FLEXIBLE CONCRETE

CHAPTER 1

INTRODUCTION

Conventional concretes are almost unbendable and have a strain capacity of only
0.1% making them highly brittle and rigid. This lack of bendability is a major cause of
failure under strain and has been a pushing factor in the development of an elegant
material namely, bendable concrete also known as Engineered Cementious Composites
(ECC.) This material is capable to exhibit considerably enhanced flexibility. A bendable
concrete is reinforced with micromechanically designed polymer fibers.

ECC is made from the same basic ingredients as conventional concrete but with the
addition of High-Range Water Reducing (HRWR) agent as it is required to impart
good workability. However, coarse aggregates are not used in ECCs (hence it is a mortar
rather than concrete). The powder content of ECC is relatively high. Cementious materials,
such as fly ash, silica fume, blast furnace slag, etc., may be used in addition to cement for
increasing the paste content. Typically, ECC uses 2% by volume of short, discontinuous
fibers. ECC incorporates super fine silica sand and tiny Polyvinyl Alcohol- fibers covered
with a very thin (nanometer thick), slick coating. This surface coating allows the fiber to
begin slipping when they are over loaded so they are not fracturing.

Fig. 1.1: Response of ECC under Flexural Loading

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ECC prevents the fiber from rupturing which would lead to large cracking. Thus an
ECC deforms much more than a normal concrete but without fracturing. Fig. 1.1
shows the behavior of ECC under flexural loading and it can be seen that the beam can deform
well without direct failure. The different ingredients of ECC work together to share the
applied load. ECC has proved to be 50 times more flexible than traditional concrete,
and 40 times lighter, which could even influence design choices in skyscrapers (Vol. 4, No.
1, February 2015 © 2015 IJSCER.) Additionally, the excellent energy absorbing properties
of ECC make it especially suitable for critical elements in seismic zones.

Prof. Victor Li and his invention Flexible concrete

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CHAPTER 2

BACKGROUND STUDY

Since ECC are more flexible than traditional concrete, it acts more like metal than
glass. Traditional concrete is considered to be a ceramic, brittle and rigid. It can suffer
catastrophic failure when strained in an earthquake or by routine overuse. It is studded with
specially-coated reinforcing fibers that hold it together. ECC remains intact and safe to use
at tensile strains up to 5%. Traditional concrete fractures and can’t carry a load at
0.01 % tensile strain.

In recent times, builders reinforce concrete structures with steel bars in order to keep
cracks as small as possible. But they’re not small enough to heal. So, water and deicing
salts can penetrate till steel, causing corrosion that further weakens the structure. Li’s self-
healing concrete needs no steel reinforcement to keep crack width tight, thereby eliminating
corrosion.

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LITERTURE SURVEY

1) Victor C Li et al. (2012) carried out experimental study to improve the fibre distribution by
adjusting the mixing sequence. With the standard mixing sequence, fibres are added after all
solid and liquid materials are mixed. The undesirable plastic viscosity before the fibre addition
may cause poor fibre distribution and results in poor hardened properties. With the adjusted
mixing sequence, the mix of solid materials with the Liquid material is divided into two steps
and the addition of fibres is between the two steps. In this paper, the influence of different
water mixing sequences was investigated by comparing the experimental results of the uniaxial
tensile test and the fibre distribution analysis.
The result was concluded that compared with the standard mixing sequence, the adjusted
mixing sequence increases tensile strain capacity and ultimate tensile the strength of ECC and
improves the fibre Distribution.

2) Yu Zhu et al. (2012) carried out an experimental study to develop a kind of green
ECC with high tensile ductility and strong enough matrix strength, especially at early age. A
series of investigations was carried out to evaluate mechanical properties and drying shrinkage
of ECC with 70% combination mineral admixtures of FA and ground
Granulated blast furnace slag (SL). Four ECC mixtures with constant W/B of 0.25 are prepared
with combined inclusion of FA and SL as constant cement replacement level of 70%. The
laboratory measurements are carried out, including direct tensile test, four point bending test,
and compressive strength and drying shrinkage.
The experimental results show that ECC with combination mineral admixtures can
Achieve strain hardening behaviour, tensile capacity of ECC can be more than 2.5% at 90 days.
Meanwhile, compared to ECC only with fly ash, slag and fly ash can effectively increase
compressive strength of ECC, especially at early age. Incorporating SL into matrix can slightly
increase drying shrinkage of ECC.However, among four ECC mixtures, ECC with 30% SL
and 40% FA presents the lowest
Drying shrinkage at later ages.

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3) Mustafa Saharan et al. (2013) carried out experimental work for 36 different ECC mixtures
to evaluate the combined effects of the following factors on workability and rheological
properties: water-binder (w/b), sand-binder (s/b), superplasticizer-binder (SP/ b) ratios and
maximum aggregate size (Dmax). A mini-slump cone, a Marsh cone and a rotational
viscometer was used to evaluate the workability and rheological properties of ECC mixtures.
Compressive strength and four point bending tests was used for mechanical characteristics of
ECC mixtures at 28 days.
The effects of studied parameters (w/b, s/b, SP/b and Dmax) was characterized and
Analysed using regression models, which can identify the primary factors and their interactions
on the measured properties. Statistically significant regression models was developed for all
tested parameters as function of w/b, s/b, SP/b and Dmax. To find out the best possible ECC
mixture under the range of parameters investigated for the desired workability and mechanical
characteristics, a multi-objective optimization problem was defined and solved based on the
developed regression models.

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CHAPTER 3

Need for Flexible Concrete

 It increases the tensile strength of the concrete.

 It reduces the air voids and water voids the inherent porosity of gel.
 It increases the durability of the concrete.
 Fibers such as graphite and glass have excellent resistance to creep, while the same is
not true for most resins. Therefore, the orientation and volume of fibers have a
significant influence on the creep performance of rebar's/tendons.
 Reinforced concrete itself is a composite material, where the reinforcement acts as the
strengthening fiber and the concrete as the matrix. It is therefore imperative that the
behavior under thermal stresses for the two materials be similar so that the differential
deformations of concrete and the reinforcement are minimized.
 It has been recognized that the addition of small, closely spaced and uniformly
dispersed fibers to concrete would act as crack arrester and would substantially improve
its static and dynamic properties

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CHAPTER 4

INGREDIENTS OF BENDABLE CONCRETE

Engineered cementations composite is a composition of cement, sand, fly ash,

water, small amount of admixtures and an optimal amount of fibers. In the mix, coarse
aggregates are deliberately not used because property of ECC Concrete is formation ofmicro
cracks with large deflection. Coarse aggregates increase crack width, which is contradictory
to the property of ECC Concrete.

4.1. CEMENT

Cement used is Ordinary Portland cement. Numerous organic compounds which are
used for adhering or fastening materials are called cements. But, these are classified as
adhesives, and the term cement alone means a construction material. Blast furnace
slag may also be used in some cements and the cement is called Portland slag cement (PSC).
The color of the cement is due mainly to iron oxide. In the absence of impurities, the color
would be white. Ordinary Portland cement (OPC) – 53 grade (Ultratech Cement) is normally
used

Fig.1 Standard specification of cement

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4.2. SAND [Fine Aggregate]

Fine aggregate / natural sand is an accumulation of grains of mineral matter

derived from the disintegration of rocks. It is distinguished from gravel only by the size of
the grains or particles. But it is distinct from clays which contain organic materials. Sands
that have been sorted out and separated from the organic material by the action of
currents of water or by winds across arid lands are generally quite uniform in size
of grains. Usually commercial sand is obtained from river beds or from sand dunes
originally formed by the action of winds. The most commercially used are silica sands, often
above 98% pure. Beach sands usually have smooth, spherical to ovoid particles from
the abrasive action of waves and tides and are free of organic matter. The white
beach sands are largely silica but may also be of zircon, monazite, garnet, and other
minerals.

Fig.2 Standard specification of sand

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Sand is used for making mortar and concrete and for also used for polishing and
sandblasting. Sands containing a little clay are used for making molds in foundries. Clear
sands are employed for filtering water. The weight varies from 1,538 to 1,842 kg/m3,
depending on the composition and size of grain. The fine aggregate passing through 4.75
mm sieve with a specific gravity of 2.68 is normally used. The grading zone of fine
aggregate will be zone III as per Indian Standard specifications.

4.3. SUPER PLASTICIZER

Super plasticizer used is Melamine Formaldehyde Sulphonate. This is used to

control rheological properties of fresh concrete. Super plasticizers are additives to fresh
concrete which help in dispersing the cement uniformly in the mix. This is achieved by their
deflocculating action on cement agglomerates by which water entrapped in the groups
of cement grains is released and it is available for workability. Typically super
plasticizer increase slump from say 5 cm to about 18-20 cm without addition of water. When
used to achieve reduction in mixing water they can reduce water up to 15-20% and hence
decrease W/C ratio by same amount. This results in increase in strength and other properties
like density, water tightness. Where thin sections are to be cast super plasticizer can
increase workability to pumpable level and almost no compaction is required. This
helps in avoiding honeycombing. The permeability of concrete is a guide to its durability.
Gross porosity is usually due to continuous passage in the concrete due to poor compaction
or cracks which can be minimized by the use of super plasticizer, the incorporation of which
provides increased workability maintaining low w/c ratio. It is reported that coefficient
of permeability of cement paste reduces considerably with the reduction in w/c ratio.
Thus super plasticizer can be used effectively to improve the properties of concrete
and avoid defect. Melamine based Super plasticizer are used to assess their effectiveness
in improving durability. Melamine based super plasticizer are reported to be the best and
hence chosen for the research work.

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Fig.3 Effect of Superplasticizers on cement

4.4. FLYASH

Fly ash used is pozzocrete dirk 60. And specifications provided by suppliers are
given in Table 1. In RCC construction, use of fly ash has been successful in reducing heat
generation without loss of strength, increasing ultimate strength beyond 180 days,
and Providing additional fines for compaction. Replacement levels of primary class fly
ash have ranged from 30-75% by solid volume of cementitious material. In
proportioning mixes, for minimum paste volumes, one of principal function of a fly ash is
to occupy void space which would otherwise be occupied by cement or water. Occupation
of void space with water would obviously result in reduction in concrete strength. The fact
is that even a small amount of free lime liberated from cement is sufficient to react with
large volume of fly ash. The huge amount of fly ash is produced in the thermal power
stations. Class F fly ash is utilized so the acquisition cost may be reduced

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4.5. PVA FIBRES

PVA fibre has suitable characteristics as reinforcing materials for cementitious composites.
High modulus of elasticity, durability, tensile strength and bonding strength with concrete
matrix are some of its desirable properties. PVA fibre has high strength and modulus of
elasticity (25 to 40GPa) compared to other general organic fibre which are widely used for
cement reinforcing. Fibre elongation is about 6-10%. The tensile strength of fibre is between
880MPa to 1600MPa. One of the remarkable characteristics of PVA fibre is strong bonding
with cement matrix. The layer of Ca (OH) 2 called ITZ (Interfacial transition zone) around
PVA fibre is formed as white part. And in case of PP, this layer is not observed. It is known
that PVA is easy to make complex cluster with metal hydroxide. It is assumed that Ca+
and OH- ions in cement slurry are attracted by PVA and makes Ca (OH) 2 layer. It seems
reasonable to think that Ca(OH)2 layer plays important role for bonding strength. Fig. 2
shows images of surface for coarse PVA fibre after single fibre pull-out test. This image
implies that surface of PVA fibre is peeled by Ca (OH) 2 layer and this phenomena is related
to strong bonding between PVA fibre and cement matrix.

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PVA fibres

Asbestos fibres
Fig.4 Different types of reinforcement fibers used in Flexible Concrete

4.6. WATER

Water fit for drinking is generally considered fit for making concrete. Water should be
free from acids, oils, alkalis, vegetables or other organic Impurities. Soft waters also produce
weaker concrete. Water has two functions in a concrete mix. Firstly, it reacts chemically with
the cement to form a cement paste in which the inert aggregates are held in suspension until
the cement paste has hardened. Secondly, it serves as a vehicle or lubricant in the mixture of
fine aggregates and cement.

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CHAPTER 5

5.1 ADVANTAGES OF FLEXIBLE CONCRETE

 The flexible concrete has the ability to bend like a metal.
 It is stronger, more durable, and lasts longer than conventional concrete.
 It has a self-healing property that is it can heal itself by using carbon dioxide and
rainwater.
 It is not brittle like a glass.
 It is more resistant to cracking.
 It does not emit that amount of harmful gases as compared to conventional concrete.
 The flexible concrete is approx. 20-40 percent lighter.
 The use of steel reinforcement is reduces and can be eliminated.
 It reduces the cost of the project.
 It can be used as precast concrete.

5.2 DISADVANTAGES OF FLEXIBLE CONCRETE

 It has a high initial cost as compared to conventional concrete.
 It requires skilled labor for its construction.
 It needs some special type of materials which can be difficult to find in some areas.
 Its quality depend upon the material used and the condition under which it is made.
 Its compressive strength can be lesser than the conventional concrete

5.3 SPECIAL FEATURES OF BENDABLE CONCRETE

 The bending strength or tensile capacity of flexible concrete is in the range of 10 to 15

MPa and compressive strength is up to 70 MPa.
 It has a self-healing property as the cement particles make reaction with the rain
water and makes some complex product that expands and fill the micro cracks that are
developed in the flexible concrete.
 The flexible concrete is proved to be lighter and also proved to be 500 times more
flexible than normal concrete.
 Its ultimate tensile strain capacity is 3% to 5 %.
 The strain capacity in flexible concrete is 300 times more than conventional concrete.
Due to this the concrete is act like a flexible material such as metal.
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CHAPTER 6
TESTS COMPARISON ON FLEXIBLE CONCRETE
6.1 Tests conducted on materials
Serial no. Material Property Value Codes

1 Normal 25.6% IS code 8112

consistency – 1976

Initial Setting 95 min.

Time

Final setting 210 min IS code

time 12269- 198

cement Specific 3.15 IS: 4031 (Part

gravity 1) – 1996

Fineness of 5.0% IS Code 4031

cement - 1996 {Part -
III}

Soundness 2 mm

2 Sand Sieve analysis Zone III

Specific 2.53
gravity

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6.2 TEST COMPARISON ON FLEXIBLE CONCRETE

6.2.1 Compressive Strength: - Test For a proportion of (1:3), a set of three standard cubes were casted
to determine compressive strength of mortar at 7-days, 28-days of curing.

Compression strength test results:

The compressive strength of the flexible concrete
mould has found to be greater than normal concrete
i.e., 41.6 N/mm²

6.2.2 Bending Test: - The test is done in accordance with the IS12467-2004. The flexural stress of the
flexible concrete
Bending
Sheet strength test results:
is measured
Bending test on the material has conducted in accordance with the IS12467- 2004.
Flexural strength f = 18.75 N/mm² from the above test results, it has found that the
material is not flexural rigid material and hence it has concluded that it is an elastic
material.

FIG.6 COMPARISON B/W NORMAL AND FLEXIBLE CONCRETE

6.2.3 Bullet Impact Test: The test is done with the gun. The impact impressions are
observed on the flexible concrete sheet.

Serial no. Firing distance Penetration Rebound obtained

observed
1 4 0 mm 1.5 m
2 4 0 mm 2.0 m
3 3 0 mm 2.5 m
4 3 0 mm 2.8 m
5 2 0 mm 4.0 m
6 2 0 mm 4.2 m

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CHAPTER 7
MIX DESIGN

The mix design for ECC Concrete is basically based on Micromechanics design
basis. Micromechanics is a branch of mechanics applied at the material constituent level
that captures the mechanical interactions among the fibre, mortar matrix, and fibre–matrix
interface. Typically, fibres are of the order of millimeters in length and tens of microns in
diameter, and they may have a surface coating on the nanometer scale. Matrix
heterogeneities in ECC, including defects, sand particles, cement grains, and mineral
admixture particles, have size ranges from Nano to millimeter scale. However the
micromechanics based mix design requires pull test to be carried on the PVA fibres,
which is not possible in the laboratory. Hence the ideal mix proportion given in the
literature of ECC Concrete is used as the guidelines to determine the proportion of
various constituents in the concrete. The ideal Mix proportion which can be taken as
reference is given in the following sections.

7.1. PROPORTIONING OF CONCRETE

Initially, mix proportion was 1:0.8004:1.1996, PVA fibre 1% and super plasticizer dose was
1040.47 ml/bag and water to cementitious material ratio was 0.274. But by using this
proportion workability was not achieved. Hence for second trial, the mix proportion was
changed to 1:0.9: 1.1 and PVA fibre percentage increased to 1.2% by keeping same dose of
super plasticizer and increasing water to cementitious material ratio to 0.3048. Third trial
mix proportion was 1:1:1 and PVA fibre 1.2%, super plasticizer dosage was reduced
to 600ml/bag and water to cementitious material ratio was 0.33. Forth trial mix
proportion was 1:0.9:1.1, PVA fibre percentage 1.2%, super plasticizer dosage 600ml/bag
along with water to cementitious material ratio was 0.3118. To achieve workability various
trials were taken. In fourth proportion super plasticizer dose was reduced to obtain
workability. For each trial mix, 3 cubes were casted and cured using the accelerated curing
tank and were tested to obtain desired strength requirement. After testing cubes for each
trial, the trail mix no. 3 was considered as most suitable and hence the final mix proportion.
However in order to increase the workability of concrete the Water to cementitious ratio was
increased to 0.35. (Volume 2, Issue 4, April 2013, IJAIE

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7.2. CASTING PROCEDURE OF FLEXIBLE CONCRETE

The performance of the ECC Concrete is influenced by the mixing. This means
that a proper and good practice of mixing can lead to better performance and quality of the
ECC Concrete. The quality of the concrete is also influenced by the homogeneity of the
mix material, Flexural Test on Slab during the mixing and after the placement of fresh
concrete. A proper mix of concrete is encouraged to the strength of concrete and better
bonding of cement with the PVA fibres. Once the concrete mix design is finalized, the
mixing is carried out. The mixing of ECC Concrete is carried out by using hand mixing.
The procedure of hand mixing is as follows: - Add sand, cement, 50% of fly ash and 50%
water and super plasticizer. Add slowly remaining quantity of fly ash, water and super
plasticizer. Once the homogenous mixture is formed, add the PVA fibres slowly. Mix all
the constituents till the fibres are homogenously mixed in the matrix.

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7.3. PLACING, COMPACTION AND CASTING OF

CONCRETE SPECIMENS.

Before placing of concrete, the concrete mould must be oiled for the ease of
concrete specimens stripping. The oil used is a mixture of diesel and kerosene. Special care
is taken during the oiling of the moulds, so that there are no concrete stains left on the
moulds. Once the workability test of ECC Concrete is done, the fresh concrete must be
placed into the concrete moulds for hardened properties tests. During the placing of fresh
concrete into the moulds, tamping is done using Tamping rod in order to reduce the
honeycombing. After placing the concrete into the moulds, vibrations are done using a table
vibrator. The vibration of concrete allows full compaction of the fresh concrete to release
any entrained air voids contained in the concrete. If the concrete is not compacted to a
proper manner, the maximum strength of the concrete cannot be achieved. After
vibration operation, the levelling of concrete is done on the surface of the concrete.
Levelling is the initial operation carried out after the concrete has been placed and
compacted. After the levelling of the fresh concrete is done, the concrete in the mould is left
overnight to allow the fresh concrete to set.

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7.4. CURING OF CONCRETE SPECIMEN

After leaving the fresh concrete in the moulds to set overnight, the concrete
specimens in the moulds were stripping. The identification of concrete specimens was
done. After 24 hours, all the concrete specimens were placed into the curing tank with a
controlled temperature of 250C in further for 28 days for the hardened properties test of
concrete. Curing is an important process to prevent the concrete specimens from losing of
moisture while it is gaining its required strength. Lack of curingwill lead to improper gain
in the strength. After 28 days of curing, the concrete specimens are removed from the curing
tank to conduct hardened properties test of ECC Concrete.

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CHAPTER 8

COMPARISON B/W NORMAL AND FLEXIBLE

CONCRETE

Point of difference Normal Concrete Flexible concrete

The normal concrete structure are The flexible concrete structure are
Durability less durable. more durable

The structure made with the
Earthquake original concrete are prone to
resistance earthquake. They generally forms
cracks or may collapse during
earthquake.
As the flexible concrete does not
break easily by the earthquake
motion. So the structure made
with the flexible concrete are
more earthquake resistance.

The flexible concrete has a very

Self-healing The normal concrete has very low good self-healing property as it
property self-healing property as it has very can heal the micro-cracks itself by
low free cement concrete. the reaction of carbon dioxide and
water.

The repair & maintenance cost of The repair & maintenance cost of
Repair & concrete structure is high as it flexible concrete is less as it does
maintenance developed cracks and other defects. not develop that much cracks.

The self-weight of The flexible concrete is 30-40 %

Self-weight conventional concrete is more lighter than the
conventional concrete

The fiber reinforcement can

Reinforcement The steel bar reinforcement is provide the require tensile strength
require for taking the tensile load. in the concrete so less or may be
steel reinforcement is require.

The concrete structure generally The flexible concrete requires less

Curing time requires more curing time (around curing time (generally 7 days)
28 days).

Labor It requires less skilled labor It requires more skilled labor

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CHAPTER 9

FIELD APPLICATIONS
ECC have found use in a number of large-scale applications in Japan,
Korea, Switzerland, Australia and the U.S. These include:

 The Mintaka Dam near Hiroshima was repaired using ECC in 2013. The surface of
the then 60-year-old dam was severely damaged, showing evidence of cracks,
spalling, and some water leakage. A 20 mm-thick layer of ECC was applied by
spraying over the 600 m2 surface.
 Also in 2013, an earth retaining wall in Gifu, Japan, was repaired
using ECC. Ordinary Portland cement could not be used due to the severity of the
cracking in the original structure, which would have caused reflective cracking.
ECC was intended to minimize this danger; after one year only micro cracks of
tolerable width were observed.
 The 95 m (312 ft.) GlorioRoppongi high-rise apartment building in Tokyo contains
a total of 54 ECC coupling beams (two per story) intended to mitigate
earthquake damage. The properties of ECC (high damage tolerance, high energy
absorption, and ability to deform under shear) give it superior properties in
seismic resistance applications when compared to ordinary Portland cement.
Similar structures include the 41-story Nabeaure Yokohama Tower (four coupling
beams per floor.)
 The 1 km (0.62 mi) long Mihara Bridge in Hokkaido, Japan was opened to traffic in
2015. The steel-reinforced road bed contains nearly 800 m3 of ECC material.
The tensile ductility and tight crack control behavior of ECC led to a 40% reduction
in material used during construction.
 Similarly, a 225-mm thick ECC bridge deck on interstate 94 in Michigan was
completed in 2015. 30 m3 of material was used, delivered on-site in standard mixing
trucks. Due to the unique mechanical properties of ECC, this deck also used
less material than a proposed deck made of ordinary Portland cement. Both the
University of Michigan and the Michigan Department of Transportation are
monitoring the bridge in an attempt to verify the theoretical superior durability
of ECC; after four years of monitoring, performance remained undiminished.

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 The first self-consolidating and high-early-strength ECC patch repair was placed on
Ellsworth Road Bridge over US-23 in November 2016. The high-early-strength
ECC can achieve a compressive strength of 23.59 ± 1.40 MPa (3422.16 ± 203.33
psi) in four hours and 55.59 ± 2.17 MPa (8062.90 ± 315.03 psi) in 28 days, allowing
for fast repair and re-opening the session to traffic. The high-early-strength ECC
repair has shown superior long-term durability in field conditions compared to
typical concrete repair materials.

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CHAPTER 10
CONCLUSION
 Life expectancy of the material is found to be nearly three – four years and which can
be increased to seven- ten years by little improvement and change in the material.
 The average compressive strength of the flexible concrete cube used in this project
work is found out to be 41.6 N/mm². It is also seen that the strength of the mortar
increases with the time and depends on the mortar mix ratio.
 The cone puncture resistance test showed that the material does not fail under the
impact load even when the penetration of the cone rises up to 2.7mm. It is also observed
that whatever penetration occurs is regained after the removal of the load.
 The bending parameter is based on the theory of pure bending. The test leads to the
inference that the material is not flexural rigid material
 From the bullet test it can be observed that there is no effect of bullet impact on the
material. Moreover, the top layer of the material is also not distorted.
 It is proved that Flexible concrete gives more flexible strength than conventional
concrete. Conventional concrete has 0.01% of strain capacity but flexible concrete has
strain capacity of 5%.
 The Cost of Flexible concrete is bit higher than conventional but it can be minimized
by using a small cross section of member sizes and eliminating reinforcement bars

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REFERENCES
 Professor Victor Li - From mechanics to structural engineering - The design of
cementitious composites for civil engineering applications Structural
Engineering/Earthquake Engineering (1993) – University of Michigan
 Alberti M G, Enfedaque A, Galvez J C, Canvas M F and Osorio I R (2014), -
“Polyolefin fib rereinforced concrete enhanced with steel-hooked fibers in low
proportions”, Journal of Materials and Design, Vol. 60, pp. 57–65
 Jian Zhou, Shunzhi Qian, Guang Ye, OguzhanCopuroglu, Klaas van Bruegel and
Victor C Li (2012), - “Improved fiber distribution and mechanical properties of
engineered cementitious composites by adjusting the mixing sequence”, Journal of
Cement & Concrete Composites, Vol. 34, pp. 342–348..
 Waseem Akhtar, Amit thyagi- International Research Journal Of Engineering And
Technology Volume: 02 Issue: 09 | Dec 2015
 Professor Dr. S. G. Makarande- Civil Department, B.D.C.E. SEWAGRAM
 Professor M. R. Nikhar - Civil Department, B.D.C.E. SEWAGRAM
 V. Vedhanarayanan- International Journal on Applications in Civil and
Environmental Engineering Volume 1: 6 Volume 1 Issue 1 Issue 3: March 2015 ISSN
(Online): 2395 - 3837,
 Indian standard code IS 456:2000
 SagarGadhiya, Patel T N and Dinesh Shah(2015) - “Parametric study on flexural
strength on ECC 2015 ijscer vol:4 no:5
 Seminar report on “Bendable concrete “presented by Chaitra NageshBabasahebi
M.tech. in structural engineering Basaveshwar Engineering College Bagalkot

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