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Abstract
Throughout the world, the disposal of used tires is a major environmental problem causing
environmental hazards such as breeding ground for mosquitoes, producing uncontrolled fire and they are
contaminating the soil and vegetation. Therefore, there is an urgent need to identify alternative outlets for
these tires, with the emphasis on recycling the waste tire. Concrete is an excellent structural material and
considered as essential for the modern civilization and human society. Now, the use of waste tires in concrete
has become technically feasible and the concrete is being considered as light weight concrete. This study
reviews the feasibility of using waste tires in the form of chips with different sizes in concrete to improve the
strength as well as protecting the environment. In this study, we outline the use of rubberized concrete in
structural and non-structural members and show how it is suitable for the concrete, its uses, barriers and
benefits to future study.
Further, increasing the size of rubber compare the strength behavior of concrete
aggregates decreases the workability of mix using shredded rubber as a replacement
and subsequently reduction in the slump value. material.
Further, slump values of mixes containing 2.LITERATURE REVIEW
long, angular rubber aggregates were lower Eldin et al., conducted on rubberized Concrete
than those for mixes containing round rubber behaviour, using tire chips and crumb rubber as
aggregates. The results of low and high aggregate substitute of sizes 38,25mm and
volumes of rubber aggregates indicated that 19mm exhibited reduction in compressive
concrete densities were reduced to 87% and strength by 85% and tensile splitting strength
77% of their original values, respectively. It by 50% but showed the ability to absorb a large
has been also observed that reduction in amount of plastic energy under tensile and
compressive strength by 85% but showed the compressive loads.
ability to absorb a large amount of plastic In Biel and Lee have used recycled tire rubber
energy under tensile and compressive loads. in concrete mixes made with magnesium
Through the series of experiments using partial oxychloride cement, where the aggregate was
replacement of rubber tire aggregates in replaced by fine crumb rubber up to 25% by
concrete causes decrease in compressive volume. The results of compressive and tensile
strength but which will be compensated by strength tests indicated that there is better
adding Nano silica. It is also noted that there is bonding when magnesium oxychloride cement
still a possibility of improving the compressive is used. The researchers discovered that
strength by using de-airing agents. Therefore, structural applications could be possible if the
rubberized concrete has widely used for the rubber content is limited to 17% by volume of
development related projects such as roadways the aggregate.
or road intersections, recreational courts and Schimizze developed two rubberized concrete
pathways and skid resistant ramps. With this mixes using fine rubber granulars in one mix
new property, it is projected that these and coarse rubber granulars in the second.
concretes can be used in architectural While these two mixes were not optimized and
applications; panels that require low unit their design parameters were selected
weight, rail-roads to fix rails to the ground, arbitrarily, their results indicate a reduction in
roofing tiles etc. Significant problem of rubber compressive strength of about 50% with
tire waste disposal and other side shortage of respect to the control mixture. The elastic
natural coarse aggregates in construction field modulus of the mix containing coarse rubber
then to overcome these issue, it is essence to granular was reduced to about 72% of that of
use recycled waste tires as an aggregate which the control mixture, whereas the mix
can provide the solution for two major containing the fine rubber granular showed a
problems, that is, environmental problem reduction in the elastic modulus to about 47%
created by waste tires and depletion of natural of that of the control mixture. The reduction in
resources by aggregate production elastic modulus indicates higher flexibility,
consequently the shortage of natural aggregates which may be viewed as a positive gain in
in some countries.Shredded rubber reduces rubberized PCC (RPCC) mixtures used as
weight of the concrete.With the increase in stabilized base layers in flexible pavements.
construction activities, there is heavy demand I.B. TopÇu in investigated the effect of
on concrete and consequently on its ingredient particle size and content of tire rubbers on the
like aggregate also. So waste tire rubber can be mechanical properties of concrete. The
used as an alternative to this demand.However, researcher found that, although the strength
our objective of the project is to study and
was reduced, the plastic capacity was enhanced tires. The stress concentration in the rubber
significantly. fiber modified concrete is smaller than that in
Zaheret al concluded that RPCC mixtures can the rubber chip modified concrete. This means
be made using ground tire in partial the rubber fiber
replacement by volume of CA and FA. Based Modified concrete can bear a higher load than
on the workability, an upper level of 50% of the rubber chip modified concrete before the
the total aggregate volume may be used. concrete matrix breaks.
Strength data developed in their investigation Kamilet al, analyzed the properties of Crumb
(compressive and flexural) indicates a Rubber Concrete, The unit weight of the CRC
systematic reduction in the strength with the mix decreased approximately 6 pcf for every
increase of rubber content. From a practical 50 lbs of crumb rubber added. The compressive
viewpoint, rubber content should not exceed strength decreased as the rubber content
20% of the aggregate volume due to severe increased. Part of the strength reduction was
reduction in strength. Once the aggregate contributed to the entrapped air, which
matrix contains nontraditional components increased with the rubber content. Investigative
such as polymer additives, fibers, iron slag, and efforts showed that the strength reduction could
other waste materials, special provisions would be substantially reduced by adding a de-airing
be required to design and produce these agent into the mixing truck just prior to the
modified mixes. At present, there are no such placement of the concrete.
guidelines on how to include scrap tire Guoqiang Li, conducted investigation on chips
particles in PCC mixtures. and fibers. The tire surfaces are treated by
Serge et al used saturated NaOH solution to saturated NaOH solution and physical
treat waste tire rubber powders. They found anchorage by drilling holeat the centre of the
that chips were also investigated and they
NaOHsurface treatment increased concluded that fibers perform better than chips:
rubber/cement paste interfacial bonding NaOH surface treatment does not work for
strength and resulted in an improvement in larger sized tire chips: using physical
strength and toughness in waste tire powder anchorage has some effect. Further efforts will
modified cement mortar. be geared toward the enlarging the hole size
Hernandez-olivareset alused crumbed waste and insuring that the hole be through the chip
tire fibres (average length 12.5 mm) and short thickness entirely. Fibre length restricted to
polypropylene (pp) fibres (length from 12-10 less than 50mm to avoid entangle: steel belt
mm) to modify concrete. wires provided positive effect on increasing the
Gregory Garrick , shows the analysis of waste strength of concrete.
tire modified concrete used 15% by volume of From the above literature review it is seen that
coarse aggregate when replaced by waste tire waste tire rubber modified concrete is
as a two phase material as tire fiber and chips characterized as having high toughness and low
dispersed in concrete mix. The result is that strength and stiffness. Various methods have
there is an increase in toughness, plastic been tried to improve the strength and stiffness
deformation, impact resistance and cracking of waste tire modified concrete. However
resistance. But the strength and stiffness of the preparing waste tire powders and thin tire
rubberized sample were reduced. The control fibres is time, effort and money consuming.
concrete disintegrated when peak load was Sometimes, the cost may be so high that it
reached while the rubberized concrete had cannot be justified by its gain in performance.
considerable deformation without Because larger sized chips or fibres are very
disintegration due to the bridging caused by the easy to produce, it is expected that the cost of
larger sized chips or fibre modified concrete The proportion is 1:1.42:3.17.,Water cement
will be very low. However, it is not clear if
ratio is 0.5
larger sized fibres or NAOH treated chips work
or not. Further experimental analyses are 2.2 RUBBER AGGREGATE
needed.
The coarse aggregate has to be replaced by
2. EXPREMENTAL PROGRAMME
rubber aggregate according to 5%, 10% and
2.1 MIX PROPORTION
15% in conventional concrete. The quantities
The mix design is done using Iscodal provision
of rubber aggregate in mix proportion as shown
for M20 grade concrete
below
used for casting. For casting specimen, four From the test, specific gravity of mineral
different proportion fraction of chipped rubber
coarse aggregates is of 2.66 respectively. From
are 0%, 5%, 10% and 15%. The concrete was
mixed by tilting Compaction was done by a the observation, it is noted that unit weight of
tamping rod .The specimens were removed
rubberized concrete decreases due to increase
after 24 hours of casting and then cured under
water for 7 and 28 days. The specimens were in rubber tire aggregates.
taken out from the curing tank and dried itself
Table 3 Unit weight of various concrete mix
of 24 hours before the period of testing. It is
noted that slump has been decreased due to
increase in percentage of rubber aggregates in Specimen %rubber Slump(mm)
all samples of concrete mix. In normal concrete
mix, slump is seen to 92 mm and when the A 0 92
coarse aggregates are replaced with 15% tire
chips then the slump is about 5 mm which A1 5 60
becomes nearly zero slump value.
Table 2 Slump value of various concrete mix
A2 10 29
A 0 8.541 0.000
3.TEST RESULTS AND DISCUSSIONS
A1 5 8.345 2.294
3.1 COMPRESSIVE STRENGTH:
A2 10 7.979 6.580
A3 15 7.317 14.330
Compression strength test were performed on The table shows that the average compressive
compression testing machine of 2000 KN strength and percentage reduction in strength
capacity. Cube specimens casted were loses at 7th and 28th days in conventional and
subjected to this test. The ultimate compressive replacement of coarse aggregate by rubber
strength was determined from failure load aggregate concrete
measured from the test.
Compressive stress = load, P / area, A
A
0 16.889 26.667 17.48 27.11 0.00 0.00
17.779 28.889
16.000 17.333
15.556 20.889
13.333 14.667
13.333 15.778
10.000 12.667
10.444 12.222
The test results show that addition of rubber conventional concrete at 7th and 28th days.
aggregates resulting to significant reduction in Fig.1
.1 Compressive strength of various
compressive strength compared to concrete mixes
This figure shows that the trend of strength
development in different concrete specimens
30 at 7th and 28th days .In
In X axis the specimen A,
25 A1, A2 and A3 mix.In Y axis the compressive
20 strength obtained in it.This
This figure shows the
15 7 Days comparison of compressive strength of
10 28 Days
subsequent concrete mix at 7th and 28th days in
5 comparison to conventional concrete.In X axis
0 the concrete mix of 0%, 5%, 10%and 15% of
A A1 A2 A3
rubber aggregate te added in conventional
convent
concrete at 7 and 28 days.In
days. Y axis the
ISSN: 2395-1303
1303 http://www.ijetjournal.org Page 93
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