Grammar Basic

Content
Nº TITLE PAGE

1. Question Words 2
2. Subject Pronoun 4
3. Possessive Adjective 6
4. Object Pronoun 7
5. Possessive Pronoun 8
6. Self‐Pronoun 9
7. Compare Five Form 10
8. Special Verb 11
9. Present Simple 23
10. Present Continuous 27
11. Present Perfect 31
12. Present Perfect Continuous 33
13. Past Simple 35
14. Past Continuous 39
15. Past Perfect 41
16. Past Perfect Continuous 43
17. Future Simple 44
18. Future Continuous 45
19. Be Going To 46
20. Future Perfect 47
21. Future Perfect Continuous 48
ំង ទីយ:ូ Tel: 017 804 802 BASIC GRAMMER PREPARETION 1

Question Words
[ kwestʃən wə:ds ]

1. What [ wɔt ] ស្អី, អ្វី
2. When [ wen ] េពល
3. What time [ wɔt taim ] េពល
4. Why [ wai ] េហតុអី្វ
5. What for [ wɔt fɔ: ] េហតុអី្វ
6. Where [ weə ] ឯ
7. Which [ witʃ ] មួយ
8. Who [ hu: ] នរ (្របធន)
9. Whom [ hu:m ] នរ (កមមបទ)
10. Whose [ hu:s ] របស់នរ
11. How [ hau ] ដូចេម្តច
12. How much [ hau mʌtʃ ] ប៉ុនមន( ប់មិនបន)
13. How many [ hau meni ] ប៉ុនមន( ប់បន)
14. How old [ hau əuld ] សួរពី យុ
15. How far [ hau fa: ] សួរពីចំងយ
16. How long [ hau lɔŋ ] សួរពីរយៈេពល, ្របែវង
17. How tall [ hau tɔ:l ] សួរពីកំពស់
18. How high [ hau hai ] សួរពីកំពស់(វតថុ,សត្វ,រុកខជតិ)
19. How deep [ hau di:p ] សួរពីជំេ ទឹក
20. How often [ hau ɔfn ] សួរពីភពញឹកញប់
21. How + adj. [ hau ….. ] សួរពីែបបបទគុណនម
22. How + adv. [ hau ….. ] សួរពីែបបបទគុណកិរ ិយ

The Usage of these Question Words

1. What is used for asking for information about sth/sb.
Ex: What is your phone number?


2. When is used for talking about the time at which sth happen.
Ex: When do you go to the party?

3. What time is used the same as When.
Ex: What time do you go to the party?

4. Why is used for giving or taking about a reason of sth.
Ex: Why are you so late to class?

5. What for or What … for? is used the same as Why
Ex: What for are you so late to class?

6. Where is used for asking about the place.
Ex: Where can I buy that book?

7. Which is used for asking for a choice between things.
Ex: Which book do you like?

8. Who is used for asking about the subject of a sentence.
Ex: Who open this window?

9. Whom is used for asking about the object of a sentence.
Ex: Whom did you go to school with yesterday?

10.Whose is used for asking about the possession of something or the
owner of something.
Ex: Whose book is this?

11.How is used for asking the manner of the action.
Ex: How does she drive?

12.How much is used for asking for an amount (uncountable noun)
Ex: How much do I have to pay?

13.How many is used for asking for number (countable noun)
Ex: How many pen are there in your bag?

14.How old is used for asking about the age.
Ex: How old are you?

15.How far is used for asking about the distance.
Ex: How far is your home to school?

16.How long is used for asking about the period or length.
Ex: How long have you been studying English?

17.How tall is used for asking about the height of people or animal.
Ex: How tall are you?

18.How high is used for asking about the height of things, mountain, and
tree.
Ex: How high is your house?

19.How deep is used for asking about the depth.
Ex: How deep is the well?

20.How often is used for asking about the frequency
Ex: How often did he go to movie?

21.How + adj. is used for asking about the intensity of the adj.
Ex: How soft is this pillow?

22.How + adv. is used for asking about the intensity of the adv.
Ex: How fast did you drive?

Subject Pronoun
[ sʌbjekt prəunaun ]

1. I [ ai ] ខញុំ
2. You [ ju: ] អនក
3. He [ hi: ] គត់,
4. She [ ʃi: ] គត់, នង
5. It [ it ] (វតថុ , សត្វ)
6. We [ wi: ] េយើង, ពួកេយើង
7. You [ ju: ] ពួកអនក
8. They [ ðei ] ពួក , ពួកគត់

The Usage of Subject Pronoun
Definition: Subject Pronoun is used instead of one noun which is a subject.

1. I is used instead of one person male or female, speaking about oneself. It
is first person of singular.
Ex: I am twelve years old.

2. You is used instead of one person male or female, speaking to. It is
second person of singular.
Ex: You are very lazy to study.

3. He is used instead of one person male, speaking about. It is third person
of singular.
Ex: He is always telling lie.

4. She is used instead of one person female, speaking about. It is third
person of singular.
Ex: She is very pretty tonight.

5. It is used instead of one thing neuter, speaking about. It is third person
of singular.
Ex: It is my new house.

6. We is used instead of two person up male or female, speaking about
ourselves. It is first person of plural.
Ex: We are proud of Sorn Seavmey.

7. You is used instead of two person up male or female, speaking about to.
It is second person of plural.
Ex: You are my friends.

8. They is used instead of two person up male or female or neuter,
speaking about. It is third person of plural.
Ex: They are my parents.

 

Possessive Adjective
[ pə’zesiv æʤiktiv]
Definition: We use Possessive Adjective to describe one noun whose belongs
to someone.

Ex: My house was very small.
Ex: Your pet is so lovely.
Ex: His father brings him to school every day.
Ex: Her parents are very kind.
Ex: The bird is broken its wing.
Ex: Our exam is dated on the end of December.
Ex: Your teacher is sick today.
Ex: Their parents teach them to be a kind hearted with poor people.

1. My [ mai ] របស់ខំុញ
2. Your [ jɔ: ] របស់អនក
3. His [ his ] របស់គត់
4. Her [ hə: ] របស់នង
5. Its [ its ] របស់
6. Our [ auə ] របស់ពួកេយើង
7. Your [ jɔ: ] របស់ពួកអនក
8. Their [ ðeə ] របស់ពួកគត់

 

Object Pronoun
[ ɔbjekt prəunaun ]
Definition: We use Object Pronoun instead of one noun which stands after
verb or after preposition.

Ex: Please pass me the book.
Ex: I love you.
Ex: She studied with him two years ago.
Ex: He studied with her two years ago.
Ex: I have done it already.
Ex: John went to the market with us.
Ex: I will go with all of you.
Ex: Jake put them into the boxes.

1. Me [ mi: ] ខញំុ
2. You [ ju: ] អនក
3. Him [ him ] គត់,
4. Her [ hə: ] គត់, នង
5. It [ it ] (វតថុ , សត្វ)
6. Us [ ʌs ] េយើង, ពួកេយើង
7. You [ ju: ] ពួកអនក
8. Them [ ðeə ] ពួក , ពួកគត់

 

Possessive Pronoun
[ pə’zesiv prəunaun ]
Definition: We use Possessive Pronoun to stand instead of noun.
Formula: Possessive Pronoun = Possessive Adjective + noun

Ex: Mine = my + noun.
Ex: Your pet is so lovely, but mine is not.
Ex: My house is very small, but yours is big.
Ex: Her parents are very kind, but his are not.
Ex: His father brings him to school every day, and hers does too.
Ex: Our teacher is sick today. Yours is not.
Ex: Your teacher is sick today. Ours is not.
Ex: Your parents teach them to be a kind hearted with poor people, and
theirs do too.

1. Mine [ main ] របស់ខំុញ
2. Yours [ jɔ:s ] របស់អនក
3. His [ his ] របស់គត់
4. Hers [ hə:s ] របស់នង
5. ( no use )
6. Ours [ auəs ] របស់ពួកេយើង
7. Yours [ jɔ:s ] របស់ពួកអនក
8. Theirs [ ðeəs ] របស់ពួកគត់

 

Self‐Pronoun
[ self prəunaun ]
Definition: Self‐Pronoun may be used when both the subject and the object
refer to the same person or thing.

Ex: I do this homework by myself.
Ex: You must do it yourself.
Ex: He buys this house by himself.
Ex: She save money herself.
Ex: It broke itself.
Ex: We study by ourselves.
Ex: You have to do your homework yourselves.
Ex: They go to School themselves.

1. Myself [ maiself ] េ យខ្លួនខញំុ
2. Yourself [ jɔ:self ] េ យខ្លួនអនក
3. Himself [ himself ] េ យខ្លួនគត់, េ យខ្លួន
4. Herself [ hə:self ] េ យខ្លួនគត់, េ យខ្លួននង
5. Itself [ itself ] េ យខ្លួន
6. Ourselves [ auəselvz ] េ យខ្លួនេយើង, េ យខ្លួនពួកេយើង
7. Your [ jɔ: selvz ] េ យខ្លួនពួកអនក
8. Their [ ðeəselvz ] េ យខ្លួនពួក , េ យខ្លួនពួកគត់

 

Compare Five Forms
[ kəm’peə fai fɔ:m ]

Subject Possessive Object Possessive Self‐
Pronoun Adjective Pronoun Pronoun Pronoun
I My Me Mine Myself
You Your You Yours Yourself
He His Him His Himself
She Her Her Hers Herself
It Its It ( no use ) Itself
We Our Us Ours Ourselves
You Your You Yours Your
They Their Them Theirs Their

 

Special Verbs
[ speʃl və:bs ]

1. Be [ bi: ] គឺ, ជ, េន, េធ្វើ
2. Can [ kən ] ច
3. May [ mei ] អនុញញត
4. Must [ mʌst ] ្រតូវែត
5. Ought to [ ɔ:t tu: ] គួរែត
6. Will [ wil ] នឹង
7. Shall [ ʃəl ] នឹង
8. Have [ hæv ] មន
9. Do [ dəu ] េធ្វើ
10. Need [ ni:d ] ្រតូវករ
11. Dare [ deə ] ៊ ន
12. Used to [ ju:zd tu: ] ធ្លប់

Note: But five verbs: Have, Do, Need, Dare, and Used to sometime can be
used as a positive verbs too.

There are three forms in English:
1. Positive form
2. Question form
3. Negative form

 Conjugation of verb Present tense in English:
There are two ways to conjugate in English:
1. Special Way
2. Positive Way


Conjugation of Verb “to Be” Present Tense
I. Special way:

Positive form Question form Negative form
I am… Am I ….? I am not…
You are… Are you ….? You are not…
He is… Is he ….? He is not…
She is… Is she ….? She is not…
It is… Is it ….? It is not…
We are… Are we ….? We are not…
You are… Are you ….? You are not…
They are… Are they ….? They are not…

Note:  I am not = I’m not [ aim nɔt ] am was
is not = isn’t [ isn’t ] to be is to be
are not = aren’t [ a:nt ] are were
Past tense of verb to be is (was/were)

The usage of verb “to be”

1. There is/are to exist; to be present.
Ex: I tried phoning her but there was no answer. There are some
people outside.

2. To give the position of somebody/something or the place where
somebody/something is
Ex: John is in his house. Where are the scissors?

3. To give the date or age of someone/something or talk about time.
Ex: My birthday is on August 3rd. John will be 18 in June. It is 6 o’clock.

4. When you are giving the name of people or things, describing them
or giving more information about them.
Ex: I am John. He is Joe. A lion is a mammal. It is green.

5. To go to a place (perfect)
Ex: Have you ever been to japan?

6. Used with past participle to form the passive.
Ex: The house was built in 1990.

7. Used with Present participle to form the continuous tense.
Ex: I am writing letter. John is diving his car.

8. Be to do something used to show that something must happen or
that something has been arranged.
Ex: You are to leave here at 10 o’clock at the latest.

Conjugation of Verb “Can” Present Tense
I. Special way:

I can Can I ? I can not.
You can Can you ? You can not.
He can Can he ? He can not.
She can Can she ? She can not.
It can Can it ? It can not.
We can Can we ? We can not.
You can Can you ? You can not.
They can Can they ? They can not.

Note: can not = can’t [ kʌnt ]
Past tense of verb can is “could”.

The usage of verb “can”

1. Used for showing that it is possible for somebody/something to do
something or that somebody/something has ability to do something.
Ex: Can you ride a bicycle? He can’t speak English.

2. Used with the verbs: feel, hear, see, smell, taste.
Ex: I can smell something burning.

3. Used to ask for or give permission.
Ex: Can I have a drink, please? He asked if he could have a drink.

4. Used for offering to do something.
Ex: Can I help at all?

5. Used to ask somebody to do something.
Ex: Can you help me carry these books?

6. Used in the negative for say that you are sure something is not true.
Ex: That can’t be Maria‐ she’s in London.

7. Used to talk about somebody’s typical behavior or of a typical effect
Ex: You can be very annoying.

Conjugation of Verb “may” Present Tense
I. Special way:

I may May I ? I may not.
You may May you ? You may not.
He may May he ? He may not.
She may May she ? She may not.
It may May it ? It may not.
We may May we ? We may not.
You may May you ? You may not.
They may May they ? They may not.

Note: May not = mayn’t [ meint ]
Past Tense of verb may is “might”

The usage of verb “may”
1. Used for saying that something is possible.
Ex: Where is John? He may be in the class.

2. Used for contrasting two fact.
Ex: He may be very clever but he can’t do anything practical.

3. Used as a polite way of asking for and giving permission.
Ex: May I use your phone?

4. Used for expressing wishes and hopes.
Ex: May you both be very happy.

Conjugation of Verb “must” Present Tense
I. Special way:

I must Must I ? I must not.
You must Must you ? You must not.
He must Must he ? He must not.
She must Must she ? She must not.
It must Must it ? It must not.
We must Must we ? We must not.
You must Must you ? You must not.
They must Must they ? They must not.

Note: Must not= mustn’t [ mʌsnt ]
Past tense of verb must is “Had to”

The usage of verb “must”
1. Used for saying that it is necessary that something happens.
Ex: I must go to the bank today.

2. Used for saying that you feel sure that something is true.
Ex: Have something to eat. You must be hungry.

3. Used for giving somebody advice.
Ex: You must remind the lessons for exam tomorrow.

Note: Must expresses the speaker’s personal opinion, express laws or rules.
Ex: I must wash my hair tonight. Mobile phone must be switched off in
the library

Had to expresses what is necessary according to a law or rule.
Ex: Children have to go to school

Must not means it is not allowed
Ex: You must not use the dictionary in the exam.

Don’t have to means it is not necessary
Ex: This book is easy to understand, so you don’t have to use a dictionary.

Conjugation of Verb “must” Present Tense
I. Special way:

I ought to Ought I to? I ought not to.
You ought to Ought you to? You ought not to.
He ought to Ought he to? He ought not to.
She ought to Ought she to? She ought not to.
It ought to Ought it to? It ought not to.
We ought to Ought we to? We ought not to.
You ought to Ought you to? You ought not to.
They ought to Ought they to? They ought not to.

Note: Ought to = Oughtn’t to [ ɔ:tnt tu ]

The Usage of verb “ought to”

1. Used to say what somebody should do.
Ex: You ought to visit your parents more often.

2. Used to say what should happen or what you expect.
Ex: She ought to pass her test.

3. Used for asking for and giving advice about what to do.
Ex: You ought to read this book. It is really interesting.

Conjugation of Verb “to have” Present Tense
I. Special way:

I have Have I ? I have not.
You have Have you ? You have not.
He has Has he ? He has not.
She has Has she ? She has not.
It has Has it ? It has not.
We have Have we ? We have not.
You have Have you ? You have not.
They have Have they ? They have not.

Note: Have not = Haven’t [ hævnt ]
Has not = Hasn’t [ hæznt ]
Past tense of verb to have is “had”

II. Positive Way:

I have Do I have? I do not have.
You have Do you have? You do not have.
He has Does he have? He does not have.
She has Does she have? She does not have.
It has Does it have? It does not have.
We have Do we have? We do not have.
You have Do you have? You do not have.
They have Do they have? They do not have.

The Usage of Verb “to have”

1. To own or hold something.
Ex: I have got a new camera.

2. To form perfect tense of verbs.
Ex: I have done my assignments.

3. To eat or to drink something.
Ex: I have a cup of coffee every morning.

4. To feel something.
Ex: I have a sore throat.

5. Keep something in your mind.
Ex: Have you any idea where he lives?

6. Have to = be to = need to = require to = must.
Ex: I have to study very well for next exam.

7. Have a bath = take a bath.
Ex: I have a bath every morning.

8. Have someone do something = make someone do something.
Ex: Mary has John wash the car.

9. Have something done= arrange for something to be done.
Ex: Peter has his car cleaned.
Conjugation of Verb “to do” Present Tense
I. Special way:

I do Do I ? I do not.
You do Do you ? You do not.
He does Does he ? He does not.
She does Does she ? She does not.
It does Does it ? It does not.
We do Do we ? We do not.
You do Do you ? You do not.
They do Do they ? They do not.

Note: Do not = don’t [dɔ:nt ] Do
Does not = doesn’t [ dʌznt ]
To do
Past tense of verb to do is “did”
Does

II. Positive way:

I do Do I do? I do not do.
You do Do you do? You do not do.
He does Does he do? He does not do.
She does Does she do? She does not do.
It does Does it do? It does not do.
We do Do we do? We do not do.
You do Do you do? You do not do.
They do Do they do? They do not do.

The Usage of Verb “to do”

1. To perform an action, activity or job.
Ex: I do twenty minutes exercise every morning.
Ex: What do you do? (What is your job?)

2. To make a process or develop; to improve something.
Ex: How is your daughter doing at school? She is doing well.

3. To make or produce something.
Ex: The photographer does 60 copies a minute.

4. To study or find the answer to something.
Ex: I can’t do question three.

5. To travel a certain distance or at a certain speed.
Ex: This car does 120 miles per hour.


6. To provide a service.
Ex: Do you do eye test here?

7. To be enough or suitable.
Ex: If you haven’t got a pen, a pencil will do.

8. To have a particular effect.
Ex: A holiday will do you good. This storm did a lot of damage.

9. Used with other verbs to form questions and negative sentence.
Ex: Do you have any money? I don’t have any money.

10. Question tags ( =short question at the end of a sentence)
Ex: He doesn’t work here, does he?

11. Used to avoid the repeating the main verb.
Ex: He earns a lot more than I do.

12. Used for emphasizing the main verb.
Ex: I can’t find the receipt now but I’m sure I did pay the phone bill.

Conjugation of Verb “to need” Present tense
I. Special way:

I need Need I ? I need not.
You need Need you ? You need not.
He need Need he ? He need not.
She need Need she ? She need not.
It need Need it ? It need not.
We need Need we ? We need not.
You need Need you ? You need not.
They need Need they ? They need not.

Note: Need not = needn’t [ ni:dnt]
Past Tense of verb to need is “needed”

II. Positive Way:

I need Do I need? I do not need.
You need Do you need? You do not need.
He needs Does he need? He does not need.
She needs Does she need? She does not need.
It needs Does it need? It does not need.
We need Do we need? We do not need.
You need Do you need? You do not need.
They need Do they need? They do not need.

The Usage of verb “to need”
1. Want something important and necessary that is not there; must have
something.
Ex: The leaves of this plant are yellow because it needs water.

2. Need to = be to = have to = require to = must
Ex: I need to go to school now.

Conjugation of Verb “to dare” Present tense
I. Special way:

I dare Dare I ? I dare not.
You dare Dare you ? You dare not.
He dare Dare he ? He dare not.
She dare Dare she ? She dare not.
It dare Dare it ? It dare not.
We dare Dare we ? We dare not.
You dare Dare you ? You dare not.
They dare Dare they ? They dare not.

Note: Dare not = daren’t [ deənt ]
Past tense of verb Dare is “Dared”

II. Positive Way:

I dare Do I dare ? I do not dare.
You dare Do you dare ? You do not dare.
He dares Does he dare ? He does not dare.
She dares Does she dare ? She does not dare.
It dares Does it dare ? It does not dare.
We dare Do we dare ? We do not dare.
You dare Do you dare ? You do not dare.
They dare Do they dare ? They do not dare.

The Usage of verb “to need”

1. Be brave or bold enough to do something.
Ex: Dare you swim across the rover?

2. Ask someone to do something because you want to see if he is brave
enough to do it.
Ex: “I dare you to climb on the roof Larry!” said Bill.

3. How dare you = how can you be so rude and bold.
Ex: “How dare you take flowers from my garden?” He shouted angrily.
4. Dare say = think it is likely.
Ex: I dare say it will rain today.

 

Present Simple
 There are four rules of Present Simple:
1. Present Simple is used to express an action that is usual, regular, and
permanent situation.
Ex: We study here every day.
Ex: She works in an office.

2. A repeated, habitual action in the present. Especially use with adverbs of
frequency. [Always (100%); usually (80%); often (60%); sometime (40%);
rarely (20%); never (0%)]
Ex: He always comes late.
Ex: I often go to the market.

3. Facts which are permanently true or laws of nature.
Ex: The sun set in the West.
Ex: Water freezes at 0ºc.

4. Timetables or programs ( future meaning)
Ex: I go London tomorrow.
Ex: The plane leaves at 6:05.

 There are three conditions in Positive Form:
I. Positive form:
A. Generally we put “s” on third person of singular [ he, she, and it ].
Ex: He wants to have on bike.
She speaks English very well.
The dog bites me.

B. We put “es” on third person of singular when all the verbs end by
letter (o, x, ch, sh, and ss).
Ex: I goes to school every day.
My father watches TV all day.
Your girlfriend dresses in red T‐shirt.


C. When all the verbs end by letter “Y” and before “Y” is consonant letter
we just delete “Y” and add “ies” on third person of singular.
Ex: He replies my question.
She cries very strong.
It flies very quickly.

Note: When all the verbs end by letter “Y” and before “Y” is vowel
letter ( a, e, i, o, and u) we just delete “Y” and add “ies” on third person of
singular.
Ex: He plays football very well.
She buys me a book.
John stays in my house.

II. Question Form:
We take Do or Does to auxiliary Positive verb and the verb
conjugated will be infinitive.
Ex: Where do you live?
Do you love me?

Comparison
Positive form Question form
I come Do I come?
You come Do you come?
He comes Does he come?
She comes Does she come?
It comes Does it come?
We come Do we come?
You come Do you come?
They come Do they come?

III. Negative Form
We take do not or does not to auxiliary the positive verb and the verb
conjugated will be infinitive.
Ex: She doesn’t play tennis.
I don’t like you.

Comparison
Positive form Negative form
I come I do not come.
You come You do not come.
He come He does not come.
She come She does not come.
It come It does not come.
We come We do not come.
You come You do not come.
They come They do not come.

Pronunciation of the verbs:
The pronunciation of letter “es” or “s” in third person of singular of the
verb Present simple.
1. We pronounce (s) after the verb end by sound ( f, t, p, and k)

Comparison
Verb infinitive Verb conjugated
laugh [ la:f ] laughs [ la:fs ]
repeat [ ripi:t ] repeats [ ripi:ts ]
stop [ stɔp ] stops [ stɔps ]
knock [ nɔk ] knocks [ nɔks ]

2. We pronounce (iz) after the verb end by sound ( z, ʤ, tʃ, s, and ʃ)

Comparison
choose [ tʃu:z ] chooses [ tʃu:ziz ]
manage [ mæniʤ ] manages [ mæniʤiz ]
catch [ kætʃ ] catches [ kætʃiz ]
kiss [ kis ] kisses [ kisiz ]
bush [ buʃ ] bushes [ buʃiz ]


3. We pronounce (z) after the verb end by sound ( b, g, m, d, l, n, v, and
vowel sound)

Comparison
rob [ rɔb ] robs [ rɔbz ]
dig [ dig ] digs [ digz ]
scream [ skri:m ] screams [ skri:mz ]
add [ æd ] adds [ ædz ]
play [ plei ] plays [ pleiz ]

Time Expression: always, usually, often, sometime, rarely, never, today,
every day, every week, in the morning, in the afternoon, at night, on
Monday …… etc.

Formula Present Simple: Subject + Verb (present) +…………..

 

Present Continuous

 There are four rules of Present Continuous:

1. Present Continuous is used to express an action happening now or
temporary situation.
Ex: We are staying at the park hotel.
Ex: She is playing tennis at the garden.

2. To express an action happening around but perhaps not at the moment
of speaking.
Ex: He is looking for a new job.
Ex: I am reading a book.

3. To express repeated action which always expressing annoyance or
criticism.
Ex: She is always interrupting me!
Ex: He is always telling lies

4. To express an action for fixed arrangement in the near future.
Ex: I am visiting my parents tonight.
Ex: I am flying to London tomorrow. (It is all arrange. I have bought the
ticket already.)

Conjugation of Verb “to come” Present Continuous

I are coming Am I coming? I am not coming.
You are coming Are you coming? You are not coming.
He is coming Is he coming? He is not coming.
She is coming Is she coming? She is not coming.
It is coming Is it coming? It is not coming.
We are coming Are we coming? We are not coming.
You are coming Are you coming? You are not coming.
They are coming Are they coming? They are not coming.

 There are four forms of [Verb + ing] in Present Continuous:

1. When all the verbs end with single letter “e” before we add “ing” to the
verb we must drop “e” out first.

Comparison
1 dance  dance + ing = dancing
2 hope  hope + ing = hoping
3 come  come + ing = coming
4 take  take + ing = taking
5 write  write + ing = writing

Exception: Some verbs add ing directly though they end by vowel e.

1 be  be + ing = being
2 see  see + ing = seeing
3 dye  dye + ing = dyeing

2. When one verb has one syllable and has a vowel between two
consonants at the end of that verb before we add “ing”, we must add
another consonant to it first.(i.e. must be the same consonant at the end)

Comparison
1 get  get + t + ing = getting
2 plan  plan + n + ing = planning
3 sit  sit + t + ing = sitting
4 swim  swim + m + ing = swimming
5 run  run + n + ing = running

Exception: When one verb end by letter (w, x, y, and o) we don’t add
another consonant we only add “ing” directly.


1 sew  sew + ing = sewing
2 box  box + ing = boxing
3 study  study + ing = studying
4 go  go + ing = going

3. When one verb has two or more syllables (sound) and the stress of the
syllable is on the last syllable, we must add another consonant too. (i.e.
only one vowel and one consonant at the end of that verb.)

Comparison
1 forget [ fə’get ]  forget + t + ing = forgetting
2 expel [ ik’spel ]  expel + l + ing = expelling
3 begin [ bi’gin ]  begin + n + ing = beginning
4 regret [ ri’gret ]  regret + t + ing = regretting
5 prefer [ pri’fə: ]  prefer + r + ing = preferring
6 forbid [ fə’bid ]  forbid + d + ing = forbidding
7 admit [ əd’mid ]  admit + t + ing = admitting
8 fulfil [ ful’fil ]  fulfil + l + ing = fulfilling

4. When one verb has vowel “ie” at the end of the verb, before we adding
“ing” we must change “ie” to “y”.

Comparison
Verb infinitive Verb Conjugated
1 die  dy + ing = dying
2 lie  ly + ing = lying
3 tie  ty + ing = tying

Time expression: now, at the moment, at present, now a day, today, to
night, always, still, etc.

Some verbs are almost never used in the present or past continuous,
although it is possible in some cases.

know believe hear see smell wish
understand hate love like want sound
have need appear seem taste own

Formula: Subject + to be + [verb + ing]……

 

Present Perfect

The Present Perfect is used to indicate
1. An action that happened at an indefinite time in the past.
Ex: John has traveled around the world. (We don’t know when)

2. An action that has happened more than once in the past.
Ex: George has seen this movie three times.

3. An action that began in the past and is still occurring in the present.
Ex: Joe has lived in the same house for twenty years. (He still lives there)
OR
Joe has lived in the same house since 1975. (He still lives there)
 If it is now 1995:

Since 1975 for 20 years
1995(now)

For/Since
 Use For + duration of time: for five hours, for thirty years, for ten years
 Use Since + beginning time: since 1975, since five o’clock, since January

Yet/Already
The adverbs yet and already are used to indicate that something has
happened (or hasn’t happened) at an unspecified time in the past. These
adverbs are often used with the present perfect.

Already affirmative sentences
Yet negative sentences and questions

Note: Already usually appears before between the auxiliary and the man
verb; however, it can appear at the beginning or the end of the sentence.
Yet appears at the end of the sentence.

Subject + has/have + already + V3 +…..

Subject + has/have + not + V3 …..+ yet…

Example of Yet and Already:
We have already written our reports.
We haven’t written our reports yet.

Conjugation of Verb “to see” Present Perfect

I have seen Have I seen? I have not seen.
You have seen Have you seen? You have not seen.
He has seen Has he seen? He has not seen.
She has seen Has she seen? She has not seen.
It has seen Has it seen? It has not seen.
We have seen Have we seen? We have not seen.
You have seen Have you seen? You have not seen.
They have seen Have they seen? They have not seen.

Time expression: Just, ever, never, already, yet, always, how long, so far,
recently, since, for, today, this week, this month, etc.

Formula: Present Perfect: Sub + have/has + V3…….

 

Present Perfect Continuous

 Present Perfect Continuous is used to indicate:

1. An action started in the past and continuing up to present.
Ex: He has been reading book for two hours. (He’s still reading it)
I have been learning English for six years. (I am still learning it)

2. Past action of certain duration having visible result or effects in the
present.
Ex: She has been crying (Her eyes are red)
They have been working in the rain. (They are wet)

3. An action that expressed anger, irritation, annoyance, explanation, or
criticism.
Ex: Who has been using my towel?
Has the dog been chewing my slippers?

4. Emphasis on duration, usually with the word “how long, for or since”.
Ex: How have you been studying English?
I’ve been typing my assignment since nine o’clock.
Note:
 The Verbs that are used with Present Perfect Continuous: wait, work,
learn, travel, play, study, etc. (long time)

Conjugation of Verb “to finish” Present Perfect Continuous


I I I
You you You
He he He
been had not
She had been she She
Had finishing been
It finishing… it It
? finishing...
We we We
You you You
They they They

Time expression: How long, for, since, etc.

Formula Present Perfect Continuous: Sub + have/has + been + verb+ing]….

 

Past Simple

There are three rules of Past Simple:

1. Past Simple is used for a completed action that happened at one specific
time in the past.
Ex: Jam visited his parents last week.

2. Past Simple is used to express an action at past state or habit.
Ex: When I was a boy, I usually walked to school.

3. Past Simple is used for past actions which happened on after the other
especially in the story.
Ex: Billy was four years old and he was a very bad boy. Every day after
lunch his mother took him to his bedroom and put him on his bed to res
for an hour, But Billy never slept and usually he made a lot of noise and
got off his bed every few minutes.

There are two kinds of verb in Past Simple:

I. Regular Verb:

A. We form past simple regular verb by adding ed to the infinitive.
Ex: My brother watched TV with me last night.

B. We form past simple regular verb by adding d to the infinitive that ending
in e.
Ex: He loved playing football.

C. When one verb by letter y and before y there is consonant letter, we form
past simple regular verb by changing y to ied.
Ex: The police tried to arrest the robbers yesterday.

D. But if before y there is vowel letter (a, e, i, o, and u), we only add ed.
Ex: He played tennis at the backyard.

E. When verbs of one syllable have one vowel, end in a single consonant, the
consonant is doubled before adding ed.
Ex: The boy stopped study English two years ago.

F. When verbs of two or more syllables and the sound is stressed on the last
syllable which contain one vowel, end in a single consonant, the
consonant is doubled before adding ed.
Ex: He admitted about his fault last month.

 There are three sounds to pronounce in the Past Simple Regular Verb.
A. We pronounce (id) sound when all the verbs end by sound (t, d)
Nº Verb Infinitive Verb Past Simple

1. want [ wɔnt ] wanted [ wɔntid ]
2. wait [ weit ] waited [ weitid ]
3. visit [ visit ] visited [ visitid ]
4. consist [ kәnsist ] consisted [ kәnsistid ]
5. taste [ teist ] tasted [ teistid ]

B. We pronounce (t) sound when all the verbs end by sound ( S, K, ʃ, P, f, tʃ )

1. box [ bɔks ] boxed [ bɔkst ]
2. fish [ fiʃ ] fished [ fiʃt ]
3. like [ laik ] liked [ laikt ]
4. help [ help ] helped [ helpt ]
5. laugh [ la:f ] laughed [ la:ft ]

C. We pronounce (d) sound when all the verbs end by sound ( b, ʤ, m, v, l,
g, n, z, ŋ, ð )

1. agree [ әgri: ] agreed [ әgri:d ]

2. answer [ a:nsә ] answered [ a:nsәd ]
3. play [ plei ] played [ pleid ]
4. die [ dai ] died [ daid ]
5. kill [ kil ] killed [ kild ]

Conjugation of Verb “to do” Past Simple Regular

I did Did I do? I did not do
You did Did you do? You did not do
He did Did he do? He did not do
She did Did she do? She did not do
It did Did it do? It did not do
We did Did we do? We did not do
You did Did you do? You did not do
They did Did they do? They did not do

II. Irregular Verb:

 We form past simple irregular verb by list so we must learn by hard.

Nº Base Form Past Simple Past Participle
1. arise [ әraiz ] arose [ әrәuz ] arisen [ әrizn ]
2. awake [ әweik ] awoke [ әwәuk ] awoken [ әwәukәn ]
3. be [ bi: ] was / were [ wәz/wә ] been [ bi:n ]
4. bear [ beә ] bore [ bɔ: ] born [ bɔ:n ]
5. become [ bikʌm ] became [ bikeim ] become [ bikʌm ]
6. begin [ bigin ] began [ bigæn ] begun [ bigʌn ]
7. bet [ bet ] bet [ bet ] bet [ bet ]
8. bite [ bait ] bit [ bit ] bitten [ bitn ]
9. bleed [ bli:d ] bled [ bled ] bled [ bled ]
10. blow [ blәu ] blew [ blu: ] blown [ blәun ]

Time Expression: yesterday, last week, ago, then, when, just now, in 1999, etc.

Formula: Past Simple: Sub + V2 (Past) +…..

 

Past Continuous

Past Continuous is used to indicate:
1. An action which was occurring in the past and was interrupted by
another action. In this case, the general rule is:

When + subject(1) + Past Simple, + subject(2) + Past Continuous….
OR
Subject(2) + Past Continuous + when + subject(1) + Past Simple….

Ex: When I came home, my mother was cooking dinner.
My mother was cooking dinner when I came home.

2. Two action occurring at the same time in the past. In this case, the
following rules usually apply.

While + subject(1) + Past Continuous, + subject(2) + Past Continuous….
OR
Subject(2) + Past Continuous + while + subject(1) + Past Continuous….

Ex: While teacher was explaining the lesson, John was talking.
John was talking while teacher was explaining the lesson.

Note: The following construction is also possible, but it is not as common
as the preceding 2
While + subject(1) + Past Continuous, + subject(2) + Past Simple….

Ex: While teacher was explaining the lesson, John talked.

3. An action which was occurring at some specific time in the past.
Ex: What were you doing at 9 o’clock last night?
I was reading Newspaper.

Conjugation of Verb “to go” Past Continuous

I was going Was I going? I was not going.
You were going Were you going? You were not going
He was going Was he going? He was not going.
She was going Was she going? She was not going
It was going Was it going? It was not going.
We were going Were we going? We were not going
You were going Were you going? You were not going.
They were going Were they going? They were not going

Time expression: while, when, as, etc….

Formula: Past Continuous: Sub + was/were + [verb + ing] …..

 

Past Perfect

Past Perfect is used to indicate:

1. An action that happened before another action in the past; there usually
are two action in the sentence.
Ex: John had gone to the store before he went home.
Jack told us yesterday that he had visited England in 1970.

2nd action 1st action

Past Perfect(1st action) Simple Past(2nd action) now

The Past Perfect is usually used with before, after, or when. Study the
following formulas.

Subject + Past Perfect + before + subject + Simple Past………

Ex: John had gone to the store before he went home.

Subject + Past Simple + after + subject + Simple Perfect……

Ex: John went home after he had gone to the store.

Note: The adverb when can be used in placed of before or after in these
two formulas without changing the meaning. We still know which action
happened first because of the use of Past Perfect.

2. A state which continued for a time in the past, but stopped before now.
Note that there is no connection with Present.
Ex: Jimmy had lived in Thailand for ten years before he moved to
California.


Conjugation of Verb “to live” Past Perfect

I had lived Had I lived? I had not lived
You had lived Had you lived? You had not lived
He had lived Had he lived? He had not lived
She had lived Had she lived? She had not lived
It had lived Had it lived? It had not lived
We had lived Had we lived? We had not lived
You had lived Had you lived? You had not lived
They had lived Had they lived? They had not lived

Time Expression: for, since, already, after, before, just, never, yet, by, by
the time, when, etc.

Formula: Past Perfect: Sub + had + V3……..

 

Past Perfect Continuous

There are three rules of Past Perfect Continuous

1. Past perfect Continues is used to show two past actions one continued
until the second began.
Ex: The patient had been waiting in the emergency room for an hour
before a doctor treated him.

Note: The earlier action is in Past Perfect Continuous
The later action is in the Past Simple

Conjugation of Verb “to finish” Past Perfect Continuous

I I I
You you You
He he He
had not
She had been she been She
Had been
It finishing… it finishing? It
finishing...
We we We
You you You
They they They

Time expression: for, since. etc.

Formula Past Perfect Continuous: Sub + had + been + [verb + ing]……

 

Future Simple

There are three rule of Future Simple

1. Future Simple is used to express decision taken at the moment of
speaking.
Ex: I’m sorry, I’ll be late.

2.  Action or prediction which may (not) happen in the future.
Ex: She’ll probably buy the dress. (Prediction)
 Action which we cannot control and will inevitably happen.
Ex: He will be ten next year.

3. Thing we are not sure about or haven’t decided to do yet.
Ex: She’ll probably be promoted (Not sure yet)

Note: A. Shall is used with I and We in question suggestion, offers or
when asking for advice.
Ex: Shall we play football? What shall I do?

B. Will is used to express offers, threats, promise, prediction,
warning, requests, hope, and fears on sport, etc.
Ex: I hope he’ll be better soon.

Conjugation of Verb “to do” Future Simple

I will do Will I do? I will not do
You will do Will you do? You will not do
He will do Will he do? He will not do
She will do Will she do? She will not do
It will do Will it do? It will not do
We will do Will we do? We will not do
You will do Will you do? You will not do
They will do Will they do? They will not do

Time expression: two years more, next year, at weekend, tomorrow, to
night, in two months, etc.

Formula: Future Simple: Sub + will + Verb (infinitive)………

 

Be Going To
 There are four rule of Be Going To:

1. Be Going To is used to express the action intended to be performed in
the near future.
Ex: She is going to visit her parents tomorrow.

2. Be Going To is used to indicate planned action or intentions.
Ex: Now they are settled in their new house, they are going to have a
party.

3. Evidence that something will definitely happen in the near future.
Ex: Look at the dark cloud! It is going to rain.

4. Things we are sure about or we have already decide to do it in the near
future.
Ex: He is going to study English next year.

Time expression: tomorrow, to night, next week, soon, in month, the day
after tomorrow, etc.

Formula Be Going to: Sub + to be + going to + Verb (infinitive)……

 

Future Continuous

There are three rules for Future Continuous

1. Future continuous is used to express action in progress at a stated future
time.
Ex: He will be sunbathing in Hawaii this time next week.

2. The Action which are the result of routine. ( instead of Present
Continuous)
Ex: I will be seeing John tomorrow.

3. When we ask politely about people arrangements to see if they could do
something for we want to offer to do for them.
Ex: Will you be going to the supermarket? Can buy me some tea!

Conjugation of Verb “to work” Future Continuous

Positive Form Question Form Negative Form
I I I
You you You
He he He
will not
She will be she be She
Will be
It working…. it working…? It
working…
We we We
You you You
They they They

Time expression: soon, in a week, in a month, etc.

Formula Future Continuous: Sub + will + be + [verb + ing] + …..

 

Future Perfect

There is only one rule for Future Perfect

1. Future Perfect is used to express action which will be finished before a
stated future time.
Ex: She will have come back by the end of July.

Note: The word (by, till, until) are used with future perfect. But (until, till)
are morally used with future perfect on in Negative sentence.
Ex: She will have finished by 9 o’clock. (not: until or till)
She won’t have finished until 9 o’clock.

Conjugation of Verb “to finish” Future Perfect

I I I
You you You
He he He
will not
She will have she have She
Will have
It finished…. it finished…? It
finished…
We we We
You you You
They they They

Time expression: Before, by, by the time, until, till, etc.

Formula Future Perfect: Sub + will + have + Verb(3) +…….

 

Future Perfect Continuous

There is also only one rule for Future Perfect Continuous

1. Future Perfect Continuous is used to express duration of an action up to
the certain time in the future.
Ex: By the end of this year, she will have been working here for two years.
This building will have been finishing next month.

Conjugation of Verb “to finish” Future Perfect Continuous

I I I
You you You
He he He will not
will have
She she have been She have
been Will
It it finishing…? It been
finishing….
We we We finishing…
You you You
They they They

Time Expression: by…… for

Formula Future Perfect Continuous: Sub + will + been + [verb + ing]…….

 

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Nº TITLE PAGE

ំង ទីយ:ូ Tel: 017 804 802 BASIC GRAMMER PREPARETION 1

ំង ទីយ:ូ Tel: 017 804 802 BASIC GRAMMER PREPARETION 2

ំង ទីយ:ូ Tel: 017 804 802 BASIC GRAMMER PREPARETION 3

2. You [ ju: ] អនក

3. He [ hi: ] គត់,

4. She [ ʃi: ] គត់, នង

5. It [ it ] (វតថុ , សត្វ)

6. We [ wi: ] េយើង, ពួកេយើង

7. You [ ju: ] ពួកអនក

8. They [ ðei ] ពួក , ពួកគត់

ំង ទីយ:ូ Tel: 017 804 802 BASIC GRAMMER PREPARETION 4

ំង ទីយ:ូ Tel: 017 804 802 BASIC GRAMMER PREPARETION 5

2. Your [ jɔ: ] របស់អនក

3. His [ his ] របស់គត់

4. Her [ hə: ] របស់នង

5. Its [ its ] របស់

6. Our [ auə ] របស់ពួកេយើង

7. Your [ jɔ: ] របស់ពួកអនក

8. Their [ ðeə ] របស់ពួកគត់

ំង ទីយ:ូ Tel: 017 804 802 BASIC GRAMMER PREPARETION 6

2. You [ ju: ] អនក

3. Him [ him ] គត់,

4. Her [ hə: ] គត់, នង

5. It [ it ] (វតថុ , សត្វ)

6. Us [ ʌs ] េយើង, ពួកេយើង

7. You [ ju: ] ពួកអនក

8. Them [ ðeə ] ពួក , ពួកគត់

ំង ទីយ:ូ Tel: 017 804 802 BASIC GRAMMER PREPARETION 7

ំង ទីយ:ូ Tel: 017 804 802 BASIC GRAMMER PREPARETION 8

2. Yourself [ jɔ:self ] េ យខ្លួនអនក

3. Himself [ himself ] េ យខ្លួនគត់, េ យខ្លួន

4. Herself [ hə:self ] េ យខ្លួនគត់, េ យខ្លួននង

5. Itself [ itself ] េ យខ្លួន

6. Ourselves [ auəselvz ] េ យខ្លួនេយើង, េ យខ្លួនពួកេយើង

7. Your [ jɔ: selvz ] េ យខ្លួនពួកអនក

8. Their [ ðeəselvz ] េ យខ្លួនពួក , េ យខ្លួនពួកគត់

ំង ទីយ:ូ Tel: 017 804 802 BASIC GRAMMER PREPARETION 9

You Your You Yours Yourself

He His Him His Himself

She Her Her Hers Herself

It Its It ( no use ) Itself

We Our Us Ours Ourselves

You Your You Yours Your

They Their Them Theirs Their

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2. Can [ kən ] ច

3. May [ mei ] អនុញញត

4. Must [ mʌst ] ្រតូវែត

5. Ought to [ ɔ:t tu: ] គួរែត

6. Will [ wil ] នឹង

7. Shall [ ʃəl ] នឹង

8. Have [ hæv ] មន

9. Do [ dəu ] េធ្វើ

10. Need [ ni:d ] ្រតូវករ

11. Dare [ deə ] ៊ ន

12. Used to [ ju:zd tu: ] ធ្លប់

ំង ទីយ:ូ Tel: 017 804 802 BASIC GRAMMER PREPARETION 11

ំង ទីយ:ូ Tel: 017 804 802 BASIC GRAMMER PREPARETION 13

ំង ទីយ:ូ Tel: 017 804 802 BASIC GRAMMER PREPARETION 14

ំង ទីយ:ូ Tel: 017 804 802 BASIC GRAMMER PREPARETION 15

ំង ទីយ:ូ Tel: 017 804 802 BASIC GRAMMER PREPARETION 16

ំង ទីយ:ូ Tel: 017 804 802 BASIC GRAMMER PREPARETION 17