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UNIT-8
Wireless LANs: IEEE 802.11x / Wireless PANs: IEEE 802.15x
Wireless MANs: IEEE 802.16x
Learning Objectives: Upon completion of this unit, the student should be able
Discuss the basic differences between wireless LANs and Wireless Mobile Systems.
Discuss the evolution of the IEEE 802.11 standard and its extensions – IEEE 802.11x.
Discuss the fundamental differences between Wire and Wireless LANS
Explain the basic architecture of IEEE 802.11 Wireless LANs
Discuses the 802.11 design issues.
Discuss the basic differences between wireless PANs and WLANs
Discusses the evolution of the IEEE 802.15 standard from the Bluetooth standard
Discuss the basic differences between wireless LANs and wireless mobile systems
basic characteristics of a WLAN are presented and contrasted against the basic
operation of a WLAN.
Discuss the various types of wireless PAN networks that may be setup under the
802.15 standard.
Describe the short history of the IEEE 802.16 standard.
Explain the basic difference between wireless MANs, WLANs and WPANs.
Architecture description:
o There is no backbone infrastructure and the network consists of at least two wireless
stations.
o BSS structure is referred to as a peer-to-peer or ad hoc wireless network.
o The propagation boundary will exist but its exact extent and shape are subject to
many variables.
o Simulation software exists that can provide some reasonable estimates of RSS for
typical multi-floor architectural layouts and various building materials.
o It is also possible to have two or more of these IBSSs in existence and operational
within the same general area but not in communication with one another.
o Within the IBSS structure, the association between an STA and a BSS is a dynamic
relationship.
o An STA may be turned on or off or come into or go out of range of the BSS an
unlimited number of times.
o The STA becomes a member of the BSS structure when it becomes associated the
BSS.
2. Distribution System (DS) Concepts
o It provides an extended wireless network consisting of multiple BSSs, the standard
allows for an architectural component known as the Distribution System (DS).
o Figure 9.3 shows a diagram of a distribution system and several access points serving
different BSSs.
o To provide flexibility to the WLAN architecture, IEEE 802.11 logically separates the
wireless medium (WM) from the Distribution System Medium (DSM).
o The function of the DS is enable mobile device support. It providing the logical services
necessary to perform address-to-destination mapping and the seamless integration of
multiple BSSs. This function is physically performed by a device known as an access
point (AP).
o The AP provides access in the DS by providing DS services and at the same time
performing the STA function within the BSS.
o In Figure 9.3, data transfers occur between stations within a BSS and the DS via an AP.
o All the APs are also stations and as such have addresses. However, the address used by
an AP for data communications on the WM side and the one used on the DSM side are
not necessarily one and the same.
o This DS structure gives rise to the use of APs as bridges to extend the reach of a
network.
3. Extended Service Set (ESS) Networks
o The IEEE 802.11 standard provides for the use of multiple BSSs and a DS to create a
wireless network of arbitrary size and complexity networks are known as extended
service set (ESS) networks shown in figure 9.4
o ESS networks provide advantages, so that stations within an ESS network may
communicate with one another and mobile stations may move transparently from one
BSS to another as long as they are all part of the same ESS network.
o Due to use of an ESS network all of the following situations may occur:
BSSs may overlap to provide continuous coverage areas or BSSs can be physically
separate entities
BSSs may be physically collocated for redundancy reasons, and one or more IBSS or ESS
networks may be physically located in the same area.
The above situation can commonly occur when separate organizations set up
their own WLANs in close proximity to one another.
o The above problems in wireless LAN architecture solved by a device known as a
portal.
o To integrate the 802.11 wireless LAN with a traditional 802.x wired LAN (see Figure
9.4) a portal or logical point must exist where medium access control (MAC) service
data units or MSDUs can enter the wireless LAN distribution system.
o The portal's function is to provide logical integration between the wireless LAN
architecture and the existing wired LAN.
The WPAN:
o Power Level : Approximately 1mw
o Coverage Distances : Approximately few 10 meters
o Access Points (AP): Need not to be placed in optimized fixed locations
o A WPAN uses low power consumption to enable true mobility.
o Personal devices are able to achieve low-power modes of operation that allow
several devices to share data through the use of WPAN technology.
2. Media control techniques
o PAN standard consists of the formation of ad hoc networks that are controlled by a
single member of the PAN known as the master and the other member or members
of the ad hoc PAN function as slaves and it is interchangeable.
o It uses of a time-multiplexed slotted system.
o The master is able to poll the slave members of a wireless PAN and thus determine
the required bandwidth needs.
o The master is then able to regulate the bandwidth assigned to the various slave
personal devices based upon the required QoS requested.
o Through use of a system that employs short timeslots high-quality traffic may be
supported.
o A WLAN device is required to maintain management information database (MB) to
facilitate end-to-end network operations of a larger infrastructure.
o The WPAN device presently does not need to maintain a network-observable and
network-controllable state to provide this type of WLAN functionality.
3. Network life span or duration
o For a WPAN, a device can create a connection that lasts only as long as needed and
therefore the network has a finite life span.
o Since the connections created in a WPAN are ad hoc and temporary in nature.
o the WPAN allows for the rapid formation of ad hoc networks that provide wireless
connectivity without any pre deployment activity necessary
Disadvantages:
o Typically have a limited range
o Currently limited to relatively slow data rates when compared with WLAN
technologies
o Compatibility and interoperability issues
o Since small devices hardware upgrade is sometimes difficult.
o Devices with inbuilt WPAN technologies can be considerably more expensive than
devices without WPAN technologies.
Bluetooth WPAN Overview
Introduction
o Bluetooth is a low tier, ad hoc, terrestrial wireless short-range radio technology.
o Goal is to replace cables.
o This technology used to facilitates more way of exchanging data between telephones,
computers and other devices.
o The Bluetooth wireless technology comprises hardware, software and
interoperability requirements.
o Transmits at up to 1 Mbps over a distance of 33 feet and is not impeded by physical
barriers
o The Bluetooth provides support for both asynchronous and synchronous
communications.
– Asynchronous channels for data transfer.
– Synchronous channels for telephony-grade voice communications.
Bluetooth Specification:
o Standard is IEEE 802.15.1
o Operate 2.4-GHz unlicensed ISM band.
o FHSS is employed to prevent interference and signal fading.
o Data rate of 1Mbps.
o Use low power – 30 to 100mA active current.
o Antenna power 0dbm (mW) to cover 10mts
o FSK modulation is used at a symbol rate of 1 Msps.
o The use of frequency hopping at a rate of 1600 hops/s or 625 ms/hop.
o Use full-duplex operation using a TDD scheme.
o A packet normally is only a single slot in length but can be extended up to 3 or 5 slots.
o Data traffic can have a maximum asymmetric rate of 723.2 kbps between two
devices.
o Figure below (10.3) depicts Bluetooth wireless technology and the OSI model.
2. Scatternet structure:
o The scatterenet is a collection of functioning piconets overlapping in both time and space
(see fig below-10.5)
o Bluetooth device may be member of several piconets involves in a scatternet at the same
time, but can only be a master of a single piconet.
o A device may serve as both a master and a slave within the scattemet.
o The Device in scatternet in imply any routing capabilities
Layer Description:
o Physical radio layer: It for Tx and Rx data and voice.
o Baseband layer: It enables RF link between Bluetooth devices.
o Link manager: It is the protocol that handles link establishment b/w Bluetooth
devices which include authentication and encryptions.
o LLC and L2CAP: It is connection based communication protocol that implements
multiplexing. No flow control. But provide reliable base band link.
o Audio profile: It responsible for managing connection for Tx /Rx data from audio
devices.
o Control: For control signal generations for various activities.
o Other LLC: Link controller for optional device, fax, headsets like cordless phone etc.
– The MAC layer only supports LOS operation over fairly large channels (i.e., 25 to 28
MHz wide)
– This can support raw data rates in excess of 120 Mbps.
– Application area for this form of wireless technology was broadband Internet access
for the small office/home office (SOHO).
o The IEEE 802.16a
– This standard was adopted in 2003.
– Initially called IEEE 802.16.1 was incorporated into IEEE 802.16 and IEEE 802.16.3
became 802.I6a.
– IEEE 802.16a-2003 adds support for operation in license-exempt bands and an
optional mesh topology (for NLOS propagation) at these lower frequencies.
– A further revision to IEEE 802.16 is presently in the formulation stages and is meant
to consolidate IEEE 802.16. 802.16a, and 802.16c (another amendment) into one
unified and updated 802.16 wireless standard.
IEEE 802.16 WIRELESS MANS:*(July-2013-7M)
Wireless Metropolitan Area Networks (MANs) provide network access to buildings
through exterior antennas communicating with a central radio base station over a
point-to-multipoint
o Users inside the building connect to the network with conventional in-building network
technologies like Ethernet or possibly wireless LANs (IEEE 802.11).
o IEEE 802.I6e allow an extension of the standard to provide network connectivity to an
individual's laptop/notebook/tablet computer or PDA while outside, in one's home or
apartment, or while in a moving vehicle.
o A wireless MAN effectively serves as a bridge to an existing network infrastructure.
IEEE 802.16 WMANS Typical Deployment
o WMAN base station is typically located on a tall building to provide an unobstructed or
line-of-sight path between the subscriber stations and the BS antennas.
o IEEE 802.16a physical layer standard provides for NLOS operation at frequencies
between 2-11 GHz. substantial BS antenna heights is still desired because the best
system operation with the highest possible data transfers rates.
o A data rate is dependent upon BS to subscriber station radio channel characteristics.
o A direct LOS path will provide the best channel transmission characteristics. Even with
mesh network operation the greater the number of mesh stations with LOS views of the
mesh base station, the better the system operation.
o For LOS operation, a typical cell radius for a wireless MAN system with the BS antenna at
a height of 30 meters and the SS antenna at 6.5 meters is approximately 3.5 km.
o For an 80-meter base station antenna height the cell radius increases to about 7 km.
o System bit rates are dependent upon the system bandwidth and the coding/modulation
formats used.
o Typical operational values range from 5 to l0s of mbps in the 2-11 GHz range and higher
values for systems deployed in the 10-66 GHz range.
o The subscriber station antenna is typically mounted on an outside building wall, base
station facing window, or on a pole aimed at the base station antenna.
Wireless MAN 4×4 Antenna Sectoring Scheme*(Jan-2015-6M)
o To increase system capacity, a wireless MAN base station usually supports numerous
antenna sectors.
o Sectored antennas are used with frequency reuse concept to meet the system capacity.
o Figure 11-2 illustrates the use of a rather complex, high-capacity, four by four-sector
system that provides four-frequency, four-sector frequency reuse.
o As shown in the figure11.2, four different frequency channels are used within every
sector. There are four, 90-degree sectors.
o Total of sixteen separate sectors (of 22.5 degrees each) can be supported, with
numerous subscriber stations per sector.
o For This configuration, the BS would consist of sixteen radio transceivers and sixteen
individual sector antennas that would have narrow fan-beam/pencil-beam type
radiation patterns.
o For this example, each one of the sixteen sectors could support the same total data
rate that a single Omni-directional BS could.
o It would be likely that the service provider would need to employ some form of fiber-
optic transport/connection to the network to support the total aggregated system
bandwidth to and from the BS.
Prepared By:
Prof.Suresha V.
Dept of E&C, KVG College of Engineering,Sullia.
Email:suresha.vee@gmail.com.
Cell No: +91 94485 24399.
Date: 17-04-2015