PROBLEM 3.

129
A block of wood is acted upon by three forces of the same magnitude P
and having the directions shown. Replace the three forces with an
equivalent wrench and determine (a) the magnitude and direction of the
resultant R, (b) the pitch of the wrench, (c) the point where the axis of the
wrench intersects the xy plane.

SOLUTION

First, reduce the given force system to a force-couple at the origin.

Have ΣF : Pi − Pi − Pk = R

∴ R = − Pk

Have ΣM O : − P ( 3a ) k − P ( 3a ) j + P ( −ai + 3aj) = M OR

∴ M OR = Pa ( −i − 3k )

Then let vectors ( R, M1 ) represent the components of the wrench, where their directions are the same.

(a) R = − Pk or Magnitude of R = P

Direction of R : θ x = 90°, θ y = 90°, θ z = −180°

(b) Have M1 = λ R ⋅ M OR

= −k ⋅  Pa ( −i − 3k ) 

= 3Pa

M1 3Pa
and pitch p= = = 3a or p = 3a
R P
 PROBLEM 3.129 CONTINUED

(c) Have M OR = M1 + M 2

∴ M 2 = M OR − M1 = Pa ( −i − 3k ) − ( −3Pak ) = − Pai

Require M 2 = rQ/O × R

− Pai = ( xi + yj) × ( − P ) k = Pxj − Pyi

From i : − Pa = − Py or y =a

j: x = 0

∴ The axis of the wrench is parallel to the z-axis and intersects the xy plane at x = 0, y = a
 PROBLEM 3.130
A piece of sheet metal is bent into the shape shown and is acted upon by
three forces. Replace the three forces with an equivalent wrench and
determine (a) the magnitude and direction of the resultant R, (b) the pitch
of the wrench, (c) the point where the axis of the wrench intersects the
yz plane.

SOLUTION

First, reduce the given force system to a force-couple system at the origin.

Have ΣF : ( 2P ) i − ( P ) j + ( P ) j = R
∴ R = ( 2P ) i

Have ΣM O : Σ ( rO × F ) = M OR

i j k i j k
M OR = Pa 2 2 2.5 + 0 0 4 = Pa ( −1.5i + 5j − 6k )
2 −1 0 0 1 0

(a) R = 2 Pi or Magnitude of R = 2 P

Direction of R : θ x = 0°, θ y = −90°, θ z = 90°

R
(b) Have M1 = λ R ⋅ M OR λR =
R

= i ⋅ ( −1.5Pai + 5Paj − 6 Pak )

= −1.5Pa

M1 −1.5Pa
and pitch p= = = −0.75a or p = −0.75a
R 2P
 PROBLEM 3.130 CONTINUED

(c) Have M OR = M1 + M 2

∴ M 2 = M OR − M1 = ( 5Pa ) j − ( 6Pa ) k

Require M 2 = rQ/O × R

( 5Pa ) j − ( 6Pa ) k = ( yj + zk ) × ( 2Pi ) = − ( 2Py ) k + ( 2Pz ) j

From i : 5Pa = 2 Pz

∴ z = 2.5a

From k : − 6 Pa = −2 Py

∴ y = 3a

∴ The axis of the wrench is parallel to the x-axis and intersects the yz-plane at y = 3a, z = 2.5a
 PROBLEM 3.131
The forces and couples shown are applied to two screws as a piece of
sheet metal is fastened to a block of wood. Reduce the forces and the
couples to an equivalent wrench and determine (a) the resultant force R,
(b) the pitch of the wrench, (c) the point where the axis of the wrench
intersects the xz plane.

SOLUTION

First, reduce the given force system to a force-couple at the origin.

Have ΣF : − (10 N ) j − (11 N ) j = R

∴ R = − ( 21 N ) j

Have ΣM O : Σ ( rO × F ) + ΣM C = M OR

i j k i j k
M OR = 0 0 0.5 N ⋅ m + 0 0 −0.375 N ⋅ m − (12 N ⋅ m ) j
0 −10 0 0 −11 0

= ( 0.875 N ⋅ m ) i − (12 N ⋅ m ) j

(a) R = − ( 21 N ) j or R = − ( 21 N ) j

R
(b) Have M1 = λ R ⋅ M OR λR =
R

= ( − j) ⋅ ( 0.875 N ⋅ m ) i − (12 N ⋅ m ) j

= 12 N ⋅ m and M1 = − (12 N ⋅ m ) j

M1 12 N ⋅ m
and pitch p= = = 0.57143 m or p = 0.571 m
R 21 N
 PROBLEM 3.131 CONTINUED

(c) Have M OR = M1 + M 2

∴ M 2 = M OR − M1 = ( 0.875 N ⋅ m ) i

Require M 2 = rQ/O × R

∴ ( 0.875 N ⋅ m ) i = ( xi + zk ) × − ( 21 N ) j

0.875i = − ( 21x ) k + ( 21z ) i

From i: 0.875 = 21z

∴ z = 0.041667 m

From k: 0 = −21x

∴ z =0

∴ The axis of the wrench is parallel to the y-axis and intersects the xz-plane at x = 0, z = 41.7 mm
 PROBLEM 3.132
The forces and couples shown are applied to two screws as a piece of
sheet metal is fastened to a block of wood. Reduce the forces and the
couples to an equivalent wrench and determine (a) the resultant force R,
(b) the pitch of the wrench, (c) the point where the axis of the wrench
intersects the xz plane.

SOLUTION
First, reduce the given force system to a force-couple system.
Have ΣF : − ( 6 lb ) i − ( 4.5 lb ) j = R R = 7.5 lb

Have ΣM O : ∑ ( rO × F ) + ∑ M C = M OR

M OR = −6 lb ( 8 in.) j − (160 lb ⋅ in.) i − ( 72 lb ⋅ in.) j

= − (160 lb ⋅ in.) i − (120 lb ⋅ in.) j

M OR = 200 lb ⋅ in.

(a) R = − ( 6 lb ) i − ( 4.5 lb ) j

R
(b) Have M1 = λ R ⋅ M OR λ =
R

= ( −0.8i − 0.6 j) ⋅  − (160 lb ⋅ in.) i − (120 lb ⋅ in.) j

= 200 lb ⋅ in.

and M1 = 200 lb ⋅ in. ( −0.8i − 0.6j)

M1 200 lb ⋅ in.
Pitch p= = = 26.667 in.
R 7.50 lb
or p = 26.7 in.
(c) From above note that

M1 = M OR
Therefore, the axis of the wrench goes through the origin. The line
of action of the wrench lies in the xy plane with a slope of
dy 3
=
dx 4
 PROBLEM 3.133
Two bolts A and B are tightened by applying the forces and couple
shown. Replace the two wrenches with a single equivalent wrench and
determine (a) the resultant R, (b) the pitch of the single equivalent
wrench, (c) the point where the axis of the wrench intersects the xz plane.

SOLUTION

First, reduce the given force system to a force-couple at the origin.

Have ΣF : − ( 20 lb ) k − ( 21 lb ) j = − ( 21 lb ) j − ( 20 lb ) k = R R = 29 lb

and ΣM O : ∑ ( rO × F ) + ∑ M C = M OR

i j k i j k
20 lb ( 4 in.) 4 3 0 + 21 lb ( 4 in.) 6 0 1 + ( −300 j − 320k ) lb ⋅ in. = M OR
0 0 −1 0 −1 0

∴ M OR = − (156 lb ⋅ in.) i + ( 20 lb ⋅ in.) j − ( 824 lb ⋅ in.) k

(a) R = − ( 21 lb ) j − ( 20 lb ) k

R
(b) Have M1 = λ R ⋅ M OR λR =
R

−21j − 20k
=− ⋅  − (156 lb ⋅ in.) i + ( 20 lb ⋅ in.) j − ( 824 lb ⋅ in.) k 
29

= 553.80 lb ⋅ in.
 PROBLEM 3.133 CONTINUED

and M1 = M1λ R = − ( 401.03 lb ⋅ in.) j − ( 381.93 lb ⋅ in.) k

M1 553.80 lb ⋅ in.
Then pitch p= = = 19.0964 in. or p = 19.10 in.
R 29 lb

(c) Have M OR = M1 + M 2

∴ M 2 = M OR − M1 = ( −156i + 20 j − 824k ) − ( −401.03j − 381.93k )  lb ⋅ in.

= − (156.0 lb ⋅ in.) i + ( 421.03 lb ⋅ in.) j − ( 442.07 lb ⋅ in.) k

Require M 2 = rQ/O × R

( −156i + 421.03j − 442.07k ) = ( xi + zk ) × ( −21j − 20k )

= ( 21z ) i + ( 20 x ) j − ( 21x ) k

From i: −156 = 21z

∴ z = −7.4286 in.

or z = −7.43 in.

From k: −442.07 = −21x

∴ x = 21.051 in.

or x = 21.1 in.

∴ The axis of the wrench intersects the xz-plane at

x = 21.1 in., z = −7.43 in.
 PROBLEM 3.134
Two bolts A and B are tightened by applying the forces and couple
shown. Replace the two wrenches with a single equivalent wrench and
determine (a) the resultant R, (b) the pitch of the single equivalent
wrench, (c) the point where the axis of the wrench intersects the xz plane.

SOLUTION

First reduce the given force system to a force-couple at the origin at B.

 8 15 
(a) Have ΣF : − ( 79.2 lb ) k − ( 51 lb )  i + j = R
 17 17 

∴ R = − ( 24.0 lb ) i − ( 45.0 lb ) j − ( 79.2 lb ) k

and R = 94.2 lb

Have ΣM B : rA/B × FA + M A + M B = M RB

i j k
 8 15 
M RB = 0 −20 0 − 660k − 714  i + j  = 1584i − 660k − 42 ( 8i + 15 j)
 17 17 
0 0 −79.2

∴ M RB = (1248 lb ⋅ in.) i − ( 630 lb ⋅ in.) j − ( 660 lb ⋅ in.) k

R
(b) Have M1 = λ R ⋅ M OR λR =
R
−24.0i − 45.0 j − 79.2k
= ⋅ (1248 lb ⋅ in.) i − ( 630 lb ⋅ in.) j − ( 660 lb ⋅ in.) k 
94.2
= 537.89 lb ⋅ in.
 PROBLEM 3.134 CONTINUED

and M1 = M1λ R

= − (137.044 lb ⋅ in.) i − ( 256.96 lb ⋅ in.) j − ( 452.24 lb ⋅ in.) k

M1 537.89 lb ⋅ in.
Then pitch p= = = 5.7101 in. or p = 5.71 in.
R 94.2 lb

(c) Have M RB = M1 + M 2

∴ M 2 = M RB − M1 = (1248i − 630 j − 660k ) − ( −137.044i − 256.96 j − 452.24k )

= (1385.04 lb ⋅ in.) i − ( 373.04 lb ⋅ in.) j − ( 207.76 lb ⋅ in.) k

Require M 2 = rQ/B × R

i j k
1385.04i − 373.04 j − 207.76k = x 0 z
−24 −45 −79.2

= ( 45 z ) i − ( 24 z ) j + ( 79.2 x ) j − ( 45 x ) k

From i: 1385.04 = 45 z ∴ z = 30.779 in.

From k: −207.76 = −45x ∴ x = 4.6169 in.

∴ The axis of the wrench intersects the xz-plane at

x = 4.62 in., z = 30.8 in.