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Sosa et al (2011) reported in theories give details herein research work is the
operational procedures of EEGLAB and efficiency of EEG signal processing for
students and professionals to perform and analysis of the EEG signals. Its use as a
starting point for the comparison of different brain signal processing algorithms. Ideas
taken from this research work are Capabilities of EEGLAB for diagnosis purpose and
basic explanation of the working procedure of that tool for signal processing such as –
loading the dataset, plotting techniques to get the proper result, etc.
Ye Yuan (2010) theories give details herein research work; EEG dataset is
collected after analysing the entire length of the EEG recording the patient frequently
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for long time to detect traces of different human brain activities. Ideas taken from this
research work are change of the structure of different brain activities during seizures
is observed by the change of embedding dimension of EEG signals if the human brain
is considered as a nonlinear dynamic system.
Duque Grajales J.E., Múnera Perafán A., Trujillo Cano D., Urrego Higuita
D.A., Hernández Valdivieso A.M.(2009),” System for Processing and Simulation of
Brain Signals”, Page 340-345. Theories give details herein research work has
presented the methodology used to develop a system useful in the simulation of brain
signals. It has been described in detail the procedure in the modelling of EEG signals
and insight brain signals recorded during surgical procedures. Ideas taken from this
research work are processing and simulation of brain signals from different signal
processing models which allows going deep into the study of brain function during
sleeping and pathological situations and facilitated the assessment of the effect of
different drugs in different brain disorders.
The study of brain waves shows a significant part in the analysis of dissimilar
brain disorders. Brain is fabricated of billions of brain cells named neurons, which use
electricity to interconnect with each other. Wallace et al (2012) reported that the
permutation of millions of neurons distributing the signals simultaneously to create an
massive volume of electrical movement in the brain, can be perceived by consuming
complex medical tools such as an EEG which processes electrical levels over areas of
the scalp. Michalopolous et al (2011) reported that the electroencephalogram (EEG)
recording is a suitable tool for learning the functional state of the brain and for
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analysing certain syndromes. The mixture of electrical movement of the brain is
usually called a brainwave pattern because of its wave-like nature.
EEG signals contain more relevant information about brain disorders and
different types of artifacts. Signals in the form of dataset are already loaded to the tool
so that it will be using those signals to plot the data and visualization of the time-
frequency domain plots which can be displayed all together. Basically the work will
be monitoring the EEG signals according to the placement of electrodes which are
called montages. After that the research work will observe the EEG signals to
recognize and eliminate different disease related artifacts. Then unwanted signal will
be subtracted by differential amplifier. Finally the work will proceed for the signal
filtering based on the different types of brainwave frequencies to diagnosis and
simulate variety of brain disorders by using MATLAB.
Steps involved in the existing techniques: the electrodes are placed on the
brain by wires and electrical activities of the brain are recorded in a computer. It will
display the movement as a sequence of wavy lines drained as an image on the
computer screen. Patients need to lie down and close their eyes during the recording.
The recording might be motionless since there should be time to permit the patient for
widening and repositioning. Different things will be done by the patient during the
test to record the brain activity at that time. Such as taking breathe deeply and rapidly
for few minutes and looking at a bright, flashing light for checking the stimulation.
After recording the brain activities like the above mentioned process brain disorder
symptoms will be detected.
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4.4.2. Requirement Analysis
This research technique will provide the solution for the patients who will be
able to see their brainwaves while using this software called MATLAB; and then 2.
User will be able to see the data related to the processed brainwave signal. There are
different research techniques and features are defined as follows: EEG montages:
Montage means the location of the electrodes. EEG can also be examined with a
bipolar montage or a referential one. Bipolar means to use two electrodes on the scalp
on all the sides and reference electrode for one side of the brain. The referential
montage means only having a common reference electrode in both the side of the
brain. Channels: The electrical activity of the brain is conducted by wires from the
scalp and electrodes are placed by using EEG machine. The inputs to the hardware
EEG machine are then used to combine a montage, which is an exact organization or
array of electrodes that show the EEG signal. Sensitivity: Amplitude is the magnitude
of the EEG activity which is measured in microvolts (µV). It is determined by
measuring the brainwave deflection in millimetres (mm) at specified machine
sensitivity (µV /mm). Filtering: Low- pass filtering is used for smoothening the
brainwaves and high-pass filtering is used for sharpening the brainwaves in order to
make the signals more clearly to the viewer. Frequency Sweeping: Sweeping basically
reduces the complexity towards analysing the brainwaves for EEG signal processing.
It is possible for the new user and can also use these techniques and features with the
data through MATLAB for brain signal processing and other purposes.
There are two non-functional requirements used in this research work first one
is the performance analysis for the MATLAB software tool which is efficient in
analysing and processing the signals in a proper way so it will be easier for the user to
observe the signals properly. Then the second one is the reliability checking tool used
for analysing the EEG signals, removing and recognizing the artifacts to process the
signal datasets.
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4.4.2.3 Background Design Requirements
ii) Left Montages: Patient information has composed conferring to electrodes that are
located in the left side of the brain, so it will show the waves related to the right side
of the brain based on time-frequency analysis.
iii) Both Side Montages: Patient information has composed conferring to electrodes
that are located in the left and right side of the brain, so it will show the waves related
to the right side of the brain based on time-frequency analysis.
The electrical activity of the brain is conducted by wires from the scalp and
electrodes are placed by using EEG machine. The inputs to the hardware EEG
machine are then castoff to comprise a montage, which is an exact preparation or
array of electrodes that show the EEG signal. In this research the work is dealing with
basically 20 channels of the brain because EEG hardware machine deals with only 20
channels of the brain. Each channel basically compares input data taken based on
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placement of the two electrodes. Upward deflection of the wave is defined as negative
and occurs when the first input data is negative with respect to the second input data
or second input data is positive with respect to the first input data. A descending
refraction of the brainwave is clear as positive then follows once first input data is
positive with deference to second input data or then second input data is negative with
respect to first input data.
4.5.2. Sensitivity
4.5.3 Filtering
Low- pass filtering is used for smoothening the brainwaves and high-pass filtering is
used for sharpening the brainwaves in order to make the signals more clearly to the
viewer. According to the patients EEG hardware data collected, this research work
have shown two types of filtering technique options such as – Low – pass frequency
filters and High- pass frequency filters For the low – pass frequency filters generally
setting the maximum range is till 1Hz and for high – pass frequency filters setting the
maximum range is till 70Hz because this the standard limit of filters.
4.7 METHODOLOGY
4.7.1 Procedures
ii) Load the data into the software for brain signal processing and then practice the
datasets;
iii) Remove and select the particular features for different EEG datasets;
iv) Classify the datasets conferring to the product features such as- montages,
channels, sensitivity, filtering and sweeping
vi) Select the specific montages such as – left side montage, right side montage or
both side montages to check change in different brainwaves.
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vii) Then select the channels out of 20 channels for viewing more detailed waveforms.
ix) By fixing the sensitivity values of the collected EEG data it will be setting filtering
range of the signals for high frequency (50 - 70 Hz) or for low frequency (0.1 - 1 Hz);
then it will change the values of sweeping also according to the data.
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4.8 IMPLEMENTATION OF BRAIN SIGNAL DATA ANALYSIS
AND RESULTS
The figure 4.3 shows the options for checking the exiting patient’s records by
selecting the first option and for diagnosis of different brainwaves forms selecting the
second option.
Figure 4.3 Sample results and other records page Figure 4.4 Brainwaves pattern
The figure 4.4 displays the result obtained by the changes made in montage module
just by selecting right montage of the brain and different frequencies of brainwaves
can be easily determined.
The above figure 4.5 displays the report of the test generated according to various
data which are collected from patients and they have been imported in to the program
so that it will be easier to undergo many changes according to different modules.
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4.8.1 Testing
The overall research work consists of five modules which were completed in
their respective time frame. The implementation and functionalities procedures
seemed a daunting task, but were successfully completed to achieve the desired
objective. After the successful implementation of test results, this research work can
be applicable for monitoring alertness, coma and brain death; testing drug effects;
investigating sleep disorders; Investigating mental disorders; Locating areas of
damage following head injury, stroke and tumour and Monitoring the brain
development.
4.9 SUMMARY
The above mentioned research work has clearly demonstrated the concepts
about open source plug-ins, running under the platform MATLAB environment and
its ability to process biophysical data by different ways such as using simplicity of its
command line language or using the many MATLAB functions and the methodology
related to the analysis of the brain signal processing through MATLAB software
toolbox. It has been described in detail, the procedure in the modelling of EEG signals
and insight brain signals recorded during surgical procedure.
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