These relationships are exactly those defining the electro- It is apparent, according to eqns.

10 and 11, that balanced

magnetic-unbalance factors m0 and m2>for which numerical series-capacitor compensation in the three line conductors
values have been published.2'3 We may write does not have any influence on the magnitudes of the injected
e
o —~ (14) voltages e 0 and e 2 . Consequently, if eqns. 14 and 15 are used
for evaluating e 0 and e 2 ) it is essential that the Z oo and Z 22
e, = — = —m ii (1.5) = Z1X employed are consistent with those used for defining
thereby taking advantage of all the work which has already m0 and m 2 . Suggested practice is to let Z oo , Z 22 , m0 and m2
been performed in evaluating m0 and m2 and easily estab- represent values for the uncompensated line, and to retain
lishing the magnitudes of the e 0 and e 2 to be injected in the the identity of the series capacitor in the proposed equiva-
proposed simulation as a function of the positive-sequence lent networks.
line current.

l
b —

O O o id'—•

i c —*

V,

(i) (ii)
Fig.l
Basic horizontal-transmission-line configuration

-Q

u
-CD-
O-
-6
•22

o -CD-

I ^00
O -CD-
Fig. 3
Equivalent-phase network for electromagnetic effects
If it is desired to work in terms of physical or phase quanti-
ties, the 3-phase 4-wire equivalent network shown in Fig. 3
may be employed, whereby
(Z bb - Z a a + Z bc - Zab) - 3(Z bb - Z aa )
a2
( Z b b - Z a a + Z bc - Zab) + 3a(Zbc - Z ab ) di/3)
a (Zbb- z aa + Zbc - Zab) + 3a 2 (Z bc - Z ab )

Zn,
J
01 + ^21
Fig. 2
J
01 + a Z 21 (16)
Symmetrical-component networks for electromagnetic
effects 21
1622 PROC.IEE, Vol. 119, No. 11, NOVEMBER 1972
In summary, a balanced current flowing along an untrans- and, since Ai0, Ai 2 ,X 0 1 ,X 0 2 ,X 2 1 ,and X 20 are relatively
posed line section will induce unbalanced voltage drops. This small, we may write
can be simulated by injecting equivalent-voltage generators
in series with the line-section equivalent network, and the
voltages are evaluated on the basis of the positive-sequence ^ 0 * (-X 0 1 /X 0 0 )Ai 1 = - E 0 / - j X 10 0 (24)
line current. Consequently, if a given line section carries no
positive-sequence current, there can be no equivalent-voltage Ai2 * (-X 2 1 /X 2 2 )Ai 1 = - E 2 / - j X : (25)
22
generators. However, this line section may yet carry nega-
tive- and zero-sequence current components because of the
influence of adjacent untransposed line sections forming a Fig. 5 shows the equivalent-network simulation for these
ring or loop. unbalanced line-charging currents.

2 ELECTROSTATIC UNBALANCE
Fig. 4 shows the line-to-earth and line-to-line capacitances
which characterise the electrostatic field associated with
overhead transmission lines. For long e.h.v. lines, the charg- C
ing current can become a significant portion of the line

Fig.4
Transmission-line capacitances
Fig. 5
Symmetrical-component networks for electrostatic effects
current. Because the capacitive reactance for 160 km of
overhead line is about five times the surge impedance of the
line, the charging power for such a line section is about one-
fifth of the surge-impedance loading, or roughly 200 MVA at
500 kV. The charging currents are defined as

Aia" ia ~ ia'
Ai b = ib - ib' (17)
Aic ic-ic1

A system of electrostatic voltage equations may be estab-

lished, 5 similar to eqn. 1, and, after elimination of the earth-
wire equations, appears as

Va Xaa Xab Xab Ais

vb = - 3 Xab x
bb Xbc (18)
x x
Vc _ ab b c Xbb_
and, in terms of symmetrical components,

L X 02 Ai
o~
oo 01
11 12 Ai x (19)
v
L 2j LX2 0 21 X 22_ Ai
_ 2

To enforce a balanced charging current (Ai0 = Ai2 = 0),we

would require a voltage unbalance of

E o = - j X o l A i 1 = (X ol /X 11 )V 1 (20)

E 2 = - j X 2 1 A i 1 = (X 21 /X 11 )V 1 (21)
In practice, the line-earth voltages are essentially balanced,
thereby causing unbalanced current components of the form
Fig. 6
0 = X 0 0 A i 0 + X 0 1 A i x + X 0 2 Ai 2 (22)
Symmetrical-component ir networks for combined electro-
0 = X 2 0 Ai 0 + X 2 1 Ai 1 + X 2 2 Ai 2 (23) magnetic and electrostatic effects
PROC.IEE, Vol. 119, No. 11, NOVEMBER 1972 1623
In summary, a balanced line-to-earth voltage on an untrans-
posed line section will cause unbalanced charging currents
to flow. This can be simulated by injecting voltage genera-
tors in series with the capacitances in the line-section equi-
valent networks, whose voltages are evaluated on the basis
of the positive-sequence line voltage. These charging cur-
rents must be added to the load current in the line in order
to obtain the total unbalanced current flowing in the line
section.
"1AC
Fig. 7
Elementary single-circuit e.h.v.-loop configuration
3 EQUIVALENT II NETWORKS .
When an appropriately unbalanced voltage source is applied
at the left-hand end of the equivalent networks shown in
Figs. 2 and 5, with a balanced-load termination on the right-
hand end, only positive-sequence currents will flow, thereby
rigorously reflecting the performance of the actual trans-
mission line within this constraint. In practice, however,
1624
source voltages are reasonably well balanced. This will
cause negative- and zero-sequence currents to flow, which,
taken rigorously, would require additional voltage genera-
tors in the equivalent networks. It has been shown,2 J 7 ? 8
however, that the usual magnitudes of negative- and zero-
sequence currents, together with the relevant mutual-se-
quence impedances, result in insignificant contributions to
the unbalancing forces. Thus, Figs. 2 and 5 are satisfactory
for predicting the performance of untransposed transmis-
sion lines in practical studies.
A detailed justification for combining the electromagnetic
and electrostatic networks into a TT network, as shown in
Fig. 6, lies beyond the scope of this paper. Briefly, however,
if the natural-mode transformation matrix for the electro-
magnetic-impedance matrix is identical to that for the elec-
PROC. IEE, Vol. 119, No. 11, NOVEMBER 1972
trostatic admittance matrix, then each single-phase modal
ff-network combination is permissible within the usual and
well known 77-network constraints. Subsequently, other linear
transformations do not destroy this validity. With practical
overhead transmission lines, it is known that the electro-
magnetic and electrostatic natural-mode transformation
matrices are not identical. However, even for horizontal-
conductor configurations,the two natural-mode transforma-
tion matrices are very nearly of the same form as the aj30
c,
e,,n
C
2V
-01
c
o'o'
Fig. 8
Paralleled double-circuit configuration
(Clarke) transformation. On this basis, the combination of
Figs. 2 and 5 into the network shown in Fig. 6 appears to be
justified. On this same presumption, a w-network represen-
tation in terms of physical line-impedance and admittance
matrices was applied to an analysis of a double-circuit un-
transposed transmission line, 13 and comparison with field
tests showed excellent agreement.
4 SINGLE-CIRCUIT E.H.V. LOOPS
This method for simulating electromagnetic- and electro-
static-unbalance effects offers a relatively simple and effec-
tive means for predicting the performance of an e.h.v. loop
consisting of various sections of untransposed lines. Equally,
PROC.IEE, Vol. 119, No. 11, NOVEMBER 1972
if not more important, this form of representation offers a
clear picture of the current-unbalance problem and the
various factors which influence it.
Fig. 7 illustrates such an elementary e.h.v. loop, whereby the
appropriate symmetrical-component networks are shown.
Each untransposed line section contributes to electromag-
netic unbalanced in its own way, depending on line configura-
tion and positive-sequence current loading. For example,
11
•a-
•22
CD-
Z
2'2
•o-
•22
"00
•a-
•00
in'-
77777
00
changing the phase order of a given line section will influence
the magnitude and phase angle of the associated e 0 and e 2
induced voltages. Also, reversing positive-sequence-power
flow in a line section will reverse the phase angle of e 0 and
e2.
It is apparent that the sum of the inphase components of the
various e 0 and e2 will cause currents i 0 and i 2 to flow
around the loop, since this is generally the lowest impedance
path. This remains so even if one line section does not
happen to carry a significant amount of positive-sequence
current. For that line section,a calculated m 0 = iQ/ilft0T
example, would be a very large number. It is unrealistic,
then, to consider m0 and m2 factors by themselves as merit
figures in such cases, since it is only the current in amperes
that has any physical significance.
1625
5 DOUBLE-CIRCUIT LINE SECTION
Fig. 8 illustrates a configuration which is even more com-
plex than that described in Section 4, yet the equivalent-net-
work technique is equally applicable. An untransposed,
paralleled, double-circuit transmission-line section is sub-
ject to current unbalance due to voltages induced within each
circuit as well as between circuits. Therefore, two equiva-
lent generators are shown in each circuit of the sequence
networks in Fig. 8.
To establish a benchmark for the validity of the equivalent-
generator technique, a numerical example has been included
in Appendix I. The results of a more sophisticated digital-
computer solution, using a complete 77-network representa-
tion, are also given. In the numerical example, line charging
has been ignored, for the sake of simplicity and because this
influence was expected to be small when unbalanced currents
can flow in preferred lower-impedance loops. Also, the
through currents were not calculated and added to the circuit
currents, since these were also expected to be small owing to
the load termination at the end of the line. The good agree-
ment between the computer solution and the simplified slide-
rule solution supports the validity of the simplified approach.
6 CONCLUSION
Untransposed transmission-line sections lead to unbalanced
currents. This problem is aggravated when e.h.v. lines are
closed to form loops, when double-circuit line sections are
electrically paralleled at common busbars, and when series-
capacitor compensation is applied.
Various aspects of this problem have been discussed in the
literature, 7 ' 8 and it is apparent that a rigorous analysis is
complex and usually involves the use of matrix algebra. To
emphasise the physical nature of the problem more clearly,
a simplified network approach has been proposed. This
should be of help in predicting whether a serious current un-
balance actually exists.
This simplified approach is related directly to elementary
network analysis employing equivalent generators for r e -
presenting the electromagnetic and electrostatically induced
voltages. The equivalent generator voltages, in turn, are
directly related to readily available transmission-line im-
pedances and the positive-sequence current loading of the
line under any given operating conditions.
Comparison with a more sophisticated digital-computer
analysis shows that the simplified approach is, in itself,
quite satisfactory for predicting the actual magnitudes and
phase angles of the unbalanced currents.
7 REFERENCES
1 GROSS, E. T. B.: 'Unbalances of untransposed overhead
lines', J. Franklin Inst., 1952,254, pp. 487-497
2 GROSS, E . T . B . , and HESSE,M.H.: 'Electromagnetic
unbalance of untransposed transmission lines',Trans.
Am.Inst. Elec.Eng., 1953,PAS-72,pp. 1323-1336
GROSS, E . T . B . , and NELSON, S.W.: 'Electromagnetic
unbalance of untransposed transmission lines. Pt.II—
Single lines with horizontal conductor arrangement',
ibid., 1955,PAS-74, pp. 887-893
GROSS, E. T. B., DRINNAN, J. H., and JOCHUM, E.: 'Elec-
tromagnetic unbalance of untransposed transmission
lines. Pt.Ill—Double-circuit lines',ibid., 1959,PAS-78,
pp.1362-1372
HESSE,M.H.: 'Electromagnetic and electrostatic trans-
mission line parameters by digital computer 1 , ibid., 1963,
PAS-82, pp. 282-291
HOLLEY, H., COLEMAN, D., and SHIPLEY, R. B.: 'Un-
transposed e.h.v.line computations',ibid., 1964,PAS-83,
pp.291-296
HESSE,M.H.: 'Circulating currents in paralleled un-
transposed multicircuit lines. Pt. I—Numerical evalua-
tion', ibid., 1966, PAS-85, pp. 802-811
HESSE, M.H.: 'Circulating currents in paralleled un-
transposed multicircuit lines. Pt. II—Methods for esti-
mating current unbalance',ibid., July 1966, PAS-85, '
pp.812-820
PICKETT, M. J., MANNING, H. L., and VAN GEEM, H. N.:
'Near resonant coupling on EHV circuits. Pt.I—Field
investigations', ibid., 1968,PAS-87,pp. 322-325
10 HESSE,M.H., and WILSON,D.D.: 'Near resonant coup-
ling on EHV circuits. Pt. II—Methods of analysis',ibid.,
1968, PAS-87,pp. 326-333
11 GROSS, E . T . B . , and WESTON,A.H.: 'Transposition of
high-voltage overhead lines and elimination of electro-
static unbalance', ibid., 1951, PAS-70, pp. 1837-44
12 GROSS, E . T . B . , and CHIN, WING: 'Electrostatic un-
balance of untransposed single-circuit lines', ibid., 1968,
PAS-87,pp. 24-34
13 HESSE, M.H., and SABATH, J.: 'EHV double-circuit un-
transposed transmission line: analysis and tests',ibid.,
1971, PAS-90,pp. 984-992
8 APPENDDC
The following numerical example serves to illustrate the
effectiveness of the proposed simplified method. A section
of untransposed double-circuit transmission line is con-
sidered, illustrated in Fig. 8, where one circuit has 70%
series-capacitor compensation. The symmetrical-component
impedance matrix for the uncompensated line is given in
Table 1.
Assuming that ix and i'x are of the order of ten times larger
than the remaining symmetrical-component currents, and
neglecting products of small terms, we obtain
AV0 * 0 * Z o o i o + Z 0 0 . i 0 , + Z Q ^ + Z 0 1 . i l t (26)
AV0- * 0 - Z o - O i o + Z o V i o . + ZQ V ! + ZQV (27)
AV2 * 0 « Z 2 2 i 2 + Zaiij. + Z 2 1 . i 1 . (28)
AV2< « 0 * Z 2 . 2 d 2 . + Z a - ^ + Zg (29)

TABLE 1
SYMMETRICAL-COMPONENT IMPEDANCES
0
0-30912
2-13833 2

-0-02427 -0-04856
-0-01401 0-02804 1

0-02427 0-02321 0-04856

-0-01402 0-59576 0-02803 0'

0-28591 -0-02391 0-02392 0-30912

1-13258 0-05011 0-05011 2-13833 2'

-0-03144 -0-00255 -0-00753 0-02427 0-.04856

-0-04576 -0-00813 -0-00434 -0-01401 0-02803 1'

0-03144 0-00753 0-00255 -0-02427 0-02321 -0-04856

-0-04577 -0-00435 -0-00814 -0-01400 0-59576 0-02804

(ohms per 1-609 km at 60 Hz)

1626 PROC.IEE, Vol. 119, No. 11, NOVEMBER 1972
Thus the equivalent negative-sequence generator voltages Then
are given by
e 2 1 = (0-01122 + j 0-00647)iL
e
2 ~ ~""Z22i2 ~ Z 2 Z
2 l ' i l t = e 21 + e
2l' e 2 1 , = (0-00196 - j 0-00625)iL (46)
e
2' =
~Z2'2'i2' = e2V (31) e 2 = (0-01318 + j 0-00022)iL » 0-01318ii,/0°

e 2 t l = (0-000589 - j 0-00188)iL
Because of the significant Zoo> = Z o i o term, we have,for the
zero sequence, e 2 V = (-0-037400 + j 0-02160)iL (47)
e 2 - = (-0-036811 + j 001972)i L « 0-0415i f ./151-8 o
z
oo z oo' Z
01 Z
Ol'
(32)
z , e 0 1 = (0-00171-j 0-0130)iL
o'o z o V Z
0'l Z
0'l'
e 0 1 . = (0-0450 - j 0-0465)iL (48)
and e 0 = (0-04671 - j 0-0595)iL - 0-0757/-51-9 0

e 0 ( l = (0-00535 + j 0-01867)iL (49)

e =
Z z z z o'i' (-0-0402 + j 0-01671)iL
A ~ o'o oo o'i oV
e 0 . = (-0-03483 + j 0-03538)iL = 0-0497/134-6°
with
It is observed that e2> leads e 2 by 151-8°, and eo> leads e 0 by
2 186-5°;or,for practical purposes,the respective included
= Z00Z0V-(Z00.) (34) voltages are almost of opposite phase (for this configuration
and conductor phasing), so a predominant circulating current
Then is to be expected. Thus
Z
00Z0'0' lrj
l 1 01 1
l
2C Z
z 22 + Z 2'2' 0-775/90°
— (o
(35) = 0-0694i L /-lll-3° (50)
z z
oo oo'

-ZoVio.= Zo
'°'ZoO'(Zoli1 oo + Zo'o'
J 3-91/80-9°
A

z
o'o' z oo ( Z , i + Z , , i , ) = 0-03205iI/-130-2° (51)
o 1 1 o 1 1 (36)
and the respective unbalance factors are
m
o = W i l = l'3i oc /(0-3i L ) = 13-9% (52)
e0 =
m
o ' = - i o c / i i ' = - l - 3 i o c / i L = 4-17% (53)
(37)
m2 = W i i = l-3i2C/(0-3iL) = 30-0% (54)
e 0 . = (-k 33 Z
Z0 1 o^Hi + (-k 3 Z 0 1 . i i I =
(55)
1*2' = - 2 c / i - l - 3 i 2 C / i L = 9-02%
(38)
To assess the quality of the simplified method in predicting
According to Table 1, we have current unbalances, a rigorous digital-computer solution to
the problem was obtained. Both line impedances and line
Z charging were represented by a matrix ir section. For pur-
2'2' = z i V = 0-02321 + j 0-59576 (39) poses of comparison, unbalances at both sending and receiv-
ing ends of the line (digital-computer solution) are shown in
so that, with 70% series-capacitor compensation, we have Table 2.

Z
2'2' = z i V = 0-02321 + j 0-17873 (40) TABLE 2
Z o V = 0-30912 + j 1-72130 (41) UNBALANCES AT ENDS OF LINE

Then Rigorous solution Simplified

method
z z
oo o'o'
(42) R

k k - = Q.7575/-1O-740 (43)

whereby only the uncompensated Zs are used, and where the

equalities of ks happen as a peculiarity of the configuration.
If we assume a unity power-factor load at the rated voltage
of 500 kV, and a 3-phase load of 1000 MW, then, for the line The rigorous analysis showed a through-current unbalance
section, we have (load-current unbalance) of about 0*5% for m 0 and 1-715% for
m 2 ,thereby demonstrating the effect of load and other ter-
0-3. minal impedance in limiting through-current unbalance. It
(44) was permissible, in this case, to omit the calculation for
through-current unbalance; otherwise it must be superim-
posed upon the circulating-current unbalance. The compari-
son demonstrates that the simplified method for predicting
i i (45) current unbalances is essentially sound and quite accurate.
11 L
1-3
PROC. IEE, Vol.119, No. 11, NOVEMBER 1972 1627