ALL YOU NEED TO KNOW ABOUT EPILEPSY

Epilepsy is a chronic neurological disorder which causes recurrent, unprovoked

seizures, which are sudden bursts of electrical activity in the brain. It occurs when
the brain sends out wrong signals to the body. These seizures cause a temporary
disturbance in the communication between the brain cells. The severity of seizures
depends on the individual. The exact cause of the seizures is unknown, although it
can be triggered due to brain injury, stroke, brain tumour, and alcohol and drug
abuse. Mild seizure usually lasts a few seconds during which a person experiences
lack of awareness, while stronger seizures can last for a few minutes and can cause
spasms, uncontrollable muscle twitches, or in extreme cases, may even lose
consciousness.

Causes of Epilepsy

A seizure indicates that a part of the brain is not functioning normally. It can be
due to many reasons such as infections of the brain, injuries to the brain, and birth
injuries to the brain, tumours, blood clots etc. In some cases, the doctors might be
unable to detect the cause of the seizures. In very rare cases, the seizures may also
be due to genetic factors.

The other known causes of epilepsy are:

 Serious illness or high fever

 Stroke
 Lack of oxygen to the brain
 Dementia or Alzheimer’s disease
 Brain tumours
 Maternal drug use, prenatal injury, brain malformation
 Lack of sleep
 Substance abuse
 Excessive consumption of alcohol
 Other vascular diseases
Types of Epileptic Seizures and their Symptoms

Seizures and epilepsy are of two basic types: Focal or Partial Epilepsy and
Generalized Epilepsy. When the seizure involves an electrical abnormality in a part
of the brain, it is called focal or partial epilepsy and the term applies to epilepsy as
well. When it involves the entire brain right from the beginning, it is referred to as
a generalized seizure or epilepsy. Sometimes, the seizures may not cause any
symptoms, and these are known as sub-clinical seizures.

The symptoms of epilepsy vary according to the

type of seizure:

 Focal (Partial) Seizures

In a partial seizure, the epileptic activity takes place in just a part of the patient’s
brain. The seizures are usually named according to the area of the brain in which
they originate, for example, focal frontal lobe seizures. There are two types of
partial seizures:

 Simple Partial Seizure: It doesn’t involve a loss of consciousness. The

symptoms are:
o Dizziness
o Twitching of limbs
o Alterations to sense of smell, taste, sight, hearing and/or touch
o Sudden, unexplainable feelings of joy, anger, sadness or nausea
  Complex Partial Seizures: In this type of partial seizure, the patient may
lose consciousness or the sense of awareness and have a dreamlike
experience The symptoms are:
o Staring blankly
o Unresponsiveness
o Repetitive movements like blinking, twitching etc. known as
automatisms

 Generalized Seizures

It occurs when both the hemispheres of the brain have an epileptic activity. It is a
result of abnormal neural activity in both the halves of the brain. A person loses
consciousness during the seizure. There are six types of generalized seizures:

 Absence Seizures: These involve short lapses in consciousness which

causes a blank stare during the seizures. It may also cause repetitive
movements like lip smacking or blinking. Absence seizures often
respond well to treatment.
 Tonic Seizures: They cause a loss of consciousness, muscle stiffness,
usually in the back, legs and arms, and shaking.
 Atonic Seizures: It causes a loss of muscle control and can make a
person fall down suddenly.
 Clonic Seizures: These are associated with rhythmic, jerking movements.
 Myoclonic Seizures: These cause spontaneous quick twitching of the
arms and legs.
  Tonic-clonic Seizures: These are the best known type of generalized
seizures. The symptoms include body stiffness, shaking, loss of bladder
or bowel control, tongue biting and loss of consciousness.

Do’s and Don’ts during Seizures

During a seizure, the immediate priority is the safety of the patient. The patient
must be made to lie horizontally on to one side. This causes any secretions of the
mouth to come out and prevents suffocation. Patients often jerk violently during
seizure. In such cases, the patient must be supported on to one side, either the right
or the left, and it should be ensured that he/she does not strike against any furniture
or the walls which may result in an injury. No attempt should be made to try and
forcibly restrain the jerking, as this may result in injuries to the patient, tear in the
muscles or ligaments or even dislocations of the joints. No attempt should be made
to prevent a person from biting the tongue during a seizure, even if results in
bleeding. Trying to do so by inserting fingers, cloth or spoon between the teeth, or
trying to pry open the mouth actually leads to injury of the teeth, gums, jaws, or
may even end up suffocating the patient. During a seizure, nothing should be given
to the patient by mouth, such as water, juice, sugar etc. This is because, during and
after a seizure, the patient is unable to swallow properly and the food particles may
end up in the throat or the lungs, resulting in respiratory infections.

Precautions for patients during epilepsy

Sleep is the first line of defence against seizures and epilepsy, so a person must get
adequate sleep of about -8 hours regularly. Patients must also take their meals
regularly. They should never miss their medicines. Each medicine has a specific
duration of action beyond which the protection diminishes, so all medicines need
to be taken at regular intervals. Alcohol must be avoided as it can trigger seizures.

Seizures are unpredictable and they may occur even while on treatment. Therefore,
a person should be well aware of his/her surroundings from the safety aspect and
not indulge in any activity wherein a seizure may result in a grievous injury. As
per Indian laws, any person with epilepsy or seizure is prohibited from driving and
their license will be suspended once a diagnosis of seizure or epilepsy has been
confirmed.

Diagnosis and Treatment of Epilepsy

There are many tests to determine whether a person has epilepsy and the kind of
seizures he/she is experiencing. The tests to be conducted depend on the medical
history and symptoms of the patient. Blood tests may be conducted to detect for
signs of infectious diseases, liver and kidney function and blood glucose levels.

 EEG Monitoring: This is the most common test used in diagnosing

epilepsy. It is a non-invasive, painless test which can detect
abnormalities in the brain’s electrical activity.
 CT Scans, Magnetic Resonance Imaging (MRI), Positron Emission
Tomography (PET) and other imaging tests can reveal tumours and other
abnormalities that can cause seizures.
Treatment options for epilepsy are:

 Medications: Anti-epileptic drugs can reduce the number of seizures and

may also help in eliminating them. The choice of the medicine depends
on the age of the patient, gender, reproductive status, pregnancy, type of
seizure, medical history and other medicines that he/she might be taking.
All the medicines are designed for long term use, running into several
years. They are tried and tested and have predictable side-effects like
nausea, irritability, headaches, depressions, loss of hair, weight gain etc.
Generally, the side-effects are quite mild and can be handled well with
minor adjustments in the dosage.
 Brain Surgery: The area of the brain that causes seizure activity can be
removed or altered.
 Vagus Nerve Stimulator: This is a device surgically placed under the
skin on the chest which electrically stimulates the nerve running through
the neck. This can help prevent the seizures.
 Ketogenic diet, which is a high-fat, low-carbohydrate diet, can help
control the seizures.

Recurrent seizures, which are unprovoked, always require treatment. But

sometimes, a single seizure may not be treated if all the test results like MRI and
EEG are normal. But some factors such as the patient’s lifestyle, occupation etc.
also needs to be considered. If the doctor feels that a second seizure could pose a
major hazard to the patient, medications might be initiated right after the first
seizure. In children, common seizures that occur with fever, called simple febrile
seizures are generally not treated.
Cases of epilepsy need to be handled with care. Although no cure exists for this
condition at present, the right treatment can result in a dramatic improvement in
the patient’s condition and quality of life.