricane would deprive Figure 3. Comparison of Precipitation, Wind
the hurricane of its energy source and slow Speeds, and Eyewall Integrity, Hurricane Ivan.
wind speed (DeMaria and Kaplan 1994).
Precipitation (Actual) Precipitation (-2.5º C)
Proposal For Arrays Of Pumps. Based on an
analysis of the paths followed by hurricanes
which hit landfall in the US from 1996-2005,
we believe 84% could have been intercepted
(and intensity likely diminished) by at least one
of the four strategically-positioned arrays of
Atmocean pumps (Figure 2 – arrays are shown
in white on map of the 2005 hurricane paths in
the Gulf of Mexico and Atlantic Ocean).

Over this ten-year period, 32 of 36 (89%) of

hurricanes landfalling in the Gulf of Mexico,
would have been intercepted; 13 of 18 (72%) Windspeed & Eyewall Windspeed & Eyewall
along the Atlantic seaboard; and 9 of 10 (90%) Integrity (actual) Integrity (-2.5º C.)
in the critical middle Atlantic hurricane-
generation region.

Figure 2. Map of 2005 Hurricane Paths and

Proposed Atmocean Pump Arrays.

Eastern Seaboard
Economics. The simplicity of the Atmocean
Pump design, as well as the low-cost ocean
Gulf (2 barge deployment method (Figure 5), are key
Middle features driving system feasibility for CO2
arrays) Atlantic mitigation, fisheries replenishment, and
hurricane intensity reduction. Given
This analysis is based on sensitivity simulations Congress’s preoccupation with Katrina
for Hurricane Ivan (2004) which exhibited damages, we will focus on this application
higher barometric pressure, lower winds, however the reader should be aware of
reduced precipitation, and eye-wall concurrent benefits (at very little added cost) to
disintegration when subjected to two arrays of CO2 mitigation and fisheries enhancement.
2.5º C. cooler sea surface temperatures
prospectively generated by our pumps in the We estimate the deployed cost will be about
Gulf of Mexico (Ritchie 2006). $2,000 per pump. Assuming 100 meter pump
spacing:

3
• Gulf of Mexico dual array 1200km+800km To proceed with development, we need to
@ 60km wide = $2.4 billion. undertake this proposed pilot study in the Gulf
• US East Coast array 1000km @ 100km of Mexico. This study should be funded by a
wide= $2 billion. consortium of federal agencies, the energy
• Atlantic array 2,000km @ 100km wide = industry, ocean fishery producers/distributors,
$4 billion. and insurance. All will benefit tremendously
• Annual maintenance & management from success of this technology.
expense ~ 25% ($2.1 billion).
Pilot Study. In order to prognosticate the
Over 10 years the total investment is thus $29.4
effectiveness of the pumps and to forecast
billion. But this will be offset by $100 billion
unintended consequences of pumping deep
or more savings from reduced hurricane ocean water to the surface, we propose a pilot
damages, and by unknown (probably equal or study. We believe that a 10-week study
greater) value from the carbon credits, as well
deploying 100 wave-activated pumps in a 1
as greater fish production. km2 grid in the Gulf of Mexico near NDBC
Buoy 42038 (located about 160nm SSE of
Figure 5. Pump Array Deployment From Ocean Galveston, TX), will provide the information to
Barges. achieve these objectives.

Our specific goals are:

Permanent Funding. Once this pilot study
and follow-on rigorous research, modeling, and
engineering is completed, we suggest Congress
create a “CO2, Fisheries, & Hurricane
Mitigation Trust Fund” akin to our Highway
Trust Fund that has funded our interstate
highway system since the early 1950’s.
Global warming from CO2, reduced ocean fish
stocks, and ever-increasing number and
intensity of hurricanes, are a fact of life. A
dedicated funding source is needed to mitigate
their effects.
(1) Calculate efficiency of the pumps in
bringing cold water to the surface;
(2) Investigate the rate at which the cold
water cools the mixed upper layer;
(3) Measure the amount of nutrients that
are transported to the surface;
(4) Study the effects of introducing
nutrient-rich water into the euphotic
zone on lower trophic levels (bacteria,
heterotrophic protozoans,
phytoplankton, zooplankton, and
possibly fish);
(5) Create a model to forecast effects on
regional and global climate as well as
hurricane intensity using results from
numbers 1 and 2. (Initial modeling of
the effect of cool surface water
“patches” on three different assumed
hurricanes is underway).
(6) Create a model to predict long-term
effects on the biological community
utilizing results from numbers 2, 3, and
4. Outcomes from the climate model
(number 5) and how they will affect the
biological community will also be
considered.

4
Study Design
Pumps. Each pump will consist of a 0.77 meter
diameter by 1,000 meter long polyethylene tube
with wire rope inserted end-to-end; a 0.77
meter diameter by one meter tall metal cylinder
with butterfly valve; and a custom buoy with
approximately 2,000 pounds of buoyancy. Our
engineering calculations suggest this is
sufficient to lift cold water entering the cylinder
to the surface. The tube is “spooled” onto the
buoy. For deployment the entire unit is simply
dropped into the ocean. The heavy base sinks,
filling the unwinding tube with ocean water
until the design depth is reached. Adjacent
units are tethered at the base to maintain
uniform spacing. Recovery lines extending
from the pump base to the surface allow us to
pull in the pumps at the conclusion of the
experiment. See www.atmocean.com for more
details.
Given each pump’s stored (ready for
deployment) dimension of about 42”x56x78”
we propose to utilize two separate vessels for
pump deployment/recovery and for acquiring
samples and data. The deployment vessel will
require sufficient open deck to store and
retrieve 100 pumps (each volume 106 ft_ with
footprint of 16.3 ft_) – about 20’ x 80’ deck
space. Recovery requires a winch and
capability to re-spool each pump to its original
stored dimension.
Research Vessels. The research vessel should
provide equipment typically found necessary
for ocean biological experiments. For example,
the Coast Guard Research Laboratory operates
the R/V Tommy Munro. Information is found
at:
http://www.usm.edu/gcrl/research_vessels/tom
my_munro.php
These vessels will operate on different
schedules as deployment/recovery occurs in
5
week one and nine, and sampling is during
weeks two through seven.
Permits & Compliance With Applicable
Regulations. We will obtain all necessary
permits according to current regulations.
Data. In order to evaluate the impact on the
biological community, we will first take
nutrient and temperature profiles at the location
where the pumps will be deployed and use this
information for modeling purposes. The
temperature profile will be taken in 10 m
intervals from surface to 1000 m with a CTD
(conductivity, temperature, depth) cast. We
will measure total Nitrogen (TN),
Nitrate/Nitrite (NO3/NO2), total Phosphorus
(TP), Silicon (Si), Iron (Fe) and total organic
carbon (TOC) within the mixed layer
(combined samples at ten equally spaced
intervals from surface to the bottom of the
mixed layer), in the middle of the thermocline,
and at 750 m and 1000 m. Nutrient samples
will be taken and stored following the sampling
requirement protocols of the Soil, Water, Air
Testing (SWAT) Laboratory and will later be
analyzed by SWAT following standard
procedures (www.swatlab.nmsu.edu).
Then, during the experiment, we will sample
nine stations in 1-week intervals until
approximately week 8 (two weeks after the
pumps are discontinued) or until phytoplankton
biomass starts to decline. Three stations will be
located 5 km into the main wind direction and
serve as controls (control stations), three
stations will be located within the grid of the
pumps (grid stations) and three stations will be
marked with drift buoys on days 2, 4, and 6
(buoy stations). Meteorological and wave data
will be obtained online from the NDBC Buoy
42038 website. At all stations we will take
profiles of temperature, oxygen, salinity and
pH at 10 m intervals within the mixed water
layer. We will also combine water samples
from the surface to the bottom of the mixed
water layer in ten, equally spaced intervals.
Part of those water samples will be used for
nutrient analyses (see above). Another 100 mL
of the water samples will be pre-filtered with a
20 _m mesh screen and preserved with 4%
borate-buffered Formalin. The pre-filtered
samples will later be stained with acridine
orange (Suzuki et al. 1993) and 5-50 mL
(depending on amount of suspended matter in
the samples) will be filtered onto 0.2-_m-pore
size Nuclepore-black membrane filters for
enumeration of bacteria under an
epifluorescence microscope (Hobbie et al.
1977). An additional 250 mL sub-sample will
be preserved in Lugol’s solution for
identification and enumeration of
phytoplankton and heterotrophic protozoans
(Utermöhl 1958, Karayanni et al. 2004). Five-
hundred milliliters of the water samples will be
filtered over a glass fiber filter (Whatman
GF/F, 1 _m) on the research vessel and stored
in opaque vials in a freezer for chlorophyll a
analyses. Chlorophyll a will be measured on
return to the laboratory following standard
protocol using a fluorometer (Clesceri et al.
1998). Finally, one liter of the water sample
will be filtered over a 30 _m mesh. Organisms
on the filter will be back-washed, preserved in
4% borate-buffered Formalin and later counted
under dissecting microscopes. Next to the
water samples, we will take vertical plankton
hauls from the top of the thermocline to surface
with a 333 _m (Ø 0.2 m) and a 505 _m (Ø 0.6
m) mesh-sized bongo nets (Posgay and Marack
1980). These samples will be taken during
night time to account for vertical migration
(Checkley et al. 1992) and fixed in 4% sugar
formaldehyde solution. For a quick estimate of
plankton biomass, we will measure plankton
displacement volume (Wiebe 1988). For a
more accurate analysis of zooplankton and
ichthyoplankton composition we will count the
samples under dissecting microscopes.
Furthermore, we will record a 100-m transect at
each station with underwater video cameras at a
depth of 10 m to count and identify fish and
6
potentially jellyfish and other large organisms.
Finally, at the grid station we will take water
samples from 1000 m for nutrient analyses.
Analysis. The data will be analyzed with
repeated-measures Analysis of Variance
(ANOVA) to compare the information from
control stations, grid stations and buoy stations.
Biological response variables will be related to
environmental predictor variables with
canonical correspondence analysis and
stepwise regressions (ter Braak 1996). We will
also analyze satellite data for any potential
large-scale phytoplankton blooms. Satellite
data can pick up differences in temperature and
chlorophyll a concentrations due to different
ocean colors (e.g., Walker et al. 2005).
Satellite data are available from different
sensors like the Advanced Very High
Resolution Radiometer (AVHRR) aboard
National Oceanic and Atmospheric
Administration’s NOAA-11 and NOAA 14, the
Moderate Resolution Imaging Spectrometer
(MODIS) of Terra-1, the Ocean Color Monitor
(OCM) of Oceansat-1 or Seaviewing Wide
Field of view Sensor (SeaWiFS) and vary in
resolution between 250 m2 and 1.1 km2. Then
we will use the data to model effects on a larger
scale at various time intervals, temperatures,
and nutrient loads. We will use two different
models, Ecopath with Ecosim (EwE)
(Christensen et al. 2005) and a Generalized
Additive Model (GAM) (Hastie and Tibshirani
1990), both of which have been successfully
used to model ecological processes in marine
environments (e.g., EwE: Bonfil et al. 1998,
Pauly et al. 2000, Harvey et al. 2003; GAM:
Maravelias and Reid 1997; Richardson et al.
2003). The models will be developed by
different personnel and check each other’s
validity.
Qualification of Investigators
Wiebke J. Boeing, Ph.D., who will be P.I. for
the Pilot Study, is a faculty member at New
Mexico State University. Her previous Philip Fullam, P.E. is a mechanical engineer
employment was with the National Oceanic specializing in prototype design and fabrication
and Atmospheric Administration (NOAA) in and offers a broad perspective on materials
Seattle as a post-doctoral researcher for 1.5 engineering, process engineering, and CAD.
years. There she studied effects of climate
variables on ichthyoplankton dynamics and James K. Herrera, M.S.E.E. provides
assemblage in the Gulf of Alaska. Dr. Boeing instrumentation engineering, embedded
has extensive experience at every trophic level systems design and programming, and sensor &
of the aquatic food web (from bacteria to fish) data acquisition electronics expertise.
and a solid background in fisheries and
statistics. All of her previous work resulted in Consultants & Advisors
peer-reviewed publications in Oecologia,
Limnology and Oceanography, and Canadian David Castel, Ph.D. Principal Development
Journal of Aquatic and Fisheries Science. She Engineer at University of California-San Diego
has also a book chapter providing an overview Coast Data Information Program (CDIP),
about “Factors influencing Groundfish operated by the Scripps Institution of
Dynamics” in press and several other Oceanography. Dr. Castel’s experience
manuscripts on predator-prey interaction, includes involvement with Dr. John Isaacs,
influence of climate change on the aquatic pioneer in development and testing of wave-
community, and factors stabilizing fish driven ocean pumps in the 1960’s and 1970’s.
production are either accepted or submitted.
Isaac Ginis, Ph.D. University of Rhode Island
Philip W. Kithil is an experienced - Graduate School of Oceanography. Dr. Ginis
entrepreneur, business owner/manager, and holds M.S. in Applied Mathematics from
founder/CEO of Atmocean, Inc., and is Kabardino-Balkarski State University (1977),
inventor of the Atmocean Wave Activated Russia and Ph.D. in Geophysics from Institute
Deep Ocean Pump (patents pending). Kithil’s of Experimental Meteorology (1986), Russia.
educational background includes undergraduate He was associated with Princeton
and graduate degrees in Economics. As founder University/Geophysical Fluid Dynamics
and President of Atmocean’s parent company, Laboratory since 1990 as a Visiting Research
Advanced Safety Concepts, Inc., Kithil Scientist before joining Graduate School of
received seven U.S. patents and four Oceanography at University of Rhode Island in
International patents on automotive occupant 1993. His ground-breaking work in developing
sensing and crash sensing technologies, which a coupled hurricane-ocean interaction model
he ultimately licensed to six different has led to significant improvement in hurricane
automotive tier one suppliers. forecasting. The National Weather Service has
embraced this model which has become an
Thomas Pratt, MBA, CPA, is acting CFO of official operational hurricane model for the
Atmocean. Pratt has public and private finance National Hurricane Center in 2001.
experience including Deloitte & Touche,
Revlon, Harbour Group, and Lever Brothers. Elizabeth Ritchie, Ph.D. University of New
He become CEO of Florida Tile before moving Mexico, is a hurricane climatologist in
to Santa Fe, NM to assume the CEO position Electrical & Computer Engineering, and Earth
with Nambe Manufacturing. & Planetary Sciences Departments. She has
provided the simulations for Hurricanes Dennis
(2005) and Ivan (2004) referenced herein.

7
Timetable (2006/2007)

Month 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12
Deployment of pumps X
Conduct experiments, take samples X X
Nutrient, chlorophyll a and plankton X X
displacement analyses
Develop models X X X
Write up results X X
Counting of bacteria, phyto-, zoo- and x X X X X X X
ichthyoplankton
Evaluate underwater videos for fish species X X X
and abundance
Write up results X X X
Refine models X X

2007/2008
The graduate student will finish his/her thesis and a minimum of two manuscripts will be
submitted to journals with a peer-review process.

Budget for experiment assuming a quantity of 100 pumps deployed across 1 km_.

Budget Item: Total

NMSU Costs:
Researcher Salaries $ 124,053
Employee Overhead Costs 15,839
Travel 14,500
Contract and Microscope Charge $ 16,200
Subtotal – Supplies $ 7,800
Publishing costs and miscellaneous $ 2,000
NMSU Indirect $ 81,453
Total NMSU Costs $ 261,845

ATMOCEAN COSTS
Research Vessels $ 295,080
Pump Cost $ 820,000
Permits, Notifications & Legal $75,000
Management, Staff, Consultants, Office, & Misc. $ 103,500
Total ATMOCEAN Costs $ 1,268,580
Total NMSU + ATMOCEAN Costs $ 1,555,425

Assumes R/V Tommy Munro is available, with refrigerator and freezer for samples; winch; 1100
m cable; water sampler; temperature, oxygen, salinity and pH meter.

8
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