CHAPTER 0

Section 0.1 Solutions --------------------------------------------------------------------------------

1. rational (integer/integer) 2. rational (integer/integer)
3. irrational (doesn’t repeat) 4. π = 3.14159... irrational (doesn’t repeat)
5. rational (repeats) 6. rational (repeats)
7. 5 = 2.2360... irrational (doesn’t repeat) 8. 17 = 4.1231... irrational (doesn’t repeat)
9. a. Rounding: 1 is less than 5, so 7 stays. 7.347 b. Truncating: 7.347 1 7.347
10. a. Rounding: 9 is greater than 5, so 4 rounds up to 5. 9.255 b. Truncating: 9.254 9 9.254
11. a. Rounding: 9 is greater than 5, so 4 rounds up to 5. 2.995 b. Truncating: 2.994 9 2.994
12. a. Rounding: 1 is less than 5, so 5 stays. 6.995 b. Truncating: 6.995 1 6.995
13. a. Rounding: 4 is less than 5, so 4 stays: 0.234
b. Truncating: 0.234 492 0.234
14. a. Rounding: 4 is less than 5, so 4 stays: 1.327
b. Truncating: 1.327 491 1.327
15. a. Rounding: 4 is less than 5, so 4 stays: 5.238
b. Truncating: 5.238 473 5.238
16. a. Rounding: 4 is less than 5, so 4 stays: 2.118
b. Truncating: 2.118 465 2.118
17. 18. 19. 20.
5 + 2N
⋅3− 7 2 + 5N
⋅ 4 + 3N
⋅6 ⎛ ⎞ ⎛ ⎞ ⎛ ⎞
2 ⋅ ⎜ 5 + 7N⋅ 4 − 20 ⎟ −3 ⋅ ⎜ 2N + 7 ⎟ + 8 ⋅ ⎜ 7 − 2N
⋅1⎟
6 20 18
⎝ 28 ⎠ ⎝ 9 ⎠ ⎝ 2 ⎠
+6−7
5N + 20 + 18
2N ⎛ ⎞ ⎛ ⎞
11 22 2 ⋅ ⎜ 5N+ 28 − 20 ⎟ −3 ⋅ ( 9 ) + 8 ⋅ ⎜ 7N − 2⎟
⎝ 33 ⎠ ⎝ 5 ⎠
11 − 7 = 4 22 + 18 = 40 2 ⋅ ( 33 − 20 ) −3 ⋅ ( 9 ) + 8 ⋅ ( 5 )
2 ⋅13 = 26
−27 + 40 = 13
21. 22.
2 − 3[ 4(2 ⋅ 3 + 5) ] = 2 − 3[ 4(11) ] 4 ⋅ 6 ( 5 − 9 ) = 4 ⋅ 6(−4)
= 2 − 3(44) = 24(−4)
= −130 = −96
23. 8 − (−2) + 7 = 10 + 7 = 17 24. −10 − (−9) = −10 + 9 = −1
25. −3 − ( −6 ) = −3 + 6 = 3 26. −5 + 2 − ( −3) = −5 + 2 + 3 = 0
27. x − ( − y ) − z = x + y − z 28. − a + b − ( −c ) = − a + b + c

1
Chapter 0

29. − ( 3x + y ) = −3x − y 30. − ( 4 a − 2 b ) = − 4 a + 2 b

−3 −3 3 −12 −12
= = 32. = = −1
31.
( 5)( −1) −5 5 ( −3)( −4 ) 12
33. 34.
−4 − 6 [ (5 − 8)(4) ] = −4 − 6 [ (−3)(4) ] −14 −14
= = −2
= −4 − 6(−12) 5 − (−2) 7
= −4 + 72
= 68
35. 36.
−(6 x − 4 y ) − (3x + 5 y ) = −6 x + 4 y − 3x − 5 y −4 x −4 x x
= = −
= −9 x − y 6 − (−2) 8 2
37. 38.
−(3 − 4 x) − (4 x + 7) = −3 + 4 x − 4 x − 7 2 − 3[ (4 x − 5) − 3x − 7 ] = 2 − 3( x − 12)
= −10 = 2 − 3x + 36
= −3 x + 38
39. 40.
−4(5) − 5 −20 − 5 −6(2 x + 3 y ) − [3 x − (2 − 5 y ) ]
= = 5
−5 −5 = −6(2 x + 3 y ) − [3 x − 2 + 5 y ]
= −12 x − 18 y − 3 x + 2 − 5 y
= −15 x − 23 y + 2
1 5 1( 4 ) + 5 ( 3) 4 + 15 19 1 1 1( 5 ) − 1( 2 ) 5 − 2 3
41. + = = = 42. − = = =
3 4 12 12 12 2 5 10 10 10
5 1 5 − 1⋅ ( 2) 5 − 2 3 1 7 1 7 ⋅ ( 2 ) − 1 14 − 1 13
43. − = = = = 44. − = = =
6 3 6 6 6 2 3 6 6 6 6
45. 3
2 + 125 = 12
18
+ 125 = 23
12 46. 1
3 + 95 = 93 + 95 = 8
9

47. 1
9 − 272 = 3
27 − 272 = 1
27 48. 3
7 − ( −34) − 56 = 3(6) + 4(14) − 5(7)
42 = 13
14

x x ⋅ ( 2) 3 ⋅ x + 2 ⋅ x 5 ⋅ x x y y y ⋅ ( 2) − y 2 ⋅ y − y y
49. + = = = 50. − = = =
5 15 15 15 3 3 6 6 6 6
51. x
3 − 27x = 7 x −6 x
21 = x
21 52. y
10 − 15y = 3 y −2 y
30 = y
30

53. 4y
15 − ( −34 y ) = 16 y + (360y )(15) = 61 y
60
54. 6x
12 − 720x = 2x − 720x = 10 x20−7 x = 3x
20

2
 Section 0.1

55. 3
40 + 247 = 3(3) + 5(7)
120 = 11
30 56. − 103 − ( − 127 ) = − 103 + 127 = −3(6) + 7(5)
60 = 17
60

2 14 2 2 4 2 9 1 3 3
57. ⋅ = ⋅ = 58. ⋅ = ⋅ =
7 3 1 3 3 3 10 1 5 5
2 10 2 3 1 3 3 4 7 4 10 4 2 8
59. ÷ = ⋅ = ⋅ = 60. ÷ = ⋅ = ⋅ =
7 3 7 10 7 5 35 5 10 5 7 1 7 7
4b a 4b 27 12b 3a b 3a 21 3a 3 9a
61. ÷ = ⋅ = 62. ÷ = ⋅ = ⋅ =
9 27 9 a a 7 21 7 b 1 b b
3x 15 3 3 21 20 28
63. ⋅ = = 64. ⋅ =
10 6 x 2 ⋅ 2 4 5 141 47
3x 9 3x 16 y 4 xy 14m 4
65. ÷ = ⋅ = 66. ⋅ = 4m
4 16 y 4 9 3 2 7
6 x 28 8 x
67. ⋅ = 68. 2 13 ⋅ 7 56 = 73 ⋅ 476 = 329
18
7 3y y
(−4) 4 2
69. − = = 70. 2(5) + 2(10) = 30
2(3) 6 3
3(4) 3 ⋅ 2 ⋅ 2 3 100 − 70 30
71. = = 72. = = 2
10 2
10 ⋅10 25 15 15

73. $9,176,366,000,000 74. 303,818,000

9,176,366, 494,947 9,176,366, 494,947

75. ≈ $30, 203 76. ≈ $30, 203.46
303,818,361 303,818,361
77. Only look to the right of the digit to 78. Added incorrectly in very first step.
round. 13.2749: the 4 is less than 5, so 7 Get an LCD. Should be
remains the same. Don’t round the 9 first. 2(3) + 1 7
= .
13.27 9 9
79. 80. Forgot to distribute “- 1” through the
3 ⋅ ( x + 5 ) − 2 ⋅ ( 4 + y ) = 3 ⋅ x + 15 − 8 − 2 ⋅ y 2nd term in (1 – y).
= 3⋅ x − 2⋅ y + 7 .
Don’t forget to distribute the −2 to both
terms inside the parenthesis.

3
Chapter 0

82. True. To be an active member in a

81. False. Not all student-athletes are
fraternity or sorority, you must also be a
honors students.
student at the university.
83. True. 84. False
integer
Every integer can be written as .
1
85. x ≠ 0 86. x ≠ 0
87.
−2 [3( x − 2 y ) + 7 ] + [3(2 − 5 x) + 10] − 7 [ −2( x − 3) + 5] =
−2 [3 x − 6 y + 7 ] + [ 6 − 15 x + 10] − 7 [ −2 x + 6 + 5] =
−6 x + 12 y − 14 + 6 − 15 x + 10 + 14 x − 42 − 35 =
−7 x + 12 y − 75
88.
−2 {−5( y − x) − 2 [3(2 x − 5) + 7(2) − 4] + 3} + 7 =
−2 {−5( y − x) − 2 [ 6 x − 15 + 10] + 3} + 7 =
−2 {−5 y + 5 x − 12 x + 10 + 3} + 7 =
−2 {−7 x − 5 y + 13} + 7 =
14 x + 10 y − 19
144 12
89. 1260 = 35.4964787... irrational 90. = rational
25 5
92. 4.242640687, so appears irrational at
91. 67, so rational this point since no pattern seems to
emerge.

Section 0.2 Solutions --------------------------------------------------------------------------------

1. 256 2. 125
3. (−1) 3 = −243
5 5
4. (−1) 2 42 = 16
5. −25 6. −49
7. −4 ⋅ 4 = −16 8. −9 ⋅ 5 = −45
9. 1 10. −8 ⋅1 = −8
11. 10 = 0.1
1
12. 1a
13. 1
82
= 1
64 14. 1
34
= 811
15. −6 ⋅ 25 = −150 16. −2 ⋅16 = −32

4
 Section 0.2

17. 8 ⋅ 1
⋅5 = 5 18. 5 ⋅ 214 ⋅ 32 = 5 ⋅ 2 = 10
23

19. −6 ⋅ 312 ⋅ 81 = −6 ⋅ 19 ⋅ 81 = −54 20. 6 ⋅ 42 ⋅ 414 = 6 ⋅ 412 = 83

21. x 2 ⋅ x3 = x 2+3 = x5 22. y 8

1 24. y −4 = 1
23. x 2 ⋅ x −3 = x 2−3 = x −1 = y4
x
25. ( x 2 ) = x 2⋅3 = x 6 26. ( y 3 ) = y 3⋅2 = y 6
3 2

27. ( 4a ) = ( 4 ) ⋅ ( a ) = 64a 3
3 3 3
28. (4x ) 2 3
= 43 x 6 = 64 x 6

29. ( −2t ) = ( −2 ) ( t ) = −8t 3 30. (−3b) 4 = (−1) 4 34 b 4 = 81b 4

3 3 3

31. 32.
( 5xy ) ( 3x y ) = ( 25 x y )( 3x y ) = 75x y
2 2 3 2 4 3 5 5
( 4 x y )( 2 xy ) = ( 4 x y )( 4 x y ) = 16 x
2 3 2 2 2 6 4
y7
x5 y 3 y2 y5 x2
33. 7 = x 5−7
x y
( )( y ) 3−1
=x ⋅y = 2
x
−2 2 34. −2 −5
y x
= x7 y 7

( 2xy) = 4x2 y2 = ⎛ −4 ⎞ x2−3 y2−3 = − 1 −3 x 3 y

2
3
36. = 3 8
35. ⎜ ⎟ −4 x y
( −2xy) −8x y ⎝ 8 ⎠
6 9
3 3 3
2xy 4x y

( 3c ) = ( 3c ) =
−4 −2 2
37. 4 38.
⎛b⎞ ⎛2⎞ 24 16 9

⎜ ⎟ =⎜ ⎟ = 4 = 4 c2

⎝2⎠ ⎝b⎠ b b

( 9a ) ( a ) (b )
−2 −2 −2
= (9)
39. −2 40. x12 x12
( −9 x )
−2 3 −2
2 −4
3
b −3
y = 4 8=
9 y 6561 y 8
⎛ 1 ⎞
4
a
= ⎜ 2 ⎟ a 4 b −6 =
⎝9 ⎠ 8 1b 6
41. a −2b 3 ⎛ a −2 ⎞ ⎛ b 3 ⎞ 42. x −3 y 2 y 6
= ⎜ ⎟⎜ 5 ⎟ =
a 4b 5 ⎝ a
4
⎠⎝ b ⎠ y −4 x 5 x8
⎛ 1 ⎞⎛ 1 ⎞
= ⎜ 6 ⎟⎜ 2 ⎟
⎝ a ⎠⎝ b ⎠
1
= 6 2
a b

5
Chapter 0

43.
(x y ) 44.
(x y ) −2 2
3 −1 2 3
x 6 y −2 x 6 y −4
= −2 −4 = −12 −9 = x18 y 5
(xy ) (x y ) 3 −3
−2
2 x y 4 x y

= x 6 − (− 2 ) y − 2 − (− 4 )
= x8 y 2
45. 3( x2 y ) 46. ( −4 x ) y z
3 −2 2 3
3x 6 y 3 x14 16 x −4 y 3 z 64 x 2 y 7
= = = =
( 2x ) ( y z )
3 −2 −2 − 6 − 4 4

12 ( x −2 y )
4
4
12 x −8 y 4 4 y
−1 2 x y z z3

(x y ) −2 x 2 ( −2 x3 ) = −2 x 2 ( −32 x15 ) = 64 x17

47. −4 5 −2 48. 5
x8 y −10 x8 y −10
= =
⎡ −2 ( x ) y ( −2 x y −4 ) −32 x30 y −20
5 5
3 2 −4 ⎤ 6

⎣⎢ ⎦⎥
y10
=
−32 x 22
5 5
49. ⎡ a 2 (−1) x 3 y12 ⎤ −a 6 x 9 y 36
3
y 24 50. ⎡ b −3 x12 y 8 ( −1) 4 ⎤ ⎡ − y 6 ⎤ y 30
⎢ a6 x4 y 4 ⎥ = = − =
⎢ b 6 y 2 x15 ( −1)3 ⎥ ⎢ b9 x 3 ⎥ = −
⎣ ⎦ a18 x12 y12 a12 x 3 ⎣ ⎦ ⎣ ⎦ b 45 x15

51. 28 ⋅163 ⋅ 64 = 28 ⋅ ( 24 ) ⋅ 26 = 226 52. 39 ⋅ 815 ⋅ 9 = 39 ⋅ ( 34 ) ⋅ 32 = 331

3 5

53. 2.76 ⋅ 107 54. 1.44 ⋅ 1011 55. 9.3 ×107 56. 1.2345 ×109
57. 5.67 ⋅ 10−8 58. 8.28 ⋅ 10−6 59. 1.23 ×10−7 60. 5.0 ×10−9
61. 47,000,000 62. 390,000 63. 23, 000 64. 0.0078
65. 0.000041 66. 0.000000092
(5.0 × 109 )(5in.) = (5.0 × 109 )( 125 ft.) 68. a.
67. a.
≈ 2.08 ×109 ft.
(5.0 ×109 )(5in.) = (5.0 ×109 )(5)( 12in.
1ft.
) ( 1mi.
5,280ft )
b. First, convert miles to feet: ≈ 3.95 ×105 mi.
5, 280 ft. b. Since
25, 000 mi.× = 1.32 × 108 ft.
1 mi. 3.95 × 105 mi.
≈ 1.65 > 1 ,
This is the circumference of the earth. 239, 000 mi.
Now, the line of cell phones would indeed reach
2.08 ×109 ft. the moon.
≈ 15.76
1.32 ×108 ft.
So, yes, the line of cell phones would wrap
around Earth nearly 16 times.
69. 2.0 ×108 miles 70. 1.42 ×108 miles
71. 0.00000155 meter 72. 0.000000693 meter

6
 Section 0.2

73. Should be adding exponents here: y 5 74. Forgot to apply the power to “2”.
75. Computed ( y ) incorrectly.
3 2
Should 76. Should be subtracting the powers, not
dividing them.
be y 6 .
77. False. For instance, if n = 2, then 78. True
−22 = −4 , while (−2) 2 = (−2)(−2) = 4 .
79. False. x ≠ 0 80. False. x −1 + x −2 = 1x + x12 = x +1
, x≠0
x2

81. Multiply all exponents here to get 82. Multiply all exponents here to get
a mnk . a − mnk .
83. −(−2) 2 + 2(−2)(3) = −4 − 12 = −16 84. 2(4)3 − 7(4) 2 = 128 − 112 = 16
85. −16(3) 2 + 100(3) = −144 + 300 = 156 86. ( −2)3 − 27
−2 − 4 = −8 − 27
−6 = 35
6
(1.5×108 )(247) (3.79×106 )(640)
= 370.5×10
≈ 5.6 acres per = 2425.6×106
≈ 8.09 acres per
8
87. 6.6×109 6.6×109
88. 3.0×108 3.0×108

person. person.
( 4×10 )(3×10 )
−23 12
−11 ( 2×10 )(5×10 )
−17 13
−4
89. 6×10−10
= 126××1010−10 = 0.2 90. 1×10−6
= 1010×10−6 = 1000 = 103
91. Obtained the same answer using the 92. Obtained the same answer using the
calculator. calculator.
93. 5.11×1014 94. 6.25 × 1023

Section 0.3 Solutions --------------------------------------------------------------------------------

1. − 7 x 4 − 2 x 3 + 5 x 2 + 16 Degree 4 2. In standard form. Degree 3
3. −6 x + 4 x + 3 Degree 3
3
4. 5 x5 + 8 x 4 − 7 x3 − x 2 + 10 Degree 5
5. 15 Degree 0 6. In standard form. Degree 0
7. y − 2 = y1 − 2 Degree 1 8. In standard form. Degree 1
9. 10.
2x2 − x + 7 − 3x2 + 6x − 2 3x2 + 5x + 2 + 2x2 − 4x − 9
= − x2 + 5x + 5 = 5x2 + x − 7
11. 12.
−7 x −5 x − 8 + 4 x + 9 x − 10
2 2
8 x 3 −7 x 2 − 10 −7 x 3 −8 x 2 + 9 x
= 2 x 2 − x − 18 = x 3 − 15 x 2 + 9 x − 10
13. 14.
2 x −7 x + 8 −3 x + 2 x − 9
4 2 2 4
4 x 2 −9 x − 2 − 5 + 3 x + 5 x 2
= 4 x 4 − 10 x 2 − 1 = 9 x2 − 6 x − 7

7
Chapter 0

15. 7 z 2 − 2 − 5 z 2 + 2 z − 1 = 2 z 2 + 2 z − 3 16.
25 y 3 − 7 y 2 + 9 y − 14 y 2 + 7 y − 2

= 25 y 3 − 21 y 2 + 16 y − 2
17. 18.
3 y −7 y + 8oy − 4 −14 y + 8oy − 9 y
3 2 3 2
2 x 2 + 3xy − x 2 −8 xy + 7 y 2

= −11 y 3 − 16 y 2 + 16 y − 4 = x 2 − 5 xy + 7 y 2
19. 20.
6 x − 2 y −10 x + 14 y = −4 x + 12 y 3a − ⎡⎣ 2a 2 − 5a + 4a 2 − 3⎤⎦ =
3a −2a 2 + 5a −4a 2 + 3 =
−6a 2 + 8a + 3
21. 2 x 2 − 2 − x − 1 − x 2 + 5 = x 2 − x + 2 22.
3x3 + 1 − 3x2 + 1 − 5x + 3
= 3x3 − 3x2 − 5x + 5
23. 24.
4 t − t 2 − t 3 − 3t 2 + 2 t − 2 t 3 + 3t 3 − 1 −z3 − 2z2 + z2 − 7z + 1 − 4z3 − 3z 2 + 3z − 2
= − 4t 2 + 6t − 1 = −5z3 − 4z2 − 4z − 1
25. ( 5 ⋅ 7 ) x 1+1 y 2 +1 = 35 x 2 y 3 26. ( 6 ⋅ 4 ) z1+3 = 24 z 4

27. 2 x 3 − 2 x 4 + 2 x 5 = 2 x 5 − 2 x 4 + 2 x 3
29. Distribute and arrange terms in
decreasing order (according to degree):
10 x 4 − 2 x 3 − 10 x 2
31. Distribute and arrange terms in
decreasing order (according to degree):
2 x5 + 2 x 4 − 4 x3
33. 2a 3b 2 + 4a 2b3 − 6ab 4
35. 6 x 2 − 8 x + 3 x − 4 = 6 x 2 − 5 x − 4
37. x 2 + 2 x − 2 x − 4 = x 2 − 4
28. −8 z 2 − 4 z 3 + 4 z 4 = 4 z 4 − 4 z 3 − 8 z 2
30. Distribute and arrange terms in
decreasing order (according to degree):
−2 z 3 − z 2 + 5 z
32. Distribute and arrange terms in
decreasing order (according to degree):
3x5 − 3x 4 + 6 x3
34. b3c 4 d 2 + bc 4 d 5 − b3c 3 d 6
36. 12z 2 + 21z − 4z − 7 = 12z 2 + 17 z − 7
38. y 2 + 5 y − 5 y − 25 = y 2 − 25

39. 4 x 2 − 6 x + 6 x − 9 = 4 x 2 − 9 40. 25 y 2 + 5 y − 5 y − 1 = 25 y 2 − 1

41. 2 x − 4 x 2 − 1 + 2 x = −4 x 2 + 4 x − 1 42. 16b 2 − 25 y 2

43. 4 x 4 − 9 44. 16 x 2 y 2 − 81

8
 Section 0.3

45. 46.
7 y 2 − 7 y3 + 7 y − 2 y3 + 2 y 4 − 2 y 2 = 24t + 4 − 4t 2 − 6t 3 − t 2 + t 4 =
2 y 4 − 9 y3 + 5 y 2 + 7 y t 4 − 6t 3 − 5t 2 + 24t + 4
47. 48.
x − 2 x + 3x + x − 2 x + 3 =
3 2 2
x3 − 3x 2 + 9 x + 3 x 2 − 9 x + 27 =
x3 − x 2 + x + 3 x 3 + 27
( t − 2 )( t − 2 ) = t 2 − 2t − 2t + 4
50.
(t − 3 )( t − 3 ) = t 2 − 3 t − 3 t + 9
49.
= t 2 − 4t + 4 = t 2 − 6t + 9

( z + 2 )( z + 2 ) = z2 + 2z + 2z + 4 ( z + 3 )( z + 3 ) = z 2 + 3 z + 3 z + 9
51. 52.
= z2 + 4z + 4 = z2 + 6z + 9
53. 54.
( x + y ) 2 − 6( x + y ) + 9 = 4 x 4 + 12 x 2 y + 9 y 2
x 2 + 2 xy + y 2 − 6 x − 6 y + 9
55. 56.
25 x − 20 x + 4
2
x3 + x 2 + x + x 2 + x + 1 =
x3 + 2 x 2 + 2 x + 1
57. 58.
y ( 6 y − 3 y + 8 y − 4) = y ( 6 y + 5 y − 4)
2 2
p2 ( p2 − 2 p + p − 2) = p2 ( p2 − p − 2)

= 6 y3 + 5 y 2 − 4 y = p 4 − p3 − 2 p 2
⎡⎣ ( t − 5 )( t + 5 ) ⎤⎦
2
59. x 4 − x 2 + x 2 − 1 = x 4 − 1 60. 2
= ⎡⎣ t 2 − 2 5 ⎤⎦

(
= t 2 − 25 )( t 2
− 25 )
= t − 2 5t − 2 5t + 6 2 5
4 2 2

= t 4 − 50t 2 + 625
61. 62.
(a + 2b)(b − 3a)(b + 3a) = (a + 2b) ( b − 9a 2 2
)= x3 + 2 x 2 y + 4 xy 2 − 2 x 2 y − 4 xy 2 − 8 y 3
ab 2 + 2b3 − 9a3 − 18a 2b = x3 − 8 y 3
63. 64.
2 x 2 − 3xy + 5 xz + 2 xy − 3 y 2 + 5 yz − 2 xz + 3 yz − 5 z 2 15b3 − 5b 4 + 10b 2 − 6b 2 + 2b3 − 4b + 3b − b 2 + 2
= 2 x 2 − 3 y 2 − xy + 3 xz + 8 yz − 5 z 2 = −5b 4 + 17b3 + 3b 2 − b + 2

9
Chapter 0

65. Since Profit = P = Revenue – Cost, we have

Revenue = 20x P = 20 x − (100 + 9 x ) = 20 x − 9 x − 100 = 11x − 100
Cost = 100 + 9x
66. P ( x) = 25 x − 75
67. Revenue = − x 2 + 100 x Since Profit = P = Revenue – Cost, we have
Cost = −100 x + 7500 P = − x 2 + 100 x + 100 x − 7500 = − x 2 + 200 x − 7500
68. P ( x) = R ( x) − C ( x) = ( − 12 x 2 + 50 x ) − ( 8000 − 150 x ) = − 12 x 2 + 200 x − 8000
69. Cutting a square with dimensions x from the four corners of the material create sides
with lengths 15 − 2x and 8 − 2x , and height x. The resulting volume is
V = (15 − 2 x)(8 − 2 x) x = 4 x3 − 46 x 2 + 120 x .
70. Cutting a square with dimensions 2 from the four corners of the material create two
sides with length x − 4 , and height 2. The resulting volume is
V ( x) = 2( x − 4) 2 = 2 x 2 − 16 x + 32 .
71. a. The perimeters of the semi-circular pieces are each 1
2 ( 2π x ) = π x feet .
The perimeter of the exposed rectangular piece is 2(2 x + 5) feet .
Thus, the perimeter of the track is P = ( 2π x + 4 x + 10 ) feet .
b. The areas of the semi-circular pieces are each 1
2 (π x ) =
2 π
2 x 2 feet 2 .
The area of the rectangular piece is (2 x)(2 x + 5) feet 2 .
Thus, the area of the track is A = (π x 2 + 4 x 2 + 10 x ) feet 2 .
72. a. The volume of the hemisphere is 1
2 ( 4
3 π r 3 ) = 32 π r 3 units3 .
The volume of the cylinder is π r 2 (2r ) = 2π r 3 units3 .
So, the volume of the silo is 83 π r 3 units3 .
b. The surface area of the cylinder is 2π r (2r ) = 4π r 2 units 2 .
The surface area of the hemispherical top is 1
2 ( 4π r ) = 2π r
2 2
units 2 .
The surface area of the bottom of the silo is π r 2 units 2 .
So, the surface area of the silo is 7π r 2 units 2 .
k ( x)(3 x) 3kx 2 3k
73. F = 2
= 2
=
(10 x) 100 x 100
74. a. S (t ) = −16t 2 + 96t + 192
b. S (2) = 320 feet . The ball will NOT hit the ground after 2 seconds since it is still
going up at this time.

10
 Section 0.3

75. Forgot to distribute the negative sign 76. Forgot the middle (inner and outer)
through the entire second polynomial. terms.
2 x 2 − 5 − 3x + x 2 − 1 = 3x 2 − 3x − 6 ( 2 + x )( 2 + x ) = 4 + 2 x + 2 x + x 2
= x2 + 4x + 4
77. True. 78. False. ( 3x )( 2 y ) = 6 xy 79. False.
(The product is a monomial.) ( x + y )3 = ( x + y )( x 2 + 2 xy + y 2 )
= x 3 + 3 xy 2 + 3 x 2 y + y 3
80. False ( x − y )( x − y ) = x 2 − 2 xy + y 2 81. Add the degrees, so m + n.

82. Take the larger of the two degrees, so 83.

⎡( 7x − 4 y2 )( 7x + 4 y2 )⎤ = ⎡49x2 −16 y4 ⎤
2
m. 2

⎣ ⎦ ⎣ ⎦
( )(
= 49x2 −16 y4 49x2 −16 y4 )
= 2401x4 − 784x2 y4 − 784x2 y4 + 256 y8
= 2401x4 −1568x2 y4 + 256 y8
84. 85.
( 3x − 5 y ) ( 3x + 5 y ) = ⎡⎣( 3x − 5 y )( 3x + 5 y )⎤⎦ ( x − a) ( x 2 + ax + a 2 ) =
2
2 2 2 2 2 2

= ⎡⎣9 x 2 − 25 y 4 ⎤⎦
2
x3 + ax 2 + a 2 x − ax 2 − a 2 x − a 3 =
= 81x 4 − 450 x 2 y 4 + 625 y 8 x3 − a 3
86. ( x + a) ( x 2 − ax + a 2 ) = x3 − ax 2 + a 2 x + ax 2 − a 2 x + a 3 = x3 + a 3
87. 88.

The solid curve represents the graph of

The solid curve represents the graph of both y = ( x + 5) 2 and y = x 2 + 10 x + 25 .
both y = (2 x + 3)( x − 4) and
y = 2 x 2 − 5 x − 12 .

11
Chapter 0

Section 0.4 Solutions --------------------------------------------------------------------------------

1. 5 ( x + 5 ) 2. x ( x + 2 )
(
3. 2 2t 2 − 1 ) 4. 4 z ( 4 z − 5 )
5. 2 x ( x 2 − 25 ) = 2 x( x − 5)( x + 5) 6. 4 xy ( x − 2 y + 4 xy )

(
7. 3x x 2 − 3x + 4 ) (
8. 7 x 2 x3 − x + 3 )
9. x(x − 3x − 40 ) = x( x − 8)( x + 5)
2 10. −9 y ( y − 5)

11. 2 xy ( 2 xy + 3) 2
12. 3z ( z 2 − 2 z + 6 )
13. ( x − 3)( x + 3) 14. ( x − 5)( x + 5)
15. (2 x − 3)(2 x + 3) 16. (1 − x 2 )(1 + x 2 ) = (1 − x)(1 + x) (1 + x 2 )
17. 2 ( x 2 − 49 ) = 2( x − 7)( x + 7) 18. (12 − 9 y )(12 + 9 y ) = 9(4 − 3 y )(4 + 3 y )
19. (15 x − 13 y )(15 x + 13 y ) 20. (11 y − 7 x)(11y + 7 x)
21. ( x + 4) 2
22. ( y − 5) 2
(x − 2) 24. (1 − 3 y ) 2
2 2
23.
25. (2 x + 3 y ) 2 26. ( x − 3 y ) 2
27. ( x − 3) 2 28. (5 x − 2 y ) 2
29. ( x 2 + 1) 30. ( x 3 − 3)
2 2

31. ( p + q ) 32. ( p − q )
2 2

(
33. ( t + 3) t 2 − 3t + 9) (
34. ( z + 4 ) z 2 − 4 z + 16)
35. ( y − 4 ) ( y + 4 y + 16 )
2
36. ( x − 1) ( x + x + 1)
2

37. (2 − x) ( 4 + 2 x + x ) 2
38. (3 − y ) ( 9 + 3 y + y ) 2

39. ( y + 5) ( y − 5 y + 25 )
2
40. x ( 64 − x ) = x(4 − x) (16 + 4 x + x )
3 2

41. (3 + x) ( 9 − 3x + x ) 2
42. (6 x − y ) ( 36 x + 6 xy + y )
2 2

43. ( x − 5)( x − 1) 44. (t + 1)(t − 6)

45. ( y − 3)( y + 1) 46. ( y − 5)( y + 2)
47. (2 y + 1)( y − 3) 48. 2 ( z 2 − 2 z − 3) = 2( z − 3)( z + 1)
49. (3t + 1)(t + 2) 50. 2 ( 2 x 2 − x − 6 ) = 2(2 x + 3)( x − 2)

51. (−3t + 2)(2t + 1) 52. (−2 x + 1)(3 x + 10)

12
 Section 0.4

53. 54.
( x −3x ) +( 2x −6) = x ( x −3) + 2( x −3)
3 2 2
( )( ) ( ) ( )
x5 +5x3 − 3x2 +15 = x3 x2 +5 −3 x2 +5

= ( x + 2) ( x −3)
2
= ( x −3)( x +5)
3 2

55. 56.
a (a + 2) − 8(a + 2) = ( a − 8 ) (a + 2)
3 3
x 4 − 3 x 3 − x + 3 = x 3 ( x − 3) − ( x − 3)

= (a + 2)( a − 2) ( a 2 + 2a + 4 ) = ( x 3 − 1)( x − 3)
= ( x − 1)( x 2 + x + 1)( x − 3)

57. 58.
3xy + 6 sy − 5rx − 10rs = 2 x(3 x − 5) + (3 x − 5) = (2 x + 1)(3 x − 5)
3 y ( x + 2 s ) − 5r ( x + 2 s ) =
(3 y − 5r )( x + 2 s )
59. 60.
4 x(5 x + 2 y ) − y (5 x + 2 y ) = x3 ( 9 x 2 − a 2 ) − ( 9 x 2 − a 2 ) =
(4 x − y )(5 x + 2 y )
(x 3
− 1)( 9 x 2 − a 2 ) =
( x − 1)( x 2 + x + 1)(3 x − a )(3x + a )
61. ( x − 2 y )( x + 2 y ) 62. (a + 3)(a + 2)
63. (3a + 7)(a − 2) 64.
ax + bx + b + a = x(a + b) + (a + b)
= ( x + 1)(a + b)
65. prime 66. prime
67. prime 68.
( 12 ) − b 4 = ⎡( 12 ) − b 2 ⎤ ⎡( 12 ) + b 2 ⎤
4 2 2

⎣ ⎦⎣ ⎦
= [ 12 − b ][ 12 + b ] ⎡⎣ 14 + b 2 ⎤⎦
69. 70. prime
2 ( 3x + 5 x + 2 ) = 2(3x + 2)( x + 1)
2

71. (3x − y )(2 x + 5 y ) 72. 15 x(1 + y )

73. 9 ( 4s 2 − t 2 ) = 9(2 s − t )(2 s + t ) 74. 3x( x 2 − 36) = 3x( x − 6)( x + 6)
75. (ab) 2 − (5c) 2 = (ab − 5c)(ab + 5c) 76. 2 ( x3 + 27 ) = 2( x + 3)( x 2 − 3x + 9)
77. ( x − 2)(4 x + 5) 78. − ( x 2 − 10 x + 25 ) = −( x − 5) 2

( )
79. x 3x 2 − 5 x − 2 = x ( 3x + 1)( x − 2 ) ( )
80. y 2 y 2 + 3 y − 2 = y ( 2 y − 1)( y + 2 )

13
Chapter 0

( )
81. x x 2 − 9 = x ( x − 3)( x + 3) ( )
82. w w2 − 25 = w ( w − 5 )( w + 5 )
83. x( y − 1) − ( y − 1) = ( x − 1)( y − 1) 84. (a + b) + b(a + b) = (1 + b)(a + b)
85. (x 2
+ 3)( x + 2 ) 2 86.
( x3 − 8)( x3 + 1) =
( x − 2)( x 2 + 2 x + 4)( x + 1)( x 2 − x + 1)
87. ( x − 6)( x + 4) 88. (5 x + 3) 2
89. x ( x3 + 125 ) = x( x + 5) ( x 2 − 5 x + 25 ) 90. (x 2
− 1)( x 2 + 1) = ( x − 1)( x + 1) ( x 2 + 1)
91. (x 2
− 9 )( x 2 + 9 ) = ( x − 3)( x + 3) ( x 2 + 9 ) 92. (2 x − 5)(5 x − 3)
93. p = 2(2 x + 4) + 2 x = 6 x + 8 = 2(3x + 4) 94.
V = x3 + 7 x 2 + 12 x = x ( x 2 + 7 x + 12 )
= x( x + 4)( x + 3)
95. 96.
p = x(2 x − 15) + 2(2 x − 15) 3x( x + 3) − 4( x + 3) = (3x − 4)( x + 3)
= ( x + 2)(2 x − 15)
97. −2 ( 8t 2 + 39t − 5 ) = −2(8t − 1)(t + 5) 98. x(10 − x)
99. Last step. 100. A 2 should have been factored out of
( )
( x − 1) x 2 − 9 = ( x − 1)( x − 3)( x + 3) both binomials, resulting in a 4.
( 2x −4)( 2x +10) = 2( x −2) 2( x +5) = 4( x −2)( x +5)
101. False 102. False
103. True 104. False. ( x + y ) 2 = x 2 + 2 xy + y 2
105. a 2 n − b 2 n = a n − b n ( )( a n
+ bn ) 106.
( x + 7 )( x − 2 ) c = 5
( x + 14)( x − 1) c = 13
( x + 2)( x − 7) c = −5
( x + 1)( x − 14) c = −13

14
 Section 0.4

107. 108.

The solid curve represents the graph of

The solid curve represents the graph of both y = 27 x3 − 1 and y = (3 x − 1)(9 x 2 + 3 x + 1) .
both y = 8 x3 + 1 and y = (2 x + 1)(4 x 2 − 2 x + 1) .

Section 0.5 Solutions --------------------------------------------------------------------------------

1. x ≠ 0 2. x≠0
3. x − 1 ≠ 0 ⇒ x ≠ 1 4. y − 1 ≠ 0 ⇒ y ≠ 1
5. x + 1 ≠ 0 ⇒ x ≠ −1 6. 3− x ≠ 0 ⇒ x ≠ 3
7. p 2 − 1 ≠ 0 ⇒ p ≠ ±1 8. t 2 − 9 ≠ 0 ⇒ t ≠ ±3
9. p 2 + 1 is never equal to zero for real 10. t 2 + 4 is never equal to zero for real
values of p . So, no restrictions. values of t . So, no real number needs to
be eliminated from the domain.
11. 12.
( x − 9 ) ( x + 3) ( x − 9) 4 y ( y − 8) ( y + 7 ) ( y − 8)
= =
2 ( x + 9 ) ( x + 3) 2 ( x + 9) 8 y ( y + 8) ( y + 7 ) 2 ( y + 8)
Note: x ≠ −9, −3 Note: y ≠ −8, −7, 0
13. ( x − 3) ( x + 1) x −3
14. ( 2 x + 1) ( x − 3) 2x +1
= =
2 ( x + 1) 2 3 ( x − 3) 3
Note: x ≠ −1 Note: x ≠ 3
15. 2 ( 3 y + 1) ( 2 y − 1) 2 ( 3 y + 1) 16. 7 ( 2 y + 1) ( 3 y − 1) 7 ( 2 y + 1)
= =
3 ( 3 y ) ( 2 y − 1) 9y 5 ( 2 y ) ( 3 y − 1) 10 y
Note: y ≠ 0, 12 Note: y ≠ 0, 13

15
Chapter 0

17. ( 5 y − 1) ( y + 1) y +1
18. ( 2t − 1) ( t + 2 ) 2t − 1
= =
5 ( 5 y − 1) 5 4 (t + 2) 4
1 Note: t ≠ −2
Note: y ≠
5
19. ( 3x + 7 ) ( x − 4 ) ( 3x + 7 ) 20. ( 2t + 5) ( t − 7 ) ( 2t + 5)
= =
4 ( x − 4) 4 3 (t − 7) 3
Note: x ≠ 4 Note: t ≠ 7
21. ( x − 2) ( x + 2)
= x+2
22. (
t t 2 −1 ) = t ( t − 1) ( t + 1) = t ( t + 1)
( x − 2) t −1 t −1
Note: x ≠ 2 Note: t ≠ 1
23. 1 Domain: Note x ≠ −7 24. 2y + 9
= 1 Note: y ≠ − 92
2y + 9
25. x2 + 9 26. x2 + 4
Note: x ≠ −9 Note: x ≠ −2
2x + 9 2 2( x + 2)
27. ( x + 3) ( x + 2 ) ( x + 3) 28. ( x + 15) ( x + 4 ) ( x + 15)
= =
( x − 5) ( x + 2 ) ( x − 5) ( x + 4) ( x + 4) ( x + 4)
Note: x ≠ −2,5 Note: x ≠ −4
29. ( 3x + 1) ( 2 x − 1) ( 3x + 1) 30. ( 3x + 1) ( 5 x − 2 ) ( 3x + 1)
= =
( x + 5) ( 2 x − 1) ( x + 5) ( x + 3) ( 5 x − 2 ) ( x + 3)
Note: x ≠ −5, 12 Note: x ≠ −3, 52
31. 3x + 5 32. 3x + 4
Note: x ≠ −1, 2 Note: x ≠ − 54 , 2
x +1 x−2
33. 2(5 x + 6) 34. 4( x − 2) ( x + 5)
2
8( x − 2)
Note: x ≠ 0, 65 ⋅
16x
=
5x − 6 8x ( x − 5) ( x + 5) x −5
Note: x ≠ 0, ±5
35. 2 ( x −1) x ( x +1) 2
36. 5 ( x − 1) x ( x + 1) 1
⋅ = ⋅ =
3x ( x +1) ( x −1) 3 2
10 x ( x − 1)( x + 1) 2
Note: x ≠ −1,0,1 Note: x ≠ 0, ±1

16
 Section 0.5

37. (
3 x2 − 4 )⋅ x ( x + 5)
=
3( x + 2) ( x − 2) 38. 4 x ( x − 8) x( x + 3)
⋅ = 4x
x ( x + 5) ( x − 2 ) ( x − 2) x ( x − 8)( x + 3)
= 3( x + 2) Note: x ≠ −3, 0,8
Note: x ≠ −5, 0, 2
39. t+2 ( t − 3) ( t − 3) t −3
40. y+3 ( y − 5) ( y − 5) y −5
⋅ = ⋅ =
3 ( t − 3) ( t + 2 ) ( t + 2 ) 3 ( t + 2 ) 3 ( y + 3) ( y − 5) ( y + 8) 3( y + 8)
Note: t ≠ −2,3 Note: y ≠ −8, −3,5
41. (
3t t 2 + 4 ) Cannot be simplified.
42. 7 a (a + 3)
⋅
a + 3 a (a + 3)
=
( t − 3)( t + 2 ) 14(a − 3) (a + 3) 7 14(a − 3)
Note: t ≠ −2,3 Note: a ≠ ±3
43. ( y − 2) ( y + 2)
⋅
3y
=
3 y ( y − 2) 44. ( t + 3) ( t − 2 ) 8t 4 4(t + 3)
⋅ =
y −3 y+2 y −3 ( t + 2 ) ( t − 2 ) 2t 2 t t (t + 2)
Note: y ≠ −2,3 Note: t ≠ 0, ±2
45. 3x ( x − 5 ) (2 x + 3)( x − 5)
46.
5t − 1 t ( 4t + 3) 5t − 1
⋅ = ⋅ =
2 x ( x + 5) ( x − 5) 3 x( x + 5) 4 t ( 4t − 3) ( 4t + 3) 4(4t − 3)
(2 x + 3)( x − 5) Note: t ≠ 0, ± 34
Note: x ≠ 0, ±5
2 x( x + 5) 2
47. ( 3x + 5 ) ( 2 x − 7 ) ( 2 x − 7 )( 2 x + 7 ) 48. x ( 3x − 2 ) ( x + 2) ( x − 9)
⋅ = ⋅ =
( 4 x + 3) ( 2 x − 7 ) ( 3 x − 5 ) ( 3x + 5 ) 4x 2 ( 3 x − 2 ) 2 ( x + 9 ) ( x − 9 )
( 2 x − 7 )( 2 x + 7 ) Note: x ≠ − 3 , 7 , ± 5 x+2
( 3x − 5)( 4 x + 3) 4 2 3 Note: x ≠ 0, 23 , ± 9
8 x( x + 9)
49. 3 x2 x 50. 5 x3 x
⋅ = ⋅ 2
=
x 12 4 2
x 10 2
Note: x ≠ 0 Note: x ≠ 0
51. 6 ( x − 2) ( x + 2) x + 2 52. 5( x + 6) 8 1
⋅ = ⋅ =
x−2 12
2
2 10 ( x − 6) 5 20 ( x + 6) 5( x − 6)
Note: x ≠ ±2 Note: x ≠ ±6
53. 1 5 1 ( x − 1)( x + 1) 54. 5 (3x − 4) (3x + 4) 3x + 4
÷ = ⋅ ⋅ =
x − 1 ( x − 1)( x + 1) x − 1 5
3x − 4 10
2
2
x +1
= Note: x ≠ −1,1 Note: x ≠ ± 43
5

17
Chapter 0

55. − ( p − 2) ( p + 1) −1 56. 4− x x−4 1

⋅
( p − 1) ( p + 1) 2 ( p − 2 )
=
2 ( p − 1) ⋅ =
( x − 4) ( x + 4) 3 (4 − x) 3( x + 4)
1
=
2 (1 − p )
Note: x ≠ ±4
Note: p ≠ 2,1, −1
57. ( 6 − n ) ( 6 + n ) ( n + 3)
⋅ =
6−n 58. ( 7 − y ) ( 7 + y ) 2 ( y + 5)
( n − 3) ( n + 3) ( n + 6 ) n−3 ⋅ =
( y − 5) ( y + 5) 7 + y
Note: n ≠ −6, −3,3
2(7 − y )
Note: y ≠ −7, ±5
y −5
3t ( t − 3)( t + 1) 6 ( t + 1)
59. ÷ = 60. x ( x + 6)( x + 2) ( x − 2)( x + 2)
5 (t − 2) 4 (t − 2) ⋅ =
3 t ( t − 3) ( t + 1) 4 (t − 2)
2 5 x ( x − 2) 4 ( x + 2)
2t ( t − 3)
⋅ =
5 (t − 2) 6 ( t + 1) 5 ( x + 6)( x + 2)
Note: x ≠ 0, ±2
Note: t ≠ −1, 2 20
61. w ( w − 1)
÷
w w2 − 1 ( ) = ( w − 1) ÷ ( w − 1)( w + 1) 62. y ( y − 3) 4
8 y 4
w 5w 32
1 5w 2 ⋅ =
2y y 2 ( y − 3) y
( w − 1) 5w2
= Note: y ≠ 0,3
( w − 1) ( w + 1)
5w2
=
w +1
Note: w ≠ −1,1, 0
63. ( x − 3) ( x + 7 ) ( x − 4 ) ( x + 5 ) 64. ( 2 y + 1) ( y − 3) y ( y − 5) y
⋅ = ⋅ =
( x − 2 ) ( x + 5) ( x − 9 ) ( x + 7 ) ( 2 y + 1) ( y − 5) 3 ( y − 3) 3
( x − 3)( x − 4) Note: y ≠ − 12 , 0,3,5
Note: x ≠ −7, −5, 2, 4,9
( x − 2)( x − 9)
65. ( 5 x − 2 ) ( 4 x + 1) x (3 x + 5) 66. ( x + 3) ( x − 9 ) ( x + 5) ( 2 x − 1)
⋅ =
⋅ =
( 5 x + 2 ) ( 5 x − 2 ) (3x + 5)(4 x + 1) ( x + 7 ) ( 2 x − 1) ( 2 x + 3) ( x − 9 )
( x + 5)( x + 3)
x Note: x ≠ −7, −5, − 32 , 12 ,9
Note: x ≠ − 53 , − 14 , 0, ± 52 ( x + 7)(2 x + 3)
5x + 2
67. 3 ( 5 ) − 2 15 − 2 13 68. 5 − 3(7) 16
= = =−
5x 5x 5x 7x 7x
Note: x ≠ 0 Note: x ≠ 0

18
 Section 0.5

69. 3 ( p + 1) + 5 p ( p − 2 ) 3 p + 3 + 5 p 2 − 10 p 70. 4( x − 2) − 5 x(9 + x) 4 x − 8 − 45 x − 5 x 2

= =
( p − 2 )( p + 1) ( p − 2 )( p + 1) ( x + 9)( x − 2) ( x + 9)( x − 2)
5 p2 − 7 p + 3 −(5 x 2 + 41x + 8)
= =
( p − 2 )( p + 1) ( x + 9)( x − 2)
−(5 x + 1)( x + 8)
Note: p ≠ −1, 2 =
( x + 9)( x − 2)
Note: x ≠ −9, 2
71. 2x + 1 3 − 2x 2x + 1 + 3 − 2x 4 72. 7 5 12
+
5x − 1 5x − 1
=
5x − 1
=
5x − 1
+ =
2x −1 2x −1 2x −1
Note: x ≠ 1
5 Note: x ≠ 12
73. 74. 3 4 1
− + =
x −1 x −1 x −1
3 y 2 ( y − 1) + (1 − 2 y )( y + 1) 3 y3 − 3 y 2 + y + 1 − 2 y 2 − 2 y Note: x ≠ 1
=
( y + 1)( y − 1) ( y + 1)( y − 1)
3 y3 − 5 y2 − y + 1
=
y2 −1
Note: y ≠ ±1
75. 3x
+
( 3 + x ) = 3x + ( 3 + x )( x − 2 ) 76. x −1
−
( x + 1) = ( x − 1) − ( x + 1)( 2 − x )
( x − 2 )( x + 2 ) ( x + 2) ( x − 2 )( x + 2 ) ( 2 − x )( 2 + x ) ( x + 2 ) ( 2 − x )( x + 2 )
3x + 3x − 6 + x 2 − 2 x x2 + 4x − 6 x −1 − 2x + x2 − 2 + x
= = =
( x − 2 )( x + 2 ) ( x − 2 )( x + 2 ) ( 2 − x )( x + 2 )
x2 − 3
x2 + 4 x − 6 =
= ( 2 − x )( x + 2 )
x2 − 4
Note: x ≠ ±2 Note: x ≠ ±2
77. ( x − 1)( x + 2) + ( x − 6) x 2 + x − 2 + x − 6 78. 2( y + 2) + 7( y − 3) 2 y + 4 + 7 y − 21
= =
( x − 2)( x + 2) ( x − 2)( x + 2) ( y − 3)( y + 2) ( y − 3)( y + 2)
x2 + 2 x − 8 ( x + 4) ( x − 2) 9 y − 17
= = = Note: y ≠ −2,3
( x − 2)( x + 2) ( x − 2) ( x + 2) ( y − 3)( y + 2)
x+4
= Note: x ≠ ±2
x+2
79. 5a 7 5a + 7(a + b) 80. ( y − 2)( y + 2) + 4 y − 2( y + 2)
+ = =
(a − b)( a + b) a − b (a − b)(a + b) y ( y − 2)( y + 2)
5a + 7 a + 7b 12a + 7b y2 + 2 y − 8 ( y + 4) ( y − 2)
= = =
(a − b)(a + b) a 2 − b 2 y ( y − 2)( y + 2) y ( y − 2) ( y + 2)
Note: a ≠ ±b
Note: y ≠ 0, ±2

19
Chapter 0

81. 7( x − 3) + 1 7 x − 20 82. 3( y − 2) − 4(5 y + 6) + ( y 2 − y )

= =
x −3 x−3 (5 y + 6)( y − 2)
Note: x ≠ 3
y 2 − 18 y − 30
Note: y ≠ − 65 , 2
(5 y + 6)( y − 2)
83. 1 84. 3 − 5y
−1
x ⋅ x = 1− x Note: x ≠ 0, 2 y 3 − 5y
2 x x−2 = Note: y ≠ 0, 12
1− 4y − 2 4y − 2
x y
85. 3x + 1 86. x+2
x = 3x + 1 ⋅ x2 x
= x2 x+2
9x −1
2
x (3x + 1) (3x − 1) 3x − 1 = Note: x ≠ 0, 95
x2
9x − 5 9x − 5
Note: x ≠ 0, ± 13 x2
87. 1 88. 7
+1
x − 1 ⋅ ( x − 1)( x + 1) = x + 1 + x − 1
2
y+7 7 y ( y + 7)
1 ( x − 1)( x + 1) x − 1 − ( x − 1)
2 = ⋅ = −y
1− y − ( y + 7) y+7 −7
x +1
y ( y + 7)
x 2 + x x ( x + 1) x +1
= 2 = = Note: y ≠ −7, 0
x − x x ( x − 1) x −1
Note: x ≠ 0, ±1
89. 1+ x −1 90. 3( x − 1) − 3( x + 1)
x − 1 = x ⋅ x + 1 = x( x + 1) ( x + 1)( x − 1) 6
1 + x + 1 x − 1 x + 2 ( x − 1)( x + 2) =− Note: x ≠ ±1
5 5
x +1 ( x + 1)( x − 1)
Note: x ≠ ±1, −2
91. pi pi (1 + i )5 92. pi pi (1 + i ) nt
A= = A= =
(1 + i )5 − 1 (1 + i )5 − 1 (1 + i ) nt − 1 (1 + i ) nt − 1
(1 + i )5 (1 + i ) nt
Substituting in the given information
yields A ≈ $948.10
93. 1 1 RR 94. 1 1 pq
= = 1 2 f = = =
1 1 R2 + R1 R2 + R1 1 1 q+ p q+ p
+ +
R1 R2 R1 R2 p q pq
95. Initially, x2 + 2x + 1 has the restriction 96. Cannot cancel the 1’s. Must factor
x +1 first. x +1 1
=
x ≠ −1 . x2 + 2x + 1
= x +1 ( x + 1) ( x + 1) + 1
x
x +1

20
 Section 0.6

x 2 − 81
97. False. = x+9 x ≠ 9 98. True.
x−9
x−c
99. False.
1
−
3x 6 x
1
(
LCD = 6 x not 18 x 2 ) 100. False.
c−x
= −1, x ≠ c
101. ( x + a ) ( x + c ) ( x + a )( x + d )
÷ =
102. (a n
− bn )( a n
+ bn )= a n
+ bn , a ≠ b
( x + b ) ( x + d ) ( x + b )( x + c ) ( a −b
n n
)
Note: x ≠ −b, −c, − d

103. The graph is as follows. There is a 104. The graph is as follows. There is a
hole at x = −7 . It agrees with hole at x = 2. It agrees with
Exercise 23. Exercise 21.

21
Chapter 0

1 + x −1 2 x −1
( x − 1)( x + 2) 1 − x +2 3 x +1
( x + 1)( x − 4)
105. a. = x−2
= 106. a. = x +3
=
1 − x +1 2 x +1
x+2 ( x + 1)( x − 2) 1 + x −1 4 x −3
x−4 ( x + 3)( x − 3)
b. b.

c. The graphs agree as long as x ≠ −1, ±2 . c. The graphs agree as long as x ≠ 4, ±3 .

Section 0.6 Solutions --------------------------------------------------------------------------------

1. 10 2. 11
3. -12 4. not real
5. -6 6. -5
7. 7 8. 3
9. 1 10. -1
11. 0 12. 0
13. not real 14. -1
15. -3 16. -4
( ) ( (−64) )
2 2
= 22 = 4 = (−4) 2 = 16
1 1
17. 8 3 18. 3

19. -2 20. -35/3

21. -1 22. 1
(9 ) ( )
3 2
= 33 = 27 24. 27 3 = 27 = 32 = 9
1 2 1
23. 2 3

25. −4 2 26. −4 5
27. 8 5 28. 3 7
29. 2 3 ⋅ 2 = 2 6 (
30. 2 5 ⋅ 3 2 10 = 2 5 ⋅ 3 2 2 5 = 60 2) ( )
31. 3
12 ⋅ 3 4 = 3 48 = 3 8 ⋅ 6 = 2 3 6 32. 4
8 ⋅ 4 4 = 4 32 = 2 4 2
33. 21 34. 10
35. 8 25 x = 40 x 2 36. 16 ( 6 y 2 ) = 96 y 2

22
 Section 0.6

37. 2 x y 38. 4 x xy
39. −3x 2 y 2 3 3 y 2 40. −2x 2 y 5
y3
1 3 3 2 5 10
41. ⋅ = 42. ⋅ =
3 3 3 5 5 5
2 11 2 11 5 2 5 2
43. ⋅ = 44. ⋅ =
3 11 11 33 3 2 2 6

45.
3 1+ 5 3 1+ 5
⋅ = =
(
3+3 5 ) 2 1− 3 2 1− 3
⋅ = =
2−2 3 ( )
1− 5 1+ 5 1− 5 −4 46. 1 + 3 1 − 3 1− 3 −2
= −1 + 3
1+ 2 1+ 2 1+ 2 2 + 2 3− 5 3− 5 9−6 5 +5 7 −3 5
47. ⋅ = = −3 − 2 2 48. ⋅ = =
1− 2 1+ 2 1− 2 3+ 5 3− 5 9−5 2
49. 50.
2+ 3 3 2+ 3 ( ) 2− 5 5 2− 5 5 ( ) ( 5− 2 )
3
⋅
2− 3 2+ 3
=
2−3
= −3 ( 2+ 3 ) 5
⋅
2+ 5 2− 5
=
2−5
=
3
51. 52.
4
⋅
3 2 −2 3 4 3 2 −2 3
=
( ) 7
⋅
2 3 −3 2 7 2 3 −3 2
=
( )
3 2 +2 3 3 2 −2 3 18 − 12 2 3 +3 2 2 3 −3 2 12 − 18

(
2 3 2 −2 3 ) =
(
7 3 2 −2 3 )
=
3 6

53. 54.
4 + 5 3 − 2 5 12 + 3 5 − 8 5 − 10 3 2 −4 6 3 2 −4 ( )
⋅
3+ 2 5 3− 2 5
=
9 − 20
6
⋅
3 2 +4 3 2 −4
=
18 − 16
=3 3 2 −4 ( )
−5 5 + 2 5 5 − 2
= =
−11 11
55. 56.
7+ 3 2+ 5
⋅ =
( 7+ 3 )( 2+ 5 ) y
⋅
x+ y
=
xy + y
2− 5 2+ 5 −3 x− y x+ y x− y
57. x3 y 4 58. y 8 ⋅ y 3 = y11
x −1 y − 2
3 4 3
1 x 3y 2
59. −1 1 = 2 =y2
1
60. 4
x y2 y x 3y

23
Chapter 0

y −9 x −8
7
61. x 6 y 2 1
62. 6 56
= 15 64
y x y x
8 x −2
8 2
8x2 x3 x3
63. = 64. =
16 x − 3 16 x − 3
2 8
2 2
65. x ( x − x − 2 ) = x 3 ( x − 2)( x + 1) 66. 4 x 4 ( x + 2)
1 2 1 1
3

67. 7 x
3
7
(1 − 2 x 3
7
+ 3x ) 68. 7 x −
1
3
(1 + 10 x )
4
3

1280 600
69. = 80 ≈ 9 sec. 70. = 120 ≈ 11 sec.
16 5
71. d = (29.46) ≈ 9.54 astronomical units
2 1
⎛ 19.6 ⎞
3 2

72. p = 2π ⎜ ⎟ = 2π 2 sec. ≈ 8.9 sec.

⎝ 9.8 ⎠
73. Forgot to square the 4 74. Should have multiplied by the
conjugate 5 + 11
75. False. Only give principal root 76. False. If x = −1, then (−1) 2 = 1, not
-1.
77. False. If a = 3, b = 4, then a 2 + b2 = 78. False. −4 is not a real number.
25 = 5, while a + b = 3 + 2 ≠ 5.

79. Multiply the exponents to get a mnk . 80. Multiply the exponents to get a .

7 2 − 4(1)(12) 1 82. 7 2 − 4(1)(12) = 1

81. =
2(1) 2

83. 84.
a+b − a a+b − a
2
1 ⎛ 1 ⎞
=⎜ ⎟ ⋅ =
( ) ⎝ a+ b⎠
2
a+ b a+b + a a+b − a
⎛ a− b⎞
2
a+b−2 a a+b +a
= ⎜⎜
1
⋅ ⎟⎟
=
a+b−a
⎝ a+ b a− b⎠
2a + b − 2 a ( a + b)
( )
2
a− b
2
⎛ a− b⎞
= ⎜⎜ ⎟⎟ = b
⎝ a −b ⎠ ( a − b) 2
a − 2 a b + b a + b − 2 ab
= =
(a − b) 2 ( a − b) 2
85. 3.317 86. 1.913

24
 Section 0.7

87. 88.
4 5 2 −4 3 4 5 2 −4 3 ( ) 2
⋅
4 5 +3 6 2 4 5 +3 6
=
( )
a. 5 2 + 4 3 5 2 − 4 3 =
⋅
50 − 48 a. 4 5 − 3 6 4 5 + 3 6 80 − 54
= 10 2 − 8 3 4 5 +3 6
=
b. 0.2857291632 13
c. Yes b. 1.25328778
c. Yes

Section 0.7 Solutions --------------------------------------------------------------------------------

1. −16 = N 16 ⋅ N
−1 = 4i 2. −100 = N 100 ⋅ N −1 = 10i
4 i 10 i

3. −20 = N − 1 = 2i 5
20 N 4. −24 = 2 6 N
−1 = 2 6 ⋅ i
2 5 i i

5. -4 6. -3
7. 8i 8. 3i 3
9. 3 − 10i 10. 4 − 11i
11. −10 − 12i 12. 7 − (−5) = 12
13. 3 − 7i − 1 − 2i = 2 − 9i 14. 1 + i + 9 − 3i = 10 − 2i
15. 10 − 14i 16. −5 + 5i
17. ( 4 − 5i ) − ( 2 − 3i ) = 4 − 5i − 2 + 3i = 2 − 2i 18. ( −2 + i ) − (1 − i ) = −2 + i − 1 + i = −3 + 2i
19. −1 + 2i 20. −1 + 4i
21. 12 − 6i 22. 28 − 24i
23. 96 − 60i 24. −48 − 12i
25. −48 + 27i 26. 15 − 30i
27. −102 + 30i 28. −96 − 36i
29. (1 − i )( 3 + 2i ) = 3 + 2i − 3i − 2i 2 30. ( −3 + 2i )(1 − 3i ) = −3 + 9i + 2i − 6i 2
= −3 + 11i + 6
= 3−i+ 2 = 5−i
= 3 + 11i
31. −15 + 21i + 20i + 28 = 13 + 41i 32. −32 + 10i − 16i − 5 = −37 − 6i
33. 42 − 30i + 63i + 45 = 87 + 33i 34. −21 − 14i + 12i − 8 = −29 − 2i
35. −24 + 36i + 12i + 18 = −6 + 48i 36. 16 + 9 = 25
9 + 9 i − 2 i + 6 = 9 − 18 i − 12 − 13 i + 83 i − 14 = − 43 + 241 i
37. 2 8 3 56 11 38.
39. −2i + 34 + 51i + 3 = 37 + 49i 40. 6i + 4 − 9 + 6i = −5 + 12i
41. z = 4 − 7i 42. z = 2 − 5i
z z = 42 + 7 2 = 65 z z = 22 + 52 = 29

25
Chapter 0

43. z = 2 + 3i 44. z = 5 + 3i
z z = 2 + 3 = 13
2 2
z z = 52 + 32 = 34
45. z = 6 − 4i 46. z = −2 − 7i
z z = 6 + 4 = 52
2 2
z z = 22 + 7 2 = 53
47. z = −2 + 6i 48. z = −3 + 9i
z z = 2 + 6 = 40
2 2
z z = 32 + 92 = 90
49. 2 i 50. 3 i
⋅ = −2i ⋅ = −3i
i i i i
1 (3 + i ) 3 + i 3 + i 3 1 52. 2 7 + i 14 + 2i 7
⋅ = =
1
+ i
51. ⋅ = = = + i
3 − i (3 + i ) 9 − i 2
10 10 10 7 − i 7 + i 49 + 1 25 25
53. 54. 1 4 + 3i 4 + 3i 4 3
⋅ = = + i
1 ( 3 − 2i ) 3 − 2i 3 − 2i 4 − 3i 4 + 3i 16 + 9 25 25
⋅ = =
3 + 2i ( 3 − 2i ) 9 − 4i 2 9 + 4
3 − 2i 3 2
= = − i
13 13 13

55. 56. 8 1 − 6i 8 − 48i 8 48

⋅ = = − i
2 7 − 2i 14 − 4i 14 4 1 + 6i 1 − 6i 1 + 36 37 37
⋅ = = − i
7 + 2i 7 − 2i 49 + 4 53 53
57. 58. 3 − i 3 − i 9 − 6i − 1 8 − 6i
⋅ = =
1 − i (1 − i ) 1 − 2i + i 2
3+i 3−i 9 +1 10
⋅ =
1 + i (1 − i ) 1 − i2 4 3
= − i
1 − 2i − 1 −2i 5 5
= = = −i
1 − ( −1) 2
59. 60. 2 + i 3 + i 6 + 3i + 2i − 1 5 + 5i
⋅ = =
2 + 3i 3 + 5i 6 + 9i + 10i − 15 3−i 3+i 9 +1 10
⋅ =
3 − 5i 3 + 5i 9 + 25 1 1
= + i
9 19 2 2
=− + i
34 34

26
 Section 0.7

61. 4 − 5i ( 7 − 2i ) 28 − 8i − 35i + 10i 2 62. 7 + 4i 9 + 3i 63 + 36i + 21i − 12

⋅ = ⋅ =
7 + 2i ( 7 − 2i ) 49 − 4i 2 9 − 3i 9 + 3i 81 + 9
28 − 43i − 10 51 + 57i 17 19
= = = + i
49 + 4 90 30 30
18 − 43i 18 43
= = − i
53 53 53

63. 8 + 3i 9 + 2i 72 + 27i + 16i − 6 64. 10 − i 12 − 5i 120 − 12i − 50i − 5

⋅ = ⋅ =
9 − 2i 9 + 2i 81 + 4 12 + 5i 12 − 5i 144 + 25
66 43 115 62
= + i = − i
85 85 169 169

65. 66.
( ) ( ) = i ( −1) = (i )
24
4 3
i = i ⋅i = i ⋅i = i i
15 12 3 3 2
−i i 99 = i 96 ⋅ i 3 = 4
⋅ i3
N
1
( ) = i (− 1 ) =
= i i2 −i

67. i 40 = ( i 4 ) = (1) = 1 68. i18 = i16 ⋅ i 2 = ( i 4 ) ⋅ i 2 = (1) ⋅ i 2 = −1

10 10 4 4

69. 25 − 20i − 4 = 21 − 20i 70. 9 − 30i − 25 = −16 − 30i

71. 4 + 12i − 9 = −5 + 12i 72. 16 − 72i − 81 = −65 − 72i
73. 74.
(3 + i ) 2 (3 + i) = (9 + 6i − 1)(3 + i ) (2 + i ) 2 (2 + i ) = (4 + 4i − 1)(2 + i )
= (8 + 6i )(3 + i ) = (3 + 4i )(2 + i )
= 24 + 18i + 8i − 6 = 6 + 8i + 3i − 4
= 18 + 26i = 2 + 11i
75. 76.
(1 − i ) (1 − i ) = (1 − 2i − 1)(1 − i )
2
(4 − 3i ) 2 (4 − 3i ) = (16 − 24i − 9)(4 − 3i )
= −2i (1 − i ) = (7 − 24i )(4 − 3i )
= −2i − 2 = 28 − 96i − 21i − 72
= −2 − 2i = −44 − 117i

27
Chapter 0

77. z = (3 − 6i ) + (5 + 4i ) = 8 − 2i ohms 78.

1 1 1
= +
z 3 − 6i 5 + 4i
1 3 + 6i 1 5 − 4i
= ⋅ + ⋅
3 − 6i 3 + 6i 5 + 4i 5 − 4i
3 + 6i 5 − 4i
= +
45 41
⎛1 5⎞ ⎛ 2 4⎞
= ⎜ + ⎟ + ⎜ − ⎟i
⎝ 15 41 ⎠ ⎝ 15 41 ⎠
116 22
= + i
615 615
79. Should have multiplied by the 80. 10 − 7i − 12i 2 = 10 − 7i + 12 = 22 − 7i
conjugate 4 + i (not 4 − i ).
2 ( 4 + i ) 8 + 2i 8 + 2i 8 2
⋅ = = = + i
4 − i ( 4 + i ) 16 − i 2 17 17 17

81. True. 82. True. 83. True. 84. False.

( )
85. x 4 + 2 x 2 + 1 = x 2 + 1 2 = ( x + i ) 2 ( x − i ) 2 86.
( ) = ( ( x + 3i)( x − 3i) )
2
x2 + 9
2

= ( x + 3i ) 2 ( x − 3i ) 2
87. 41 − 38i 88. −352 − 936i
2
89. 125 + 125
11
i 7
90. 625 − 625
24
i

Chapter 0 Review Solutions -----------------------------------------------------------------------

1. a. 5.22 b. 5.21 2. a. 7.36 b. 7.36
3. 2 − 10 + 12 = 4 4. −16 − 49 = −65
5. −2 6. −3x + 3 y + 12 x − 8 y = 9 x − 5 y
3x 4 x x 10 y 6 y 5 y 11y
7. − = − 8. + − =
12 12 12 30 30 30 30
3 3 a 2 b2 a
9. ⋅ = 9 10. ⋅ =
1 1 3
b 2a 2b
11. −8z 3 12. −64z 6
9 x6 y 4 9 4x4 y6 xy 3
13. 8 4
= 2 14. 3 3 3 =
2x y 2x 4 x y 16
15. 2.15 × 10−6 16. 7, 200, 000, 000

28
 Chapter 0 Review

17. 14 z 2 + 3 z − 2 18. 26 y 2 − 9 y + 9
19. 20.
36 x 2 − 4 x − 5 − 6 x + 9 x 2 − 10 = 2 x − 4 x 2 + 7 x − 3x + 2 x 2 + 5 x − 4 =
45 x 2 − 10 x − 15 −2 x 2 + 11x − 4
21. 15 x 2 y 2 − 20 xy 3 22. 2 s t 3 − 2 s 2 t 2 + 4 s 2 t 3
23. x 2 + 2 x − 63 24. 6 x 2 − x − 2
25. 4 x 2 − 12 x + 9 26. 25 x 2 − 49
27. x4 + 2 x2 + 1 28. x 4 − 2 x 2 + 1
29. 2 xy 2 ( 7 x − 5 y ) (
30. 10 x 2 3x 2 − 2 x + 1 )
31. ( x + 5)( 2 x − 1) 32. ( 3x + 1)( 2 x − 7 )
33. ( 4 x + 5 )( 4 x − 5 ) 34. ( 3x − 5 )( 3x − 5 ) = ( 3x − 5 )
2

35. ( x + 5) ( x 2 − 5 x + 25 ) 36. (1 − 2 x)(1 + 2 x + 4 x 2 )

37. 2 x ( x + 5 )( x − 3) 38. x ( 6 x 2 − 5 x + 1) = x ( 3x − 1)( 2 x − 1)

( )
39. x 2 − 2 ( x + 1) ( )
40. x 2 + 3 ( 2 x − 1)
41. x ≠ ±3 42. x is any real number
43. x + 2, x ≠ 2 44. 1, x ≠ 5
( t + 3) ( t − 2 ) ( t + 3) z ( z + 1) ( z − 1)
45. = , t ≠ −1, 2 46. = z − 1, z ≠ −1, 0
( t − 2 ) ( t + 1) ( t + 1) z ( z + 1)
47. 48. ( x − 2) ( x + 1) x ( x + 2) ( x − 2)( x + 2)
⋅ = , x ≠ −3, −2, −1,0
( x +5) ( x − 2) ( x + 2) ( x −1) ( x +5)( x + 2) x 2 ( x + 3) x +1 x ( x + 3)
⋅ = , x ≠ −3,1,2
( x +3) ( x −1) ( x +3) ( x − 2) ( x +3)
2

2 x2 + 2 x + 2
49. x+3 x +1
= ( x + 1)( x + 3) 50. ( x +1)( x + 2) − x ( x + 2) + x ( x +1) = x x +1 x + 2
−
( x + 1)( x + 3) ( x + 1)( x + 3) ( )( )
x ≠ −1, −3 x ( x +1)( x + 2)
x ≠ 0, −1, −2
51. 52.
2( x − 3) + 1 x+2
x −3 2 x − 5 5 ( x − 3) 10 x − 25
1 + 4(5 x − 15)
= ⋅ = x2 x+2
x − 3 20 x − 59 20 x − 59 = 2 , x ≠ 0, ± 1

5 x − 15 3x − 1 3x − 1
2 3

x ≠ 3, 59
20 x2
53. 4⋅5 = 2 5 54. 16 ⋅ 5 = 4 5
55. −5xy 3 x 2 y 56. 2 xy 4 2y

29
Chapter 0

( ) (
57. 3 2 5 + 5 4 5 = 26 5 ) 58. 12 3x − 16 3x = −4 3x

59. 2 + 5 − 2 5 − 5 = −3 − 5 60. 12 + 4 x − 3 x − x = 12 − x + x
1 2+ 3 2+ 3 1 3+ x 3+ x
61. ⋅ = = 2+ 3 62. ⋅ =
2− 3 2+ 3 4−3 3− x 3+ x 9− x
4 2 3
9x 3 9x 3 16 x 2
= = 4x 6
13
63. 2 64. − 23
16 x 3 16 4x
1−1 1
65. 5 2 3
= 56 −8 3
66. x y = 8
y3
x
67. 13i 68. −32 = −2 ⋅ 16 = 4i 2
69. ( i 4 ) ⋅ i −1 = −i 70. ( i 4 ) ⋅ i = i
5 2

71. (3 − 2i ) + (5 − 4i) = 8 − 6i 72. (−4 + 7i ) + (−2 − 3i ) = −6 + 4i

73.
(12 − i ) − (−2 − 5i ) = (12 − i ) + (2 + 5i )
= 14 + 4i
75. ( 2i + 2 )( 3 − 3i ) = 12
77. 16 + 56i − 49 = −33 + 56i
74.
(9 + 8i ) − (4 − 2i ) = (9 + 8i ) + (−4 + 2i )
= 5 + 10i
76. ( 6i + 1)(1 + 5i ) = −29 + 11i
78. 49 − 14i − 1 = 48 − 14i

79.
1 2+i 2+i 2 1
⋅ = = + i 80. 1 ⋅ 3 − i = 3 − i = 3 − 1 i
2 − i 2 + i 4 +1 5 5 3+i 3−i 9 +1 10 10

81. 7 + 2i ⋅ 4 − 5i = 28 − 27i − 10i = 38 − 27 i 82. 6 − 5i ⋅ 3 + 2i = 28 − 3 i

2

4 + 5i 4 − 5i 16 + 25 41 41 3 − 2i 3 + 2i 13 13
10 i 10 7 i 7
83. ⋅ =− i 84. ⋅ =− i
3i i 3 2i i 2
85. Simplifying the radical using the 86. Simplifying the radical using the calculator
calculator gives exactly 16.5. So, it is gives the approximation 3.605551275. Since
rational. there is no discernable pattern, it seems that the
number is irrational.
87. 1.945 ×10−6 88. 1.5625 ×103

30
 Chapter 0 Review

89. 90.

The solid curve represents the graph of The solid curve represents the graph of both
both y = (2 x + 3)3 and y = ( x − 3) 2 and y = x 2 − 6 x + 9 .
y = 8 x 3 + 36 x 2 + 54 x + 27 .
91. 92.

All three graphs are different. The solid curve represents the graph of both
y = x 2 − 8 x + 16 and y = ( x − 4) 2 .
1 − 4x x−4
x 2 ( x − 4) 1 − 3x x −3
x 2 ( x − 3) x( x − 3)
= x
= 94. a. = x
= = 2
1 − ( 4x ) x 2 −16
x ( x 2 − 16 ) 1 + ( 9x ) x 2 + 81
x ( x + 81) x + 81
2 2 2
x2 x2
93. a.
x( x − 4) x
= =
( x + 4)( x − 4) x + 4

b. b.
c. The graphs agree as long as c. The graphs agree as long as x ≠ 0 .
x ≠ 0, ±4 .

31
Chapter 0

95. 96.
6
⋅
5+ 2 6 5+ 2
=
( ) 11
⋅
2 6 − 13 11 2 6 − 13
=
( )
a. a. 24 − 13
5− 2 5+ 2 5−2 2 6 + 13 2 6 − 13
=2 5+2 2 = 2 6 − 13
b. 7.30056308 b. 1.29342821
c. Yes c. Yes
97. 2868 − 6100i 7
98. 2500 + 625
6
i
99. 1.6 × 1014 100. 7
40,000 − 5,000
3
i

Chapter 0 Practice Test Solutions ----------------------------------------------------------------

1. 16 = 42 = 4 2. 3 54 x 6 = 3 27 ⋅ 2 ⋅ x 6 = 3 x 2 3 2
3. −3(27) + 2(−4) − (8) = −97 4. 5
−32 = 5
( −1) ⋅ 25 = −2

( −1) ⋅ 22 ⋅ 3 ⋅ x 2 ( ) ⋅ i = (1) ⋅ i = i
4 4
5. −12 x 2 = = 2i x 3 6. i17 = i 4

(x y z )
−2
2 −3 −1 8. 4 x
x −4 y 6 z 2 y 5 z1/ 2
7. = =
(x y z ) x −1/ 2 yz 3/ 2
1/ 2
−1 2 3 x 7/ 2

( ) (
9. 3 3 2 − 4 4 2 = −7 2 ) 10.
30 − 2 2 6 + 15 6 2 − 12
= 30 − 4 3 + 30 3 − 12
= 18 + 26 3
11. 2 y − 12 y + 20
2
12. 10 x − x − 21
2

13. ( x − 4)( x + 4) 14. 3 ( x 2 + 5 x + 6 ) = 3( x + 3)( x + 2)

15. (2 x + 3 y ) 2 16. ( x 2 − 1) = ( x − 1) 2 ( x + 1) 2
2

17. ( 2 x + 1)( x − 1) 18. ( 2 y − 1)( 3 y + 1)

19. t ( t + 1)( 2t − 3) 20. x ( 2 x 2 − 5 x − 3) = x(2 x + 1)( x − 3)
21. 22.
x( x − 3 y ) + 4 y ( x − 3 y ) = x 2 ( x 2 + 5 ) − 3 ( x 2 + 5 ) = ( x 2 − 3)( x 2 + 5 )
( x + 4 y )( x − 3 y ) = ( x − 3)( x + 3) ( x 2 + 5 )

23. 3 ( 27 + x 3 ) = 3(3 + x) ( 9 − 3x + x 2 ) 24. x ( 27 − x 3 ) = x(3 − x) ( 9 + 3 x + x 2 )

32
 Chapter 0 Practice Test

2( x − 1) + 3 x 5 x − 2 26.
25. = , x ≠ 0,1
x( x − 1) x( x − 1) 5x
−
4
=
( x − 5)( x − 2) ( x − 5)( x + 5)
5 x( x + 5) − 4( x − 2) 5 x 2 + 21x + 8
=
( x − 5)( x + 5)( x − 2) ( x − 5)( x + 5)( x − 2)
Note: x ≠ 2, ±5

27. 28.
x −1
⋅
x2 + x + 1
=
(2 x − 3) (2 x + 3) ( x − 4) ( x + 4)
⋅ =
( x − 1)( x + 1) ( x − 1) ( x 2 + x + 1) ( x − 15) ( x + 4) ( 2 x + 3)
1 (2 x − 3)( x − 4)
Note: x ≠ ±1 Note: x ≠ −4, − 32 ,15
( x − 1)( x + 1) ( x − 15)
29. 30. 1 − t ⋅ 7 t + 2 1t 2 = 1 − t ⋅ 7 t (1 + 3 t )
x−3 x2 − 9 x−3 − (2 x − 5) 3 t + 1 t 2 − 2 t + 1 3 t + 1 ( t − 1 )( t − 1 )
÷ = ⋅
2x − 5 5 − 2x 2 x − 5 ( x − 3) ( x + 3) −7t
= , t ≠ − 13 ,1
t −1
1
= −
x+3
N o te : x ≠ 52 , ± 3
31. (1 − 3i )( 7 − 5i ) = 7 − 26i + 15i 2 = −8 − 26i 2 − 11i 4 − i 8 − 46i − 11 −3 46
32. ⋅ = = − i
4+i 4−i 16 + 1 17 17
33. 34. 1.55 × 10−5
7 − 2 3 4 + 5 3 28 + 27 3 − 10 ⋅ 3
⋅ =
4−5 3 4+5 3 16 − 25 ⋅ 3
2 − 27 3
=
59

33
Chapter 0

35. 36.
x +1− 2x 1 + 5x x +5
x 2 ( x + 5) x
a. = x
= =
x( x + 1) 1− x 1 1 − 25 x − 25
x ( x − 25 ) x − 5
2 2
= =− x2 x2
x −1 x( x + 1)( x − 1) x( x + 1) b.
Note: x ≠ 0, ±1

c. The graphs agree as long as x ≠ 0, ±5 .

37. 2.330

34