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Impact
Assessment
For the Proposed Copper Smelter Plant-II (1200 TPD Copper/ 4.38 LTPA
Copper) in the SEZ at SIPCOT Industrial Complex, Therkku Veerapandiapuram
Village, Ottapidaram Taluka, Thoothukudi District, Tamil Nadu
FINAL REPORT
Environmental Consultant:
January, 2015
PREFACE
Approved by : M. Janardhan
Signed :
The report has been prepared inline with the prescribed TORs issued vide letter
J-11011/431/2008-IA II(I) dated 25.6.2014 of the Ministry of Environment and
Forests (MoEF), New Delhi
This report has been prepared by Vimta Labs Limited with all reasonable skill,
care and diligence within the terms of the contract with the client,
incorporating our General Terms and Conditions of Business and taking account
of the resources devoted to it by agreement with the client.
Environmental Impact Assessment for the Proposed Copper Smelter Plant-II (1200
TPD Copper/ 4.38 LTPA Copper) in the SEZ at SIPCOT Industrial Complex, Therkku
Veerapandiapuram Village, Ottapidaram Taluka, Thoothukudi District, Tamilnadu
Table of Contents
Table of Contents
_______________________________________________________________
Chapter # Title Page #
_______________________________________________________________
1.0 Introduction
Annexures
List of Figures
_______________________________________________________________
Figures # Title Page #
_______________________________________________________________
List of Tables
_______________________________________________________________
Tables # Title Page #
_______________________________________________________________
7.13B Explosive over Pressure Levels due to Failure of LPG Bullet C7-11
7.14 Anticipated Accident Scenarios C7-17
7.15 Anticipated Emergency Situations C7-20
7.16 Off-Site Action Plan C7-58
8.1 Action Plan for CSR Programs C8-4
10.1 Cost Provision for Environmental Measures C10-7
1.0 Introduction
M/s. Sesa Sterlite Limited (SSL) proposes to set up 4.38 LTPA/1200 TPD
copper smelter plant-II in the Special Economic Zone (SEZ) at SIPCOT Industrial
Complex, Therkku Veerapandiapuram Village, Ottapidaram Taluka, Thoothukudi
District, Tamilnadu.
The proposed project has obtained Environmental Clearance (EC) from Ministry of
Environment, Forests and Climate Change (MoEF&CC) vide letter no. J-
1101/431/2008-IA II(I) dated 1.1.2009. However, the implementation of project
was delayed due to some unavoidable circumstances. The proposal was
considered by the Expert Appraisal Committee (EAC) in its 18 th meeting held
during 28-30th April 2014 for extension of validity of EC. During the meeting, the
committee desired that the EIA-EMP report shall be updated with the following
information.
The index map of the project site is shown in Figure-1 and study area map of 10
km radius is shown in Figure-2. The details of environmental setting are
summarized in Table-2.
TABLE-2
ENVIRONMENTAL SETTING OF THE PLANT SITE (10 KM RADIUS)
TAMILNADU
Plant Site
FIGURE-1
INDEX MAP
FIGURE-2
STUDY AREA MAP
VIMTA Labs Limited, Hyderabad ES-4
Environmental Impact Assessment for the Proposed Copper Smelter Plant-II (1200
TPD Copper / 4.38 LTPA Copper) in the SEZ at SIPCOT Industrial Complex, Therkku
Veerapandiapuram Village, Ottapidaram Taluka, Thoothukudi District, Tamilnadu
Executive Summary
Land Requirement
The total land required for the proposed project is about 128.805 Ha. Further,
additional land of 31.5 Ha is requested from SIPCOT for additional greenbelt
development and other future proposals.
The details of raw material requirement for the proposed project are given in
Table-3.
TABLE-3
RAW MATERIAL REQUIREMENT
Water Requirement
The total water requirement of the project is about 13324 m3/day. Out of this,
fresh raw water requirement for entire operation of copper smelter is about 8773
m3/day (2 MGD) which will be sourced from SIPCOT / Desalination plant /
Desalination water purchase from other desalination plant operators and rest is
met from treated wastewater and RO plants permeate.
Power Requirement
About 75 MW of power would be required for the project which will be met from
the existing thermal power plant of 160 MW.
During construction phase about 2000 persons on average per day is required and
during the operation phase about 650 persons in technical and non-technical cadre
and 800 persons in contractual basis.
3.1 Meteorology
Meteorological data at the site was monitored during 1st July 2014 to 30th
September 2014. It was observed that the during study period temperature
ranged from 24.60C to 38.90C. During the same period of observations, the
relative humidity recorded was ranged from 54% to 68%. Predominant wind
directions during study period are from W to E.
Ambient Air Quality Monitoring (AAQM) has been carried out at ten locations with a
frequency of two days per week for three months during 1st July 2014 to 30th
September 2014. A maximum value of PM10 (60.0 g/m3) was observed at project
site and minimum value of PM10 (35.1 g/m3) was observed within the study area.
The results obtained indicate that the concentrations of PM 10, PM2.5, SO2, NOx, CO
and other parameters in the ambient air are well within the National Ambient Air
Quality (NAAQ) standards for industrial, residential and rural areas.
To assess the physical and chemical properties of water in the region, sixteen
groundwater samples and three surface water samples were collected from various
water sources around the project site. The results indicate that the water quality is
generally in conformity with the drinking water standards (IS: 10500).
Seventeen soil samples were collected in and around the proposed project area to
assess the present soil quality of the region. Based on the results, the soil in the
region has been found to have sufficient quantities of nutrients for crop growth.
Ambient noise levels were measured at twenty one locations around the proposed
project site. The daytime and nighttime noise levels in all the locations were
observed to be within the permissible limits.
On the basis of field studies, records of Botanical Survey of India and Forest
department, Tamilnadu state did not indicate presence of any endangered and or
vulnerable species in this area and there are no reserved, protected or village
forests in 10- km from plant site. A comprehensive Central Legislation namely Wild
Life (Protection) Act was enforced in 1972 to provide protection to wild animals. No
species in the study area belongs to schedule I of Wildlife protection Act, 1972 and
there are no endangered, threatened wild animal species in study area.
The study area (10 km radius) area has a total population of 460192 according to
2011 census. Total male population is about 49.90% and females to 50.10%. The
data of study area reveals that it has literacy rate of 80.40%.
Based on the census report, 10-km radial distance around this proposed site
VIMTA Labs Limited, Hyderabad ES-7
Environmental Impact Assessment for the Proposed Copper Smelter Plant-II (1200
TPD Copper / 4.38 LTPA Copper) in the SEZ at SIPCOT Industrial Complex, Therkku
Veerapandiapuram Village, Ottapidaram Taluka, Thoothukudi District, Tamilnadu
Executive Summary
boundary has been considered for the study. The irrigated land admeasures to
about 1119 ha and the un-irrigated land admeasures about 8941 ha and works
out to about 26.61% of the total study area. The study area comprises about
43.83% cultivable wastelands. The land not available for cultivation is 29.56% of
the total study area. Based on the satellite imagery, 10 km radial distance around
this proposed site boundary has been considered for the study. The build-up area
is 16.01%, 40.88% of agricultural land in which fallow land contributes about
23.13%, 30.66% of waste land, 7.59% of water body and no forest lands were
observed.
Sulphur dioxide (SO2) and Particulate Matter emissions are the main pollutants in
the copper smelter complex and there will be no major source of NOx emissions.
The following are the control measures for air pollution:
Sulphur dioxide laden gases released during the primary smelting operations
from ISA smelter will be sent to electrostatic precipitators for dust removal;
The fugitive emissions from lance port and tapping port of ISA furnace will be
connected to the ISA furnace stack via scrubber;
Online SO2 analyzer for stack emission and adequate stack height of 165 m
will be provided;
Tail gas scrubber will be provided with adequate stack height of 165 m for
Sulfuric Acid Plant; and
In the phosphoric acid plant, five stage scrubber will be provided with
adequate stack height of 90 m.
Fugitive Emissions
The fugitive emissions will be generated from raw material handling area; Matte
and ferro sand tapping area from ISA, Settling furnace and Matte transfer points.
The fugitive emissions cannot be quantifiable and will be controlled by the
following measures:
Tube and closed conveyor will be provided at raw material handling area;
Hygiene ventilation system with Bag filter, scrubber and stack arrangement to
handle ISA/SF/converter/Anode furnace secondary gas emissions; and
Hood system at converter to capture secondary gases while transferring.
The traffic due to the project mainly includes trucks, which are used to transport
copper concentrate and other consumables. The estimated concentrations of CO
and NOx for the additional traffic were found to be well within the permissible
limit. Moreover SSL has established a railway siding facility in Meelavittan, which
will be connected to Copper Smelter complex vide proper material handling
system to handle all raw materials and products of existing and proposed project
which will further reduce the emission level due to vehicle as well as traffic
capacity in the NH road.
The total water requirement for the project is about 13324 m3/day. Out of this,
fresh raw water requirement for entire operation of copper smelter is about 8773
m3/day (2 MGD) which will be sourced from SIPCOT / Desalination plant /
Desalination water purchase from other desalination plant operators and rest is
met from treated wastewater and RO plants permeate.
The Govt. of Tamil Nadu has allotted a total quantity of 3 MGD of water to SSL
through SIPCOT. Out of which, 1.8 MGD is currently being used in Copper
Smelter Plant-I and the remaining 1.2 MGD SIPCOT water will be used in the
proposed Copper Smelter Plant – II. Additional 0.8 MGD water will be sourced
from the Desalination plant for the proposed Copper Smelter Plant - II.
The total waste water generation from the Copper smelter plant will be about
4551 m3/day. This will be treated in the Wastewater Treatment Plants (WWTP-1
to WWTP-3) and RO plant and the treated waste water will be fully utilized within
the plant for process, cooling and other purposes. No waste water will be
discharged outside the plant due to complete recycling into the plant operations.
Hence, there is no impact on the water regime due to the waste waters generated
from the plant complex.
The hazardous wastes such as ETP cake, scrubber cake, spent catalyst, RO
rejects and residue from ion exchange in water purification wastes, used resin
from bismuth plant will be stored in secured landfill. The landfill is designed as
per CPCB guidelines. Spent oil, oil sludge, ETP slime/sponge, and nonferrous
wastes will be sold to authorized recyclers, ESP/Gas Cooler/WHRB dust and
Precious metal slag will be recycled back in the process immediately. Hence, the
impact due to solid waste generation from the plant is not envisaged.
The main noise generating sources in the plant will be blowers and compressors
of acid plant, utility air, converters and ISA furnace; waste heat recovery boiler
and pump house. The predicted noise levels at the plant boundaries are
estimated through computer based mathematical model. The predicted noise
levels at the boundary due to various activities are found ranging in between 40
to 46 dB(A). It is seen from the simulation results that the incremental noise
VIMTA Labs Limited, Hyderabad ES-9
Environmental Impact Assessment for the Proposed Copper Smelter Plant-II (1200
TPD Copper / 4.38 LTPA Copper) in the SEZ at SIPCOT Industrial Complex, Therkku
Veerapandiapuram Village, Ottapidaram Taluka, Thoothukudi District, Tamilnadu
Executive Summary
levels will be well within the CPCB standards. The following control measures will
be implemented for the proposed project.
The oxygen plant will be installed in double wall building and no operator will
be working within the building;
The air compressor, process air blower, pneumatic valves will be provided
with acoustic enclosure;
The main sources of air pollution from the plant will be from the process stacks.
The pollutants from the plant include Sulphur dioxide and Particulate Matter. The
air dispersion modeling simulations are done to evaluate SO 2 and PM likely to be
contributed by the plant. The incremental concentrations were found to be well
within the limits as per National Ambient Air Quality Standards. Hence, only
marginal impact is envisaged due to copper smelter plant on the terrestrial
ecology. Hence, no impact is envisaged on the terrestrial ecology of the area.
Since the unit will be operating on zero discharge process and no perennial
nallahs or streams present in the project area, no impact on aquatic ecology is
envisaged.
The requirements of skilled and unskilled manpower during operation will be met
from nearby villages as far as possible. The project will also help in generation of
significant indirect employment. The area is well developed with the entire basic
infrastructure. Sesa Sterlite has undertaken many social welfare projects and
implemented. The same will be continued further. This will be a positive socio-
economic development for the region and general upliftment of standard of living
in the region.
CPCB/TNPCB. The frequency of air, noise, surface water and ground water
sampling and location of sampling will be as per the directives of Tamil Nadu
Pollution Control Board.
TABLE-4
COST PROVISION FOR ENVIRONMENTAL MEASURES
The green belt development not only functions as a fore guard and background
landscape feature resulting in harmonizing and amalgamating the physical
structures of the plant with surrounding environment. Earlier, the land was devoid
of vegetation and was a barren land. At present, SSL has developed greenbelt
along the boundary. Further, additional land of 31.5 Ha is requested from
SIPCOT for additional greenbelt development and other future proposals.
Risk assessment has been carried out to quantify the extent of damage and
suggest recommendations for safety improvement for the proposed copper
smelter plant II. Risk mitigation measures based on MCA analysis and
engineering judgments are incorporated in order to improve overall system safety
and mitigate the effects of major accidents.
An effective Disaster Management Plan (DMP) to mitigate the risks involved has
been prepared. This plan defines the responsibilities and resources available to
respond to the different types of emergencies envisaged. Training exercises will
be held to ensure that all personnel are familiar with their responsibilities and
that communication links are functioning effectively.
1.0 INTRODUCTION
Sesa Sterlite Ltd. (SSL) intends to set up 4.38 LTPA/1200 TPD copper smelter
plant-II in the Special Economic Zone (SEZ) at SIPCOT Industrial Complex,
Therkku Veerapandiapuram Village, Ottapidaram Taluka, Thoothukudi District,
Tamilnadu.
At the very outset, it is submitted that the erstwhile Sterlite Industries (India)
Limited has been merged with Sesa Goa Limited under and in terms of the
Scheme of Amalgamation and Arrangement as sanctioned by the Hon'ble Bombay
High Court (Goa Bench) and the Hon'ble Madras High Court, vide orders dated
April 03, 2013 and July 25, 2013 respectively, and consequently said Sterlite
Industries (India) Limited has been dissolved without being wound up, with effect
from August 17, 2013. Subsequently, the name of Sesa Goa Limited has been
changed after obtaining relevant Orders from the Registrar of Companies, Goa to
Sesa Sterlite Limited with effect from September 18, 2013.
Earlier, the proposed project has obtained Environmental Clearance (EC) from
Ministry of Environment, Forests and Climate Change (MoEF&CC) vide letter no.
J-1101/431/2008-IA II(I) dated 1.1.2009. Environmental clearance is enclosed as
Annexure-I. However, the implementation of project was delayed due to some
unavoidable circumstances. The proposal was considered by the Expert Appraisal
Committee (EAC) in its 18th meeting held during 28-30th April 2014 for extension
of validity of EC. During the meeting, the committee desired that the EIA-EMP
report shall be updated with the following information.
Vimta Labs Limited, Hyderabad, has been assigned to undertake the baseline
studies and to update the Environmental Impact Assessment report with the
above mentioned additional data. As per the MoEF&CC Office Memorandum No.J-
11013/36/2014-IA-I dated 10th December, 2014 the activities located in the
industrial estates/parks are exempted from public hearing. The proposed project
is located in State Industries Promotion Corporation of Tamil Nadu Limited;
(SIPCOT) for which the above said Office Memorandum is applicable. Hence, the
updated EIA report is being submitted to MoEF&CC for environmental clearance.
The MoEF&CC, Office Memorandum regarding exemption of public hearing is
enclosed as Annexure-III.
Sesa Sterlite Ltd., is a group company of Vedanta Resources Plc. Sesa Sterlite
Limited (“Sesa Sterlite”) is one of the world’s largest diversified natural resource
companies listed on BSE, NSE and NYSE. Sesa Sterlite produce copper, zinc, lead,
silver, aluminium, iron ore, oil & gas and commercial power and have a presence
across India, South Africa, Namibia, Ireland, Australia, Liberia and Sri Lanka.
Sustainability is at the core of Sesa Sterlite’s strategy, with a strong focus on
health, safety and environment and on enhancing the lives of local communities.
Sesa Sterlite has a strong track record in managing operations and improving
costs and output. Indian zinc and copper operations rank in its top quartile of
global cost efficiency.
Sesa Sterlite Ltd., is the first company in India to set up a copper smelter and
refinery in private sector and operate the largest capacity continuous cast copper
rod plants. The main products are copper anodes, cathodes and rods, which meet
global quality benchmarks.
The total cost for the proposed Copper Smelter Plant -II project is estimated as
Rs.2500 Crores, which may further escalate depending upon the project
execution period. The break-up of project cost is presented in Table-1.1. The
environmental protection cost including the chimney in the total project cost is
about Rs. 585 Crores.
TABLE-1.1
DETAILS OF PROJECT COST
TABLE-1.2
DETAILS OF PRODUCTION CAPACITY
Copper, the world’s most widely used metal next to iron and aluminium, is an
important element in global industrial development. It is considered a barometer
of economic expansion. Although copper is neither a precious metal nor an
energy source, it is inarguably one of the most important commodities in today’s
world.
SIPCOT handed over land of 131.39 Ha for copper smelter plant-II. SIPCOT had
executed three lease deeds, one, dated 16-02-2009 (for 36.16 Ha of land), the
second, dated 07-10-2009 (for 93.33 Ha of land) and the third dated 03-06-2010
(for 1.84 Ha of land) in favour of the company at SIPCOT Industrial Complex,
Thoothukudi and handed over the land to SSL as per lease agreements.
The location map and study area of 10 km radius of the plant is shown in Figure-
1.1 and Figure-1.2 respectively. The environmental setting of the plant site is
given in Table-1.3.
TABLE-1.3
ENVIRONMENTAL SETTING OF THE PLANT SITE (10 KM RADIUS)
TAMILNADU
Plant Site
FIGURE-1.1
INDEX MAP
VIMTA Labs Limited, Hyderabad C1-6
Environmental Impact Assessment for the Proposed Copper Smelter Plant-II (1200
TPD Copper/ 4.38 LTPA Copper) in the SEZ at SIPCOT Industrial Complex, Therkku
Veerapandiapuram Village, Ottapidaram Taluka, Thoothukudi District, Tamilnadu
Chapter-1
Introduction
FIGURE-1.2
STUDY AREA MAP
Fresh baseline studies have been conducted during 01st July to 30th September
2014 (non-monsoon season) to determine existing conditions of various
environmental attributes as outlined in Table-1.4 and the methodology of
sampling and analysis is given in Annexure-IV.
TABLE-1.4
ENVIRONMENTAL ATTRIBUTES AND FREQUENCY OF MONITORING
The report has been framed in eleven chapters and presented as follows:
Chapter-1.0: Introduction
This chapter provides background information of the project, brief description and
objectives of the project, description of the area, scope, methodology and
organization of the study.
This chapter presents the background information on the existing and proposed
project activities, technology being adopted, sources of pollution and proposed
control measures.
This chapter presents the methodology and findings of field studies undertaken to
establish the baseline conditions.
This chapter details the inferences drawn from the environment impact
assessment of the project during development and operational phase. It
describes the overall impacts of the project and underscores the areas of concern
which need mitigation measures.
This chapter presents the analysis of alternative sites and technologies considered
for the proposed project.
This chapter covers the details of risk involved in the project, Disaster
Management Plan, Occupational Health and Safety and summary of other special
studies as per TOR conditions.
This chapter contains the summary and conclusion of the overall EIA report.
This chapter contains the list of various experts engaged in preparing the EIA
report along with brief introduction of the consultancy.
This chapter addresses the process details of copper smelter plant including basic
raw material requirement, utilities and services, infrastructural facilities and
sources of pollution, their quantity, treatment and disposal of the waste.
This is a green field project for the production of 4.38 LTPA copper anodes. The
copper anodes are produced from the copper concentrate through pyro-
metallurgical (smelting) processes. The sulphur dioxide generated during the
smelting of copper concentrate is converted into sulphuric acid by Double
Conversion Double Absorption (DCDA) process. A part of this sulphuric acid is
captively utilized for production of phosphoric acid from the imported rock
phosphate using a Hemi-hydrate-Di-hydrate process. The copper anodes are
dispatched to the refinery unit for further electrolytic refining to about 99.99%
purity, which is necessary to obtain the required electrical conductivity for
electrical applications.
The principal raw material for the production of copper metal at Sesa Sterlite is
copper concentrate blend containing about 25-35% copper, 25-34% sulphur, iron
25-30% and 7-10% moisture. The process flow diagram of copper smelter plant
is shown in Figure-2.1. The major steps in copper extraction include:
Fire refining of blister copper to produce anode copper (99.5% Cu) in anode
furnace and casting of the anodes; and
Cu Concentrate
Smelting Furnace
Oxygen Plant Oxygen
(1 No) Hot Ferro Sand
(1 No) dumping Yard
Secondary Converters
Sulphuric Acid Copper
Plant (4 nos)
(1 No.)
Copper CCR
Cathodes
FIGURE-2.1
PROCESS FLOW DIAGRAM OF COPPER SMELTER PLANT –II
The total land required for the proposed project is about 128.805 Ha. Further,
additional land of 31.5 Ha is requested from SIPCOT for greenbelt development,
and other future proposals. The SEZ land approval letter from Ministry of
commerce & Industry and the requisition letter for additional land are enclosed as
Annexure-V. Sufficient graded land, free from major undulations is available
adjacent to the existing copper smelter plant-I. The land use of the proposed
project is given in Table-2.1. The overall plant layout showing the location of
various units is given in Figure-2.2.
TABLE-2.1
LAND UTILIZATION PATTERN
Sr. Total
Facility Description
No. (Area in Ha)*
1 Plant facilities 45.000
2 Storage of fuel 3.000
3 Storage of Water 3.300
4 Storage of Hazardous waste - SLF 5.000
5 Storage of Hazardous Chemicals 3.500
6 Storage of raw materials 7.000
7 Ferrosand storage area 5.000
8 Greenbelt 27.000
9 Miscellaneous (roads, drains, truck parking, 30.000
buildings,etc.)
10 Vacant land 2.585
11 Additional land for greenbelt development, and other 31.500
future proposals
Total 162.885
Source- SSL
Copper smelter plant–II is designed for the capacity of 4,38,000 TPA of copper
anodes production. The major design parameter of proposed copper smelter is
presented in Table-2.2.
TABLE-2.2
MAJOR DESIGN PARAMETERS OF PROPOSED PLANT
FIGURE-2.2
OVERALL PLANT LAY OUT
VIMTA Labs Limited, Hyderabad C2-4
Environmental Impact Assessment for the Proposed Copper Smelter Plant-II (1200
TPD Copper/ 4.38 LTPA Copper) in the SEZ at SIPCOT Industrial Complex, Therkku
Veerapandiapuram Village, Ottapidaram Taluka, Thoothukudi District, Tamilnadu
Chapter-2
Project Description
It is proposed to have ISA furnace to produce 4.38 LTPA of copper anode. The
design detail of the proposed ISA smelter furnace is given in Table-2.3.
TABLE-2.3
DESIGN DETAILS OF ISASMELT FURNACE
The details of raw material requirement for the proposed project are given in
Table-2.4.
TABLE-2.4
RAW MATERIAL REQUIREMENT
The total water requirement for the project is about 13324 m3/day. Out of this,
fresh raw water requirement for entire operation of copper smelter is about 8773
m3/day (2 MGD) which will be sourced from SIPCOT / Desalination plant /
Desalination water purchase from other desalination plant operators and rest is
met from treated wastewater and RO plants permeate.
The Govt. of Tamil Nadu has allotted a total quantity of 3 MGD of water to SSL
through SIPCOT and the water allocation letter is enclosed as Annexure-VI. Out
of which, 1.8 MGD is currently being used in Copper Smelter Plant-I and the
remaining 1.2 MGD SIPCOT water will be used in the proposed Copper Smelter
Plant – II. Additional 0.8 MGD water will be sourced from the Desalination plant
for the proposed Copper Smelter Plant - II.
The details of usage and water balance is presented in Table-2.5 and shown in
Figure-2.3.
TABLE-2.5
WATER REQUIREMENT FOR COPPER SMELTER PLANT–II
FIGURE-2.3
WATER BALANCE
About 75 MW of power would be required for the project which will be met from
the existing thermal power plant of 160 MW.
The SIPCOT industrial complex is a fully developed industrial estate provided with all
types of infrastructure facilities such as road, rail and goods yard, water supply
drainage etc. The SIPCOT area is well connected by road and rail. Power is readily
available through separate sub-stations. Thoothukudi port is located at a distance of
17 km, which provides additional advantage and facilities for import and export of
materials required by the industries in the region.
During construction phase about 2000 persons on average per day is required and
during the operation phase about 650 persons in technical and non-technical cadre
and 800 persons in contractual basis.
The major technological units envisaged for the copper smelter plant are as given
below:
Copper concentrate and rock phosphate will be procured from various sources at
Thoothukudi port through shipment. These materials will be transferred into
warehouse by tippers / wagons / overhead conveyors. The copper concentrate
and the rock phosphate will be stored in separate warehouses. Similarly, other
raw materials (fluxes) required for smelting viz. silica, limestone and quartz, will
be procured from indigenous sources and stored in the raw material storage area.
The process for the smelting of copper from the copper concentrate by ISASMELT
process, which is a proprietary technology of M/s Xstrata Technologies, Australia.
The process flow diagram of ISA smelter and settling furnace is shown in Figure-
2.4.
Settling Furnace
FIGURE-2.4
PICTORIAL DIAGRAM OF ISA SMELTER AND SETTLING FURNACE
VIMTA Labs Limited, Hyderabad C2-9
Environmental Impact Assessment for the Proposed Copper Smelter Plant-II (1200
TPD Copper/ 4.38 LTPA Copper) in the SEZ at SIPCOT Industrial Complex, Therkku
Veerapandiapuram Village, Ottapidaram Taluka, Thoothukudi District, Tamilnadu
Chapter-2
Project Description
Furnace building;
Furnace raw material feed system;
The smelting furnace;
The lance handling and services system;
Molten matte/ ferro sand handling system;
Off gas handling system;
Waste heat recovery boiler system;
Turbine generator system;
Air cooled condensers;
Cooling water system; and
Hygiene ventilation system.
From the ISA furnace matte/ ferro sand is periodically tapped from the tap hole,
which is provided with water cooled copper block. The tap hole will be opened
with a tap-gunning machine. The ferro sand/ matte together will flow by gravity
to the Settling Furnace for ferro sand and matte settling and separation. The
temperature around 1260°C will be maintained. The off-gases from the furnace
operation will be taken to the proposed hygiene ventilation system for scrubbing.
The ISASMELT furnace will be maintained under negative pressure at all times to
prevent uncontrolled escape of hot process SO2 bearing off-gases and these gases
will be utilized for the recovery of the sulphur content as saleable byproduct of
sulphuric acid.
The hot SO2 gases from the ISASMELT furnace, before being led to the sulphuric
acid plant will pass through a Waste Heat Recovery Boiler (WHRB) to recover the
heat to produce approximately 75 t/h of steam at 77 bar pressure. The WHRB will
have a radiant section and a set of convection bank pendant tubes. The steam
produced in the WHRB of ISASMELT will be utilized to generate power through a
turbine set.
A major content of the dust carried over in the off-gases will be recovered
underneath the WHRB through an air cooled drag chain conveyor and fed to a
crusher together with the ESP dust for grinding to a size fraction suitable for
pneumatic conveying to the recycle bin located in the day bin building.
Off gases from the waste heat recovery boiler cooled to a temperature of 320ºC
to 400ºC and is further conveyed to a hot ESP. To maintain the manometric
balance for the downstream equipment described above and maintain a negative
suction pressure at the ISASMELT furnace inlet; an intermediate fan (ID fan)
having a capacity of 1,25,800 Nm3/hr will be provided after the hot ESP. The ID
fan will further deliver the off-gas to the gas cleaning section of the sulphuric acid
plant for cooling and removal of the impurities before being sent to sulphuric acid
plant for manufacture of sulphuric acid.
VIMTA Labs Limited, Hyderabad C2-10
Environmental Impact Assessment for the Proposed Copper Smelter Plant-II (1200
TPD Copper/ 4.38 LTPA Copper) in the SEZ at SIPCOT Industrial Complex, Therkku
Veerapandiapuram Village, Ottapidaram Taluka, Thoothukudi District, Tamilnadu
Chapter-2
Project Description
Hygiene ventilation system has been envisaged for the following systems:
A common double alkali scrubbing system shall be provided for the secondary
gases generated in ISASMELT furnace and settling furnace. This secondary
scrubbing system can handle gas volume of 362,000 Nm3/hr. Provision has also
been kept for conveying the combustion off gases produced during the initial
preheating of ISA furnace to the scrubbing system through a by-pass line.
One common stack is envisaged for the entire ventilation & scrubbing system of
ISASMELT, Settling Furnace, converters and anode furnace.
Lime Grit
The lime grit will be generated from the Milk of Lime (MOL) preparation plant,
which will be a residue of lime after the MOL of required gram/litre will be
prepared. In this project, the lime grit generation will be about 15 TPD. Since,
the lime grit contains lime content of 30 -35 %, the same will be recycled back
into ISA furnace in place of flux material or will be sold to external market.
Crushed revert and quartz (SiO2- 90% to the size of 20 - 25 mm) will be fed to
the converters during the operation. Two sets of bins consisting of two bins each
(one for quartz and one for revert) will exist for converters. These bins will be
filled by a common conveyor system.
Materials from these bins will be reclaimed by vibro-feeders located below the
bunkers and the reclaimed material will be fed to the Converters.
Converter charging system will be provided with dust extraction system (ESP) to
prevent escape of dust to the atmosphere.
2.3.3.2 Converter
Molten matte tapped from the settling furnace will be transferred to converter.
During converting operation, air under pressure will be passed through the
specially designed tuyeres into the molten bath. The air will oxidize the matte to
form ferro sand and blister copper. Crushed quartz (20-25 mm size) will be added
as flux in the converter. Quartz will be stored in a hopper located centrally
VIMTA Labs Limited, Hyderabad C2-11
Environmental Impact Assessment for the Proposed Copper Smelter Plant-II (1200
TPD Copper/ 4.38 LTPA Copper) in the SEZ at SIPCOT Industrial Complex, Therkku
Veerapandiapuram Village, Ottapidaram Taluka, Thoothukudi District, Tamilnadu
Chapter-2
Project Description
Ferro sand with 7 to 10% copper will be tapped intermittently and recycled for
recovery of contained copper content into matte and fixation of iron as ferro sand
with less than 0.5% copper.
The gases will pass through an Electro Static Precipitator (ESP) with a capacity of
handling 2,65,000 Nm3/hr gas flow, to minimize dust carry-over to the sulphuric
acid plant. Dust collected from off gases in ESP will be recycled to ISASMELT
furnace through a pneumatic conveying to the recycle bin located in the day bin
Building. Converter SO2 off-gases will be finally sucked by I.D fans and utilized
for sulphuric acid production.
The secondary off-gases from the secondary hoods will be conveyed to secondary
scrubber having capacity of 470,000 Nm3/hr.
TABLE-2.6
DETAILS OF CONVERTER
Three number of anode furnaces will be used for refining of blister copper to
anode copper. Anode furnaces will be provided with LPG & Oil burners. Blister
copper will be received in anode furnaces through ladles (7m3) with the help of
EOT crane. Blister copper will be slowly oxidized to remove dissolved sulphur
below 50 ppm by blowing air in it through tuyeres. The metal will be subsequently
reduced by use of LPG to control Oxygen around 1,500 ppm.
Fire-refined copper will be casted into anodes on rotating twin / single wheel
casting machine by means of automatic anode weighing and casting device.
VIMTA Labs Limited, Hyderabad C2-12
Environmental Impact Assessment for the Proposed Copper Smelter Plant-II (1200
TPD Copper/ 4.38 LTPA Copper) in the SEZ at SIPCOT Industrial Complex, Therkku
Veerapandiapuram Village, Ottapidaram Taluka, Thoothukudi District, Tamilnadu
Chapter-2
Project Description
Anodes from cast wheel will be lifted by means of an automatic take-off device,
cooled and stacked on a conveyor for onward conveying to the anodes
preparation yard. Hot off-gases from the anode furnaces will be drawn by exhaust
fan, scrubbed through Hygiene Ventilation Scrubbing (HVS) before discharge to
the atmosphere. The design detail of anode furnaces (3 Nos.) is given in Table-
2.7.
TABLE-2.7
DETAILS OF ANODE FURNACE
Control cells;
Liberator cells;
Slime/sponge treatment facility; and
Fume extraction.
Besides, other major facilities like overhead cranes, rectifiers, bus-bar system,
instrumentation and general services will exist to meet the requirement of tank
house and purification plant. The copper anodes containing about 99.5% to
99.7% copper is electrolytically refined to about 99.99% purity which will be
necessary to obtain the required electrical conductivity for electrical applications.
The impure anodes will contain around 99.5% to 99.7% copper, 0.15% oxygen
and traces of other impurities such as precious metals. Anodes and stainless steel
cathode plates will be suspended alternatively (56 anodes and 55 cathodes) in
the electrolysis cell. The electrolytic cells will be connected in series to form one
bank. A bank can be electrically isolated from others for the purpose of changing
anodes and stripping by using short circuit switches. The current will pass from
cell to cell via intermediate busbars. Direct current required for electrolysis will be
provided by rectifier. From rectifier current will flow through bus bars to banks
and provide power for electrolysis.
The electrolytic cells will be filled with electrolyte (copper sulphate, sulphuric acid,
water and anode impurities). The electrolyte, which flows through cell, will be
preheated and circulated. The temperature of electrolyte will be maintained at 630
C to 650 C and flow will be maintained at 25-35 liters per minute per cell. During
circulation of electrolyte, other reagents (glue, thiourea and hydrochloric acid) will
be added to achieve smooth fine-grained deposit. Electrolysis will be conducted
for about five to seven days (this time can be varied according to the current
density).
Copper will be electrochemically dissolved from the anodes and will get deposited
on the cathode, at a rate depending upon the strength of the current. The copper
deposited cathode plates will be removed from the electrolytic cells and will be
passed through cathode stripping machine, where cathodes will be washed and
copper will be stripped from cathodes plates. The copper will be bundled,
weighed and strapped ready for use in Continuous Copper Rod Plant (CCR) or
dispatched to customers. The mother banks will return to the process for further
deposition.
The undissolved part of anode, called anode scrap will be washed free of
electrolyte in Anode Scrap Washing Machine (ASWM) and will be recycled back to
smelter for remelting as anodes. The insoluble impurities (anode slime/sponges)
which settle at the bottom of the cell will be collected and subjected to leaching
process, where copper will be removed from the slime/sponge. The leached
slime/sponge will be filtered, dried and processed further.
During Electro-refining, some anode impurities (noble metals and heavy metals)
will get dissolved in electrolyte. The build-up of concentration of these impurities
in electrolyte solution will affect the electrolysis process and result in poor quality
of cathode. The concentration of such impurities in the electrolyte will be
controlled by bleeding off some quantity of electrolyte and making-up with fresh
electrolyte solution.
FIGURE-2.5
FLOW DIAGRAM OF ELECTROLYTIC REFINERY PROCESS
The CCR plant (Continuous Rod Plant) will convert Copper Cathodes into rods
by melting and rolling. Copper cathodes will contain around 99.99 plus %
coppers and will be one of the purest forms of commercially available copper.
The copper cathodes will be processed and made into rods of varying sizes to
make them amenable for wire drawing. A brief description of the process is as
under:
The raw material for the process will be Copper Cathode of LME (London Metal
Exchange) Grade A quality. These cathodes along with pure in-process scrap from
rod plant will be used for melting. Cathodes will be made into bundles and
charged into a shaft furnace with the help of a skip hoist.
The shaft furnace will have LPG / Propane fired nozzle mix burners at the bottom
to melt cathode at a temperature of 11000c and this melting temperature will be
controlled by a computer controlled system. The flame from the burner will hit
the cathodes and melt the same. Since there will be column of cathodes above
the burners, the hot gases will pass through the cathodes and transfer sensible
heat to the descending charge thus will increase thermal efficiency. The fuel used
will be free from sulphur as Propane or LPG. Consequently there will be no
pollution of any nature because of shaft furnace.
One specialty of the furnace is that there will be no molten metal in the furnace
and the metal as it melts freely flows out and the temperature will be kept very
low to prevent hydrogen pick up. The molten metal will flow through covered
launders at a temperature of 11000c to a holding furnace.
The holding furnace will act as buffer between melting and copper wire rod-
making machine. The holding furnace will be heated at a temperature of 11000c
using Propane / LPG. The same fuel will heat the launders. The temperature will
be kept as low as possible to prevent over oxidation and pick up of hydrogen.
The molten metal from the holding furnace will be transferred to the tundish
through the premix burner fired Launders, whose level will be automatically
controlled. The tundish will feed the metal into a rotating wheel (trapezoidal
groove) from one side. Here the metal will get solidified as the wheel cooled with
water jet sprays. Solidified hot cast bar will come out of the wheel and pass
through automatic shearing machine, cast bar straightener & shaving machine.
Here the upper edges will be shaved to remove the surface copper oxide scales.
VIMTA Labs Limited, Hyderabad C2-16
Environmental Impact Assessment for the Proposed Copper Smelter Plant-II (1200
TPD Copper/ 4.38 LTPA Copper) in the SEZ at SIPCOT Industrial Complex, Therkku
Veerapandiapuram Village, Ottapidaram Taluka, Thoothukudi District, Tamilnadu
Chapter-2
Project Description
Rolling Mill
The copper bar will enter the rolling mill at about 8500 c. Here it will pass
through roughing mill, intermediate mill and finishing mill. The cross section will
be reduced in 11 stages with intermediate sections of triangles & circles to reach
the required diameter of rods.
The rod exiting from the rolling mill will be passed through pickling unit (2% IPA
solution in water and emulsion mixture) in order to reduce the surface oxide of
the rod. After pickling the rod in water, the temperature will be reduced from
5000 C to 600 C.
The quenched rod will be dried with compressed air in the drier unit to remove
the water droplets from the rod surface. In the waxing unit, a water-soluble wax
will be sprayed on the rod to protect the rod surface from tarnishing.
Wax-coated rod will pass through loop forming pipe to form orbital coils of
various size. The rods will be then compacted, strapped and stretch wrapped with
HDPE woven cut sheet for dispatch.
2.3.6.5 Wastewater
The only wastewater generated in the process will be the emulsion containing 5
% soluble oil. The emulsion will be discarded after 6 months depending upon the
roll life of the mill. The soluble oil will be sold as secondary oil.
The gases from the shaft furnace will not contain any sulphur since the fuel (LPG)
used will be free of sulphur. The NOx content will be negligible since combustion
will be at a very low temperature. There will be no SPM as no soot formation will
take place. The process flow diagram of CCR plant is shown in Figure-2.6.
FIGURE-2.6
FLOW DIAGRAM OF CONTINUOUS COPPER ROD PLANT PROCESS
The process flow diagram of gas cleaning plant and sulphuric acid plant are
shown in Figure-2.7 and Figure-2.8 respectively.
Mercury
Removal
Tower
Gas to SAP
FIGURE-2.7
PICTORIAL DIAGRAM OF GAS CLEANING PLANT
2
Drying Tower Intermediate
3
(DT) Absorption
WHRB Tower
4
Final
(IAT)
1
Absorption
Blower Tower
Converter Bed 98.5 % H2SO4
(FAT)
Product
Acid
ATPT
Air Cooler Acid
Cool
er
DM Water
Gas Stream
Stack Tail Gas
Acid Stream Scrubber
FIGURE-2.8
PROCESS FLOW DIAGRAM OF SULPHURIC ACID PLANT
The partially cooled and clean gas from the primary gas handling system
containing 11% to 12% SO2 will be processed in Sulphuric Acid Plant (SAP) to
produce sulphuric acid. The gas from the primary gas handling system will be
cleaned and condensed in a primary quencher vessel and a retention vessel.
These units will provide quenching of the hot gas to the saturation temperature
and provide retention time for particle condensation and coalescence. In addition
to the removal of coarser dust particles, these units, also will absorb hydrogen
chloride and hydrogen fluoride vapors present in the gas, if any.
The saturated partially cleaned gas will enter the scrubbers where sub-micron
particles will be captured and removed from the gas. The dust free gases will be
further cooled in cooling towers and cleaned in wet ESPs for removal of traces of
fine particulates, if any. The clean gas will be next processed in SAP for
production of sulphuric acid.
Mercury removal towers will be provided for cleaning of the copper smelter gases.
The waste water from both towers will be treated in a common system of settling
and reaction tanks.
Mercury in the smelter and converter gases will be present in elemental form as
mercury vapour in the downstream of the wet electrostatic precipitator. This
mercury vapour can be removed from the gas by means of an aqueous mercury-
II-chloride solution.
Absorption of the mercury vapour will be promoted by the following reaction with
mercury-II-chloride dissolved in the scrubbing solution.
This reaction (1) will occur in the packed scrubbing tower of the mercury removal
system. The gas will be routed through the Hg scrubbing tower from bottom to
top in countercurrent to the scrubbing liquid (HgCl 2 solution). The mercury-II-
chloride solution will be fed at the tower top and uniformly distributed over the
packing by a liquid distributor system.
The scrubbing liquid from the integrated pump tank will be recirculated by one
pump with a second one as standby. A branch stream of the circulating scrubbing
solution will be routed via a settling tank. The clear supernatant will flow back to
the Hg scrubbing towers.
Settling Tank
The calomel (Hg2Cl2) will produce by the above reaction is insoluble. To separate
it from the liquid, the solids will be removed in the settling tank by gravitational
settling. The resulting calomel suspension will be finally discharged from the Hg
system circuit.
Chlorination Tank
The chlorine necessary for the reaction will be taken from chlorine cylinders and
dosed into a recirculated liquid stream by means of a special injection device.
Necessary online monitoring system will be installed to monitor the dosage level.
Storage Tank
Reaction Tank
Due to some condensation of water from the smelter gas, a liquid stream has to
be bled from the scrubbing circuit from time to time. Additionally, a higher bleed
stream might be necessary in order to maintain the Cl- concentration below a
level of 5 g/l. This HgCl2-laden bleed stream will be treated with zinc dust in a
reaction tank. The Zn dust will react with the HgCl 2 to create again insoluble
calomel Hg2Cl2 according to reaction equation (3). The resulting Hg-free aqueous
solution will be pumped off to WWTP for further treatment.
2+
2 Hg + 4 Cl- + Zn Hg2Cl2 + Zn 2+
+ 2 Cl¯ (3)
The casings of the Mercury Removal Tower and the tanks will be made from FRP
with PVC inliner.
The gas from the gas cleaning section, saturated with water at 350o C, will be
drawn into the Drying Tower under suction from the main blower. Dilution air if
required will be added at this point to regulate the concentration of SO2 in the gas
entering the Converter. The gas will be dried by counter-current contact with a
stream of 93% acid in the drying tower. Acid mist carryover in the gas stream
from the drying tower will be reduced by means of a mist eliminator located at
the top of the tower. The dry gas from the drying tower will be compressed in the
main blower. The compressed gas will be further heated to a temperature of
4100C in the heat exchangers before it contacts the catalyst (vanadium
pentoxide) in the converter. The converter will have 4 beds of catalyst. The
catalyst beds not only facilitate the conversion of SO 2 to SO3, but also controls
the increase in gas temperature due to exothermic conversion of SO 2 to SO3. The
gas from the second converter bed where approximately 94% of the SO2 will get
converted to SO3, which will be absorbed in 98.5% Sulphuric acid in the
Intermediate Absorption Tower. Acid mist carryover will be reduced by passing
the gas through candle type mist eliminators. The gas from the intermediate
absorption tower will again be processed in 3rd and 4th converter bed where
overall conversion of remaining SO2 to SO3 will take place. The gas from the 4th
converter bed will again be absorbed in 98.5% sulphuric acid in the Final
Absorption Tower to produce sulphuric acid of desired strength. The produced
acid will be stored in storage tanks. Acid mist carryover will be reduced through
the use of Brownian Diffusion candle type mist eliminators. The gas leaving the
VIMTA Labs Limited, Hyderabad C2-22
Environmental Impact Assessment for the Proposed Copper Smelter Plant-II (1200
TPD Copper/ 4.38 LTPA Copper) in the SEZ at SIPCOT Industrial Complex, Therkku
Veerapandiapuram Village, Ottapidaram Taluka, Thoothukudi District, Tamilnadu
Chapter-2
Project Description
Final Absorption Tower will be scrubbed in Tail Gas Scrubber and then will be
discharged to atmosphere via Stack.
In waste heat recovery system, the DM water will be heated in economizer and
low-pressure boiler by recovering heat from heat generated during conversion of
SO2 to SO3 in converters to produce steam in SAP.
The 98.5% sulphuric acid produced will be pumped from the product tank. The
product acid from the storage tank will be loaded in acid tankers for dispatch.
In order to balance the generation and the demand of sulphuric acid, a part of
sulphuric acid will be captively utilized for production of phosphoric acid.
The main raw materials for the phosphoric acid production will be rock phosphate
and sulphuric acid. The rock phosphate will be reacted with sulphuric acid in a
series of reactors to produce phosphoric acid. The concentration units will be
equipped with a fluorine recovery plant which will produce 80 MTPD of
hydrofluosilicic acid as 100% H2SiF6. The plant will be equipped with an efficient
scrubbing system to meet stringent environmental standards. The following steps
will be involved in the manufacturing process:
Rock handling;
Reaction;
Hemi-hydrate filtration;
Transformation;
Di-hydrate filtration;
Concentration; and
Acid storage.
FIGURE-2.9
PROCESS FLOW DIAGRAM OF PHOSPHORIC ACID PLANT
2.3.8.2 Reaction
There will be three agitated reactors in series operation. The reactors will be of
mild steel with 10 mm thick butyl rubber lining followed by carbon brick lining in
three layers. The rock phosphate and recirculated acid slurry from the flash cooler
will be fed to reactor 1A. 40% of the calcium fed to Reactor 1A will be
precipitated in reactors 1A and 1B. Slurry from reactor 1A will overflow to reactor
1B and finally enter Reactor 2. In reactor 2, 98.5% H2SO4 and 36% P2O5 acid will
be added with the slurry and the remaining calcium in solution will be
precipitated. The system temperature will be maintained at 98-1000 by means of
a flash cooling system through which the slurry will be pumped from the reactor 2
to the reactor 1B. The off gases evolved during reaction and during flash cooling
will be scrubbed in reactor off gas unit and in flash cooler off gas unit
respectively. Scrubbing will be done with water and hydrofluosilicic acid will be
produced at a concentration of 18% which will be filtered in a silica filter to
remove the silica content and the filtered acid will be sent for storage.
The horizontal belt filter and the slurry from the flash cooler will be fed to the
filter and washed counter currently. The acid collected from the first filtrate will
be product acid of 43% P2O5. Second filtrate will be return acid of 36% P2O5
which will be pumped back to the third reactor. Before the cake discharged to
the first transformation tank, final washing will be done by 9% P2O5 acid from the
dihydrate filter. A vacuum up to 0.25 bar will be maintained by operating two
centrifugal vacuum pumps.
2.3.8.4 Transformation
There will be two transformation tanks, made up of mild steel, rubber lined and
carbon brick lined, operating in series. An agitator will be mounted for better
mixing and keeping the slurry in suspension. Hemihydrate cake HH cloth wash
liquor and sulphuric acid will be added to tank No. 1 and it will overflow to tank
No. 2. The residence time will be sufficient to achieve conversion of Hemihydrate
to dihydrate under controlled conditions and the slurry will then be fed to the
dihydrate filter.
The horizontal belt filter and the slurry from the transformation tank will be
pumped to the filter and it will be washed counter currently. The cake will
undergo two washings before it discharged to the gypsum slurry tank. The first
filtrate of 9% P2O5 will be used as final wash for the hemi-hydrate cake. The
second filtrate will be used for washing the hemi-hydrate filter cloth.
2.3.8.6 Concentration
The product acid of 43% P2O5 from the hemihydrate filter will further be
concentrated upto 54% P2O5 in the concentration section. Acid from the hemi-
hydrate filter will be pumped to the clarifier for removing the solids and will be
pumped to the concentrator. The clarifier will be a mild steel rubber lined vessel
and acid brick lined at the conical bottom portion. There will be two clarifiers, one
at the inlet of the concentrator. A centrally mounted rake mechanism will be used
for removing the sludge from the acid. The clear acid from the clarifier top will be
pumped to the concentrator and the sludge from the clarifier bottom will be
pumped back to the third reactor for recovering the entrapped P 2O5. There will
be two concentrators operating in parallel with the fluorine recovery unit. The
concentrator will be a mild steel rubber lined cylindrical vessel with a conical
bottom. A graphite heat exchanger will be used to raise the acid temperature to
850C by means of a low pressure steam (1.5 Kg/cm2). The steam will be
generated from “Smoke Tube” type Boilers. Acid circulation between the
concentrator and the graphite heat exchanger will be done by an axial flow pump
of high volume and low head. The concentrated acid will overflow from the
concentrator (flash chamber) to a concentrated acid seal tank and will be pumped
to the concentrated acid clarifier through three acid coolers. The clarified acid will
VIMTA Labs Limited, Hyderabad C2-25
Environmental Impact Assessment for the Proposed Copper Smelter Plant-II (1200
TPD Copper/ 4.38 LTPA Copper) in the SEZ at SIPCOT Industrial Complex, Therkku
Veerapandiapuram Village, Ottapidaram Taluka, Thoothukudi District, Tamilnadu
Chapter-2
Project Description
Oxygen will be required mainly for ISASMELT furnaces and occasionally for
converters. The oxygen plant will consist of main air compressors running
simultaneously. The plant will produce oxygen (95% purity) and nitrogen (99.9%
purity). Liquid storage for LOX will be provided.
Precious metal plant will be a good value and pride plant for India. Hence new
Precious Metal plant is proposed using state of the art technology. The Precious
metal plant will produce premium Gold, Silver, Platinum, Palladium.
Input and output details for Copper Telluride recovery process are presented in
Table-2.8.
TABLE-2.8
INPUT AND OUTPUT DETAILS FOR COPPER
TELLURIDE RECOVERY PROCESS
Input
Electrolyte-CuSO4 30 L/MT of Cathode
Copper Shavings 302 gm/MT of Cathode
Water 2 L/MT of Cathode
Steam 10 Kg/MT of Cathode
Output
Copper –Telluride (Cu-Te) 48 -85 gm/MT of Cathode
Electrolyte-CuSO4 48 L/MT of Cathode
Water Vapour 12 L/MT of Cathode
Electrolyte
from
Refinery
Steam
Filter
Copper Telluride
Press
Tray Drier for Sale
Cu
Solid
Liquid
to
Refinery
FIGURE-2.10
PROCESS FLOW DIAGRAM OF COPPER TELLURIDE RECOVERY PLANT
The powdered Copper Telluride will be heated to boil with Sodium hydroxide
which will produce Sodium Tellurite and Cupric oxide. Cupric Oxide will be
removed as solid form during the filtration. The filtrate containing Sodium
Tellurite will be further reacted with diluted sulphuric acid which will produce
Tellurium as Tellurium-di-oxide.
Stage-1:
Stage-2:
The Bismuth recovery technology has been reviewed extensively and has proven
to be very effective as an impurity removal strategy. This technology will use
solid phases resins that contain selective metal recognition sites. The metal
recognition will be highly selective to the impurity metal versus the refined metal,
allowing removal from the pregnant solutions.
Process description
In the loading cycle, the Bismuth will be retained by the resin. While the elution
cycle, the Bismuth will be dissolved in the 9M sulphuric acid solution and finally
Bismuth Bisulphate will be precipitated once the temperature of the eluent will be
brought down.
Electrolyte
from
Refinery
Steam
Filter
Bismuth
Press
Tray Drier for Sale
Bismuth - Ion
Solid
Selective
Liquid
Resin
Column
Bismuth free
Electrolyte
to
Refinery
FIGURE-2.11
PROCESS FLOW DIAGRAM OF BISMUTH RECOVERY PLANT
Input and output details for Bismuth Recovery process are presented in Table-
2.9.
TABLE-2.9
INPUT AND OUTPUT DETAILS FOR BISMUTH RECOVERY PROCESS
Input
Sulphuric acid 252 MTPA
Water 7500 m3/annum
Output
Bismuth Bisulphate 125-150 MTPA on dry basis
(about 40% Bismuth
content)
Wash water Negligible Taken to WWTP
The filtrate solution from filter press directly taken into reaction tank 2 and lime
solution will be added to bring up the pH up to 9.5 to 10.0 for precipitation of
Nickel and continuous agitated for 30 minutes. Then the sludge will be taken by
gravity into a sludge pit-1 and pumped through a filter press (Filter press-1) to
compress the sludge into cakes. Those cakes will be collected in the jumbo bags.
The filtrate from the filter press 1 will be taken to a clear water tank 1. Clarifier
feed pumps will transfer the treated wastewater (ie filtrate of filter press 1) to a
flash mixer where lime solution and flocculent (ferric sulphate) will be added to
elevate the pH to a range of 8 -10 to ensure precipitation of heavy metals. The
overflow from the flash mixer will be taken to a clariflocculator to complete the
reaction & flock formation. Polymer will be dosed in the clariflocculator to increase
the flock size.
The overflow from the flocculator will be taken by gravity to the central well of
High Rate Solids Contact Clarifier (HRSCC). The HRSCC will ensure the
flocculation process and settling process. The central well will be provided with a
turbine type impeller which will pull up part of the existing sludge from the
bottom through a draft tube. The existing sludge will get thoroughly mixed with
incoming chemically treated wastewater. The high density of sludge present in
this zone will improve the precipitation and formation of dense flocks. The
overflow from the central well will flow downward through the settling zone where
the precipitated solids will settle at the bottom.
The clear overflow will be collected in a clear water tank from where filter feed
pumps will transfer it to downstream pressure sand filter for removal of any
residual suspended solids and turbidity.
Settled sludge in HRSCC will be transferred to sludge pit by gravity. Filter press
feed pumps will transfer the collected sludge to a plate and frame type filter press
for compressing to form sludge cakes. Dried sludge cakes from filter press will be
removed in tractors and dumped in SLF.
APU
Reaction Tank-1
HRSCC
FIGURE-2.12
PROCESS FLOW DIAGRAM OF NICKEL SLUDGE PLANT
VIMTA Labs Limited, Hyderabad C2-32
Environmental Impact Assessment for the Proposed Copper Smelter Plant-II (1200
TPD Copper/ 4.38 LTPA Copper) in the SEZ at SIPCOT Industrial Complex, Therkku
Veerapandiapuram Village, Ottapidaram Taluka, Thoothukudi District, Tamilnadu
Chapter-2
Project Description
The process aim is to deplete nickel using electrowinning cell. The cell is ideally
suited to the selective removal of nickel for this application, and the aim is to
recover a nominal 1500 kg of nickel per day as a high purity nickel cathode. The
plant would operate a single circuit to deplete nickel from 20 g/l to 2 g/l. This can
be achieved using either continuous or batch processing. The flow diagram of
Nickel sludge preparation is shown above in Figure-2.13.
FIGURE-2.13
PROCESS FLOW DIAGRAM OF NICKEL PLANT
The electrolyte solution will be fed to the agitated feed receiver tank. From this
tank the electrolyte solution will be delivered to the vacuum cooling crystallizer by
means of the solution pump. The vacuum cooling crystallizer will be FCB type,
i.e. is forced-circulated and will have a clear liquor overflow to adjust the
suspension density of the suspension in the crystallizer. This crystallizer will
consist of the re-circulation pump, the recirculation line and the evaporator body
with demister.
By withdrawal of clear liquor out of the baffled area the liquor level in the
crystallizer will be kept constant. This will be essential for keeping constant
operating conditions for the recirculation pump and the operation of the
crystallizer. The clear liquor will be barometrically submerged to the sealing part
of the agitated mother liquor receiver tank, which will ensure the filtrate/overflow
from the separation station.
This station will consist of the thickener and the pusher-type centrifuge. The
pusher-type will be selected for the required wash on the centrifuge. The washed
product, Copper Sulphate will be stored in a storage tank.
Electrolyte
Vacuum Cooling
Crystaliser
Clear Liquor
CuSO4
FIGURE-2.14
PROCESS FLOW DIAGRAM OF COPPER SULPHATE PREPARATION
TABLE-2.10
ANALYSIS OF ANODE SLIME/SPONGE
Sr. No Element Unit Typical Assay
1 Ag % 20.00
2 Au % 3.50
3 Pd % 0.02
4 Pt % 0.001
5 Se % 20.00
6 Cu % 2.00
7 Te % 1.80
8 Bi % 2.5
9 S % 9.50
10 O2 % 16.00
11 SO4 % 25.00
The slime/sponge will be in black powder form, having a particle size of < 0.5
mm. The extraction of precious metal will be in four stages.
FIGURE-2.15
PROCESS FLOW DIAGRAM OF PRECIOUS METAL EXTRACTION
The roasting temperature will be 4500C. Oxygen and sulfur dioxide gases will be
fed as reagents into the furnace. The reaction result, selenium dioxide gas
(SeO2), will be sucked from the furnace through the ejector into process solution.
In this solution selenium dioxide will be reduced to elemental selenium by sulfur
dioxide. The elemental selenium will be collected into the circulation tanks. The
selenium will be filtered, washed and dried. The recovered selenium will be
commercial grade selenium, purity min. 99.5 %.
The selenium free slime/sponge on the roasting trays will be discharged into the
feeding bin of the Doré-smelting furnace. The Process flow diagram of selenium
recovery plant is shown in Figure-2.16. Input and output details are given in
Table-2.11.
O2 /
Compressed
Air
ETP
SO2
De-Copperised
Selenium
Slime/sponge ETP HOLD-UP TANK
Roasting
Furnace
Selenium Steam
free Liquid
Slime/spong
Com epressed Air Ejector
Rotary
Solid Vacuum
TROF LPG
Circulation Circulation Drier
Selenium
Converter
Powder for
Tank - 1 Tank - 2 Sale
DORE Circulation
Pump
Anode
Filtration
Pump
Gold & Silver Refining
Solution Containing
Selenium
FIGURE-2.16
PROCESS FLOW DIAGRAM OF SELENIUM RECOVERY PLANT
TABLE-2.11
INPUT AND OUTPUT FOR SELENIUM RECOVERY PLANT
Input
De-copperised slime/sponge 1734 MT
Water 9 m3/MT
SO2 0.8 MT/MT
O2 0.4 MT/MT
Air 125 m3/MT
Steam 0.7 MT/MT
Output
De- selenised slime/sponge 1296 MT
Selenium 438 MT
Gas 150 KNm3/MT
WWTP bleed 7.0 m3/MT
De-selenised slime/sponge will be mixed with the fluxes like Soda, borax
(anhydrous), cement and smelted in Doré furnace (TROF-converter) at 1300°C.
After refining the metal, it will be casted as anodes by tilting the converter. The
slag will be separated out in this process. Primary slag will be recycled in copper
smelter and the secondary slag will be re-smelted in Dore furnace back.
Gold mud containing gold, platinum and palladium metals, collected from the
Silver cells, will be first washed with hot water. After washing, it will be further
leached with concentrated Hydrochloric acid (HCl) using hydrogen peroxide as a
reagent. The main reaction can be described as:
In the first precipitation step fine gold powder (Au>99.99%) will be reduced.
Fine gold powder will be filtrated, washed and dried for further melting to the gold
bars.
During gold mud leaching platinum metals and some impurities will also get
dissolved. After leaching the batch will be filtrated.
Platinum metals will be cemented as concentrate with metallic iron (Fe). The
concentrate will be washed, dried and processed further. In the concentration
typical content of platinum metal will be 95% and this Platinum will be recovered
through platinum recovery process.
Water
Silver
Melting Furnace
AgNO3
Silver Metal
Electrolyte > 99.99% Purity
DORE Silver
Washing
Anode
Ag Electrolysis
Solid
Leaching Precipitation
Reactor Reactor Gold Metal
> 99.99% Purity
FIGURE-2.17
PROCESS FLOW DIAGRAM OF DORE METAL PROCESSING PLANT
The Govt. of Tamil Nadu has allotted a total quantity of 3 MGD of water to SSL
through SIPCOT. Out of which, 1.8 MGD is currently being used in Copper
Smelter Plant-I and the remaining 1.2 MGD SIPCOT water will be used in the
proposed Copper Smelter Plant – II. Additional 0.8 MGD water will be sourced
from the Desalination plant for the proposed Copper Smelter Plant - II.
Sesa Sterlite has planned either to purchase Desal water from the private
desalination plant operators at Thoothukudi or proposed to install Desalination
Plant of 10000 m3/day capacity in the coastal area to meet the additional raw
water requirement. The sweet water will be taken through existing / new water
supply line to the industry from Mullakadu Pump House.
The various types of pollution from the proposed project are categorized under
the following types:
Air pollution;
Water pollution;
Pollution emanating due to solid waste; and
Noise pollution.
The main pollutants discharged from the units will be particulate matter and
Sulphur dioxide emissions. High efficiency bag filters, gas cleaning plant, ESP and
scrubber will be installed to reduce dust emissions. The anticipated stack
emission details are given in Table-2.12.
TABLE-2.12
DETAILS OF STACK EMISSIONS- PROPOSED PLANT
The total fresh water requirement for the entire project will be about 8773
m3/day. About 4551 m3/day of wastewater will be generated from various
facilities which will be recycled into the process.
The liquid wastewater generated from SAP, refinery section and precious metal
recovery plant will contain mainly inorganic contaminants viz., heavy metals,
sulphate, etc, which needs to be reduced to within the acceptable levels for reuse
in the plant.
The other wastewater generated from phosphoric acid plant, continuous copper
rod plant, cooling towers, boiler blow down and WWTP raw water will not require
any treatment for re-use/recycle. Similarly, the scrubbers bleed off, which will be
in slurry form and to be filtered for solids only.
The wastewater generated from the total plant will be divided into following two
parts:
The wastewater recycled back to system with and without treatment are
presented in Table-2.13 and Table-2.14 respectively.
TABLE-2.13
WASTEWATER TREATED AND RECYCLED TO PROCESS
TABLE-2.14
WASTEWATER RECYCLED TO PROCESS WITHOUT TREATMENT
TABLE-2.15
DETAILS OF WASTEWATER TREATMENT PLANTS
The treated Wastewater will be recycled back into the process areas Viz.- Milk of
Lime preparation, Gas Cleaning Plant and Scrubbers, through a Concrete Surge
Pond and RO plant.
FIGURE-2.18
WASTEWATER TREATMENT PLANT-1
FIGURE-2.19
WASTEWATER TREATMENT PLANT-2
VIMTA Labs Limited, Hyderabad C2-42
Environmental Impact Assessment for the Proposed Copper Smelter Plant-II (1200
TPD Copper/ 4.38 LTPA Copper) in the SEZ at SIPCOT Industrial Complex, Therkku
Veerapandiapuram Village, Ottapidaram Taluka, Thoothukudi District, Tamilnadu
Chapter-2
Project Description
FIGURE-2.20
WASTEWATER TREATMENT PLANT-3
TABLE-2.16
CHARACTERISTICS OF WASTEWATER
The wastewater from HVS / secondary scrubber slurry will be treated in WWTP -1.
The fugitive gases from all furnaces (viz., ISA, SF, converters and anode
furnaces) will be captured by hood arrangements and will be treated in hygiene
ventilation systems of ISA/SF, the secondary scrubber arrangement of
converters/AF, tail gas scrubber. The SO2 gases will be scrubbed in the scrubbers
using lime in all scrubbers, except TGS, where NaOH will be used and the
scrubbed liquor will be taken to WWTP -1 for treatment.
There will be no chemical treatment taking place in this WWTP-1. The bleed off -
slurry from converter/anode furnace secondary scrubber system, ISA/SF
scrubber, and tail gas scrubber will be thickened by passing it through reaction
tanks, flocculators and thickeners. The thickened slurry will be then filtered in
the filter press and the cake from the filter press will be taken to the secured land
fill / beneficiary uses.
Process Description of WWTP-2
Surge Tank
The wastewater from the gas cleaning plant of sulphuric acid plant and refinery
will be pumped to the surge (holding) tank.
Reactor-1
The wastewater from the holding tank will be pumped in reactor-1, where lime
slurry and ferric sulphate will be added to maintain a pH of 5.5. Ferric sulphate
will react with soluble reactants to produce stable ferric compounds and gypsum.
Clarifier-1
The overflow from reactor-1 will go to clarifier-1. Flocculent will be added in the
launder to aid flocculation and agglomeration of the fines generated during the
chemical reaction in reactor-1.
The underflow from clarifier-1 will come to this tank for filtration in pressure
filter/drum filter. The cake from pressure filter will be taken to secured landfill
facility. The filtrate will be taken to reactor –1 for further treatment.
Reactor-2
The second stage reactor tank content will react with lime slurry and ferric
sulphate to complete the reaction process at a pH of 7.5.
Clarifier-2
The second stage clarifier will have the same function as clarifier-1. The under
flow from this clarifier will be recycled back to reactor-1 and the overflow (treated
wastewater) will be pumped to the final holding tank.
The bleed envisaged from GCP and refinery will be combined together and treated
using sodium sulphide treatment process. Function of sulfide addition system will
be to precipitate the majority of heavy metals (as metal sulfides) present in the
weak acid wastewater in the form of hazardous waste. The remaining weak acid
free from trace metals will be neutralized with lime to produce gypsum, which will
be essentially non-hazardous.
Primary Filtration
The input to WWTP-3 will be weak (H2SO4) acid, which will be taken in waste acid
tank. From the waste acid tank, the untreated Wastewater will be taken to Flash
mixer and Flocculator with the addition of polyelectrolyte for settling suspended
solids in the wastewater. Then, the wastewater will be taken to primary clarifier
and then to filtering system through underflow tank of primary clarifier. From the
filter, the filtrate will be returned back to the flash mixer & flocculator and sludge
will be taken to SLF.
Sulphidation Process
Sulfide precipitation will take place in four reactors in series. Sodium sulfide will
be added to all the reactors to precipitate the insoluble metal sulfides in acid.
The gases and vapours evolving from these (1, 2, 3 & 4) reactors will be taken to
the scrubbers. After reaction (in scrubbers), the slurry will be taken to flocculator,
where sulphuric acid and poly electrolyte will be added. Sulphuric acid will be
added for removal of free H2S gases in the slurry. The thickened slurry from the
flocculator will be taken to secondary clarifier, where water spray will be arranged
for capturing the acid mist evolving from the clarifier. The underflows from
secondary clarifier will be filtered. The sludge will be taken to SLF and the over
flow will be taken to pressure filter / drum filter for filtering fine particles.
Neutralisation Process
The filtered treated water will be taken to lime reactor for neutrilisation and the
slurry from the reactor will be taken to pressure filter / drum filter for filteration,
through clarifier. The gypsum generated from this neutrlisation process will be
sold along with phospo-gypsum. The filtrate from the drum filter will be returned
back to lime reactor and the overflow (treated water) from the clarifier will be
processed for recycle.
Scrubbers
The vapours and H2S gases from the reactors will be taken to the bottom of the
scrubber-1 (wastewater scrubber), where the wastewater from the primary
filtration system will be sprayed from the top of the scrubber. The wastewater
will be reacted with the H2S gases and the remaining H2S gases will be taken to
alkali scrubber. The reacted wastewater will be drained to reactor-1 for further
reactions. The wastewater scrubbed gases will be entering the bottom of the
scrubber-2 (alkali scrubber) and the diluted sodium hydroxide will be sprayed
from the top of the scrubber. The resulting scrubbed liquor (Na2S) will be taken
to the reactors for treatment. The scrubbed gases will be vented out through a
vent.
It is proposed to install RO plant to treat WWTP treated water and utility water.
The treated wastewater will undergo pre-treatment and pass through RO
membranes through a high pressure pump to get the following permeate water
quality. The reject will be taken to reject management system. The water quality
from reverse osmosis plant is given in Table-2.17.
TABLE-2.17
PERMEATE WATER QUALITY FROM RO
Generally, the sewage will be generated only from canteen and toilets in the
plant. In canteen, the wastewater will be collected in collection tank, where the
canteen wastes get settled down. The overflow from the collection tank will be
taken for treatment. In toilets, the wastewater will be collected in septic tank and
soak pits from where the overflow will be taken for treatment.
The sewage generation for this operation will be 100 m 3/day and it will be treated
in the sewage treatment plant.
Aeration Tank
The aeration tank will consist of a bar screen, six tubular membrane diffusers and
two compartments of aeration unit. The air demand will be achieved by a blower.
The wastewater will enter the bar screen chamber where the coarse suspended
solids will be separated. After screening, the sewage first will flow upward in the
first compartment and then downward in the second compartment. The tubular
membrane diffusers will be placed at the bottom of the aeration tank to provide
air in the aeration tank.
Secondary Clarifier
The biologically treated sewage will flow to a secondary clarifier, which will be a
hopper bottom type.
The overflow from the clarifier will enter the chlorination tank where it will be
disinfected. The dosing will be done manually. Then the treated sewage after
disinfecting will pass through a multi-grade filter for polishing.
The solid waste management for all the types of solid wastes, handled by the unit
is explained below. The wastes include WWTP Cake, Scrubber Cake, ESP/Gas
Cooler Dust, and Spent Catalyst from Sulphuric Acid plants, Spent Oil & Oil
Sludge. The details of waste generation are described below.
Supplementary material
Scrubber Cake
The scrubber cake will be a solid waste generated during the scrubbing of the
secondary / Tail gases before dispatching into the stack. The detailed composition
of the same is given in Table-2.18. This is mainly made up of gypsum and lime.
Central Pollution Control Board has also confirmed that the scrubber cake shall be
used as a supplementary material for cement manufacturing. Hence, scrubber
cake will be utililsed for other beneficial uses after mixing with gypsum.
ETP Cake
ETP cake is the solid waste generated from the GCP Wastewater treatment
process. It is mainly made up of CaSO4. WWTP Cake is hazardous in nature as
per Schedule-1 of Hazardous Waste Rules-2008. Hence, WWTP cake will be
stored in Secured land Fill (SLF) designed as per CPCB guidelines. The
composition of WWTP cake is given in Table-2.18.
Spent Catalyst
V2O5 will be used as a catalyst in the catalytic converter of the sulphuric acid
Plant to convert SO2 to SO3. To maintain the conversion efficiency, the catalysts
will be replaced during major turn around shutdown. These spent catalysts will
be hazardous in nature and hence will be disposed in secured land fill facility. The
generations of spent catalyst is estimated about 10.0 TPA.
TABLE-2.18
HAZARDOUS WASTE GENERATION DETAILS
ESP / GC Dust
The ESP dust will be generated from the ESP’s attached to ISA & converter
primary gas streams. WHRB dust will be generated from the Waste Heat
Recovery Boiler attached to ISA. Gas cooler dust will be generated from gas
coolers attached to the converters. These dusts will be immediately recycled back
into ISA furnace/converters as a measure for waste minimization by recycling
through pneumatic dust conveying system placed in ISA ESP, WHRB and
converter ESP. This process will recover the copper in the dust back into the
system.
Spent Oil
The lubricating oils will be used in the maintenance processes generate used oil /
spent oil. These are all categorized as hazardous waste and will be disposed to
the MoEF&CC/SPCB approved vendors within the operating state.
Oil Sludge
The oil sludge will be generated from oil storage facilities Viz. furnace oil storage
tanks. This will be collected from the storage tank during cleaning operation.
Toxic metal containing residue from ion exchange material in water purification
and RO plant Reject.
During resin change in water purification and RO plant rejection, waste will be
generated and it will contain some toxic metals, which will be stored in SLF.
Non-ferrous scrap will be generated from copper refinery and it will be recycled
back to the authorized recyclers or same will be recycled back into smelter
process.
Bismuth will be recovered in ion selective resin absorption process and this
packed resin will be regenerated once in 5 Years.
Precious Metal Slag from TROF converter of precious metal recovery process
The precious metal slag will be generated from TROF converter attached to
precious metal recovery Process streams. These slag will be immediately
recycled back into smelter as a measure for waste minimisation by recycling
through mechanical and tractor conveying system. This process will recover the
precious metals in the slag into the system.
The Composition of solid waste and Hazardous waste are given in Table-2.19 to
Table -2.22.
TABLE-2.19
LIME GRIT, SCRUBBER & ETP CAKE COMPOSITION
TABLE-2.20
COMPOSITION OF ESP /GAS COOLER DUST
TABLE-2.21
SPENT CATALYST COMPOSITION
TABLE-2.22
SPENT OIL AND OIL SLUDGE COMPOSITION
ETP Cake
ETP cake is the solid waste generated from the gas cleaning plant wastewater
treatment process. It is mainly made up of CaSO4. ETP Cake is hazardous in
nature as per Schedule -1 of Hazardous Waste Rules-2003. Hence, WWTP cake is
stored in secured land Fills (SLF’s) designed as per CPCB guidelines. The
schematic diagram of secured landfill is presented in Figure-2.21.
Scrubber Cake
The scrubber cake is a solid waste generated during the scrubbing of the
secondary / Tail gases before dispatching into the stack. This is mainly made up
of gypsum and lime. Currently the scrubber cake is stored in SLF along with ETP
cake. Since this scrubber cake is not hazardous as per characteristics, we have
applied to Central Pollution Control Board that the scrubber cake shall be utilized
for other beneficial uses. CPCB has also confirmed that the scrubber cake shall be
used as a supplementary material for cement manufacturing after mixing with
gypsum.
Spent Catalyst
V2O5 is used as a catalyst in the catalytic converter of the sulphuric acid plant to
convert SO2 to SO3. To maintain the conversion efficiency, the catalysts are
replaced during the plant major shut-down. These spent catalysts are hazardous
in nature and hence is being disposed in secured land fill facility.
ESP / GC Dust
The ESP dust is generated from the ESP’s attached to ISA & converter primary
gas streams. WHRB dust is generated from the waste heat recovery boiler
attached to ISA. Gas cooler dust is generated from gas coolers attached to the
converters. These dusts are immediately recycled back into ISA furnace as a
measure for waste minimization by recycling through pneumatic dust conveying
system placed in ISA ESP, WHRB and converter ESP. This process recovers the
copper in the dust back into the system.
Spent Oil
The lubricating oils used in the maintenance processes generate used oil / spent
oil. These are all categorized as hazardous waste and are disposed to the
authorized recycler. Part of the quantity is being reused as fuel in smelter
process.
Oil Sludge
The oil sludge is generated from oil storage facilities viz. furnace oil storage
tanks. This is collected from the storage tank during cleaning operation.
Toxic metal containing residue from ion exchange material in water purification
and RO plant reject
Non ferrous scrap is generated from copper refinery and it is recycled back to the
smelter process.
The details of the hazardous waste handling and management carried out in the
existing plant are given in Table-2.23.
Base Layer
WASTE BODY
100 mm Thick Sand
Layer
4-5 mm GSM Geo Textile
200 mm OD Primary Leachate Pipe
300 mm Thick
Drainage Media 1.5 MM HDPE liner &
6 MM geo textile
(100mm sand + 200
mm Gravel)
450MM Thick
Clay Layer(K<1*10-7
CM/Sec) COMPACTED
SUB-BASE
Side Layer
WASTE BODY
1.5 MM THICK
HDPE LINER
4-5 mm Thick Geo Net
CLAY LINER
900MM Thick
FIGURE-2.16 COMPACTED
SUB-BASE
FIGURE-2.21
SECURED LANDFILL DESIGN
VIMTA Labs Limited, Hyderabad C2-53
Environmental Impact Assessment for the Proposed Copper Smelter Plant-II (1200 TPD Copper / 4.38 LTPA Copper) in the SEZ at SIPCOT
Industrial Complex, Therkku Veerapandiapuram Village, Ottapidaram Taluka, Thoothukudi District, Tamilnadu
Chapter-2
Project Description
TABLE-2.23
DETAILS OF HAZARDOUS WASTE HANDLING AND MANAGEMENT
Sr. Details of process Details of waste stream Solid / Semi Authorized Status of Method of Method of
No. generating Hazardous as indicated in column 3 Solid / Liquid / Quantity per disposal of Collection Disposal
waste as listed in column 2 of schedule 1 / identity Oily / Tarry / Year HW in existing
of schedule 1 of the of waste as per Slurry / Others unit (2013-
amended rules/class of schedule 2 14)
waste as per schedule 2
1 Cleaning, emptying and 3.1 – Oil containing cargo Semi Solid 8 T /Year 0 T/Year Collected in drums Sold to
maintenance of Petroleum oil residue, washing authorized
storage tanks including ships water and sludge. recyclers
2 Industrial operations using 5.1 – Used / Spent Oil. Liquid 20 KL / Year 5.17 KL/Year Collected in drums Sold to
mineral/synthetic oil as authorized
lubricant in hydraulic systems recyclers /
or other applications. Recycled in
Smelter process
3 Primary production of Zinc / 7.2 –Process Residue (ESP Solid 32850 T/Year 7321.90* Mechanical (Loader Recycled in
Lead / Copper and other non- / Gas cooler Boiler and Tractor) / Smelter
ferrous metals except Dust / Primary Bag Pneumatic Dust immediately
aluminum. filter dust and Semi Solid Conveyor (PDC)
Converter Bag 43800 T/Year Mechanical (Loader &
house dust) Semi Solid 58400 T/Year 14738.61 Tippler) Stored in onsite
7.3 – Arsenic bearing Mechanical (Loader & Secured Landfill
Sludge (ETP Cake) Tippler) (SLF)
16381.31 Stored in onsite
7.5 –Sludge from SLF
Scrubbers
(Scrubber Cake)
Sr. Details of process Details of waste stream Solid / Semi Authorized Status of Method of Method of
No. generating Hazardous as indicated in column 3 Solid / Liquid / Quantity per disposal of Collection Disposal
waste as listed in column 2 of schedule 1 / identity Oily / Tarry / Year HW in existing
of schedule 1 of the of waste as per Slurry / Others unit (2013-
amended rules/class of schedule 2 14)
waste as per schedule 2
4 Secondary Production of 8.2 - Sludges and filter Semi Solid 2190 T/Year 548.5 Bagged in Polythene Sold to recyclers
copper cakes (ETP bags - Mechanical
Slime/sponge from (Loader & Tippler)
Refinery ETP) Solid
Briquette form Recycled in
800 T/Year 197.38* Smelter
8.3 –Flue gas dust and immediately
other particulates
(Copper scrap with
copper sulphate)
5 Production of mineral acids 17.2 – Spent Catalyst. Solid 4 T (During 0T Bagged in Polythene Stored in onsite
major shut bags & stuffed in SLF
down) drums
6 Purification and treatment of 34.2 –Spent ion exchange Semi Solid 5000 T/Year 1240.51 T Bagged in Polythene Stored in onsite
exhaust air, water & waste resin containing bags SLF
water from the processes in toxic metals
this schedule and common (Sludge during
industrial effluent treatment water purification –
plants (CETP’s) R.O. plant).
* Recycled back in smelter process
All equipment in the proposed project is designed for 90 -95 dB(A) at 1-m from
the equipment. Oxygen plant is provided with double wall building and
compressor is provided with acoustic enclosures to attenuate noise levels. The
operators are provided with protective devices. The major noise generating
sources from different the facilities are listed in Table-2.24.
TABLE-2.24
NOISE LEVELS FROM THE PROPOSED PLANT
Compliances of conditions imposed in the Environmental Clearance (1200TPD) issued by MOEF vide
letter No. J11011/24/2006-IA II(I) Dated: 09.08.07
Sr.
Conditions Compliance Status
No
A Specific Conditions:
1 The gaseous emission from various process All stack emissions & ambient air values are
units shall conform to the standards analyzed by Tamil Nadu Pollution Control
prescribed by the concerned authorities from Board (TNPCB) & SSL regularly.
time to time. The TNPCB may specify more Reports on water quality, stack emission &
stringent standards for the relevant ambient pollution levels are submitted to
parameters keeping in view the nature of the TNPCB on monthly basis. Refer Annexure –
14 of Chapter 2A.
industry and its size and location. At no time
Trips & Interlocks system along with online
the emission levels should go beyond the
analyser is available in all the stacks.
prescribed standards. In the event of failure
of any pollution control system adopted by
the unit, the respective unit shall not be
restarted until the control measures are
rectified to achieve the desired efficiency.
2 Electrostatic precipitators (ESP) and ESPs and Scrubbers are being operated on a
scrubbers shall be provided to control continuous basis and the scrubber effluents
gaseous emissions. All the scrubbed SO2 shall are being sent to ETP for treatment.
be sent to ETP. On-line analyzers and stack On-line continuous SO2 analyzers are installed
emission monitoring equipments for in all stacks with inter-lock provision for
continuous monitoring of SO2, NOx, and SPM tripping incase the emissions exceeds the
prescribed limit.
shall be installed and all the pollution control
On-line continuous SO2, NOx & SPM analyzers
measures shall be inter-locked. The emissions
are installed for the power plants stacks along
shall conform to the standards prescribed by with inter-lock provision.
the Ministry/CPCB/TNPCB which ever is more On regular basis, the unit is submitting
stringent and data collected shall be Environmental analysis reports to MoEF /
submitted regularly to the Ministry / Regional TNPCB.
Office at Bangalore and TNPCB. Further, all the process stacks have been
connected to Care Air Centre, TNPCB, Chennai
for real time monitoring.
3 All the recommendations made in the Charter All the recommendations of CREP are fully
for Corporate Responsibility for Environment complied with.
Protection (CREP) shall be strictly followed. As Tail gas scrubber are installed in both
per the action plan submitted to the ministry, Sulphuric Acid Plants to scrub off residual
SO2 emission limit shall be less than 1 Kg/ton gases and brought down the level of SO2 less
of H2SO4 produced and acid mist limit of 50 than 1 kg/T of sulphuric acid produced and
acid mist less than 50 mg/Nm3. The unit has
mg/Nm3 shall be achieved.
complied with the emission norms.
4 Fugitive dust emissions in the handling area Dust Control Measures at Material Handling area:
and at various transfer points shall be All material handling is through mechanized,
controlled by providing scrubbers, dust covered conveyors.
suppression system and ventilation system in Material unloading is being done in covered
work environment and monitored for sheds.
prevailing contaminants regularly. Bag filters are installed at Rock Phosphate
handling area.
Vacuum suction facility and auto-sampler
provided for concentrate tippers.
The unit has installed bag house prior to ISA
Fugitive Gas De-sulphurisation System (FGDS)
and converter secondary gas scrubbers.
5 ETP cake and scrubber cake shall be stored in ETP cake and scrubber cake are being stored
secured landfill (SLF) at the site till TSDF in in SLF and the design of SLF is as per CPCB
Tamil Nadu is functional. The location and guidelines.
design of the landfill site shall be approved by Ground water sample around SLF is being
CONSENT ORDER NO: 16800/2012-3, Dated: 05.10.2012 – AIR ACT, 1981 (1200TPD)
ANNEXURES
ANNEXURE-1
ANNEXURE–2
R.O. Plant
ANNEXURE-3
ANNEXURE-4
ANNEXURE-5
ANNEXURE-6
ANNEXURE-7
ANNEXURE-8
ANNEXURE-9
ANNEXURE-10
ANNEXURE-11
Provision of pH Meter
ANNEXURE-12
ANNEXURE-13
Health Monitoring Report
Health monitoring of the people living around Sterlite Copper Unit, Thoothukudi are
assessed in the following ways:
The seasonal variation of the symptom prevalence is also compared with the direction of
predominant wind direction in each of the villages. As of now there is no specific trend
noticeable in the vicinity with respect to the wind direction especially in Meelavittan,
Saminatham, Madathur. However, increase in the number of beneficiaries during the
camp can be attributed to regular availability of the health services, quality of care and
drugs. A quantum increase is evidenced due to the coincidence of the seasonal and
febrile illness. People also wanted to have a stock of first aid medications for the family
members as we visit these villages once in a week.
February, March,
3 Saminatham NW 3500 3.0
April
February, March,
4 Vadakku Silukkan patti W 1500 4.5
April
South Veerapandia Puram February, March,
5 WNW 1625 1.5
(SV Puram) April
The survey started 8th November 2011 where a Medical Officer, Paramedical staff and
Pharmacist visited these rural health centers and monitored the health of the people.
The numbers of beneficiaries are grouped as either old or new to identify the chronicity
of the disease and the captured data are analysed.
The majority of the findings are referable to the affect on the respiratory system and
ENT as it forms the major route of entry of the pathogens either environmental or
VIMTA Labs Limited, Hyderabad C2A-30
Environmental Impact Assessment for the Proposed Copper Smelter Plant-II (1200
TPD Copper/ 4.38 LTPA Copper) in the SEZ at SIPCOT Industrial Complex, Therkku
Veerapandiapuram Village, Ottapidaram Taluka, Thoothukudi District, Tamilnadu
Chapter-2A
CTO Compliance Status
biological. It may not be a morbidity assay where the sick people and healthy people
report to such free health camps either to have the cure or get attracted by the cough
syrup and ointments for their family use. The camps are normally conducted in the
afternoon wherein only the old age people and sick children only attend for health care
needs. To address this, health screening is started in the morning session also. We
have also observed the rural population engaged in 100 days work scheme after
completing their job visit these centres and get benefitted in some of the villages. The
next major diseases prevalence identified as Musculo Skeletal in the form of aches and
pains with gastro intestinal diseases and seasonal diseases.
The detailed cause effect analysis has to be followed up with systematic capturing of the
data by using software and also supported by investigations in the form of bio
monitoring. The details of the survey for the past 32 months are submitted herewith.
i) Considering the study population to be static the cumulative effect might reflect an
increasing trend of the Respiratory system involvement which is not evidenced here.
The marginal variations can be attributed to seasonal diseases as well due to the
increased people movement due to major maintenance activities and guest influx.
ii) Musculo-skeletal involvement due to multi-varied reasons has also been included
which does not show a specific trend.
a) Most of the beneficiaries are attracted by the quality of care and the supply of
ointments, cough syrup and first aid medications.
b) Maximum number of beneficiaries are above 50 years of age who are likely to
develop degenerative osteoarthritis which needs to be followed up with detailed
orthopedic evaluation. Possibility of the recent epidemic of chikungunya (Viral
fever with arthralgia), Dengue and non-specific febrile illness in the district might
also be a factor.
Meelavittan Village
Predominant Wind direction towards the village which is SE is observed from the month
of May to Oct. There is no definite correlation. However, the peak observed for
Respiratory and ENT during December might be due to the monsoon seasonal changes
and concomitant festival.
Predominant Wind direction towards the village which is W is observed during the
months of February to April. There is no definite correlation. However, the peak
observed for Respiratory, ENT and Musculo Skeletal during October’12 and July’13 has to
be studied in detail for other causes.
Predominant Wind direction towards the village which is WNW is observed during the
months of February to April. There is no definite correlation. However, the peak
observed for Respiratory and ENT might be due to the monsoon seasonal changes and
concomitant festival.
Note: We were unable to conduct the Health camp from July’13 to June’14 because of
the lack of a common place to accommodate the patients and the medical team.
However, the Health camp is resumed from July’14 onwards with the availability
of mobile medical bus facility on every Saturday evening.
Saminatham Village
Predominant Wind direction towards the village which is NW is observed during the
months of February to April. The peak observed during Feb.12 to Apr ’12 and Jan’14 to
Mar’14 to be studied in detail for any other causes.
Madathoor village
Predominant Wind direction towards the village which is SSE is observed during the
month of January. The peak is observed only during Jan 14 which is not evident earlier.
However further etiology has to be studied in detail to the concurrent exposure of
industries in the SIPCOT area.
Sankaraperi village
Predominant Wind direction towards the village which is NE is observed during the
month of May to October. No specific trend is observed.
APPENDIX - 1
RURAL HEALTH CAMP
OLD EW ADULT PEADIATRIC TOTAL SYSTEM - NO:CASES
S.NO DATE PLACE NO OF SEAS- REQ-
CASES CASES MALE FEMALE MALE FEMALE MS RS, ENT CVS CNS GIT SKIN DENTAL GUS INJURY EYE HT DM
CASES ONAL UEST
1 2.1.2014 SAMINATHAM 44 14 12 37 5 4 58 14 10 0 0 8 7 0 0 0 0 0 6 0 8
2 3.1.2014 MADATHOOR 102 83 70 72 23 20 185 31 86 0 1 23 5 1 1 0 1 0 12 0 14
3 4.1.2014 INIGO NAGAR 37 8 7 29 4 5 45 6 13 0 0 4 1 0 0 0 0 1 2 0 5
4 6.1.2014 SANKARA PERI 25 3 9 18 0 1 28 13 5 0 0 0 2 0 0 0 0 0 0 1 3
5 7.1.2014 MEELAVITAN 50 18 10 48 4 6 68 22 27 0 0 5 3 0 0 0 0 0 0 1 4
6 8.1.2014 VADAKU SILUKANPATTI 77 8 10 61 6 8 85 23 27 0 1 12 6 0 0 1 0 0 0 0 8
7 9.1.2014 SAMINATHAM 53 17 11 38 10 11 70 22 20 0 0 14 5 0 0 0 0 1 0 0 6
8 10.1.2014 MADATHOOR 73 51 22 80 12 10 124 40 45 0 1 16 3 0 0 0 0 1 0 0 5
9 11.1.2014 INIGO NAGAR 40 10 13 28 7 2 50 12 15 0 0 4 4 0 0 0 0 1 0 0 5
10 13.1.2014 SANKARA PERI 2 6 2 3 2 1 8 2 2 0 0 1 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 1
11 16.1.2014 SAMINATHAM 28 18 10 29 4 3 46 8 13 0 0 4 1 1 0 0 0 0 5 6 4
12 17.1.2014 MADATHOOR 67 61 30 76 13 9 128 37 50 0 0 8 1 0 1 0 0 2 15 0 9
13 18.1.2014 INIGO NAGAR 43 12 10 33 5 7 55 14 19 0 0 6 0 0 0 0 0 0 8 0 4
14 20.1.2014 SANKARA PERI 20 4 5 16 0 3 24 11 2 0 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 1 1 2
15 21.1.2014 MEELAVITAN 76 17 15 61 12 5 93 28 20 0 3 7 10 2 0 0 0 0 5 8 6
16 22.1.2014 VADAKU SILUKANPATTI 73 13 10 55 10 11 86 22 11 0 3 12 10 0 0 0 0 0 6 8 9
17 23.1.2014 SAMINATHAM 51 25 12 54 6 4 76 15 16 0 2 10 8 0 0 0 0 2 7 0 10
18 24.1.2014 MADATHOOR 85 53 21 90 12 15 138 36 38 0 0 10 5 0 2 0 0 0 28 3 10
19 25.1.2014 INIGO NAGAR 42 12 7 37 5 5 54 13 20 0 0 3 0 0 1 0 0 0 4 0 4
20 27.1.2014 SANKARA PERI 20 5 10 10 3 2 25 7 8 0 0 2 2 0 0 0 0 0 2 1 1
21 28.1.2014 MEELAVITAN 62 24 16 61 6 3 86 28 25 0 0 6 5 0 2 0 0 0 4 1 6
22 29.1.2014 VADAKU SILUKANPATTI 55 14 11 41 6 11 69 17 22 0 1 4 0 1 0 0 0 0 6 11 4
23 30.1.2014 SAMINATHAM 33 43 18 36 12 10 76 19 34 0 0 4 1 1 0 0 1 1 9 0 3
24 31.1.2014 MADATHOOR 67 49 27 73 7 9 116 33 38 0 3 14 1 0 0 0 0 1 4 8 6
25 1.2.2014 INIGO NAGAR 55 9 11 38 8 7 64 14 10 0 4 10 6 0 0 0 0 0 3 5 8
26 3.2.2014 SANKARA PERI 29 11 12 18 7 3 40 15 10 0 0 3 2 0 0 0 0 1 0 0 3
27 4.2.2014 MEELAVITAN 83 19 21 68 8 5 102 43 31 0 0 4 3 0 0 0 0 0 0 11 5
28 5.2.2014 VADAKU SILUKANPATTI 51 10 14 34 8 5 61 22 18 0 0 2 2 0 1 0 0 1 0 4 7
29 6.2.2014 SAMINATHAM 81 26 13 65 13 16 107 37 42 0 1 7 4 0 3 0 0 0 0 4 5
30 7.2.2014 MADATHOOR 99 43 26 89 14 13 142 38 46 0 0 14 0 0 0 0 1 0 13 9 10
ANNEXURE-14
Monthly Report
AIR ACT
ANNEXURE-15 & 16
Bagfilter for
Primary
Smelter
FGDS
scrubber
ANNEXURE-17
ANNEXURE-18
ANNEXURE-19
Concrete Road
ANNEXURE-20
ANNEXURE-21
ANNEXURE-22
ANNEXURE-23
Greenbelt Development
Greenbelt (Ha)
Industry
> 25 m > 10 - < 25 m < 10 m Total
Area
Area (Ha) Area (%) Area (Ha) Area (%) Area (Ha) Area (%) Area (Ha)
NEERI Report
– May 2011 10.76 10.5 1.95 1.9 0.41 0.4 13.12
(Page No 102)
NEERI Report
– March 2012 15.86 13.03 1.47 1.21 0.12 0.1 17.45
(Page No. 7)
Addl. Area
developed - 12.5 - - - - 12.5
June 2012
Total 39.12 3.42 0.53 43.07
ANNEXURE-24
ANNEXURE-25
The slime sludge from refinery containing gold The Unit is selling the anode slime & complying
and other metals shall be sent to possible users with provisions of Hazardous Wastes
and re-processors by complying with the (Management, Handling and Transboundary
provision of the Rules and shall be tested for Movement) Rules,2008 as well as the provisions
relevant parameters specified in Schedule II of of Basel convention on Transboundary
the Rules as and when the consignments are movement of Hazardous Wastes.
dispatched.
The unit shall explore the viability of disposing The spent Vanadium Pentoxide catalyst is
the catalyst to the authorized recyclers/ re- generated in small quantity by the unit. Hence,
processors for catalyst recovery and it shall be the Unit is disposing spent Vanadium pentoxide
disposed after obtaining prior concurrence of catalyst in Secured Land Fill.
Tamil Nadu Pollution Control Board.
Waste Stream 7.2 (ii), 7.4 & 34.2
The wastes of ETP cake, scrubber cake and DM The generated ETP Cake, Scrubber cake & DM
resin shall be disposed in the SLF provided resin is being disposed in the SLF constructed
within the premises. within the premises.
The unit shall provide a structurally stable The unit has constructed the SLF as per CPCB
foundation for the proposed additional on-site guidelines.
SLF. The foundation shall resist settlement,
compression and uplift due to construction of
SLF and also due to conditions of stress and
strain arising from day to day waste disposal
and compaction action.
It shall be ensured that the on site existing The unit has constructed the SLF as per CPCB
SLFs as well as the proposed additional on-site guidelines
SLF Cells are constructed as per the guidelines
issued by the Central Pollution Control Board.
The unit shall ensure that piezo meters are The Unit has provided Piezo metric wells around
provided at appropriate locations to detect any the SLF. The water qualities from these wells are
leakage from SLF, test bore wells provided at being monitored on regular basis by TNPCB.
strategic locations around the SLF so as to
monitor every week and proper records are
maintained and furnished to the Board regularly
on the water quality.
The unit shall ensure that the filled SLFs are The Unit hajs capped the filled Secured land fill
capped as per the guidelines issued by the cell as per CPCB guidelines.
Central Pollution Control Board or by more
stringent design parameters.
The unit shall carry out Toxic Characteristics The Unit has carried out a detailed Toxic
leaching Procedure (TCLP) tests for the wastes characteristics leaching procedure (TCLP) tests
to be disposed in the SLF. Only stabilized for the wastes, which is currently being disposed
VIMTA Labs Limited, Hyderabad C2A-76
Environmental Impact Assessment for the Proposed Copper Smelter Plant-II (1200
TPD Copper/ 4.38 LTPA Copper) in the SEZ at SIPCOT Industrial Complex, Therkku
Veerapandiapuram Village, Ottapidaram Taluka, Thoothukudi District, Tamilnadu
Chapter-2A
CTO Compliance Status
The unit shall also furnish base line data of Peizo metric wells are provided by the Unit
ground water samples for the proposed SLF. around the proposed SLF for baseline data of
ground water samples.
The unit shall set aside an amount for post Post closure monitoring plan has been made for
closure monitoring of the SLFs and furnish post closure monitoring of the SLFs.
monitoring plan.
The unit shall explore possibilities of recycle of Copper & other valuable metals are being
hazardous waste generated before other recovered before effluent treatment by suitable
disposal options, eg. catalyst used, etc. methods & recycled back . Since the amount of
Vanadium Pentoxide catalyst generated is very
less, it is being dumped in SLF.
The unit shall ensure effective evaporation and Unit has Reverse Osmosis plant coupled with
drying of R.O. rejects before disposal in SLF in Multiple Effect Evaporator (MEE). The reject
the premises. generated from the MEE is passed through the
basket centrifuge to convert them into Solid
crystals by utilizing steam and salts generated
are disposed in Secured landfill.
3.1 Introduction
This chapter illustrates the description of the existing environmental status of the
study area with reference to the prominent environmental attributes. The existing
environmental setting is considered to adjudge the baseline conditions which are
described with respect to climate, hydro-geological aspects, atmospheric
conditions, water quality, soil quality, vegetation pattern, ecology, socio-economic
profile, landuse, places of archaeological importance etc.
This report incorporates the data generated during July to September, 2014.
3.2.1 Physiography
The predominant physical feature over major part of the study area is the coastal
plain with moderately undulating uplands in the western part. Korampallam Odai
running west-southeast, feeding Korampallam Tank and ultimately joining Gulf of
Mannar is the major stream in the study area. The highest elevation of 55 m
above mean sea level is observed near Ottapidaram in the northwestern part of
the study area. Lowest elevation is 0 m on Gulf of Mannar near Tuticorin in the
eastern part of the study area. The general slope in the study area is towards
east.
The topography of the proposed project site is gently sloping plain with elevation
ranging from 18 m to 25 m above mean sea level. The general slope in the
proposed project site is towards southeast.
3.2.2 Drainage
The study area is part of the composite east flowing river basin as per the
Watershed Atlas of CGWB. Korampallam Odai running west-southeast, feeding
Korampallam Tank and ultimately joining Gulf of Mannar is the major stream in
the study area. Korampallam Odai originates west of study area and drainage
network of almost 50% of the study area is controlled by Korampallam Odai.
Drainage in the northern half of the study area is controlled by local drainage
network joining Gulf of Mannar. Density of drainage network in the study area is
0.82 km /sq km. All the stream courses in study area are ephemeral in nature
and the run-off is generated during heavy rainfall period only.
Korampallam Tank near Korampallam in the southern part is the major water
body in the study area and is the main source of drinking water to Tuticorin
panchayat union villages and irrigation water for surrounding agriculture lands.
There are a number of small to medium ponds spread over the entire study area.
Drainage map of the study area is shown in Figure-3.2.1.
The drainage network in the proposed project site is of 1st order and initiates at a
distance of 2.3 km northwest of the site. Since the proposed project site enclosed
with a boundary wall, the run-off generated will be from within the proposed site
only. Run-off generated from the proposed site has been worked out using GIS
considering the proposed land use in the proposed site.
FIGURE-3.2.1
DRAINAGE MAP OF THE STUDY AREA
3.2.3 Geology
3.2.3.1General Geology
Rock types in Tuticorin district belong to the Khondalite and Charnockite groups
and Migmatite Complex of Eastern Ghats Supergroup (Archaean age), which are
unconformably overlain by Tertiary and Quarternary sediments.
Archaeans
Tertiary (Mio-pliocene)
The Tertiary formation of Tuticorin district occurs as marine sandstone and shell
limestone or fossiliferous limestone. The rocks are fine to medium grained, grey
to white in colour. The rock occurs at Pannamparai as hard and compact
formation and dips 10˚ - 20˚ towards SW. The Tertiary sedimentary formation
overlies the crystalline Archaean complex with marked unconformity. The rocks
are fine to medium grained and limestone are fossiliferous with shell of
gastropods and pelecypods. The thickness of strata varies from 2 m to 18 m. The
formation extends in the northwest to southeast direction and dipping southeast
direction with 10˚ - 20˚. The exposures of calcareous sandstone are seen at
Vembar, Shunmugapuram, Kulathur of Valiathikulum taluk and Kurumbur,
Kayamoli, Ammapuram and Nangamoli taluk. This formation is named after the
prominent occurrence at Pannamparai as Pannamparai sandstone. The
Pannamparai sandstone is considered equivalent to that of Cuddalore sandstone.
The Recent and the Sub-recent sediments are classified as Tuticorin, Kulathoor,
Vaipar, Vembar stages. Further the Recent and Sub-recent sediments can be
classified as coastal sedimentary sands, red soil and calcareous sandstone with
shell fragments, kankar, laterite and red terries, river alluvium and clay soil.
is tapering towards the sea, and at the central part along Tiruchendur –
Meignapuram – Sattanapuram section. The coastal sedimentary zone attains
maximum thickness of 50 m and width of 15 km from the shore line. The same
trend is followed unto Tuticorin area. North of Tuticorin near Vedantham area, the
coastal sedimentary beds attain a minimum width of 3 km and thickness reducing
to less than 10 m.
3.2.4 Hydrogeology
The hydrogeological studies were carried out in the area to understand the local
geology, geo-morphological features, drainage network, aquifer characteristics
and yield of water. Accordingly various components controlling the
hydrogeological regime of the study area have been studied. Hydrogeological
investigations were carried out in the area between 07.10.2014 and 09.10.2014.
The detailed hydrogeological report is given in Annexure-VII and the
hydrogeology of the study area is shown in Figure-3.2.3.
The area is underlain by both porous and fissured formations. The important
aquifer systems in the area constituted by 1) un-consolidated & semi-
consolidated formations and 2) weathered and fractured crystalline rocks. The
porous formations in the area include sandstones and clays of Recent to Sub-
recent and Tertiary age. The Recent formations comprising mainly sands, clays
and gravels are confined to major drainage courses and coastal plains. Alluvium
attains an average thickness of 25.0 m. Ground water occurs under water table
and confined conditions in these formations and is being developed by means of
FIGURE-3.2.1
GEOLOGY OF THE STUDY AREA
dug wells and filter points. The productive zones are encountered in the depth
range of 29.5 to 62 m below ground level. The depth of dug wells in alluvium in
the study area range from 4.8 to 11.0 m and that tube wells is around 25.0 m.
The water bearing properties of crystalline formations which lack primary porosity
depend on the extent of development of secondary intergranular porosity. The
occurrence and movement of ground water in these rocks are under unconfined
conditions in the joints & fissures and dependent on the nature and extent of
pores and interconnection of fracture zones. The morpho-tectonic analysis of the
crystalline tract indicates the presence of deep seated tesile and shear fractures
particularly along the fold axes. These tension joints and fractures and shear
fractures at deeper depth of 30.0 to 100.0 m have been acting as conduits for
ground water movement. Ground water in the crystalline rocks is being developed
by means of dug wells, dug-cum-bore wells and bore wells. The depth of dug
wells in crystalline rocks in the study area range from 7.0 to 16.5 m. Dug-cum-
bore wells are noticed around Ottapidaram with bore wells drilled up to a depth of
110. 0 m from the bottom of the well and these are used for support irrigation in
agriculture lands. Filter points and bore wells fitted with hand pumps are used as
a means of domestic needs.
3.2.4.1Water Levels
Well inventory of 25 wells was conducted in the study area during the field visit.
Mostly the ground water is developed by way of dug wells, dug-cum-bore wells,
bore wells and tube wells/filter points. The depth to water level during field visit
(October 2014 – the rainfall till 1st week of October was very less resulting in a
drought situation and deep water levels in uplands; this could be treated as pre-
monsoon situation) range from 2.70 m 10.55 m with number of dug wells having
depth range of 8.0 to 10.0 m remaining dry. The reported/approximated post-
monsoon (of 2013 season) water level ranges from 0.90 m 8.86 m below ground
level. The lowest water levels were recorded in a piezometer south of gypsum
pond in the existing SSL plant premises (probably getting recharge from water
reservoirs) and near Korampallam Tank. The average fluctuation between pre and
post-monsoon seasons is 1.73 m.
FIGURE-3.2.3
HYDROGEOLOGICAL MAP OF STUDY AREA
Studies on land use aspects of eco-system play an important role for identifying
sensitive issues, if any, and taking appropriate actions for maintaining the
ecological balance in the development of the region.
3.3.1 Objectives
3.3.2 Methodology
For the study of land use, literature review of various secondary sources such as
District Census Handbooks, regional maps regarding topography, zoning
settlement, industry, forest etc., were taken. The data was collected from various
sources like District Census Handbook, Revenue records, state and central
government offices and Survey of India (SOI) Top sheets and also through
primary field surveys.
Based on the census report, 10 km radial distance around this Plant Centre has
been considered in the study. These areas were studied in detail to get the idea
of land use pattern in the study area. The land use census data 2011 is not
available and the land use pattern of the study area as per 2001 Census is
presented in Table-3.3.1. The village wise land use data is presented in
Annexure-VIII.
TABLE-3.3.1
LAND USE PATTERN IN THE STUDY AREA
Forest
There is no revenue forest land under the study area as per 2001 census revenue
records
Cultivable Waste
This land includes that land, which was cultivated sometime back and left vacant
during the past 5 years in succession. Such lands may either be fallows or
covered with shrubs, which are not put to any use. Lands under thatching grass,
bamboo bushes, other grooves useful for fuel etc., and all grazing lands and
village common lands are also included in this category. The study area
comprises about 43.83% cultivable wastelands.
The land not available for cultivation is 29.56% of the total study area, which
includes area of land with scrub, land without scrub, quarry, mining area, rocky/
stony and barren area.
Remote sensing satellite imageries were collected and interpreted for the 10 km
radius study area for analyzing the Land use pattern of the study area. Based on
the satellite data, Land use/ Land cover maps have been prepared.
Methodology
The land use pattern of the study area (10 km radius around the proposed project
site) has been estimated by interpreting the recent IRS Resourcesat-2 LISS-3 for
the year 2014.
The present land use / land cover maps were prepared based on the classification
system of National standards. For explanation for each of the land use category
the details as given in Table 3.3.2 were considered.
TABLE 3.3.2
LAND USE/LAND COVER CLASSIFICATION SYSTEM
IRS Resourcesat-2 LISS-3 multispectral satellite data of 11th September 2014 and
was used for the mapping and interpretation. Besides, other collateral data as
available in the form of maps, charts, census records, other reports and especially
topographical survey of India maps are used. In addition to this, ground truth
survey was also conducted to verify and confirm the ground features.
3.3.4.3 Methodology
Field observations.
The methodology adopted for preparation of land use/ land cover thematic map is
monoscopic visual interpretation of geocoded scenes of IRS-Resourcesat-2
satellite and field observations are taken. The various steps involved in the study
are preparatory field work, field survey and post field work.
The False Color Composite (FCC) of IRS-Resourcesat-2; satellite data is used for
pre-field interpretation work. Taking the help of topo-sheets, geology, geo-
morphology and by using the image elements the features are identified and
delineated the boundaries roughly. Each feature is identified on image by their
image elements like tone, texture, colour, shape, size, pattern and association. A
tentative legend in terms of land cover and land use, physiography and erosion
was formulated. The sample areas for field check were selected covering all the
physiography landuse/land cover features cum image characteristics to ascertain
the ambiguous features.
Both toposheets and imagery were taken for field verification and a transverse
plan using existing road network was made to cover as many representative
sample areas as possible to observe the broad land use features and to adjust the
sample areas according to field conditions. Detailed field observations and
investigations were carried out and noted the land use features on the imagery.
The base maps of the study area were prepared, with the help of Survey of India
Topo-sheets. Preliminary interpreted land use and the land cover features
boundaries from IRS-Resourcesat-2 False Colour Composite were modified in light
of field information and the final thematic details were transferred onto the base
maps. The final interpreted and classified thematic map was catrographed. The
cartographic map was colored with standard colour coding and detailed
description of feature with standard symbols. All the classes noted and marked by
the standard legend on the map.
The final output would be the land use/land cover map numerals were given
different colour code for each category as shown in map. Area estimation of all
features of Land use/Land cover categories was noted.
3.3.4.6 Observations
The following are the main interpreted land use/land cover classes of the study
area and their respective areas are given in hectares in Table 3.3.3(A) for the
year 2014. The thematic map of study area and land use pattern within 10 km
radius based on IRS Resourcesat-2 for the year 2014 are shown in Figure-
3.3.1(A) and Figure-3.3.1(B) respectively.
Built-Up Land
Forest Land
Agriculture Land
Agriculture land comprises of 0.36% of the land under plantation, 1.21% of the
land under Irrigated/Double Crop area, 16.18% of the land under Single Crop
area and 23.13 % of fallow land area.
Wastelands
Total waste land of the study area comprises of 12.48 % of land with scrub and
17.58% of land without scrubs, 0.29% of the land under rocky/barren/stony area
and 0.31% of the land comes under quarry/mining area.
Water Body
Others
The land comprises of 4.80% of salt pans and 0.03% of coastal sand.
TABLE 3.3.3(A)
LANDUSE BREAKUP DETAILS IN 10 KM RADIUS
Area Area
S.No. Level-I Level-II
(Hectares) (%)
Built-up Land Settlements 4256.83 11.33
1 Industry/Institutional Land 1733.30 4.61
Layout/New Development 39.25 0.10
Forest Protected/Reserved
Dense/Open Forest 0.00 0.00
2 Degraded Scrub Land 0.00 0.00
Forest Blank 0.00 0.00
Others
Dense/Mixed Jungle 0.00 0.00
Agricultural Plantation 134.49 0.36
land Irrigated/Double Crop 455.87 1.21
3
Agriculture Land/Single Crop 6082.53 16.18
Fallow Land 8694.49 23.13
Waste Land Land with Scrub 4688.56 12.48
Land without Scrub 6605.61 17.58
4
Rocky/Stony/Barren Land 110.59 0.29
Quarry/Mining Land 115.98 0.31
Water Body Stream/River 363.44 0.97
5 Tank/Reservoir/Pond 1581.98 4.21
Gulf of Mannar 904.35 2.41
Others Salt Pans 1803.68 4.80
6
Coastal Sand 12.28 0.03
Total 37583.25 100.00
Source: Satellite Imagery
FIGURE 3.3.1(A)
SATELLITE IMAGE-STUDY AREA
FIGURE 3.3.1(B)
LANDUSE/LAND COVER MAP BASED ON SATELLITE DATA
SIPCOT industrial area was started in the year 1981. In order to get the change
in landuse of the SIPCOT industrial area, last available remote sensing satellite
imagery (1998) was procured and compared with the recent satellite imagery
(2014).
Based on the satellite data, Land use/ Land cover maps have been prepared and
the change in landuse is given in Table-3.3.3(B).
TABLE-3.3.3(B)
CHANGES IN LAND USE OF SIPCOT INDUSTRIAL AREA - 1998-2014
FIGURE-3.3.2(A)
SATELLITE IMAGE-SIPCOT INDUSTRIAL AREA (2014)
FIGURE-3.3.2(B)
SATELLITE IMAGE-SIPCOT INDUSTRIAL AREA (1998)
It is essential to determine the potentials of soil in the area to identify the current
status of soil quality and also to predict the impacts that may arise due to the
plant. Accordingly, a study for assessment of the baseline soil quality has been
carried out in the region.
For studying soil profile of the region, sampling locations were selected to assess
the existing soil conditions in and around the plant area that represent various
land use conditions. The physical, chemical, nutrient and heavy metal
concentrations were determined. The results are then compared with standard
soil classification table for assessment of soil samples in the region.
A total of seventeen samples within 10 km radius of the plant site were collected
for the assessment of soil quality. The details of sampling locations are given in
Table-3.4.1 and are shown in Figure-3.4.1. The samples were collected by
ramming an auger into the soil up to a depth of 90-cm. The homogenized
samples were analyzed as per standard methods in laboratory.
TABLE-3.4.1
DETAILS OF SAMPLING LOCATIONS
FIGURE-3.4.1
SOIL SAMPLING LOCATIONS
The results of soil samples collected at all locations within the study area are
given in Table-3.4.2 and Table-3.4.3. The standard classification of soil is given
in Table-3.4.4. The pH of the soil extracts varied from 7.2 to 8.6 indicating
neutral to slightly alkaline in nature. Electrical conductance varied from 104.7 to
484 µS/cm. Based on the conductivity results it can be concluded that the ionic
content of the soil samples are within the limits that does not harm the crops.
Bulk densities of the soil samples varied from 1.2 to 1.4 g/cc.
Available nitrogen in the soil samples varied from 29.4 kg/ha to 183.3 kg/ha and
indicating very less to better category in the soil samples. Available phosphorus in
the region varied from 140.2 kg/ha to 811.5 kg/ha which indicates more than
sufficient quantities.
Available potassium levels in the samples ranged from 473.1 kg/ha to 2437.5
kg/ha, which indicates more than sufficient quantity in the soil samples.
Soluble chlorides in the region varied from 69.3 mg/kg to 633 mg/kg. Organic
matter concentrations ranged from 0.45% to 2.76%. Organic carbon
concentrations ranged from 0.26% to 1.6%.
Based on the above, the soil in the region has been found to have sufficient
quantities of nutrients for crop growth.
TABLE-3.4.2
SOIL ANALYSIS RESULTS
TABLE-3.4.3
SOIL ANALYSIS RESULTS
Sr. No Parameter UOM S10 S11 S12 S13 S14 S15 S16 S17
1 pH (1:5 Aq extraction) -- 8.3 8.3 8.2 8.4 7.9 7.9 8.1 7.8
2 Conductivity (1:5Aq extraction) μs/cm 167.3 164.4 174 142 484 166 151 143
3 Texture -- Sandy Sandy Sandy Sandy Silty Clay Sandy Loamy
clay clay clay clay Clay loam clay sand
4 Sand % 34 41 43 36 28 32 39 48
5 Silt % 30 26 25 30 27 23 28 23
6 Clay % 36 33 32 34 45 45 33 29
7 Bulk Density g/cc 1.2 1.2 1.3 1.2 1.3 1.3 1.2 1.4
8 Exchangeable calcium as Ca mg/kg 3460 3589.1 3160.8 3473.1 7608.4 6593.7 3607.1 2891.2
9 Exchangeable Magnesium as Mg mg/kg 539.9 121.0 239.7 240.8 546.7 1091.2 243.2 483.9
10 Exchangeable sodium as Na mg/kg 115.4 141.4 94.7 188.5 581.5 112.5 90 45.8
11 Sodium Absorption Ratio(SAR) -- 0.21 0.28 0.19 0.37 0.77 0.15 0.17 0.09
12 Available Nitrogen as N Kg/ha 183.3 102.9 139.6 101.9 112.6 50.9 156.6 59.4
13 Available phosphorus as P Kg/ha 607.9 554.3 631.8 629.3 424.3 140.2 811.5 253.6
14 Available Potassium as K Kg/ha 1543.3 527.7 696.6 677.6 2437.5 776.4 661.8 688.6
15 Organic carbon % 1.6 0.92 1.1 0.87 0.9 0.39 1.3 0.43
16 Organic Matter % 2.76 1.6 1.9 1.5 1.5 0.67 2.3 0.7
17 Water Soluble Chlorides as Cl mg/kg 70.8 69.9 70.9 70.0 633.0 69.3 70.6 70.1
18 Water Soluble Sulphates as SO4 mg/kg 281.5 366.8 205.1 139.2 469.3 127.3 227.3 57.1
19 Aluminum % 1.1 1.12 1.32 0.96 3.1 3.1 1.07 1.2
20 Total Iron % 1.0 1.01 1.16 0.9 2.1 2.1 0.97 0.92
21 Manganese mg/kg 315.1 199.6 236.5 212.9 559.2 545.3 216.6 167.8
22 Boron mg/kg 15.7 16 19.7 17.4 10.0 15.6 17.7 11.2
23 Zinc mg/kg 68.9 37.9 57.1 44.5 75.9 62.3 90.6 35.4
24 Arsenic mg/kg <0.1 <0.1 <0.1 <0.1 <0.1 <0.1 <0.1 <0.1
TABLE-3.4.4
STANDARD SOIL CLASSIFICATION
Sr. No. Soil Test Classification
1 pH <4.5 Extremely acidic
4.51- 5.00 Very strongly acidic
5.01-6.00 moderately acidic
6.01-6.50 slightly acidic
6.51-7.30 Neutral
7.31-7.80 slightly alkaline
7.81-8.50 moderately alkaline
8.51-9.0 strongly alkaline
>9.01 very strongly alkaline
2 Salinity Electrical Conductivity (µS/cm) Upto 1.00 Average
(1ppm = 640 µS/cm) 1.01-2.00 harmful to germination
2.01-3.00 harmful to crops (sensitive to
salts)
3 Organic Carbon (%) Upto 0.2: very less
0.21-0.4: less
0.41-0.5 medium,
0.51-0.8: on an average sufficient
0.81-1.00: sufficient
>1.0 more than sufficient
4 Nitrogen (kg/ha) Upto 50 very less
51-100 less
101-150 good
151-300 Better
>300 sufficient
5 Phosphorus (kg/ha) Upto 15 very less
16-30 less
31-50 medium,
51-65 on an average sufficient
66-80 sufficient
>80 more than sufficient
6 Potassium (kg/ha) 0 -120 very less
120-180 less
181-240 medium
241-300 average
301-360 better
>360 more than sufficient
Source: Hand book of Agriculture
3.5 Meteorology
The meteorological data recorded during the study period is very useful for proper
interpretation of the baseline information as well as for input to air quality impact
prediction model. Historical data on meteorological parameters will also play an
important role in identifying the general meteorological regime of the region.
Note: As per IMD, the Northeast monsoon is the major period of rainfall activity for Tamil Nadu, which
starts from October till December and hence the study period for the proposed copper smelter plant-II
can be considered as non-monsoon season.
3.5.1 Methodology
TABLE-3.5.1
CLIMATOLOGICAL DATA-STATION: IMD, TUTICORIN
YEAR (1991-2000)
The data are presented in Table-3.5.1 and are described below for IMD station,
Tuticorin. Wind direction and speed are presented in Figure-3.5.1 to Figure-
3.5.3.
Temperature
Relative Humidity
The relative humidity values at 0830-hr and 1730-hr are ranging from 52%-80%.
The monthly mean values are presented in Table-3.5.1.
Atmospheric Pressure
It can be seen from the data that not many variations are observed in the average
atmospheric pressure levels. The pressure levels are found to be fairly constant
over the region. The monthly mean values are presented in Table-3.5.1.
Rainfall
The annual mean rainfall observed based on the 10 years IMD data is 625.8 mm.
Pre-monsoon rains are also observed in the region. The monthly mean values are
presented in Table-3.5.1.
Wind Speed/Direction
The seasonal and annual wind rose pattern (predominant wind direction and speed)
as per the IMD Tuticorin data is presented in Table-3.5.2.
1 8.
0%
NN
0.9
W
%
N 0%
9%
%
NN
E0
2.9 .9%
E6
.0
0%
0.
% EN
W
N 7.3%
NN
E9 WN
E
W
N
W
NN
W
W WS
3%
0%
% %
.3 3.0
1.
E5
N
SW
EN
W
ES
E
E1
N
0%
4.
SE
4%
3.
6.
5.4% W C-3.0% E 1.0%
4%
W
ES
E1
SS
.7%
SE
%
W
0%
WS
8.3
2.0% S
%
SS
9.0
SW
E2
4%
.6%
W
6.
18.6% S
SS
0%
SS
13.
E2
5.0
08-30hrs
%
PRE MONSOON 17-30hrs
PRE MONSOON
25.
5.2
5%
WN
%
W 19.
.7%
2.0
0%
N 2.3%
NN
WN .5%
%
W
E2
W
NN
1.
NN
N 0%
E0
9%
6%
W
0%
0%
NN
0.
N
W
.5%
E
%
E
E0
N
E0
W
EN EN
20.2% W C-1.3% E 0% 25.8% W C-0% E 0%
ES ES
E0 E2
.5% .0%
SE
0%
SE
SW
SS
2.3% S
W W
WS
2.
WS
3%
8%
5%
E2
3% 13.
14.
3.
SW
.6%
8%
W
8.
SS
9.6% S
W
%
SS
SS
8.3
E1
3%
3.
11.
2%
08-30hrs
MONSOON 17-30hrs
MONSOON
SCALE 5%
SPEED CALM
1 5 11 19 >19 Km/hr
FIGURE-3.5.1
SEASONAL WINDROSES-TUTICORIN
%
NN
N 16.0%
7.0
%
W
0.0
E1
E1
NN
NN
N 2.0%
0%
%
4.0
6.
E1
0%
EN
E
N
3.0
NN
0%
11. %
WN
W
3.
5%
N
W
5%
W
WN
W
N
C-1.0% E 4.0%
W
0%
.0% 3.5% W
E3
EN
E
N
W
3.0% W C-3.0% E 0% WS ES
%
4.0 E9
.0%
SW
ES
SE
E1
.0%
5%
4.
SE
SW
5%
W
3.
0.5% S
0%
%
5.5
SS
E2
SW
11.0% S
.0%
SS
SS
5%
SS
7.
0%
E1
5.5
11.
3.5
%
35.
08-30hrs 17-30hrs
6
N 26.9%
%
6.7
E2
NN
%
2.7
%
2.7
E4
E1
EN
NN
%
.7
10
E
0.6
N
N 1.0%
%
NN
0%
2.
0%
7%
N
0%
WN
W
W
N
1.
1.3
W
% .0%
E
WN E2 0% W C-0% E 13.7%
N
W EN
W
0% W C-0.7% E 0.4% WS
0%
SW
ES
W
W E0
SE
0%
WS ES
SS
%
1.3% S
E1
SS
%
2.
2.0
0.7
SE
SW
SS
%
%
7%
W
0.4% S
E2
0.
0.3
6%
SS
E0
4%
.3%
0.
%
%
0.6
08-30hrs 17-30hrs
WINTER WINTER
SCALE 5%
SPEED CALM
1 5 11 19 >19 Km/hr
FIGURE-3.5.2
SEASONAL WINDROSES-TUTICORIN
20.
0%
NN
8%
N 13.1%
W
3.
E1
NN
12.
8%
WN
2.
W
5%
7%
N
0.
.7%
W
E2
E EN
N
W
WS
0.
1.3% S
%
1%
7.4
SW
8%
.9%
5.
W
SS
ANNUAL
%
7.6
08-30 Hrs
.8%
E5
0.9
%
NN
5.9
4%
N 0.7%
E1
%
EN
4.
6.2
NN
%
N
WN
0%
W
N
W
W
WS ES
% E9
SW
5.1 .4%
SE
5%
4.
2.
1%
W
SS
%
10.1% S
7.0
SS
E1
3.5
ANNUAL
%
17-30 Hrs
SCALE 5%
SPEED CALM
FIGURE-3.5.3
ANNUAL WINDROSE
TABLE-3.5.2
PREDOMINANT WIND PATTERN
TABLE-3.5.3
SUMMARY OF THE METEOROLOGICAL DATA GENERATED AT SITE
1] Temperature
The maximum temperature was observed to be 38.9oC during July 2014 and
minimum temperature was observed to be 24.6oC during September 2014.
2] Relative Humidity
3] Rainfall
The total rainfall of 18.12 mm was observed during the study period.
4] Wind Speed/Direction
The predominant winds along with wind speeds during the study period are
represented as windrose in Figure-3.5.4 and are discussed below. A review of the
wind rose diagram shows that predominant winds are mostly from W, WNW and
followed by WSW direction.
Predominant winds from W direction were observed for 20.0% of the total time.
Whereas in WNW direction the winds were observed for 18.9% of the total time. In
WSW direction the winds were observed for 11.4% of the total time.
WN
W
NN
18.
9%
N 2.1%
W
.3%
N
W
2.9
4.
E1
9%
9%
NN
0.
%
1.3
E
N
E
EN
W 20.0% C-3.0% E 1.0%
ES
E2
SE .4%
1.
4%
4%
11.
1%
W
WS
6.
S 5.2%
SW
SS
E7
%
9.8
.5%
W
SS
SCALE 5%
SPEED CALM
FIGURE-3.5.4
SITE SPECIFIC WINDROSE (JULY TO SEPTEMBER, 2014)
The atmospheric inversion studies for estimating the site specific mixing height
based on variable weather conditions at the project site has been carried out by
Dr.B.S.Gera. The summary of hourly mixing heights has been given in Table-
3.5.4. The graphical presentation of the mixing heights is shown in Figure-
3.5.5. The study report is enclosed in Annexure-IX.
TABLE-3.5.4
MIXING HEIGHTS AT THE PROJECT SITE
Hour of the Day Mixing Heights (m)
1 164
2 182
3 207
4 239
5 267
6 292
7 320
8 355
9 392
10 606
11 767
12 965
13 1341
14 1597
15 1314
16 953
17 770
18 557
19 76
20 97
21 122
22 143
23 163
24 183
Tuticorin
1800
1600
1400
1200
Height (m)
1000
800
600
400
200
0
1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 23 24
Time (Hrs)
FIGURE-3.5.5
GRAPHICAL - MIXING HEIGHTS AT THE PROJECT SITE
The ambient air quality with respect to the study zone of 10 km distance around
the proposed project boundary forms the baseline information. The prime objective
of the baseline air quality study was to assess the existing air quality of the area.
This will also be useful for assessing the conformity to standards of the ambient air
quality during the project operations.
This section describes the selection of sampling locations, methodology adopted for
sampling, analytical techniques and frequency of sampling. The ambient air quality
was monitored at locations in and around the proposed plant. The air quality
monitoring was conducted as per revised NAAQ standards 2009.
The baseline status of the ambient air quality has been assessed through a
scientifically designed ambient air quality monitoring network. The design of
monitoring network in the air quality surveillance program has been based on the
following considerations:
The air samples were analyzed as per standard methods specified by Central
Pollution Control Board (CPCB), IS: 5184 and American Public Health Association
(APHA).
3.6.2.1 Frequency and Parameters for Sampling
Ambient air quality monitoring was carried out at a frequency of two days per
week at each location during the study period. The baseline data of air
environment was generated for the following parameters:
The sampling duration for PM10, PM2.5, SO2, NO2, NH3, C6H6, BaP, Pb, Ni, PAH and
As was twenty-four hourly continuous samples per day and CO and O3 was
sampled for 8 hrs continuous thrice a day. This is to allow a comparison with the
present revised standards mentioned in the latest Gazette notification of the
Central Pollution Control Board (CPCB) (November 16, 2009).
Ambient air quality monitoring (AAQM) stations were set up at ten locations with
due consideration to the above mentioned points. Table-3.6.1 gives the details of
environmental setting around each monitoring station. The location of the selected
stations with reference to the proposed plant boundary is given in Table-3.6.1 and
shown in Figure-3.6.1.
TABLE-3.6.1
DETAILS OF AMBIENT AIR QUALITY MONITORING LOCATIONS
WN
W
NN
18.9
%
N 2.1%
W
.3%
N
W
2.9
4.
E1
9%
9%
NN
0.
%
E
.3
E1
N
EN
W 20.0% C-3.0% E 1.0%
ESE
2.4
%
S
E
1.
%
4%
11.4
1%
W
WS
6.
S 5.2%
W
S
SS
E7
%
9.8
.5%
W
SS
Detail survey results are presented in Annexure-X. The 98th percentile, average,
maximum and minimum values have been computed from the observed raw data
for all the AAQ monitoring stations. The summary of these results for each location
during the Study period (July-September, 2014) are presented in Table-3.6.2.
Summary of Observations
The results of the monitored data indicate that the ambient air quality of the region
in general is in conformity with respect to Industrial, commercial and
rural/residential norms of the National Ambient Air Quality Standards of CPCB, with
present level of activities.
1] PM10: The maximum value for PM10 is observed at Plant site (AAQ1), as
60.0 g/m3 with the minimum value observed at Tattaparai village (AAQ8),
as 35.1 g/m3 during the study period.
2] PM2.5: The maximum value for PM2.5 is observed at Plant site (AAQ1)
station, as 29.7 g/m3 with the minimum value observed at Tattaparai
village (AAQ8) station as 18.1 g/m3 during the study period.
3] SO2: The maximum value for SO2 is observed to be 30.9 g/m3 at Plant site
(AAQ1) station with the minimum value observed at Tattaparai (AAQ8)
station as 14.1 g/m3 respectively during the study period.
4] NOx: The maximum value for NOx is observed at Plant site (AAQ1) station,
as 31.7 g/m3 with the minimum value observed at Tattaparai village
(AAQ8) station as 16.2 g/m3 during the study period.
5] CO: The maximum value for CO is observed at Plant site (AAQ1) as 545
g/m3 with the minimum value observed at Tattaparai village (AAQ8)
station as 292 g/m3 during the study period.
7] Lead (Pb): Lead concentrations were observed <0.05 ng/m3 in all the
sampling locations.
8] Arsenic (As): Arsenic values in all the locations are observed to be less
than 0.2 ng/m3.
9] Nickel (Ni): Nickel values in all the locations are observed to be less
than0.1 ng/m3.
11] Benzo(a) Pyrene (BaP): BaP values observed in all the locations are
<1.0 ng/m3.
Conclusion
From the above analysis of the data, it infers that the air quality levels in the
study area are of fairly good quality. The observed concentrations can be
attributed to industrial and rural/residential activities. The observed
concentrations are within permissible limits specified by CPCB.
TABLE-3.6.2
SUMMARY OF AMBIENT AIR QUALITY RESULTS (JULY-SEPTEMBER, 2014)
Station Locations PM10 ( g/m3) PM2.5 ( g/m3) SO2 ( g/m3) NOx ( g/m3)
Code Min Max Avg 98th
Min Max Avg 98th
Min Max Avg 98th
Min Max Avg 98th
%le %le %le %le
AAQ1 Plant Site (SIPCOT) 46.5 60.0 50.4 58.2 25.1 29.7 26.7 29.1 28.5 30.9 29.5 30.8 27.2 31.7 29.6 31.3
AAQ2 TV Puram village 36.1 49.1 41.2 48.6 19.2 24.6 21.3 24.6 15.1 19.7 16.8 19.4 18.1 22.2 19.9 22.2
AAQ3 Milavittan village 40.2 56.4 46.8 55.1 19.9 28.6 22.3 26.8 23.2 18.1 21.8 23.2 22.2 26.3 23.4 26.1
AAQ4 Sankarapperi village 38.2 48.9 43.4 48.6 19.5 24.4 21.8 24.2 17.8 20.2 18.9 20.1 19.2 22.3 20.9 22.1
AAQ5 P.Pandiyapuram village 35.9 47.8 43.4 47.4 19.3 23.7 21.4 23.1 15.0 18.4 17.1 18.4 17.3 20.9 18.9 20.4
AAQ6 Matattur village 35.4 48.2 41.3 47.5 19.0 23.3 20.8 23.3 15.4 19.0 17.5 18.8 18.0 22.3 19.8 21.7
AAQ7 Silverpuram village 38.0 57.1 46.8 56.9 18.9 25.3 21.4 24.7 16.8 23.4 19.1 23.1 17.3 20.9 19.5 20.8
AAQ8 Tattaparai village 35.1 41.6 38.6 41.5 18.1 21.4 19.0 21.1 14.1 15.9 14.7 15.7 16.2 19.8 18.2 19.7
AAQ9 Mappillaiurani village 35.8 45.6 41.5 45.4 18.8 22.3 20.5 22.2 15.3 17.2 16.3 17.2 16.4 20.3 18.8 20.3
AAQ10 Tuticorin 37.5 55.4 45.6 53.8 20.2 24.2 21.9 24.1 15.0 18.4 17.0 18.4 18.4 22.5 20.2 22.3
Range 35.1 – 60.0 18.1 – 29.7 14.1 – 30.9 16.2 – 31.7
Selected water quality parameters of surface and ground water resources within 10
km radius of the study area has been studied for assessing the water environment
and evaluate anticipated impact of the project. Understanding the water quality is
essential in preparation of environmental impact assessment and to identify critical
issues with a view to suggest appropriate mitigation measures for implementation.
The information required has been collected through primary surveys and
secondary sources.
3.7.1 Methodology
The ground water and surface water sources covering 10 km radial distance were
examined for physico-chemical, heavy metals and bacteriological parameters in
order to assess the effect of industrial and other activities on surface and ground
water. The samples were analyzed as per the procedures specified in 'Standard
Methods for the Examination of Water and Wastewater' published by American
Public Health Association (APHA).
Sixteen ground water samples and three surface water samples were collected
from the study area during the month of July to September, 2014. These samples
were taken as grab samples and were analyzed for various parameters to compare
with the standards for drinking water as per IS: 10500 “Specifications for Drinking
Water”. The water sampling locations are identified in Table-3.7.1 and shown in
Figure-3.7.1.
FIGURE-3.7.1
WATER SAMPLING LOCATIONS
VIMTA Labs Limited, Hyderabad C3-41
Environmental Impact Assessment for the Proposed Copper Smelter Plant-II (1200
TPD Copper/ 4.38 LTPA Copper) in the SEZ at SIPCOT Industrial Complex, Therkku
Veerapandiapuram Village, Ottapidaram Taluka, Thoothukudi District, Tamilnadu
Chapter-3
Baseline Environmental Status
TABLE-3.7.1
WATER SAMPLING LOCATIONS
The results of the water quality monitored during the study period are given in
Table 3.7.2 and Table-3.7.3.
The analysis results indicate that pH is found to be 7.1, which is well within the
specified standard 6.5-8.5. The TDS was observed to be 200 mg/l. Dissolved
oxygen was observed to be 6.4 mg/l. The chlorides and sulphates were found to be
28.4 mg/l and 38.5 mg/l respectively. It is observed that chlorides and sulphates
are well within the permissible limits. It is evident from the above values that all
the parameters are well within the permissible limits. Bacteriological studies reveal
the absence of E. coli forms.
The analysis results indicate that the pH ranges in between 7.0 to 7.7, which is well
within the specified standard of 6.5 to 8.5. Total hardness was observed to be
ranging from 290 to 1980 mg/l.
Chlorides at all the locations were ranging in between 35.5 to 850.8 mg/l. Fluorides
were observed to be ranging in between <0.1 to 0.9 mg/l and are found to be
within the permissible limit. Nitrates are found to be in range of 0.3 – 546.1 mg/l.
Bacteriological studies reveal that no coliform bacteria are present in the samples.
The heavy metal contents were observed to be in well within the limits except few
parameters.
TABLE-3.7.2
SURFACE WATER QUALITY
TABLE-3.7.3(A)
GROUND WATER QUALITY
Sr. Parameter IS:10500 Units GW1 GW2 GW3 GW4 GW5 GW6 GW7 GW8
No. Limits
1 pH 6.5 – 8.5 - 7.0 7.3 7.6 7.6 7.7 7.5 7.3 7.7
2 Colour (Hazen units) 5 (25) Hazen 3 4 2 3 4 3 2 2
3 Taste Agreeable - Agreeable Agreeable Agreeable Agreeable Agreeable Agreeable Agreeable Agreeable
4 Odour Unobjec-tionable - U.O U.O U.O U.O U.O U.O U.O U.O
5 Conductivity $ uS/cm 4330 789 647 1963 1089 4290 3590 1681
6 Turbidity (NTU) 5 (10) NTU 7 15 1 5 6 35 4 1
7 Total Dissolve solids 500 (2000) mg/l 2595 481 380 1290 668 2789 2670 1190
8 Total Hardness as CaCO3 300 (600) mg/l 1730 370 290 840 370 810 1820 650
9 Total Alkalinity 200 (600) mg/l 350 260 290 210 140 250 250 220
10 Calcium as Ca 75 (200) mg/l 532 96 60 228 100 164 448 124
11 Magnesium as Mg 30 (100) mg/l 97.2 31.6 34.0 65.6 29.2 97.2 170.1 82.6
12 Residual Chlorine 0.2 min mg/l <0.2 <0.2 <0.2 <0.2 <0.2 <0.2 <0.2 <0.2
13 Boron 1 mg/l 0.21 <0.01 <0.01 0.08 0.04 0.84 0.4 0.2
14 Chloride as Cl 250 (1000) mg/l 850.8 92.2 35.5 397.0 205.6 496.3 99.3 226.9
15 Sulphate as SO4 200 (400) mg/l 228.2 23.5 5.5 107.1 48.5 1010 1640 387.8
16 Fluorides as F- 1.0 (1.5) mg/l 0.8 0.5 0.5 0.6 0.1 0.9 0.4 0.5
17 Nitrates as NO3 45 (NR) mg/l 461.8 23.7 4.6 242.2 77.1 157.8 0.3 55.3
18 Sodium as Na $ mg/l 197 30.5 29.4 110 76 595 130.4 153
19 Potassium as K $ mg/l 11.7 2.6 1.4 5.6 8.0 30.0 7.1 9.8
20 Phenolic Compounds 0.001 (0.002) mg/l <0.001 <0.001 <0.001 <0.001 <0.001 <0.001 <0.001 <0.001
21 Cyanides 0.05 (NR) mg/l <0.02 <0.02 <0.02 <0.02 <0.02 <0.02 <0.02 <0.02
22 Anionic Detergents 0.2 (1.0) mg/l <0.1 <0.1 <0.1 <0.1 <0.1 <0.1 <0.1 <0.1
23 Mineral Oil 0.01 (0.03) mg/l <0.01 <0.01 <0.01 <0.01 <0.01 <0.01 <0.01 <0.01
24 Cadmium as Cd 0.01 (NR) mg/l <0.01 <0.01 <0.01 <0.01 <0.01 <0.01 <0.01 <0.01
25 Arsenic as As 0.01 (NR) mg/l <0.01 <0.01 <0.01 <0.01 <0.01 <0.01 <0.01 <0.01
26 Copper as Cu 0.05 (1.5) mg/l 0.02 0.02 0.02 0.01 0.03 0.01 0.02 0.02
27 Lead as Pb 0.05 (NR) mg/l <0.01 <0.01 <0.01 <0.01 <0.01 <0.01 <0.01 <0.01
28 Manganese as Mn 0.1 (0.3) mg/l <0.01 <0.01 <0.01 <0.01 <0.01 0.06 <0.01 <0.01
29 Iron as Fe 0.3 (1.0) mg/l 0.4 0.1 0.09 0.26 0.1 0.55 0.58 0.38
30 Chromium as Cr6+ 0.05 (NR) mg/l <0.05 <0.05 <0.05 <0.05 <0.05 <0.05 <0.05 <0.05
31 Selenium as Se 0.01(NR) mg/l <0.01 <0.01 <0.01 <0.01 <0.01 <0.01 <0.01 <0.01
32 Zinc as Zn 5 (15) mg/l 0.03 <0.01 <0.01 <0.01 <0.01 1.1 13.6 0.5
33 Aluminium as Al 0.03 (0.2) mg/l 0.04 0.07 0.04 0.07 0.03 0.01 0.04 0.04
34 Mercury as Hg 0.001 (NR) mg/l <0.001 <0.001 <0.001 <0.001 <0.001 <0.001 <0.001 <0.001
35 Pesticides Absent mg/l Absent Absent Absent Absent Absent Absent Absent Absent
36 E-coli(Nos/100 ml) Absent - Absent Absent Absent Absent Absent Absent Absent Absent
37 Coliform Organisms 10 MPN/100 ml <2 <2 <2 <2 <2 <2 <2 <2
$ Limits not specified as per IS code:10500
TABLE-3.7.3(B)
GROUND WATER QUALITY
Sr. Parameter IS:10500 Units GW9 GW10 GW11 GW12 GW13 GW14 GW15 GW16
No. Limits
1 pH 6.5 – 8.5 - 7.3 7.3 7.4 7.7 7.3 7.1 7.2 7.2
2 Colour (Hazen units) 5 (25) Hazen 4 4 3 5 4 5 3 4
3 Taste Agreeable - Agreeable Agreeable Agreeable Agreeable Agreeable Agreeable Agreeable Agreeable
4 Odour Unobjectionable - U.O U.O U.O U.O U.O U.O U.O U.O
5 Conductivity $ uS/cm 3900 3730 1057 4360 1847 4350 2400 3720
6 Turbidity (NTU) 5 (10) NTU 8 9 5 16 9 6 7 4
7 Total Dissolve solids 500 (2000) mg/l 2405 2302 1035 3270 1215 2766 1770 2440
8 Total Hardness as CaCO3 300 (600) mg/l 890 930 580 1980 510 1620 880 1180
9 Total Alkalinity 200 (600) mg/l 410 350 260 210 250 300 370 300
10 Calcium as Ca 75 (200) mg/l 232 248 168 456 120 352 260 248
11 Magnesium as Mg 30 (100) mg/l 75.3 75.33 38.9 204.1 51.0 179.8 55.9 636.1
12 Residual Chlorine 0.2 min mg/l <0.2 <0.2 <0.2 <0.2 <0.2 <0.2 <0.2 <0.2
13 Boron 1 mg/l 0.25 0.23 0.1 0.61 0.11 0.21 0.13 0.22
14 Chloride as Cl 250 (1000) mg/l 737.4 666.5 333.2 319.1 361.6 850.8 489.2 758.6
15 Sulphate as SO4 200 (400) mg/l 143.6 92.3 69.7 165.6 106.4 303.8 165.1 250
16 Fluorides as F- 1.0 (1.5) mg/l 0.3 0.4 0.5 0.7 <0.1 0.7 0.4 0.4
17 Nitrates as NO3 45 (NR) mg/l 364.7 405.9 106.3 216.7 156.1 546.1 287.3 457.8
18 Sodium as Na $ mg/l 390 314 141 266 177 293 268 350
19 Potassium as K $ mg/l 126.2 89.2 5.4 8.15 85.0 10.2 7.6 15.2
20 Phenolic Compounds 0.001 (0.002) mg/l <0.001 <0.001 <0.001 <0.001 <0.001 <0.001 <0.001 <0.001
21 Cyanides 0.05 (NR) mg/l <0.02 <0.02 <0.02 <0.02 <0.02 <0.02 <0.02 <0.02
22 Anionic Detergents 0.2 (1.0) mg/l <0.1 <0.1 <0.1 <0.1 <0.1 <0.1 <0.1 <0.1
23 Mineral Oil 0.01 (0.03) mg/l <0.01 <0.01 <0.01 <0.01 <0.01 <0.01 <0.01 <0.01
24 Cadmium as Cd 0.01 (NR) mg/l <0.01 <0.01 <0.01 <0.01 <0.01 <0.01 <0.01 <0.01
25 Arsenic as As 0.01 (NR) mg/l <0.01 <0.01 <0.01 <0.01 <0.01 <0.01 <0.01 <0.01
26 Copper as Cu 0.05 (1.5) mg/l 0.03 0.02 0.02 0.03 0.02 0.03 0.03 0.02
27 Lead as Pb 0.05 (NR) mg/l <0.01 <0.01 <0.01 <0.01 <0.01 <0.01 <0.01 <0.01
28 Manganese as Mn 0.1 (0.3) mg/l <0.01 <0.01 <0.01 0.02 <0.01 <0.01 0.02 <0.01
29 Iron as Fe 0.3 (1.0) mg/l 0.31 0.27 0.18 0.77 0.15 0.44 0.21 0.36
30 Chromium as Cr6+ 0.05 (NR) mg/l <0.05 <0.05 <0.05 <0.05 <0.05 <0.05 <0.05 <0.05
31 Selenium as Se 0.01(NR) mg/l <0.01 <0.01 <0.01 <0.01 <0.01 <0.01 <0.01 <0.01
32 Zinc as Zn 5 (15) mg/l 0.18 0.11 0.04 0.28 0.11 0.08 0.33 0.08
33 Aluminium as Al 0.03 (0.2) mg/l 0.04 0.02 0.01 0.06 0.07 0.06 0.03 0.03
34 Mercury as Hg 0.001 (NR) mg/l <0.001 <0.001 <0.001 <0.001 <0.001 <0.001 <0.001 <0.001
35 Pesticides Absent mg/l Absent Absent Absent Absent Absent Absent Absent Absent
36 E-coli(Nos/100 ml) Absent - Absent Absent Absent Absent Absent Absent Absent Absent
37 Coliform Organisms 10 MPN/100 ml <2 <2 <2 <2 <2 <2 <2 <2
$ Limits not specified as per IS code:10500
The main objective of noise monitoring in the study area is to establish the baseline
noise levels and assess the impact of the total noise expected to be generated by
the construction and operation of the plant.
FIGURE-3.8.1
NOISE MONITORING LOCATIONS
VIMTA Labs Limited, Hyderabad C3-47
Environmental Impact Assessment for the Proposed Copper Smelter Plant-II (1200
TPD Copper/ 4.38 LTPA Copper) in the SEZ at SIPCOT Industrial Complex, Therkku
Veerapandiapuram Village, Ottapidaram Taluka, Thoothukudi District, Tamilnadu
Chapter-3
Baseline Environmental Status
Sound Pressure Level (SPL) measurements were measured at all locations. The
readings were taken for every hour for 24 hours. The day noise levels have been
monitored during 6 am to 10 pm and night levels during 10 pm to 6 am.
Noise levels were measured using integrated sound level meter manufactured by
Quest Technologies, USA (Model No.2900). The integrating sound level meter is
an integrating/ logging type with Octave filter attachment (model OB-100) with
frequency range of 31.5 to 16000 Hz. This instrument is capable of measuring the
Sound Pressure Level (SPL), Leq and octave band frequency analysis.
The noise levels were monitored on working days only and Saturdays, Sundays and
public holidays were not monitored. During each hour Leq was directly computed by
the instrument based on the sound pressure levels.
Lday (Ld), Lnight (Ln) and Ldn values were computed using corresponding hourly
Leq of day and night respectively. Monitoring was carried out at ‘A’ response and
fast mode.
For noise levels measured over a given period of time interval, it is possible to
describe important features of noise using statistical quantities. This is calculated
using the percent of the time certain noise levels exceeds the time interval. The
notation for the statistical quantities of noise levels is described below:
The statistical analysis is done for measured noise levels at twenty one locations.
The parameters are analyzed for L10, L50, L90, Leq, Lday, Lnight, and Ldn. The statistical
analysis results monitored during the study period (i.e. July to September, 2014)
are given in Table-3.8.2.
3.8.4 Observations
Industrial Area
The day time noise levels were ranged in between 58.2 dB (A) to 61.2 dB (A). The
maximum value 61.2 dB (A) was recorded near Weigh bridge (N16), and the
minimum value 58.2 dB (A) was recorded behind WWTP (N17).
Commercial Area
The day time noise level was found to be 62.8 dB (A) recorded at NH bypass
towards Madurai road (N12).
Residential Area
The day time noise levels were ranged in between 44.9 dB (A) to 49.3 dB (A). The
maximum value 49.3 dB (A) was recorded at A. Kumararediya puram (N18), and
the minimum value 44.9 dB (A) was recorded at Sourispuram (N7).
Industrial Area
The night time noise levels were ranged in between 50.4 dB (A) to 57.5 dB (A).
The maximum value 57.5 dB (A) was recorded near weigh bridge (N16), and the
minimum value 50.4 dB (A) was recorded at SSL temple (N13).
Commercial Area
The night time noise level was found to be 54.2 dB (A) recorded at NH bypass
towards Madurai road (N12).
Residential Area
The night time noise levels were ranged in between 38.7 dB (A) to 43.9 dB (A).
The maximum value 43.9 dB (A) was recorded at T.V.Puram (N1), and the
minimum value 38.7 dB (A) was recorded at Sourispuram (N7).
TABLE-3.8.2
NOISE LEVELS [dB (A)] IN THE STUDY AREA
Considering the location and topography of the study area, distinct habitats can
be demarcated at the junction of land and ocean. The study area can be divided
into terrestrial, coastal and marine habitats. There are some more pockets of
habitat that are formed in the study area due to anthropogenic interventions like
the canals, agricultural land, settlements, industries and salt pans.
The present study was undertaken with the following objectives to assess both
terrestrial and aquatic habitats of the study area:
3.9.3 Methodology
To achieve the above objectives a detailed study of the area was undertaken with
the existing plant as its centre. The different techniques used for the survey are
given below:
The locations for terrestrial and marine sampling locations are shown in Figure-
3.9.1 and the details are given in Table-3.9.1.
TABLE-3.9.1
ECOLOGICAL SAMPLING LOCATIONS
The great plant wealth and diversity of Tamilnadu is due to immense variety of
climate, altitude and edaphic factors. Vegetation of the region can be broadly
divided into the following categories.
Coastal vegetation;
Vegetation of the interior plains; and
Vegetation of the hills and mountains.
Coastal Vegetation
The soil is sea sand often blown and accumulating in low dunes with adequate time,
but poor in nitrogen and mineral nutrient. Most of these have been converted into
Casuarina plantation. These plantations have been carried out as wind breakers and
protection from natural hazards. The natural vegetation around the project site
consists of plant species Borasus flabellifer, Anacardium occidentale, Lannia
coromandalica, Pandanus tectorius, Opuntia dellenii, Cassia auriculata, Sesuvium
portulacastrum, Cyperus arenarius.
Terrestrial Ecosystem
FIGURE-3.9.1
ECOLOGICAL SAMPLING LOCATIONS
Near the villages and in case of agricultural lands the areas are represented by
Delonix regia, Azadirchta indcia, Cocos nucifera, Terminalia catapa, Psidium
guava, Albizia lebbeck, Dalbergia sissoo and Tamarindus indica.
Prosopis juliflora generally grows in the form of tree, but in most of the study
area it was found to be growing in the form of shrubs. This may be due to
continuous lopping or cutting by locals for their fuel requirement. Prosopis
juliflora was followed by Capparis decidua. The other dominating shrubs were
Cassia obtuse, Ocimum tenuiflorum and Aloe vera. The other dominating shrub
species were Abutilon indicum and Jatropha glandulifera.
The main dominating herbaceous species herbs Cenchrns biflorus and Vicoa indica
and Apluda mutica. The other dominating herbaceous species were Paspalidum
germinatum, Vernonia cinerea, Arthraxon castratus and Pedalium murex,
Dopatrium nudicaule, Biophytum sensitivum and Rottboellia exaltata follow
Apluda mutica.
The species represented along the fringe of water bodies were Rottboellia
exaltata, Cyberus compressus, Vigna trilobata, Pedalium murex, Arthraxon
castratus, Apluda mutica, Chrysopogon fulrus, Pysalis peruviana, Aerva lanata,
Boehravia diffusa, Crotalaria angulata and Capparis gynandropis.
Agro-ecosystem
The common crops in agro-ecosystem are Oryzha sativa, Sorghum vulgare which
are mainly irrigated by canal, river water and are rain fed crops. The agro-
ecosystem are represented by a number of weeds like Cynodon dactylon,
Euphorbia hirta, Cyperus rotundus, Digetaria sp. and Alyscicarpus sp. also
contributing to the primary production.
Plantations
Flora
The plant is falling under SIPCOT area categorized as industrial area and has very
good green belt developed by SSL and other industries. The major plants in 2-km
around plant site are Azadirachta indica, Acacia leucophloe, Tamarindus indica,
Thespesia lampas, Eugenia jumbolina, Tectona grandis and Dalbergia sissoo. The
details of plantation carried out by SSL and the number of species present in the
proposed plant area are given in Table-3.9.2 and Table-3.9.3. Lifeform and
economic importance of plant species in study area and class wise distribution of
plant species in the study area are given in Table-3.9.4 and Table-3.9.5
TABLE-3.9.2
PLANTATION AT COPPER SMELTER PLANT – II PROJECT SITE
Details of species
No. of saplings
Sr.
Name planted in the
No. Family Project Site
Botanical Local
1. Alstonia scholaris Saptparni Apocynaceae 633
2. Annona reticulata Ramphal Annonaceae 80
3. Annona squamosa Sitaphal Annonaceae 85
4. Azadirachta indica Kaduneem Meliaceae 563
5. Bauhinia sp Bauhinia Caesalpiniaceae 195
6. Cassia renigera Cassia Caesalpiniaceae 89
7. Cassia fistula Bahava Caesalpiniaceae 114
8. Delonix regia Gulmohar Caesalpiniaceae 125
9. Eucalyptus globulus Nilgiri Myrtaceae 150
10. Ficus benghalensis Vad Moraceae 1512
11. Ficus religiosa Pimpal Moraceae 1110
12. Manilkara zapota Chiku Sapotaceae 45
13. Millingtonia hortensis Akashneem Bignoniaceae 289
14. Mimusops elengi Bakul Sapotaceae 907
15. Neolamarkiana cadamba Kadamb Rubiaceae 323
16. Peltophorum pterocarpum Sonmohar Caesalpiniaceae 737
17. Polyalthia longifolia Asupalav Annonaceae 83
18. Pongamia pinnata Karanj Fabaceae 677
19. Samania saman Rain tree Mimosaceae 25
20. Swetinia macrophylla Mahogani Meliaceae 350
21. Tabebuia argentea T. argentea Bignoniaceae 130
22. Terminalia catappa Deshibadam Combretaceae 1111
23. Thespesia populnea Bhend Malvaceae 796
Total 10129
TABLE-3.9.3
PLANTATION AT COPPER SMELTER PLANT – II PROJECT SITE
Sr. No. Species Name Big trees (No) Small trees (No)
1 Azadirachta indica 300 1500
2 Casuarinas equistifolia 1000 -
3 Millingtonia hortensis 200 200
4 Pongarnia pinnata 300 1000
5 Tabefuia rosea 200 400
6 Achras sapota - 300
7 Cassia fistula - 300
8 Cassia samea - 300
9 Eucalyptus sp. - 300
10 Ficus bengalensis - 600
11 Ficus religiosa - 600
12 Oringa sp. - 200
13 Peltophorum ferrugineum - 500
14 Polyathia longifolia - 200
15 Terminalia catappa - 300
16 Thespesia populnea - 500
17 Mango - 250
18 Cashew trees - 250
19 Jambulina sp - 200
20 Pithecellobium - 50
21 Psidium Guajava - 50
Total 2000 8000
VIMTA Labs Limited, Hyderabad C3-54
Environmental Impact Assessment for the Proposed Copper Smelter Plant-II (1200
TPD Copper/ 4.38 LTPA Copper) in the SEZ at SIPCOT Industrial Complex, Therkku
Veerapandiapuram Village, Ottapidaram Taluka, Thoothukudi District, Tamilnadu
Chapter-3
Baseline Environmental Status
TABLE-3.9.4
LIFEFORM AND ECONOMIC IMPORTANCE OF PLANT SPECIES IN STUDY AREA
TABLE-3.9.5
CLASS WISE DISTRIBUTION OF PLANT SPECIES IN THE STUDY AREA
The Importance Value Index (IVI) is a statistical quantity which gives an overall
picture of the importance of the species in the vegetative community. It considers
the relative values of density, frequency and basal area of every species in given
area. It thus incorporates three important parameters which are measures of
diversity and productivity of every species. In any community structure, the
quantitative value of each of the frequency, dominance and density cover has its
own importance. But the total picture of ecological importance cannot be obtained
by one of these vegetation structure in respect to varying environmental factors
can also be studied through such study of basal area, density and frequency of
the community. The Importance value index as such, gives the total picture of
sociological structure of species in a community but it does not give the
dimension or share of relative values of frequency, density and dominance. The
importance value varies between 1.17 and 55.02 and the highest IVI (55.02) for
Croton parsiflorus recorded in plant site and lowest IVI (1.17) for Sida acuta
recorded in plant site.
The species diversity varies between 2.25-3.30 in studied population and highest
was recorded in TE-3 (Near Milavattan village) and lowest in TE-4 (Sankaraperi).
The species diversity indices for three sampling locations are presented in Table-
3.9.6.
TABLE-3.9.6
DETAILS OF IMPORTANCE VALUE INDEX AND DIVERSITY INDEX
There are several herbivores and carnivorous wild animals in the study area. The
commonly observed and reported species are presented in Table-3.9.7.
Amphibians are mainly restricted to open waste land and marshy areas. Frogs and
toads were present in this area. No tailed amphibians were cited in the survey.
Reptilian fauna is comparatively rich, 5 reptiles and 2 amphibians are recorded
from study area. There are good number of birds present in the study area, most
of them are common representatives of the coastal southern India. All species are
local migrants only and falls under schedule-IV of Wildlife Protection Act, 1972.
Cultivated lands provide ample of microhabitat and food for many bird species in
the study area. A total of 4 species of butterflies are recorded in the study area.
TABLE-3.9.7
FAUNA OF THE STUDY AREA
Conclusion
On the basis of field studies, records of Botanical Survey of India and Forest
department, Tamilnadu state did not indicate presence of any endangered and or
vulnerable species in this area and there are no reserved, protected or village
VIMTA Labs Limited, Hyderabad C3-60
Environmental Impact Assessment for the Proposed Copper Smelter Plant-II (1200
TPD Copper/ 4.38 LTPA Copper) in the SEZ at SIPCOT Industrial Complex, Therkku
Veerapandiapuram Village, Ottapidaram Taluka, Thoothukudi District, Tamilnadu
Chapter-3
Baseline Environmental Status
forests in 10- km from plant site. A comprehensive Central Legislation namely Wild
Life (Protection) Act was enforced in 1972 to provide protection to wild animals.
Schedule-I of this act contains the list of rare and endangered species, which are
completely protected throughout the country. No species in the study area belongs
to schedule I of Wildlife protection Act, 1972 and there are no endangered,
threatened wild animal species in study area.
3.9.6.1Phytoplankton
Phytoplankton group were evaluated from the samples that were represented by
centric and pinnate diatoms, dinoflagellates, blue-green algae and
silicoflagellates/radiolarians. The highest percent group abundance was of blue
green algae (39%) followed by centric diatoms (24%) while the lowest was by
silicoflagellates/radiolarians (8%). The highest total dominance of the entire
community was at PS2 (4044 nos/ml) and lowest was at PS1 (1256 nos/ml). The
station wise group abundance is given in Table-3.10.1.
Some of the prominent phytoplankton species within the observed groups were
Cosinodiscus sp., Chaetoceros sp., Pleurosigma sp. Oocystis sp., Nitzschia sp.,
Skeletonema costatum, Nevicula sp. and Euglena acusformis being present at
many locations. The other species which made their representation in large
number were Noctiluca sp., Leptocylindricus danicus, Rhizosolenia crassispina,
and Chlorella sp.
TABLE-3.10.1
PHYTOPLANKTON GROUP ABUNDANCE (NOS/ML) FROM THE STUDY AREA
Sr. No. Group PS1 PS2 PS3 PS4 PS5 Avg. Percent
1 Centric Diatoms 376 1103 463 123 654 544 24
2 Pinnate Diatoms 254 508 762 270 72 373 17
3 Dinoflagellates 167 156 109 343 534 262 12
4 Blue-green algae 436 1932 756 456 781 872 39
Silicoflagellates/
23 345 75 121 321 177 8
5 Radiolarians
Total 1256 4044 2165 1313 2362 2228 100
3.9.6.2 Zooplankton
The second most dominant group was Cladocerans contributing 15% of the total
zooplankton. The other two groups that had subsequently high percent
contribution were Other larvae with 6% contribution each.
The most important species that dominated the copepod community were Oncea
sp., Rhincalanus sp., Macrosetella sp. Sagitta sp., Penilia avirostris, Evadne
tergestina, Oithona sp., Temora discaudata, Centropages furcatus, Metacalanus
sp., Eucalanus sp., Acartia danae, Acartia sp., Oithona rigida, Euterpina
acutifrons, Microsetella sp., with other crustacean zoea, proto-zoea, bivalve &
gastropod veligers also represented the total diversity of the zooplankton
community.
TABLE-3.10.2
ZOOPLANKTON GROUP ABUNDANCE (NOS/M 3) FROM THE STUDY AREA
Sr. No. Group PS1 PS2 PS3 PS4 PS5 Avg. Percent
1 Copepods 1134 1253 362 2791 621 1232 67
2 Cladocerans 0 44 0 0 122 33 2
3 Amphipods 72 0 21 0 3 19 1
4 Euphausiids 11 256 0 135 0 80 4
5 Ostracods 136 0 408 816 0 272 15
6 Apendicularians 0 142 0 0 18 32 2
7 Siphonophores 0 36 0 4 2 8 0
8 Decapod larvae 44 0 28 14 72 32 2
9 Ctenophora 2 6 31 0 5 9 0
10 Tunicates 18 0 1 0 27 9 1
11 Other Larvae* 42 0 316 179 25 112 6
12 Total Abundance 1459 1737 1167 3939 895 1839 100
Other Larvae*: Includes molluscan, cnidarian and echinoderm larvae etc.
3.9.6.3 Meiobenthos
TABLE-3.10.3
MEIOBENTHIC GROUP ABUNDANCE (NOS/M3) FROM THE STUDY AREA
3.9.6.4 Macrobenthos
The highest macrobenthic abundance was at location BS3 with 4679 nos/m 2 while
the lowest was at BS2 with 636 nos/m2. The average macrobenthic abundance
was 1738 nos/m2. Polychaetes dominated the macrobenthic group at all the
stations with an average of 1343 nos/m2 followed by Amphipods with 176
nos/m2. The other groups that represented macrobenthos were less than 100
nos/m2.
TABLE-3.10.4
MACROBENTHIC GROUP ABUNDANCE (NOS/M3) FROM THE STUDY AREA
3.9.6.5 Fisheries
Coastal region of the study area has many fishing villages and there are fish
landing sites as well as harbours. Traditional and artisanal fishery is still prevalent
in the region. However with the rise in international demand and improved
methods, there are many mechanized trawlers of different sizes and different
methods of fishing. The increase in demand and the increase in number of
trawlers over the years has resulted in decrease in per unit catch and this can be
attributed to many natural and anthropogenic interventions. The year-wise fish
production at Tuticorin is given in the Table-3.10.5.
TABLE-3.10.5
YEAR-WISE FISH PRODUCTION AT TUTICORIN
(1987 TO 2008)
The methodology adopted for the study mainly includes review of published
secondary data (District Census Statistical Handbooks-2011 and Primary Census
Abstract of Census-2011) with respect to population, density, household size, sex
ratio, social stratification, literacy rate and occupational structure for 10 km
radius study area.
The village wise demographic data of 8 census towns and 27 villages falling within
10 km radius of the project site as per the 2011 census is given in Annexure-XI.
The salient features of the demographic and socio-economic conditions are
analyzed and described in the following sections.
3.10.3 Demography
As per the 2001 census the total population of the study area is 384499. The
population reported as per the 2011 census is 460192. Overall around 19.6%
decennial growth is reported in the study area. Tamilnadu decennial growth rate
of population is 15.6%.
The growth rate of population in the study area comparatively reported more
than the growth rate of state.
Distribution of Population
As per 2011 census the study area consisted of 460192 persons inhabited in
study area. The distribution of population in the study area is shown in Table-
3.10.1.
TABLE-3.10.1
DISTRIBUTION OF POPULATION
The study area has a household size of 3.91 as per 2011 census, which has
decreased from 4.26 in 2001. This is mainly due to population control measures,
health awareness programs.
Population Density
The density of population reveals that the study area has an overall density of
1217 persons per km2 (PP km2) as per 2011 census reports. Tamilnadu density of
population is 555.
The growth rate of population density in the study area comparatively reported
more than the growth rate of population density of state. 8 census towns are
falling in the study area. The proportion of urban and rural population is, urban
population 387971 (84%) rural population 72221 (15.69%).
Sex Ratio
The configuration of male and female indicates that the males constitute to about
49.90% and females to 50.10% of the total population as per 2011 census
records. The study area on an average has 1004 females per 1000 males as per
2011 census reports, which is more in comparison to the national and state sex
ratio (India 943, Tamilnadu urban is 996)
The sex ratio in the study area indirectly reveals certain sociological and cultural
aspects in relation with female births. The trend is very unique to the study area
and reveals that the female infanticide is less due to the cultural aspects.
In the study area, as per 2011 census, 14.71% of the population belongs to
Scheduled Castes (SC) and 0.20% to Scheduled Tribes (ST). Overall the data of
social stratification reveals that the SC and ST % to population is more than 14%,
The SC and ST community are marginalized and they are considered at low level
of social strata and calls for a special attention in Social Impact Management Plan
for improving their socio-economic status apart from preservation and protection
of their art, culture and traditional rights of livelihood. The distribution of
population by social structure is shown in Table-3.10.2.
TABLE-3.10.2
DISTRIBUTION OF POPULATION BY SOCIAL STRUCTURE
The data of study area reveals that literacy rate of 80.40% as per 2011 census,
which is found to be less than the state urban rate of literacy (Tamilnadu urban
87.0%). The distribution of literate and literacy rate in the study area is given in
Table-3.10.3.
TABLE-3.10.3
DISTRIBUTION OF LITERATE AND LITERACY RATES
The percentage of male literates to the total literates of the study area works out
to be 51.54%. The percentage of female literates to the total literates, which is
an important indicator for social change, is observed to be 48.46% in the study
area as per 2011 census records.
Total work participation in the project study areas is 37.08% and the non-workers
constitute 62.92% of the total population respectively. The distribution of workers
by occupation indicates that the non-workers are the predominant population.
The main workers to the total workers are 91.77% and the marginal workers
constitute to 8.23% to the total workers. The occupational structure of the study
area is shown in Table-3.10.4.
TABLE-3.10.4
OCCUPATIONAL STRUCTURE
This chapter presents identification and appraisal of various impacts from the
proposed project. The environmental impacts can be categorized as either
primary or secondary. Primary impacts are those, which are attributed directly to
the project and secondary impacts are those, which are indirectly induced and
typically include the associated changed pattern of social and economic activities
of surrounding community.
The impacts have been assessed for the proposed project assuming that the
pollution due to the existing activities with their present capacities has already
been covered under baseline environmental monitoring and continue to remain
same till the operation of the proposed project.
Various impacts during the construction and operation phase on the environment
parameters have been studied to estimate the impact on the environment due to
the implementation of the project and are discussed in the subsequent sections.
The proposed plant will be located in the sector specific SEZ in the SIPCOT
industrial complex. SIPCOT has already handed over the land required for the
proposed project. Earlier, the land was devoid of vegetation and was a barren
land. At present, SSL has developed greenbelt along the boundary. Further,
additional land of 31.5 Ha is requested from SIPCOT for additional greenbelt
development and other future proposals.
Top soil at construction site shall be stored separately, conserved and shall be
used for green belt development later;
The construction material & diesel /oil to be used for various construction
activities shall be stored in designated storage yards to reduce the spills into
unwarranted areas. Segregation, collection, storage and disposal of waste
VIMTA Labs Limited, Hyderabad C4-1
Environmental Impact Assessment for the Proposed Copper Smelter Plant-II (1200
TPD Copper/ 4.38 LTPA Copper) in the SEZ at SIPCOT Industrial Complex, Therkku
Veerapandiapuram Village, Ottapidaram Taluka, Thoothukudi District, Tamilnadu
Chapter-4
Anticipated Environmental Impacts and Mitigation Measures
During construction phase, Particulate Matter will be the main pollutant, which
would be generated from the site development activities and vehicular movement
on the road. Further, concentration of NOx and CO may also slightly increase due
to increased vehicular traffic movement. However, the increase in ambient
concentrations of air quality will be negligible. As most of the construction
equipment will be mobile, the emissions are likely to be fugitive. The dust
generated will also be fugitive in nature, which can be controlled by suitable
mitigation measures like sprinkling of water and development of green cover.
The impacts will be localized in nature and the areas outside the proposed project
site premises are not likely to have any major adverse impact with respect to
ambient air quality.
The peak water requirement during construction will be about 400 m3/day, which
will be sourced through SIPCOT. The wastewater generation during the
construction period will be from the sanitary units provided for the constructional
workers. This wastewater will be treated in septic tanks and discharged into soak
pits. Hence, there will not be any impact on the water regime.
The major sources of noise during the construction phase are vehicular traffic,
construction equipment like dozers, scrapers, concrete mixers, cranes, pumps,
compressors, pneumatic tools, saws, vibrators etc. The operation of these
equipments will generate noise ranging between 85-95 dB(A) near the source.
These noise levels will be contained within the plant boundary and will be
transient in nature.
The proposed project is located within the SIPCOT industrial area and no cuttings
of trees are involved. A good greenbelt/green cover has been developed within
the proposed plant area. Therefore, no loss of biomass is envisaged during
construction phase. Hence, no significant impact on soil and agriculture in the
general study area is envisaged due to constructional activities of the project.
As per the 2011 census data, non-workers constitute about 62.9 % of the total
population in 10 km radius study area. Some of them will be available for
employment in the proposed project during construction activities. As the labours
are generally un-skilled, the locals would get opportunities for employment during
construction activities. The peak labour force required during the construction
period is estimated to be about 4000 persons per day and preference will be
given to local labours particularly unskilled labours.
The plant operation involves production of 4.38 LTPA of copper anodes. For the
purpose of impact assessment during the operational phase, the following
components have been separately considered:
The plant site is fairly flat with a gradual slope. There will be no tall structures
except stacks in the plant. The topography of the plant will not be changed
significantly during the operational period.
The exit temperatures from the stacks and vents will be maintained in the range
of 400C to 2500C, which is not likely to have any significant impact on the local or
regional climate.
The main sources of pollution that is likely to cause impact on soil quality are:
Particulate matter emission from the stacks provided to the process equipment;
Fugitive emissions from handling of material and vehicular movement during
transportation; and
Leaks and spills from the plant including process effluents, used and waste oils,
contaminated rainwater runoff.
Following mitigation measures are proposed to reduce the impact on soil during
operation phase.
All stack emission sources will be provided with appropriate high efficiency air
pollution control equipment like bag filter, scrubber etc.;
Dust suppression arrangement at raw material storage yard;
Closed container collection, storage and transportation of all hazardous wastes
within the plant and outside; and
Regular road sweeping for recovery of dust from the spilled areas within the
plant boundary.
With the proposed mitigation measures, the impact on soil quality outside the
project boundary will be negligible.
The contributions from the existing plant have been captured in the ambient air
quality data collected during baseline monitoring studies.
Sulphur dioxide (SO2) and Particulate Matter emissions are the main pollutants in
the copper smelter complex and there will be no major source of NOx emissions.
The incremental ground level concentrations due to proposed project have been
estimated by dispersion modeling.
Model Set-up
TABLE-4.1
MODEL SET-UP
Emissions from the existing stacks (smelter plant-I) are not considered for
modelling as the emissions are already captured under present baseline studies.
The details of proposed stack emissions are given in Table-4.2.
TABLE-4.2
DETAILS OF PROPOSED STACK EMISSIONS
The simulations have been carried out to evaluate PM and SO2 likely to be
contributed by the proposed project. For the short-term simulations, the
concentrations were estimated to obtain an optimum description of variations in
concentrations over the site in 10 km radius covering 16 directions. The predicted
results for PM and SO2 are presented in Table-4.3 and isopleths showing the
incremental concentrations are shown in Figure-4.1 and Figure-4.2
respectively.
TABLE-4.3
PREDICTED SHORT-TERM MODELLING RESULTS (24-HOURLY)
The resultant concentrations after the implementation of the proposed project are
given in Table-4.4.
TABLE-4.4
RESULTANT GROUND LEVEL CONCENTRATIONS (24-HOURLY)
ug/m^3
SOURCES:
0.735
8000
5
RECEPTORS:
6000
0.653 441
Concentration
4000
0.572
MAX:
0.08
0.73493 ug/m^3
2000
0.490 COMPANY NAME:
0
0.1
6
0.2
5
0.0
8 0.409
Y-Direction [m]
MODELER:
FIGURE-4.1
-2000
M.Janardhan
0.327 S. Kishore Kumar
DATE:
-4000
10/30/2014
0.245 SCALE: 1:140,084
0 4 km
-6000
WN
W
NN
18.9%
N
W
W
%
0.164 4.9
2.9
%
E 1.3
N 2.1%
0.9
E %
N
E 1.3
EN
W 20.0% C-3.0% E 1.0%
ES
E 2.4
S
E %
1.4
-8000
%
11.4% %
W
WS 6.1
W
S
SS
S 5.2%
%
E 7.5
9.8
%
W
SS
0.082 SCALE 5%
SPEED CALM
-10000 -8000 -6000 -4000 -2000 0 2000 4000 6000 8000 10000 PROJECT NO.:
X-Direction [m]
PLOT FILE OF HIGH 1ST HIGH 24-HR VALUES FOR SOURCE GROUP: ALL
0.001
AERMOD View - Lakes Environmental Software C:\Users\bhavani.bhimavarapu\Desktop\SSL_KK\SSLPM\SSLPM.isc
Veerapandiapuram Village, Ottapidaram Taluka, Thoothukudi District, Tamilnadu
TPD Copper/ 4.38 LTPA Copper) in the SEZ at SIPCOT Industrial Complex, Therkku
C4-7
PROJECT TITLE: COMMENTS:
ug/m^3
SOURCES:
8000
5
14.000
RECEPTORS:
6000
4000
12.000 Concentration
MAX:
12.43907 ug/m^3
2000
2
COMPANY NAME:
10.000
Vimta Labs Limited
0
Y-Direction [m]
FIGURE-4.2
4
MODELER:
8.000
-2000
2 Mr. M.Janardhan
Mr. S. Kishore Kumar
DATE:
-4000
1/10/2015
SCALE: 1:135,000
6.000
0 4 km
-6000
-8000
-10000 -8000 -6000 -4000 -2000 0 2000 4000 6000 8000 10000 PROJECT NO.:
X-Direction [m]
PLOT FILE OF HIGH 1ST HIGH 24-HR VALUES FOR SOURCE GROUP: ALL
2.000
AERMOD View - Lakes Environmental Software C:\Users\bhavani.bhimavarapu\Desktop\SSL_KK\SSLPM\SSLSO2.isc
Veerapandiapuram Village, Ottapidaram Taluka, Thoothukudi District, Tamilnadu
TPD Copper/ 4.38 LTPA Copper) in the SEZ at SIPCOT Industrial Complex, Therkku
C4-8
Environmental Impact Assessment for the Proposed Copper Smelter Plant-II (1200
TPD Copper/ 4.38 LTPA Copper) in the SEZ at SIPCOT Industrial Complex, Therkku
Veerapandiapuram Village, Ottapidaram Taluka, Thoothukudi District, Tamilnadu
Chapter-4
Anticipated Environmental Impacts and Mitigation Measures
The fugitive emissions will be generated from raw material handling area; Matte
and ferro sand tapping area from ISA, Settling furnace and Matte transfer points.
The fugitive emissions cannot be quantifiable and will be controlled by the
following measures:
Tube and closed conveyor will be provided at raw material handling area;
Hygiene ventilation system with Bag filter, scrubber and stack arrangement to
handle ISA/SF/converter/Anode furnace secondary gas emissions; and
Hood system at converter to capture secondary gases while transferring.
Following air pollution control schemes and techniques are suggested which shall
be used to minimize and control the emission of air pollutants as well as their
effective dispersion into the atmosphere.
Sulphur dioxide laden gases released during the primary smelting operations
from ISA smelter will be sent to electrostatic precipitators for dust removal;
The fugitive emissions from lance port and tapping port of ISA furnace will be
connected to the ISA furnace stack via scrubber;
Online SO2 analyzer for stack emission and adequate stack height of 165 m
will be provided;
Tail gas scrubber will be provided with adequate stack height of 165 m for
Sulfuric Acid Plant; and
In the phosphoric acid plant, five stage scrubber will be provided with
adequate stack height of 90 m.
Apart from above measures, the following measures will be taken to improve the
air quality within the plant premises:
Provision of trips and interlocks for all processes with online analyzers for all
process stacks to meet the emission of SO2 to less than 1 Kg/tonne of H2SO4
produced;
Good housekeeping shall be maintained in the plant premises; road sweeping
machine shall be used to clean road;
The trucks and other vehicles shall be maintained and serviced regularly to
reduce air emissions; and
Usage of respiratory protective equipment by all employees shall be ensured.
SSL has adopted the state-of-art technology not only for the process plants but
also for the scrubber plant. The following Air Pollution Control (APC) measures
are incorporated in the existing Copper Smelter Plant-1 and the proposed Copper
Smelter Plant-II to minimize and control the emission of air pollutants as well as
their effective dispersion into the atmosphere.
The SO2 gas from the primary gas handling system (containing 11% to 12%
SO2) will be processed in Sulphuric Acid Plant (SAP) to produce sulphuric acid;
and
The lean SO2 gases (fugitive gases) generated from various furnaces will be
conveyed to Hygiene Ventilation System / Secondary Gas scrubber for
scrubbing of SO2 before vented through stack.
Sulphuric Acid Plant (SAP) has been installed with highly efficient (Double
Conversion Double Absorption) DCDA process to control the SO2 emission to
less than 1 kg/t of sulphuic acid produced; and
Tail Gas Scrubber (TGS) also provided to treat the gases and mists before
venting to the atmosphere through the stack even during plant start-up and
other emergency operations.
In addition, the following monitoring and controlling mechanism has also been
provided to make a fool-proof system.
Provision of Online SO2 analyzer with process trip & interlock system for all
the process stacks;
Periodic Online calibration of SO2 stack analyser will be carried out at 90% of
the analyzer range with prior intimation to State Pollution control Board; and
Online Stack SO2 analysers are connected with State Pollution Control Board
for real time monitoring of SO2 emission.
SSL has fixed the interlocking system for SO2 stack emission at 250 ppm as
mentioned below against the MoEF&CC standard of 477 ppm for Copper
smelter and Sulphuric acid plant.
- If SO2 emission goes above 120 ppm in the process stack then Operator Guide
Message (OGM) will appear in Distributed Control System.
- In parallel, ISA feed will reduce by 10 TPHr for every 10 min. till 90 TPHr.
- If SO2 emission goes above 250 ppm (15 min. average) in the process stack
then smelting will trip automatically.
The air quality predictions have been carried out by using the air quality model
CALINE-4 developed by California Department of Transportation. The model is
based on Gaussian diffusion equation and uses a mixing zone concept to
characterize pollutant dispersion over the roadway. The model has been
extensively tested for its predictive capability for traffic related air quality
impacts. Given the source strength, meteorology, site geometry and site
characteristics, the model can reliably predict pollutant concentrations for
receptors located within 150 m of the roadway, the most important region for
estimating the impacts due to the low elevation emissions.
The traffic due to the project mainly includes trucks, which are used to transport
copper concentrate and other consumables. Hence, only heavy traffic is
considered in assessing the impact of traffic. The additional truck traffic due to
the proposed project is considered in assessing the impact on National Highway.
The traffic details are given in Table-4.5.
TABLE-4.5
ADDITIONAL TRAFFIC DUE TO THE PROPOSED PROJECT
The number of additional daily trucks due to the proposed project is about 1375
trucks per day.
The emission standards for Indian vehicles as proposed by the Indian Institute of
Petroleum (IIP) have been used to provide the emission factors for the different
vehicle types. Emission factors after accounting for the vehicle speeds are as
specified in Table-4.6.
TABLE-4.6
EMISSION FACTORS
All values are in gm/km/vehicle*
Trucks/Buses Cars LCV’s Two & Three
Wheelers
CO NOx CO NOx CO NOx CO NOx
10.67 18.97 2.72 0.970 2.72 0.970 4.0 1.5
Note: *: To be multiplied by 1.6 for converting into gm/mile for use in CALINE4.
The estimated concentrations of CO and NOx for the additional traffic are
presented in Table-4.7.
TABLE-4.7
PEAK HOURLY PREDICTION RESULTS
The general observation from above table reveals that the maximum
concentration occurs at 20-m from the edge of the road, and the concentration is
about 25.0 g/m3 for CO and 21.2 g/m3 for NOx, which are well within the
permissible limit. Moreover SSL has established a railway siding facility in
Meelavittan, which will be connected to Copper Smelter complex vide proper
material handling system to handle all raw materials and products of existing and
proposed project which will further reduce the emission level due to vehicle as
well as traffic capacity in the NH road.
TABLE-4.8
EXISTING AND ADDITIONAL TRAFFIC
TABLE-4.9
RECOMMENDATIONS ON TRAFFIC CAPACITY - IRC
Moreover SSL has established a railway siding facility in Meelavittan, which will be
connected to Copper Smelter complex vide proper material handling system to
handle all raw materials and products of existing and proposed project which will
further reduce the emission level due to vehicle as well as traffic capacity in the
NH road.
The total water requirement for the project is about 13324 m3/day. Out of this,
fresh raw water requirement for entire operation of copper smelter is about 8773
m3/day (2 MGD) which will be sourced from SIPCOT / Desalination plant /
Desalination water purchase from other desalination plant operators and rest is
met from treated wastewater and RO plants permeate.
The Govt. of Tamil Nadu has allotted a total quantity of 3 MGD of water to SSL
through SIPCOT. Out of which, 1.8 MGD is currently being used in Copper
Smelter Plant-I and the remaining 1.2 MGD SIPCOT water will be used in the
proposed Copper Smelter Plant – II. Additional 0.8 MGD water will be sourced
from the Desalination plant for the proposed Copper Smelter Plant - II. Due to
the above, the impact on the water resources due to additional fresh water
consumption is meager.
The water balance and wastewater streams along with the details of waste water
treatment plant have been described in Chapter-2. The total waste water
generation from the Copper smelter plant-II will be about 4551 m3/day. This will
be treated in the Wastewater Treatment Plants (WWTP-1 to WWTP-3) and RO
plant and the treated waste water will be fully utilized within the plant for
process, cooling and other purposes. No wastewater will be discharged outside
the plant. Hence, there is no impact on the water regime due to the wastewater
generated from the plant complex.
VIMTA Labs Limited, Hyderabad C4-14
Environmental Impact Assessment for the Proposed Copper Smelter Plant-II (1200
TPD Copper/ 4.38 LTPA Copper) in the SEZ at SIPCOT Industrial Complex, Therkku
Veerapandiapuram Village, Ottapidaram Taluka, Thoothukudi District, Tamilnadu
Chapter-4
Anticipated Environmental Impacts and Mitigation Measures
For the proposed plant, storm water pond of capacity 30,000 m3 will be built to
collect the run-off rain water & the same will be pumped back to the process and
cooling at a rate acceptable to the process.
The treated wastewater from WWTP will be recycled in the plant process. This will
result in reduction of fresh water requirement. The water balance indicating the
recycling of treated wastewater is given in Chapter-2.
No treated wastewater shall be discharged outside the plant premises and the
plant will be operated on zero discharge condition. The treated sewage
wastewater after treatment in Sewage Treatment Plant will be used in greenbelt.
Hazardous Waste
The hazardous wastes such as ETP cake, scrubber cake, spent catalyst, RO
rejects and residue from ion exchange in water purification wastes, used resin
from bismuth plant will be stored in secured landfill. The landfill will be designed
as per CPCB guidelines. Spent oil, oil sludge, and nonferrous wastes will be sold
to authorised recyclers, ESP/Gas Cooler/WHRB dust and Precious metal slag will
be recycled back in the process immediately.
Hence, the impact due to solid waste generation from the plant is not envisaged.
ETP Cake
ETP cake is the solid waste generated from the GCP wastewater treatment
process. It is mainly made up of CaSO4 and hazardous in nature as per
Schedule-1 of Hazardous Waste Rules-2008. Hence, ETP cake will be stored in
Secured land Fill (SLF) designed as per CPCB guidelines. The generation of ETP
Cake will be about 80 MTPD.
The ETP cake, because of its hazardous nature, will be stored in a secured landfill.
The secured landfill will be constructed as per CPCB guidelines. The secured land
VIMTA Labs Limited, Hyderabad C4-15
Environmental Impact Assessment for the Proposed Copper Smelter Plant-II (1200
TPD Copper/ 4.38 LTPA Copper) in the SEZ at SIPCOT Industrial Complex, Therkku
Veerapandiapuram Village, Ottapidaram Taluka, Thoothukudi District, Tamilnadu
Chapter-4
Anticipated Environmental Impacts and Mitigation Measures
fill will have impervious layers of clay liner and 1.5mm HDPE liner. This will
ensure that the ground water will not be impacted by the storage of the ETP cake.
The SLF facility will be provided with monitoring piezometric bore wells around it
and the samples will be collected periodically to have a check on the sub soil
water quality.
The scrubber cake is a solid waste generated during the scrubbing of the
secondary gases / tail gases before dispatching into the stack. The quantity of
generation will be about 120 MTPD. This is mainly made up of gypsum and lime.
Central Pollution Control Board has also confirmed that the scrubber cake shall be
used as a supplementary material for cement manufacturing. Hence, scrubber
cake will be utililsed for other beneficial uses after mixing with gypsum.
Spent Catalyst
V2O5 will be used as a catalyst in the catalytic converter of the Sulphuric Acid
Plant to convert SO2 to SO3. To maintain the conversion efficiency, the catalysts
will be replaced during major turn-around shutdown. These spent catalysts will
be hazardous in nature and hence will be disposed in Secured Land Fill facility.
The spent catalyst will be collected in HDPE bags and stuffed in transportation
drums, which will be sent back to the supplier for regeneration (or) the entire
quantity will be dumped in secured landfill facility.
ESP/GC Dust
The ESP dust will be generated from the ESP’s attached to ISA & converter
primary gas streams. WHRB dust will be generated from the waste heat recovery
boiler attached to ISA. Gas cooler dust will be generated from gas coolers
attached to the converters. The quantity of generation will be about 90 MTPD.
These dusts will be immediately recycled back into ISA furnace as a measure for
waste minimisation by recycling through pneumatic dust conveying system placed
in ISA ESP, WHRB and converter ESP. This process will recover the copper from
the ESP / Gas cooler / WHRB dust into process.
The dust generated will be collected in metallic bins and pneumatic dust
conveying system to recycle back into the process without any accumulation.
Spent Oil
The lubricating oil will be used in the maintenance processes will generate used
oil / spent oil. These are all categorized as hazardous waste and will be disposed
to the authorized recyclers within the operating state.
The spent oil will be collected in the drums and stored in concrete area as oil
waste at scrap yard. This will be sold to the authorized recyclers as and when
generated.
Oil Sludge
The Oil sludge generated from oil storage facilities Viz. furnace oil storage tanks
will be collected from the Storage tank during cleaning operation.
The oil sludge, so generated will be collected in the drums and stored in concrete
area as oil waste at scrap yard. This will be sold to the authorised recyclers as
and when generated
Toxic metal containing residue from ion exchange from ion exhange
material in water purification and RO plant rejects.
During resin change in water purification, resin waste will be generated, similarly,
RO reject will be generated from RO plant and it will contain some toxic metals.
The quantity of generation will be about 40 MTPD.
Toxic metal containing residue from ion exchange material in water purification
and RO plant reject will be stored in SLF.
In the refinery operation, non ferrous waste will be generated, The quantity of
generation will be about 6.5 MTPD.
Non Ferrous Scrap will be sold to authorized non-ferrous metal recyclers or same
will be recycled back into smelter process.
During resin change in Bismuth Plant, resin waste will be generated, and it will
contain some toxic metals. The proposed generation will be 3 MT for every five
year cleaning.
The precious metal slag will be generated from TROF converter attached to
precious metal recovery Process streams. The quantity of generation will be
about 18 TPD.
This slag will be immediately recycled back into smelter as a measure for waste
minimization by recycling through mechanical and tractor conveying system. This
process will recover the precious metals in the slag into the system.
4.2.7 Impact on Noise Levels
The main noise generating sources in the plant will be blowers and compressors
of acid plant, utility air, converters and ISA furnace; waste heat recovery boiler
and pump house. The noise levels at the source for these units will be in the
range of 85-90 dB(A). The major noise generating sources from the proposed
plant are listed in Table- 4.10
TABLE-4.10
NOISE LEVELS FROM THE PROPOSED PLANT
Sr. Sources Typical Noise Levels dB(A)
No.
1 Air Compressor 95
2 Converter Blowers 90
3 Sulphuric Acid Plant Blower 95
4 Waste Heat Recovery Turbine Generator 95
5 Pump House Area 85
6 ISA Blower 90
7 Proposed Air Compressors 95
8 Proposed Converter Blowers 90
9 Proposed Sulphuric Acid Plant Blowers 95
10 ISA Blowers of the Proposed Project 90
The predicted noise levels at the plant boundaries are estimated through
computer based mathematical model. The predicted noise levels at the boundary
due to various activities are found ranging in between 40 to 46 dB(A). It is seen
from the simulation results that the incremental noise levels will be well within
the CPCB standards.
The following control measures will be implemented for the proposed project:
The air compressor, process air blower, pneumatic valves will be provided
with acoustic enclosure;
The oxygen plant will be installed in double wall building and no operator will
be working within the building;
The noise control system will be designed to form an integral part of the
plant;
All the openings like covers, partitions shall be designed properly; and
Inlet and outlet mufflers will be provided which are easy to design and
construct.
The main sources of air pollution from the plant will be from the process stacks.
The pollutants from the plant include sulphur dioxide and particulate matter.
The air dispersion modeling simulations are done to evaluate SO2 and PM likely to
be contributed by the plant. The incremental concentrations were found to well
within the limits as per National Ambient Air Quality Standards. Hence, only
marginal impact is envisaged due to copper smelter plant on the terrestrial
ecology. Hence, no impact is envisaged on the terrestrial ecology of the area.
Since the unit will be operating on zero discharge process and no perennial
nallahs or streams present in the project area, no impact on aquatic ecology is
envisaged.
The area is well developed with the entire basic infrastructure. Sesa Sterlite has
undertaken many social welfare projects and implemented. The same will be
continued further. Positive impact is envisaged on the infrastructure of the region.
The proposed copper smelter plant-II will be developed in SIPCOT industrial area
which is notified as sector specific Special Economic Zone. Further, adequate land
and infrastructure is available with SSL. Hence, no alternative sites have been
examined.
6.1 General
To verify the result of the impact assessment study in particular with regards
to new developments;
To ensure that new parameters, other than those identified in the impact
assessment study, do not become critical through the commissioning of the
proposed plant;
To establish a database for future Impact Assessment Studies for similar new
projects.
The attributes, which requires regular monitoring, are specified underneath:
1] Air quality;
2] Water and wastewater quality;
3] Noise levels;
4] Soil quality;
5] Ecological preservation and afforestation; and
6] Socio Economic aspects and community development.
The ambient air quality to be monitored twice in a week in line with the
guidelines of Central Pollution Control Board at four locations for PM10,
PM2.5,SO2, NOx and CO. The dust fall measurement shall be done for one
month in every season excluding monsoon season to assess the dust
deposition and the level of copper, arsenic, lead, zinc and cadmium
concentration;
All the waste water emanating from the plant shall be monitored on a daily
basis for physico-chemical characteristics and heavy metals; and
VIMTA Labs Limited, Hyderabad C6-2
Environmental Impact Assessment for the Proposed Copper Smelter Plant-II (1200
TPD Copper/ 4.38 LTPA Copper) in the SEZ at SIPCOT Industrial Complex, Therkku
Veerapandiapuram Village, Ottapidaram Taluka, Thoothukudi District, Tamilnadu
Chapter-6
Environmental Monitoring Program
The wells in the villages shall be identified based on the ground level contours
and ground water flow and water quality shall be monitored on quarterly
basis.
Noise Levels
Noise levels in the work zone environment such as process blower, boiler, air
compressors, lance floor, turbine generator and oxygen plant to be monitored.
Similarly, ambient noise levels shall be monitored in and around project premises.
Soil Quality
The environmental monitoring cell shall regularly furnish the data to the state
regulatory agencies and to the Regional office of MoEF&CC at Bangalore.
SSL will regularly organize group meetings in the villages to discuss the problems
related to pollution and health of the people in immediate vicinity. The feedback
from these discussions will be considered in performance evaluation of pollution
control equipments.
TABLE-6.1
ENVIRONMENTAL MONITORING DURING PROJECT CONSTRUCTION STAGE
Equipment to be
maintained in good
working order.
Night working is to be Working hour records Daily records
minimized.
Generation of vehicular Maintenance of Daily records
noise records of vehicles
Noise to be monitored in Spot Noise recording As per
ambient air within the CPCB/SPCB
plant premises. requirement or
on quarterly
basis
whichever is
earlier
3 Wastewater No untreated discharge to No discharge hoses Periodic during
Discharge be made to surface water, shall be in vicinity of construction
groundwater or soil. watercourses. activities
4 Soil Erosion Protect topsoil stockpile Effective cover in Periodic during
where possible at edge of place. construction
site. activities
5 Drainage and Ensure drainage system Visual inspection of Periodic during
wastewater and specific design drainage and records construction
Management measures are working thereof activities
effectively.
TABLE-6.2
ENVIRONMENTAL MONITORING DURING PROJECT OPERATION STAGE
TABLE-6.3
IMPLEMENTATION SCHEDULE
Sr. Recommen- Time Requirement Imme- Progre- Depending on the
No dations (Months) diate ssive discretion of the
management of the
plant
1 Air pollution Before commissioning * -- --
control Measures of respective units
2 Water Pollution Before commissioning * -- --
Control Measures of the plant
3 Noise Control Along with the * -- --
Measures commissioning of the
plant
4 Ecological Stage-wise * * --
Preservation and implementation
Up gradation
Note (*) indicates implementation of recommendations
TABLE-6.4
COST PROVISION FOR ENVIRONMENTAL MEASURES
6.6.1 Objective
The main objective of the green belt is to provide a barrier between the plant and
the surrounding areas. The green belt helps to capture the fugitive emissions and
to attenuate the noise generated in the plant apart from improving the aesthetics
of the plant site. In order to control the industrial pollutants, dense tree
plantations are necessary.
The tree species selected for green belt include the native species which will be
planted in several rows around the plant boundary and maintained as per CPCB
guidelines. The inter-spaces will be planted with grasses, bushes and hedges.
Greenbelt is thus a set of rows of trees planted in such a way that they form an
effective barrier between the plant and the surroundings.
The following shall be designed and implemented as per the latest CPCB
guidelines. The broad aspects to be covered are given below:
Shrubs and trees will be planted in encircling rows around the project site;
The short trees will be planted in the first rows (towards plant side) of the
green belt. The tall trees will be planted in the outer rows (away from plant
side);
Planting of trees in each row will be in staggered orientation (triangular form);
In the front row, shrubs consisting of Albizia sp., Peltoforum etc. will be
grown;
Since the trunks of the tall trees are generally devoid of foliage, it will be
useful to have shrubs in front of the trees so as to give coverage to this
portion; and
The spacing between the trees will be maintained slightly less than the normal
spaces, so that the trees may grow vertically and slightly increase the
effective height of the green belt.
While selecting the plant species for the proposed green belt, the following points
will be taken into consideration:
Based on climate and soil characteristics of the study areas, some species are
recommended for plantation. The recommended species for plantation are given
in Table-6.5. The layout plan of the green belt and tree cover in plant area is
shown in Figure-6.1.
TABLE-6.5
RECOMMENDED SPECIES FOR THE GREENBELT DEVELOPMENT
Sr. No Botanical Name Common Name
1 Alinthus excels Maharuk/Ardu
2 Ailanthus excels Perumaram
3 Albizzia lebbeck Siris
4 Azadirechta indica Neem
5 Acacia mangium Mangium
5 Tamarindus indica Tamarind
7 Bauhiniavariegata Kachnar
8 Terminalia arjune Arjun
9 Ccasuarina Eqiestifolia Vilayati saru
10 Cordia myxa Lasora
11 Dalbergia sisoo Shisham
12 Dendrocalamus strictus Bans/Bamboo
13 Eujenia jambolana Jamun
14 Erythrina indica Mandara/Tota
15 Cassia fistula Konnai – Indian Labernum
15 Mangifera indica Mango
17 Pongamia pinnate Pongam
18 Syzigium cumini Neredam
19 Inga dulces Jungle jalebi
20 Kigelia pinnata Indian Sausage treeipi
21 Enterolobium saman Saman
22 Melia Azadirach Bakain
23 Morous nigra Mulbery/Shahtoomoni
24 Murraya konegii Kadhi patti
25 Mimusops hexandra Khirri
26 Pongamia glabra Papdi
27 Nerium odorum Neerium
28 Dalbergia sissoo Sisso
29 Tectona grandis Teak
30 Terminalia catappa Desi badam
31 Thespesia populnea Paras papal
32 Ziziphus juluba Ber
FIGURE-6.1
GREENBELT DEVELOPMENT PLAN
VIMTA Labs Limited, Hyderabad C6-10
Environmental Impact Assessment for the Proposed Copper Smelter Plant-II (1200
TPD Copper/ 4.38 LTPA Copper) in the SEZ at SIPCOT Industrial Complex, Therkku
Veerapandiapuram Village, Ottapidaram Taluka, Thoothukudi District, Tamilnadu
Chapter-7
Additional Studies
Hazard analysis involves the identification and quantification of the various hazards
(unsafe conditions) that exist in the plant. On the other hand, risk analysis deals
with the identification and quantification of risks, the plant equipment and personnel
are exposed to, due to accidents resulting from the hazards present in the plant.
Risk analysis follows an extensive hazard analysis. It involves the identification and
assessment of risks the neighboring populations are exposed to as a result of
hazards present. This requires a thorough knowledge of failure probability, credible
accident scenario, vulnerability of population etc.
In the sections below, the identification of various hazards, probable risks in the
proposed Copper smelter plant-II, maximum credible accident analysis,
consequence analysis are addressed which gives a broad identification of risks
involved in the plant. Based on the risk estimation for fuel and chemical storage
Disaster Management Plan (DMP) has been prepared.
Hazardous substances may be classified into three main classes namely Flammable
substances, unstable substances and Toxic substances. The ratings for a large
number of chemicals based on flammability, reactivity and toxicity have been given
in NFPA Codes 49 and 345 M. The fuel and chemical storage of proposed copper
smelter plant-II are given in Table-7.1.
TABLE-7.1
CATEGORY WISE SCHEDULE OF STORAGE FACILITIES AFTER
COPPER SMELER PLANT-II OPERATION
TABLE-7.2
PROPERTIES OF FUELS USED AT THE PLANT
Following accidents in the chemical industry in India over a few decades, a specific
legislation covering major hazard activities has been enforced by Govt. of India in
1989 in conjunction with Environment Protection Act, 1986. This is referred here as
GOI rules 1989. For the purpose of identifying major hazard installations the rules
employ certain criteria based on toxic, flammable and explosive properties of
chemicals.
A systematic analysis of the fuels/chemicals and their quantities of storage has been
carried out, to determine threshold quantities as notified by GOI Rules, 1989 and
the applicable rules are identified. Applicability of storage rules is summarized in
Table-7.3.
TABLE-7.3
APPLICABILITY OF GOI RULES TO FUEL STORAGE
7.4.1 Methodology
A preliminary hazard analysis is carried out initially to identify the major hazards
associated with storages and the processes of the plant. This is followed by
consequence analysis to quantify these hazards. Finally, the vulnerable zones are
VIMTA Labs Limited, Hyderabad C7-3
Environmental Impact Assessment for the Proposed Copper Smelter Plant-II (1200
TPD Copper/ 4.38 LTPA Copper) in the SEZ at SIPCOT Industrial Complex, Therkku
Veerapandiapuram Village, Ottapidaram Taluka, Thoothukudi District, Tamilnadu
Chapter-7
Additional Studies
plotted for which risk reducing measures are deduced and implemented. Preliminary
hazard analysis for fuel storage area and whole plant is given in Table-7.4 and
Table-7.5.
TABLE-7.4
PRELIMINARY HAZARD ANALYSIS FOR STORAGE AREAS
TABLE-7.5
PRELIMINARY HAZARD ANALYSIS FOR THE PROPOSED PLANT IN GENERAL
Risk for storage units depends not on the extent of the consequence, but also on
the probability of the failure of the safety measures and provisions provided. The
safety measures to be provided in storage facilities in the proposed plant are
given below:
Fire, Explosion and Toxicity Indexing (FE & TI) is a rapid ranking method for
identifying the degree of hazard. The application of FE & TI would help to make a
quick assessment of the nature and quantification of the hazard in these areas.
However, this does not provide precise information.
The degree of hazard potential is identified based on the numerical value of F&EI as
per the criteria given below:
By comparing the indices F&EI and TI, the unit in question is classified into one of
the following three categories established for the purpose (Table-7.6).
TABLE-7.6
FIRE EXPLOSION AND TOXICITY INDEX
Certain basic minimum preventive and protective measures are recommended for
the three hazard categories.
Based on the GOI Rules 1989, the hazardous fuels and chemicals to be used by the
proposed Copper smelter plant-II were identified. Fire, Explosion and Gas release
are the likely hazards, which may occur due to the fuel and chemical storage.
Hence, Fire and Explosion index has been calculated for plant storage. Detailed
estimates of FE&TI are given in Table-7.7.
TABLE-7.7
FIRE EXPLOSION AND TOXICITY INDEX FOR STORAGE FACILITIES
7.4.4 Conclusion
Results of FE&I analysis show that the storage of HSD, FO and LPG falls in light
category of fire and explosion index with a nil toxicity index
The results of consequence analysis are useful for getting information about all
known and unknown effects that are of importance when some failure scenario
occurs in the plant and also to get information as how to deal with the possible
catastrophic events. It also gives the workers in the plant and people living in the
vicinity of the area, an understanding of their personal situation.
7.4.5.1Damage Criteria
The fuel storage and unloading at the storage facility may lead to fire and explosion
hazards. The damage criteria due to an accidental release of any hydrocarbon arise
from fire and explosion. The vapors of these fuels are not toxic and hence no effects
of toxicity are expected.
Tank fire would occur if the radiation intensity is high on the peripheral surface of
the tank leading to increase in internal tank pressure. Pool fire would occur when
fuels collected in the dyke due to leakage gets ignited.
Fire Damage
A flammable liquid in a pool will burn with a large turbulent diffusion flame. This
releases heat based on the heat of combustion and the burning rate of the liquid. A
part of the heat is radiated while the rest is convected away by rising hot air and
combustion products. The radiations can heat the contents of a nearby storage or
process unit to above its ignition temperature and thus result in a spread of fire. The
radiations can also cause severe burns or fatalities of workers or fire fighters located
within a certain distance. Hence, it will be important to know beforehand the
damage potential of a flammable liquid pool likely to be created due to leakage or
catastrophic failure of a storage or process vessel. This will help to decide the
location of other storage/process vessels, decide the type of protective clothing the
workers/fire fighters need, the duration of time for which they can be in the zone,
the fire extinguishing measures needed and the protection methods needed for the
nearby storage/process vessels. Table-7.8 tabulates the damage effect on
equipment and people due to thermal radiation intensity.
TABLE-7.8
DAMAGE DUE TO INCIDENT RADIATION INTENSITIES
The effect of incident radiation intensity and exposure time on lethality is given in
Table-7.9.
TABLE-7.9
RADIATION EXPOSURE AND LETHALITY
The details of storages are given in Table-7.1. In case of fuel released in the area
catching fire, a steady state fire will ensue. Failures in pipeline may occur due to
corrosion and mechanical defect. Failure of pipeline due to external interference is
not considered as this area is licensed area and all the work within this area is
closely supervised with trained personnel.
Based on the storage and consumption of various fuels and chemicals the following
failure scenarios for the proposed Copper smelter-II project have been identified for
MCA analysis and the scenarios are discussed in Tables-7.10.
TABLE-7.10
SCENARIOS CONSIDERED FOR MCA ANALYSIS
TABLE-7.11
PROPERTIES OF FUELS CONSIDERED FOR MODELING
The results of MCA analysis are tabulated indicating the distances for various
damages identified by the damage criteria, as explained earlier. Calculations are
done for radiation intensities levels of 37.5, 25, 12.5, 4.5 and 1.6 kW/m2, which are
presented in Table-7.12. The distances computed for various scenarios are given in
meters and are from the center of the pool fire.
TABLE-7.12
OCCURRENCE OF VARIOUS RADIATION INTENSITIES- POOL FIRE
Pool Fire Due to Failure of Furnace Oil Storage tank (2 x 800 KL)
The maximum quantity of storage of Furnace Oil is 1600 KL (2x800). The most
credible failure is the rupture of the largest pipe connecting the storage tank. As the
worst case, it is assumed that the entire contents leak out into the dyke forming a
pool, which may catch fire on finding a source of ignition.
A perusal of the above table clearly indicates that 37.5 kW/m2 (100% lethality)
occurs within the radius of the pool which is computed at 34.5 m in case of Furnace
Oil tank on pool fire. This vulnerable zone will damage fuel storage all equipment
falling within the pool radius.
The threshold limit for 50% and 1% lethality is 25.0 and 12.5 kW/m2. From the
results, it can be concluded that the vulnerable zone in which the thermal fluxes
above the threshold limit for 50% and 1% lethality is restricted to 43.4 m and 64.5
m.
Similarly, the threshold limit for first degree burns is 4.5 kW/m2, this vulnerable
zone in which the thermal fluxes above the threshold limit for first degree is
restricted to 115.5 m in case of furnace oil tank on pool fire. The contour map
showing the pool fire due to failure of Furnace oil storage tank (2x800 KL) given in
Figure-7.1.
The most credible failure is the rupture of the largest pipe connecting the storage
tank. As the worst case, it is assumed that the entire contents leak out into the dyke
forming a pool, which may catch fire on finding a source of ignition.
A perusal of the above table clearly indicates that 37.5 kW/m2 (100% lethality)
occurs within the radius of the pool which is computed at 12.2 m in case of HSD
tank on pool fire. This vulnerable zone will damage fuel storage all equipment falling
within the pool radius.
The threshold limit for 50% and 1% lethality is 25.0 and 12.5 kW/m2. From the
results, it can be concluded that the vulnerable zone in which the thermal fluxes
above the threshold limit for 50% and 1% lethality is restricted to 15.4 and 22.8 m.
Similarly, the threshold limit for first degree burns is 4.5 kW/m2, this vulnerable
zone in which the thermal fluxes above the threshold limit for first degree is
restricted to 40.9 m in case of HSD oil tank on pool fire. The contour map showing
the pool fire due to failure of HSD storage tank (2x100 KL) given in Figure-7.2.
LPG release is modeled for its gaseous dispersion after its release (which is likely to
result in flash boiling) using the model ALOHA – “Area Locations of Hazardous
Atmospheres” a model developed by NOAA and USEPA. Aloha predicts the rate at
which chemical vapors may escape into the atmosphere from broken gas pipes,
leaking tanks and evaporating puddles.
Since the worst-case release scenario of LPG release are Boiling Liquid Expanding
Vapor Explosion (BLEVE) and unconfined Vapor Cloud Explosion (VCE), the impact
factors considered are radiation intensity and explosion overpressure. The three
heat radiation levels of 37.5 kW/m 2, 12.5 kW/m2 and 4.5 kW/m2 and three
explosion overpressure levels of 7 psi, 3psi and 1 psi corresponding to severe
moderate and low damage levels have been considered respectively.
Maximum affected downwind distances (in meter) due to heat radiation and
explosion over pressure level of LPG (stability class: D and wind speed =2.0 m/s)
BLEVE/Fire ball scenarios are given in Table-7.13 and Figure-7.3.
TABLE-7.13 (A)
THERMAL RADIATION LEVELS DUE TO
FAILURE OF LPG BULLET
TABLE-7.13 (B)
EXPLOSIVE OVER PRESSURE LEVELS DUE TO
FAILURE OF LPG BULLET
FIGURE-7.1
RADIATION CONTOUR LAYOUT FOR FURNANCE OIL STORAGE TANKS
FIGURE-7.2
RADIATION CONTOUR LAYOUT FOR HSD STORAGE TANKS
FIGURE-7.3
RADIATION CONTOUR LAYOUT FOR LPG BULLET
7.6.1 Disasters
Disasters can be divided into two main groups. In the first, the disasters are
resulting from natural phenomena like earthquakes, volcanic eruptions, storm
surges, cyclones, tropical storms, floods, avalanches, landslides, and forest fires.
The second group includes disastrous events occasioned by man, or by man's
impact upon the environment. Examples are armed conflict, industrial accidents,
radiation accidents, factory fires, explosions and escape of toxic gases or chemical
substances, river pollution, mining or other structural collapses, air, sea, rail and
road transport accidents and can reach catastrophic dimensions in terms of human
loss.
There can be no set criteria for assessing the gravity of a disaster in the abstract
since this depends to a large extent on the physical, economic and social
environment in which it occurs. What would be consider a major disaster in a
developing country, ill equipped to cope with the problems involved, may not mean
more than a temporary emergency elsewhere. However, all disasters bring in their
wake similar consequences that call for immediate action, whether at the local,
national or international level, for the rescue and relief of the victims. This includes
the search for the dead and injured, medical and social care, removal of the debris,
the provision of temporary shelter for the homeless food, clothing and medical
supplies, and the rapid re-establishment of essential services.
SSL has a well defined Disaster Management Plan (DMP) for the copper smelter
plant-I located adjacent to the proposed plant. The same will be implemented for
the proposed copper smelter plant-II.
The Disaster Management Plan shall reflect the probable consequential severalties of
the undesired event due to deteriorating conditions or through 'Knock on' effects.
Further the management shall be able to demonstrate that their assessment of the
consequences uses good supporting evidence and is based on currently available
and reliable information, incident data from internal and external sources and if
necessary the reports of out side agencies.
7.6.3 Emergencies
The emergencies that could be envisaged in the plant and tank farm are as follows:
Fire consequences can be disastrous, since they involve huge quantities of fuel
either stored or in dynamic inventory in pipe lines or in nearby areas. Toxic releases
can affect persons working around. Preliminary hazard Analysis has provided a basis
for consequence estimation. Estimation can be made by using various pool fire, tank
fire consequence calculations. During the study of risk assessment, the nature of
damages is worked out and probability of occurrence of such hazards is also drawn
up. Therefore, the risk assessment report is to be essentially studied in conjunction
with disaster management plan.
The SSL will setup an emergency organization. A senior executive who has control
over the affairs of the plant will be heading the emergency organization. He will be
All the department heads, fire & security officer, communication officer and personal
manager will be reporting to the Incident Controller. This team will be responsible
for controlling the incidence with the personnel under their control. Shift In charge
will be the reporting officer, who would bring the incidence to the notice of the
Incidence Controller and Site Controller. The team co-ordinates during eventualities
and responsible for fire fighting, rescue, rehabilitation, transport and provide
essential and support services. For this purposes, security in charge, personnel
department, and essential services personnel are engaged. All these personnel will
be designated as key personnel.
In each shift, electrical supervisor, electrical fitters, pump house in charge and other
maintenance staff will be drafted for emergency operations. In the event of power
or communication system failure, some of staff members in the office/plant offices
will be drafted and their services would be utilized as messengers for quick passing
of communications.
Whoever notices an emergency situation such as fire, growth of fire, leakage etc.
informs his immediate superior and emergency control center. The person on duty
in the emergency control center will appraise the site controller. Site controller
verifies the situation from the incident controller of that area or the shift in charge
and takes a decision about an impending on site emergency. This would be
communicated to all the incident controllers, emergency co-ordinators.
Simultaneously, the emergency warning system would be activated on the
instructions of the site controller.
Considering the impact, potential situations are identified and Preparedness &
response are listed given in Table-7.14.
TABLE-7.14
ANTICIPATED ACCIDENT SCENARIOS
Responsibilities
The person who will see the accident or present during accident, shall try to
revive the person and if needed shout and call for assistance;
Inform to shift in-charge immediately;
On getting information shift in-charge shall rush to the spot and arrange for
first aid by trained person;
Inform HOD and safety department;
Depending on severity of accident, the person shall be sent to occupational
health centre immediately. If needed ask for ambulance from occupational
health centre and intimate about the accident;
Depending on severity he may call security officer and ensure there is no over
crowding; and
If need arises call firemen for rescuing the person such as bringing the person
from height, rescuing person from gaseous atmosphere.
Response
HOD shall rush to spot and assess the situation and make arrangement to
send the victim to occupational health centre;
Shift in charge shall ensure that there is no over crowding; and
Security officer shall rush to the spot and cordoned off the area and ensure
speedy evacuation of patient.
Male nursing assistants in OHC, on getting the information & request send
ambulance to the accident spot and make arrangement to receive the patient;
Inform head (HSE) regarding the accident;
Receive the patient and examine the patient thoroughly and provide
necessary medical relief; and
Depending on severity send the patient to hospital/nursing home and inform
head (HSE) /manager (HSE).
Chief medical officer shall inform Hospital and make necessary arrangement
for further treatment;
Head (HSE) shall initiate investigation of accident by appropriate committee;
Head (HSE) shall inform HR department for his regularization of leave;
Head (HSE) shall inform finance department for providing financial assistance
for the treatment, if so required;
Head (HSE) shall notify any reportable accident in form 18 of Tamilnadu
factories rules – 1950 to Inspector of Factories, Tuticorin and maintain a
register through HR;
Chief medical officer shall forward fitness certificate to HRD, once the person
returned back to duty; and
In case of fatal accidents inform industrial safety & health department within
While joining duty employee shall come with fitness certificate from the
hospital and meet chief medical officer; and
After the concurrence from chief medical officer, he/she shall report to duty.
TABLE-7.15
ANTICIPATED EMERGENCY SITUATIONS
Decide the level of emergency and if required inform Off site Emergency
Coordinator (District Collector);
On hearing Information, rush to the spot with all PPE and initiate emergency
actions;
Direct all operations with in the affected area;
Declare emergency by raising the siren from ISA control Room;
Direct rescue and fire fighting operations till safety and fire co-ordinator
reaches the spot;
Ensure that all persons are evacuated;
Guide the rescue team in search of/evacuate the carnalities;
Advice fire personnel in fighting the fire;
Take charge of responsibilities of site emergency controller till he arrives;
Report all significant developments to site emergency controller;
Arrange for enquiry; and
Any other work assigned by the site emergency controller.
In case of an odd hours, SIC will act as Incident controller and shall follow the
roles mentioned above till incident controller reaches the site.
The following facilities will be provided for the copper smelter plant-II.
Communication systems;
PPE minimum items;
Emergency light;
Hand operated siren;
Mega Phone; and
Explosive meter.
To avoid major fire & explosion in LPG bullet and fire in HSD and FO tanks, the
following facilities will be available to tackle the situation:
LPG bullets and HSD& FO tanks are constructed at the remote place and
adequate clearance provided from near by plants and buildings;
Good layout for easy approach from all the directions;
Frequent checks will be made by multidisciplinary team;
Good maintenance practice will be followed;
Round the clock posting of security personnel who is trained in firefighting;
Ensured round the clock checking by operators;
Well laid fire hydrant system with adequate water;
Manual & automatic sprinkler system provided for LPG bullets;
Water monitors will be provided in LPG yard and sufficient DCP extinguisher;
Foam monitors will be provided at HSD yard;
Well-trained fire brigade, security Force and auxiliary firefighting team will be
made available; and
Mutual aid industry’s assistance can be obtained;
To avoid fire in plant premises and to control the fire, fire extinguishers will be
kept all over the plant and well-laid fire hydrant line will be made available. Fire
personnel shall check fire hydrant pumps, fire hydrant line and fire extinguishers
regularly. One fire tender with all facilities will be made available.
To provide safe shelter for the employees in case of emergency safe assembly
points and emergency shelters will be provided.
Hydrant system;
High velocity spray system for transformers;
Medium velocity spray system for LPG; and
Portable fire extinguishers.
2. As per his advice some of them will go to the spot in the ambulance and give
medical aid for the victims along with medical assistants;
3. Others remain in medical centre and treat the victims coming to medical
centre;
4. If required they will be deputed for communication team also;
Electrical sirens are provided in seven places inside the plant including Pump
House. In case of emergency the siren will be raised in short wailing tone. On
hearing it, all personnel will assemble at assembly points. The personnel
connected with emergency duty will report to the respective key personnel at the
emergency control centre and take orders.
Implementation of Emergency
On hearing the siren/information over phone, all key personnel should assemble
at emergency control centre and take orders from site Emergency Controller
and play their role as defined.
In connection with that the following teams are formed to assist the co-ordinators
to restore normalcy at the earliest. For identification team members are provided
with scarfs in different colours
All others will remain at assembly points and in Emergency shelters until the
emergency is over which is indicated by long all clear siren.
Depending on the wind direction & incident spot all employees (including SSL &
Contractor employees) and visitors should choose evacuation route to reach the
assembly points. Incase of need a Head count will be taken at assembly point to
ascertain that no one is trapped in the plant area.
In order to ensure that all the persons are safe, Head count will be taken. In case
of any difference in count rescue team will press in service to rescue the victims.
Site emergency controller will checkup the area along with Incident controller and
safety & fire co-ordinator and declare Emergency call off by raising continuous
siren for 3 minutes.
Training
SSL believes that, any job or task can be performed efficiently through good
training. A full-fledged Human Resources Development takes care of the training
needs of the SSL. The emergency control is also a task connected with the
industrial activity, which requires the training of connected persons for effective
management of the task. The training and re-training will be imparted in two
stages.
Induction training are given to the facilitators and other members of the
emergency team. The role of each facilitator and the team will be perfected
through a mock drill on a given emergency situation.
All employees are trained in fire fighting. First Aid training are also given for more
than 30% of the employees.
Mock Drill
Mock drills shall be conducted as per the schedule (Half yearly) with the purpose
of familiarising the key persons and all employees in emergency preparedness &
response. Mock drills shall be conducted at different times (Office / non-office
hours) to know the emergency response and review the plan accordingly.
Any shortcoming observed in the drill will be discussed and necessary action will
be taken. This findings/follow up will be recorded in emergency mock drill
register.
Inform fire station about the incident with specific mention of location.
Inform HOD/shift in-charge promptly.
Switch off electrical supply to all electrical systems ( cut off supply to & from
vaporiser);
Start sprinkler system by opening the valve;
In case of LPG unloading, stop unloading and ask truck driver to move from
the area. don’t try to disturb the tanker;
Try to close all the manual valves in the LPG yard to cut off LPG transfer;
Inform A/F control room to initiate actions at their end;
Inform ISA control room to initiate actions at their end.
Ensure security guard stops the movement of vehicle and persons from either
side;
Guide / assist fire crew in fighting fire and isolating valve; and
Guide rescue team.
On hearing information about the emergency, shift engineer should assess the
severity of situation and if necessary shut down the plant properly. The following
action to be initiated
Inform Safety & Fire co-ordinator with brief description of fire and location;
Inform HOD/ incident controller in detail;
Inform first aid centre / medical co-ordinator and call ambulance;
Inform transport and security co-ordinator;
Coordinate firefighting activities till incident controller/safety & fire co-
ordinator reach the site; and
Alert and evacuate the people working in the area.
On receipt of information send the fire men with fire tender and all PPE (SCBA,
fire proximity suit, mask) to the LPG yard.
Immediately send some of the guards to the LPG yard to block both ends of
the road;
Main gate and labour gate should be closed to restrict further entry of
visitors/vehicles. Fire tender and ambulance from mutual aid industries shall
be allowed inside;
Prepare a report on number of labours & visitors allowed inside the company
at the point of time and sent it to emergency control centre with in 15
minutes;
Post security personnel in sap loading station, pap loading station, gypsum
pond, concentrate unloading, anode despatch to stop the movement of
vehicles and direct the drivers & assistants to reach safe assembly
point/emergency shelters;
Allow emergency co-ordinators and emergency team members to reach LPG
yard;
Post one of the security person to go round the plant to guide the security
staff and to regulate the movement of visitors/labours/vehicles; and
Send some of the guards to LPG station to assist the fire fighting team.
Area operator/Any one on seeing the fire should try to putout the fire in the
incipient stage using fire extinguisher;
If fire is uncontrollable he should inform shift in charge and to control room;
Shift in charge should inform Fire Dept, HOD and Incident controller and rush
to spot to assess the situation. Depending on severity he should isolate the
area or shutdown the entire plant;
On receipt of information Fire officer should send firemen with Fire tender and
inform Safety & Fire co-ordinator. Depending on wind direction fire crew along
with auxiliary fire team will start fire fighting from up wind direction;
On receipt of information Incident controller rush to the site, assess the
situation and if require declare emergency by rising siren from ISA control
Room;
On hearing the alarm fire fighting team from other areas rush to the site and
join with fire crew;
Till Safety & Fire co-ordinator arrives, Incident controller will direct and guide
the fire fighting team to control the fire;
In addition to the initiation of siren by incident controller, telephonic
communication network will be followed by all concerned;
Key personnel should report at emergency control room and take advice of
Site emergency controller and act according to the procedure; and
All the employees should reach the safe assembly point or emergency shelter
and stay there till emergency call off is given.
On hearing information about the emergency shift engineer should assess the
severity of situation and if necessary shut down the plant properly. The following
action to be initiated
Shut down the plant properly;
Inform fire station with brief description of fire and location;
Inform HOD/ Incident controller in detail;
Inform first aid centre/medical co-ordinator and call ambulance, if required;
Inform Transport and security co-ordinator;
Inform other plants which are likely to be affected;
Coordinate firefighting activities till incident controller/Safety&Fire co-
ordinator reach the site;
Alert and evacuate the people working in the plant;
Continuous announcement through paging system in Tamil & English about
fire and evacuation procedure to be followed;
Stop all work/maintenance activities by checking permits and ensure
On receipt of information send the firemen with fire tender and all PPE (SCBA,
fire proximity suit, Mask) to the spot;
Inform Head (HSE)/Manager (HSE) about the incident and location;
Inform other plants and get the fire fighting team (Auxiliary);
Inform pump house to start the pump;
Inform Chief of security and send security guards to the spot. Involve security
guards in fighting fire; and
Rush to the spot and coordinate Fire fighting activities.
7.6.11.1 Responsibilities
7.6.11.2 Response
7.6.11.3 Rescue
Fire crew rushes to spot with all PPE, SCBA and rescue endangered people;
Rescue team should involve in removing the person along with fire crew and
hand over the victim to first aid team;
The power co-ordinator will ensure the availability of power for rescue
operations;
Transport co-ordinator will arrange for transport for the victims to the
hospitals and to mobilise resources;
Security co-ordinator will ensure that there is no over crowding and regulate
the movement of all the personnel and vehicles;
Medical co-ordinator will ensure proper first aid treatment and notify the
hospital to be ready to receive the victims;
Safety and fire co-ordinator will ensure preservation of evidence for the
investigation of the incident and ensure emergency operation is carried out
safely; and
Site emergency controller will decide and arrange for external agency services
based on information from the incident controller.
Site emergency controller will give all clear signal only after the leak is arrested
and the surrounding area checked for safe concentration level.
7.6.12.1 Responsibilities
7.6.12.3 Rescue
Fire crew rushes to spot with all PPE, SCBA and rescue endangered people;
Rescue team should involve in removing the person along with fire crew and
hand over the victim to first aid team;
Administer first aid to the victims; and
Shut co-ordinator will decide the shut down of plants.
The power co-ordinator will ensure the availability of power for rescue
operations;
Transport co-ordinator will arrange for transport for the victims to the
hospitals and to mobilise resources;
Security co-ordinator will ensure that there is no over crowding and regulate
the movement of all the personnel and vehicles;
Medical co-ordinator will ensure proper first aid treatment and notify the
hospital to be ready to receive the victims;
Safety and fire co-ordinator will ensure preservation of evidence for the
investigation of the incident and ensure emergency operation is carried out
safely; and
Site emergency controller will decide and arrange for external agency services
based on information from the incident controller.
Site emergency controller will give all clear signal only after the leak is arrested
and the surrounding area checked for safe concentration level.
7.6.13.1 Responsibilities
7.6.13.2 Response
Maintenance squad wearing all protective clothing will move towards the leak
area to arrest leak
7.6.13.3 Precautions
Move the affected person from the hazardous area. In case of acid splash,
remove the cloth and wash with copious amount of water and take him to first aid
centre.
Site emergency controller will give all clear signals only after the leak is arrested
or the spill is brought under control and the surrounding area checked for safety.
7.6.14 Emergency actions during acid leak / tank rupture in Sesa Sterlite’s barge loading
at Tuticorin Port Trust
7.6.14.1 Responsibilities
Barging loading in-charge will report the emergency to the Port Trust Fire &
Safety Concerned in charge, Acid Plant Process Head and Head (HSE).
7.6.14.2 Response
7.6.14.3 Precautions
Move the affected person from the hazardous area. In case of acid splash,
remove the cloth and wash with copious amount of water and take him to first aid
centre.
Site emergency controller will give all clear signals only after the leak is arrested
or the spill is brought under control and the surrounding area checked for safety.
7.6.15 Emergency actions during acid leak / tank rupture while transportation of acid
through road at outside the plant premises
7.6.15.1 Responsibilities
1. In case of Acid leak stop the Vehicle (Acid Tanker) immediately at Safer Place
depending upon available space and traffic.
2. Cordon off the area with available resource (Barrication Tape, Stones, etc)
3. Evacuate people from the location.
4. Spillage should be restricted to a small bund and is to be routed such a way
that it should not affect the people, infrastructure and Environment.
5. In case of rupture/leak in a tank, drain the acid to other tanks.
6. Depending on the situation, the driver should give the Incident details to
Logistic In charge, nearby Police Station and Fire Station.
7. On receiving information regarding leak / rupture of tanks, the logistic in
charge will take charge immediately and inform to Head (HSE), Product Plant
Manager.
8. As per the instruction from Head (HSE) / Product Plant Head, the logistic head
should normalize the emergency situation.
Logistics in charge should arrange necessary manpower and tools and tackles,
maintenance team for repair, process team for neutralizing the acid
concentration, spare tanker for acid transfer and adequate personal protective
equipments for workers.
7.6.15.3 Precautions
2. Residual acid in the bund should be neutralized with lime and washed with
water.
3. All the personnel engaged in emergency activities should wear all PPE (PVC
suit, gum boot, PVC hood/ Splash goggles and mask)
Move the affected person from the hazardous area. In case of acid splash,
remove the cloth and wash with copious amount of water and take him to first aid
centre.
Site emergency controller will give all clear signals only after the leak is arrested
or the spill is brought under control and the surrounding area checked for safety.
7.6.16.1 Responsibility
7.6.16.2 Response
Foam and water streams may be used with great care, keeping in
consideration the danger of live wire;
Keep safe distance of at least 2 metres. Know the actual nozzle size and KV
rating to obtain safe distance;
Wheeled DCP Extinguishers shall be used;
All metal works near by must be properly earthed to prevent them from
becoming live;
Firemen must expect danger from electricity in the dark or smoke and well
trained to recognize the hazards in advance; and
Adequate protection must be ensuring from accidental spraying of burning oil
resulting from rupture of transformer casing.
Site emergency controller will give all clear signals only after the fire is put out
and the surrounding area checked for safety.
7.6.17.1 Responsibility
7.6.17.2 Response
Foam and water streams may be used with great care, keeping in
consideration the danger of live wire;
Keep safe distance of at least 2 metres;
Wheeled DCP Extinguishers shall be used;
Regulate the use of firewater, as the absorption of HCL can cause corrosion
and damage;
PVC Cables emits toxic gases. Adequate protection shall be taken;
All metal works near by must be properly earthed to prevent them from
becoming live; and
Firemen must expect danger from electricity in the dark or smoke and will
trained to recognize the hazards in advance.
VIMTA Labs Limited, Hyderabad C7-38
Environmental Impact Assessment for the Proposed Copper Smelter Plant-II (1200
TPD Copper/ 4.38 LTPA Copper) in the SEZ at SIPCOT Industrial Complex, Therkku
Veerapandiapuram Village, Ottapidaram Taluka, Thoothukudi District, Tamilnadu
Chapter-7
Additional Studies
Site emergency controller will give all clear signal only after the fire is put out and
the surrounding area checked for safety.
7.6.18.1 Responsibilities
7.6.18.2 Response
On hearing the siren, all personnel should rush to near by emergency shelter;
and
The affected area shall be cordoned off and unauthorised entry to be
restricted.
7.6.18.3 Rescue
Rescue team with necessary Personal protective equipment shall reach the
place and move the victim from the place and hand over to medical team;
Medical team will administer medicines to the victims; and
Fire squad shall cool the metal.
The power co-ordinator will ensure the availability of power for rescue
operations;
Transport co-ordinator will arrange for transport for the victims to the
hospitals and to mobilise resources;
Security co-ordinator will ensure that there is no over crowding and regulate
the movement of all the personnel and vehicles;
Medical co-ordinator will ensure proper first aid treatment and notify the
hospital to be ready to receive the victims;
Safety and fire co-ordinator will ensure preservation of evidence for the
investigation of the incident and ensure emergency operation are carried out
safely; and
Site emergency controller will decide and arrange for external agency services
based on information from the incident controller.
Site emergency controller will give all clear signals only after the fire is put out
and the surrounding area checked for safety.
7.6.19.1 Responsibility
On seeing the accident, inform HOD, Incident controller and fire station;
On receipt of information, incident controller will rush to the spot, assess the
situation and declare emergency;
The shift incharge shall arrange for the containment of the liquid spilled so
that it does affect the persons nearby the vicinity;
The power co-ordinator will ensure the availability of power, safe electrical
circuits, and uninterrupted power supply for critical equipment and services
needed for emergency operations;
Shut down co-ordinator will initiate shut down procedures based on the
situation; and
Depending on the situation, Incident controller will declare emergency.
7.6.19.2 Response
On receipt of information fire & rescue squad shall rush to the location; and
On hearing the siren all personnel should rush to near by Emergency shelter.
7.6.19.3 Precautions
Site emergency controller will give all clear signal only after the area is brought to
normalcy and the surrounding area checked for safety.
7.6.20.1 Responsibilities
On seeing incident person should inform Shift in-charge and inturn he will
inform HOD/Incident controller and fire station;.
Feed to be stopped immediately. Lance will be taken out and guard to be
positioned;
Sliding gate to be placed as per SOP;
Shift in-charge shall initiate action to remove the people and cordoned the
area;
VIMTA Labs Limited, Hyderabad C7-40
Environmental Impact Assessment for the Proposed Copper Smelter Plant-II (1200
TPD Copper/ 4.38 LTPA Copper) in the SEZ at SIPCOT Industrial Complex, Therkku
Veerapandiapuram Village, Ottapidaram Taluka, Thoothukudi District, Tamilnadu
Chapter-7
Additional Studies
On receiving the information, incident controller will rush to the spot, assess
the situation and declare emergency;
Shut down co-ordinator will decide whether the plant needs to be shut down
and sequence of shut down;
Inform STG for safe shutdown;
Inform LPG station, oxygen plant and SAP to initiate necessary action;
Depending on the situation, Incident controller will declare emergency; and
. The power co-ordinator will ensure the availability of power, safe electrical
circuits, and uninterrupted power supply for critical equipment and services
needed for emergency operations.
7.6.20.2 Response
On hearing the siren, all personnel should rush to near by emergency shelter;
and
The affected area shall be cordoned off and unauthorised entry to be
restricted.
7.6.20.3 Rescue
Rescue team with necessary Personal protective equipment shall reach the
place and move the victim from the place and hand over to medical team;
Medical team will administer medicines to the victims; and
Fire squad shall cool the metal.
The power co-ordinator will ensure the availability of power for rescue
operations;
Transport co-ordinator will arrange for transport for the victims to the
hospitals and to mobilise resources;
Security co-ordinator will ensure that there is no over crowding and regulate
the movement of all the personnel and vehicles;
Medical co-ordinator will ensure proper first aid treatment and notify the
hospital to be ready to receive the victims;
Safety and fire co-ordinator will ensure preservation of evidence for the
investigation of the incident and ensure emergency operation are carried out
safely; and
Site emergency controller will decide and arrange for external agency services
based on information from the incident controller.
Site emergency controller will give all clear signal only after the fire is put out and
the surrounding area checked for safety.
7.6.21.3 Responsibility
Precautions
The company must contact the police, fire department or other local govt.
agencies for bomb disposal; and
Off site emergency shall decide to have security specialists and police and fire
personnel to inspect the areas where explosives are most likely to be placed.
It is possible that the casualties can occur or fire can break out. The same
procedure for fire and explosion will be followed.
7.6.21.9 Follow-Up
The investigation will continue till answers to questions such as the following
are obtained to prevent further attacks:
Who did it?
Why was it done?
How it was done?
Such incidents create adverse impact on the business; It is there fore the
responsibility of the plant top to communicate to the public through the press
the various actions and steps take by emergency team to defuse or mitigate
the threat or disaster;
All queries to be answer only by public relations coordinator in consultation
with site emergency controller;
All other people shall be instructed not to discuss the situation with outsiders;
and
Most questions will be speculative and Public relation coordinator will keep
that word in mind when declining to answer questions.
7.6.22.1 Response
7.6.23.1 Responsibilities
In case of High fly loss of dust in ware house, Incident should be immediately
conveyed to Smelter Incharges (primary).
Shift in charge will assess the situation and shut down the plant. He should
ask the DCS / Control room operator to inform Incident controller/HOD/Safety
and Fire co-ordinator; and
Depending on situation Incident controller will declare emergency by raising
the siren. In addition to the initiation of siren, a telephone communication
network will be followed.
7.6.23.2 Response
7.6.23.3 Rescue
Fire crew rushes to spot with all PPE, SCBA and rescue endangered people;
Rescue team should involve in removing the person along with fire crew and
hand over the victim to first aid team;
Administer first aid to the victims; and
Shut down co-ordinator will decide the shut down of plants.
The power co-ordinator will ensure the availability of power for rescue
operations;
Transport co-ordinator will arrange for transport for the victims to the
hospitals and to mobilise resources;
Security co-ordinator will ensure that there is no over crowding and regulate
the movement of all the personnel and vehicles;
Medical co-ordinator will ensure proper first aid treatment and notify the
hospital to be ready to receive the victims;
Safety and fire co-ordinator will ensure preservation of evidence for the
investigation of the incident and ensure emergency operation is carried out
safely; and
VIMTA Labs Limited, Hyderabad C7-46
Environmental Impact Assessment for the Proposed Copper Smelter Plant-II (1200
TPD Copper/ 4.38 LTPA Copper) in the SEZ at SIPCOT Industrial Complex, Therkku
Veerapandiapuram Village, Ottapidaram Taluka, Thoothukudi District, Tamilnadu
Chapter-7
Additional Studies
Site emergency controller will decide and arrange for external agency services
based on information from the incident controller;
Site emergency controller will give all clear signal only after the leak is arrested
and the surrounding area checked for safe concentration level.
Mitigatory Measures:
Fire:
Explosion:
Location Emergency Containment / Mitigatory measures
situation
Storage of LPG Explosion of the Cool the adjacent storage bullet or pipelines if
storage bullet intact with spray of water from Medium velocity
spray system or from water monitor after wearing
fire proximity suit.
Allow the fire to burn out completely all the excess
fuel.
The wastewater will reach the storm water drain
and it will be collected in the water collection pit for
further action.
230 kVA / 6.6 Explosion of breakers, Isolate the transformer / breaker / capacitor which
kVA transformers or has exploded from electric supply.
Transformer capacitor Use water ONLY from the high velocity water
area spray system to put out the fire.
Fire extinguishers (DCP or CO2) can also be used if
the area of fire is accessible.
Use fire proximity suit.
Dispose of the DCP powder waste to the secured
landfill.
The wastewater will reach the storm water drain
and it will be collected in the water collection pit for
further action.
ISA furnace Explosion due to Cool the hot metal splashed with spray of water.
cooling water ingress Use DCP/CO2 fire extinguisher to put out fire in the
into the furnace adjacent structures.
Do not allow other people to enter as metal may be
splashed all over.
Dispose of the DCP powder waste to the secured
landfill.
The wastewater will reach the storm water drain
and it will be collected in the water collection pit for
further action.
Liquid Oxygen Explosion Make containment for the spilled liquid oxygen so
storage that it does not affect others.
Do not allow other people to enter as exploded
pieces may cause cold burn injury.
Pour plenty of water over the liquid spilled to allow
faster evaporation.
The wastewater will reach the storm water drain
and it will be collected in the water collection pit for
further action.
WHRB Steam Explosion Use DCP / CO2 fire extinguishers to put out fire in
the adjacent structures.
ISA feed to be stopped and lance to be taken out
Sliding gate to be positioned as per procedure
Do not allow other people to enter as exploded
pieces may cause burn injury.
The wastewater will reach the storm water drain and
it will be collected in the water collection pit for
further action.
Toxic Release:
Location Emergency Situation Containment / Mitigatory Measures
Smelter to Toxic release of Sulphur di Shut down the smelting process immediately
Sulphuric acid oxide if not tripped.
plant SO2 Subsequently shut down the Sulphuric acid
transfer line plant.
With the Self-contained breathing apparatus
(SCBA) on, try to arrest the leak.
Phosphoric acid Release of fluorine Shut down the plant immediately.
plant With SCBA on, try to arrest the leak.
230 kVA Release of aerosols, Use water ONLY from the high velocity water
Transformer smoke & Carbon spray system to put out the fire.
area monoxide due to fire in Fire extinguishers (DCP or CO2 ) can also be
the transformer oil tank used if the area is accessible.
Use Self contained breathing apparatus if
excessive smoke is there.
Dispose of the DCP powder waste to the
secured landfill.
SS1 Cable Release of Toxic gases Use Self contained breathing apparatus as the
cellar from PVC insulated cables chlorine smoke generated is very dangerous.
Do not allow any other person inside as they
may get suffocated.
Use CO2 or DCP trolley type or portable DCP
type fire extinguishers to put out the fire and
hence the smoke.
Put sand at the other end of fire (if
accessible) so that fire does not spread
throughout the length.
Dispose of the DCP powder waste to the
secured landfill.
Spill:
Accident:
at the earliest
Handling of ESP Fainting due to inhalation Remove the victim from the accident spot.
dust if fly loss is of toxic dust Administer the first aid on the spot.
high Shift the victim to the Occupational health centre at
the earliest.
Steam Leak Noise Pollution Information to be passed to the boiler operator
Personal should not be allowed until leak is arrested
Thorough & Effective checking of all employees and sub contractor employees
at all the entrances to the plant.
Nearby police stations with telephone numbers identified for reporting such
emergency.
Continuous monitoring by the security personnel.
The person noticing the emergency will inform Security department who will
further inform to Site emergency controller.
If required information will be given by the Chief of Security to local police
station about the situation and ask for protection.
Mitigatory Measures:
Specific information on the incident which has potential to affect areas outside the
plant premises need to the informed to the district authorities who will be
responsible for preparation and implementation of the off-site disaster plan. The
plan would be prepared with the assistance from neighboring industries so that
resources can be pooled to face any disaster scenario.
The measures that may be taken into account may embrace the following fields:
Allocation of duties among the plant fire brigade, City/District fire brigade, police
auxiliary forces;
Co-operation between plant and city fire brigade;
Setting up of control stations;
Use of air monitoring vehicles;
Establishment of danger e.g. determination of extent of a gas cloud;
Warning of population with sirens, by radio, television or lour speaker;
Evacuation (only in special cases);
Setting-up of road-blocks, diversion, direction of traffic;
Keeping roads clear for operational and rescue vehicles; and
Arrangement of medical treatment facilities and transport arrangements.
7.6.25.1 Introduction
Off-site emergency plan follows the on-site emergency plan. When the
consequences of an emergency situation go beyond the plant boundaries, it
becomes an off-site emergency. Off-site emergency is essentially the responsibility
of the public administration. However, the factory management will provide the
public administration with the technical information relating to the nature, quantum
and probable consequences on the neighboring population.
The off-site plan in detail will be based on those events, which are most likely to
occur, but other less likely events, which have severe consequence will also be
considered. Incidents, which have very severe consequences yet have a small
probability of occurrence, shall also be considered during the preparation of the
plan. However, the key feature of a good off-site emergency plan is flexibility in its
application to emergencies other than those specifically included in the formation of
the plan.
The roles of the various parties who will be involved in the implementation of an off-
site plan are described below. Depending on local arrangements, the responsibility
for the off-site plan shall be either rest with the works management or, with the
local authority. Either way, the plan shall identify an emergency co-ordinating
officer, who would take the overall command of the off-site activities. As with the
on-site plan, an emergency control center shall be setup within which the
emergency co-ordinating officer can operate.
An early decision will be required in many cases on the advice to be given to people
living "within range" of the accident - in particular whether they shall be evacuated
or told to go indoors. In the latter case, the decision can regularly be reviewed in
the event of an escalation of the incident. Consideration of evacuation may include
the following factors:
a. In the case of a major fire but without explosion risk (e.g. LPG storage tank),
only houses close to the fire are likely to need evacuation, although a severe
smoke hazard may require this to be reviewed periodically;
The major difference between releases of toxic and flammable materials is that toxic
clouds are generally hazardous down to much lower concentrations and therefore
hazardous over greater distances. Also, a toxic cloud drifting at, say 300 m per
minute covers a large area of land very quickly. Any consideration of evacuation
shall take this into account. Although the plan will have sufficient flexibility built in to
cover the consequences of the range of accidents identified for the on-site plan, it
will cover in some detail the handling of the emergency to a particular distance from
each major hazard works.
The main aspects, which shall be included in the emergency plan are:
Organization
Names and appointments of incident controller, site main controller, their deputies
and other key personnel.
Communications
Specialized knowledge
Details of specialist bodies, firms and people upon whom it may be necessary to call
e.g. those with specialized chemical knowledge, laboratories.
Voluntary Organizations
Chemical Information
Meteorological Information
Arrangements for obtaining details of whether conditions prevailing at the time and
whether forecasts.
Humanitarian Arrangements
Public Information
Arrangements for a] dealing with the media press office; b] informing relatives, etc.
Assessment
Arrangements for: (a) collecting information on the causes of the emergency; (b)
reviewing the efficiency and effectiveness of all aspects of the emergency plan.
The duty to prepare the off-site plan lies with the local authorities. The emergency
planning officer (EPO) appointed shall carry out his duty in preparing for a whole
range of different emergencies within the local authority area. The EPO shall liaise
with the works, to obtain the information to provide the basis for the plan. This
liaison shall ensure that the plan is continually kept upto date.
It will be the responsibility of the EPO to ensure that all those organizations, which
will be involved off site in handling the emergency, know of their role and are able
to accept it by having for example, sufficient staff and appropriate equipment to
cover their particular responsibilities. Rehearsals for off-site plans shall be organized
by the EPO.
Formal duties of the police during an emergency include protecting life and property
and controlling traffic movements.
Their functions shall include controlling bystanders evacuating the public, identifying
the dead and dealing with casualties, and informing relatives of death or injury.
For major fires, injuries shall be the result of the effects of thermal radiation to a
varying degree, and the knowledge and experience to handle this in all but extreme
cases may be generally available in most hospitals. For major toxic releases, the
effects vary according to the chemical in question, and the health authorities shall
be apprised about the likely toxic releases from the plant which will unable then in
dealing with the aftermath of a toxic release with treatment appropriate to such
casualties.
Major off-site incidents are likely to require medical equipment and facilities
additional to those available locally, and a medical "mutual aid" scheme shall exist
to enable the assistance of neighboring authorities to be obtained in the event of an
emergency.
This will be the factory inspectorate available in the region. Deputy Chief Inspector
of Factories are likely to want to satisfy themselves that the organization
responsible for producing the off-site plan has made adequate arrangements for
handling emergencies of all types including major emergencies. They may wish to
see well documented procedures and evidence of exercise undertaken to test the
plan.
In the event of an accident, local arrangements regarding the role of the Deputy
Chief Inspector of Factories will apply. These may vary from keeping a watching
brief to a close involvement in advising on operations in case involvement in
advising on operations. In cases where toxic gases may have been released, the
industrial safety & health department may be the only external agency with
equipment and resources to carry out tests.
The action plan for handling of Off-site emergencies has been prepared by SSL. The
same action plan will be implemented during emergency in future. The action plan
are given in Table-7.16.
TABLE-7.16
OFF-SITE ACTION PLAN
The off-site emergency organization chart for major disaster is shown in Figure-
7.4.
VIMTA Labs Limited, Hyderabad C7-58
Environmental Impact Assessment for the Proposed Copper Smelter Plant-II (1200 TPD Copper/ 4.38 LTPA Copper) in the SEZ at SIPCOT
Industrial Complex, Therkku Veerapandiapuram Village, Ottapidaram Taluka, Thoothukudi District, Tamilnadu
Chapter-7
Additional Studies
FIGURE-7.4
OFF-SITE EMERGENCY PLAN
VIMTA Labs Limited, Hyderabad C7-59
Environmental Impact Assessment for the Proposed Copper Smelter Plant-II (1200
TPD Copper/ 4.38 LTPA Copper) in the SEZ at SIPCOT Industrial Complex, Therkku
Veerapandiapuram Village, Ottapidaram Taluka, Thoothukudi District, Tamilnadu
Chapter-8
Project Benefits
The beneficial impact of proposed project on the civic amenities will be substantial
after the commencement of project activities. The basic requirement of the
community needs will be strengthened by extending healthcare, educational
facilities to the community, building/strengthening of existing roads in the area.
SSL is already providing the above amenities and further strengthen activities
either by providing or by improving the facilities in the area, which will help in
uplifting the living standards of local communities.
The construction of new roads /strengthening of roads in the project area will
enhance the transportation facilities. With improved transportation facilities there
is always a scope for development.
Based on the analysis of the socio-economic profile of the study area along with
the prediction and evaluation of likely impacts arising out of the plant activity, it
has been possible to prepare a feasible environmental management plan. It is felt
that this would help in minimizing the adverse impacts on the socio-economic
environment to a considerable extent, while at the same time addressing to large
extent the aspirations of the community.
The impact of the project on the economic aspects can be clearly observed. The
proposed project activities will provide employment to persons of different skills
and trades. The local population will be given preference to employment. The
employment potential will ameliorate economic conditions of these families
directly and provide employment to many other families indirectly who are
involved in business and service oriented activities.
The employment of local people in primary and secondary sectors of project shall
upgrade the prosperity of the region. This in-turn will improve the socio-economic
conditions of the area.
During construction phase of the project, this project will provide temporary
employment to many unskilled and semi-skilled laborers in nearby villages.
This project will also help in generation of indirect employment to those
people who render their services for the personnel directly working in the
project; and
During operational phase, considerable number of people will be benefited by
provision of various services, such as transportation, technical services, skilled
& semi-skilled services and indirectly it will flourish various business activities.
Thus, the direct and indirect employment generation by this project will be
highly significant.
The trend of out migration for employment, if any, is likely to be reduced due to
better economic opportunities available in the area.
During the construction phase about 4000 people on average per day will be
employed for a period of about two years. During the operational phase, about
650 persons will be employed in technical and non-technical cadre. In addition to
that 800 persons will be employed in contractual basis. On overall basis, about
10,000 families will get benefit out of this proposed project.
The CSR policy lays down the guidelines and mechanism to carry out CSR
projects/programs by SSL and to report SSL’s CSR work in the format provided by
the rules under the Companies Act 2013.
SSL have developed the policy in consonance with section 135, Companies Act
2013 on CSR and in accordance with the CSR rules notified thereof by the
ministry of Corporate Affairs, Government of India in 2014.
SSL-CSR policy is informed by the guiding principles that form part of the CSR
rules.
TABLE-8.1
ACTION PLAN FOR CSR PROGRAMS
FIGURE-8.1
CSR ACTIVITIES - PHOTOGRAPHS
There is one Horticulturist in-charge for greenbelt development in the plant area.
The responsibility of horticulturist is to assess the growth of the plants, survival
rate of the plants, selecting the species of the plants, coordinating with the Forest
Department for the procurement of the saplings etc.
The environmental division will be the nodal agency to co-ordinate and provide
necessary services on environmental issues during construction and operation of
the project. This environmental group is responsible for implementation of
environmental management plan, interaction with the environmental regulatory
agencies, reviewing draft policy and planning. It will interact with TNPCB,
MoEF&CC, Central Pollution Control Board (CPCB) and other environment
regulatory agencies. It will also interact with local people to understand their
problems, concerns and expectations and to formulate appropriate community
development plan.
9.2 Environment Management System
9.2.1 Introduction
Quality Environment and Safety Management System (QESMS) Policy at industry
level has been defined formally. Standards are stipulated by various regulatory
agencies to limit the emission of pollutants in air and water. Similarly, a
mandatory practice is for preparing an Environment statement each year in order
to encourage the industries to allow efficient use of resources in their production
processes and reduce the quantities of wastes per unit of product. This in itself is
not sufficient since this does not provide an assurance that it's environmental
performance not only meets, will continue to meet, legislative and policy
requirements.
General Manager
Health, Safety & Environment
Manager Manager
Environment Safety Chief Medical Officer
FIGURE-9.1
ORGANIZATION CHART OF ENVIRONMENTAL CELL
Identify and evaluate the environmental effects arising from the industry’s
existing/proposed activities, products and services to determine those of
significance;
Identify and evaluate the environmental effects arising from incidents,
accidents and potential emergency situations:
Identify the relevant legislative and regulatory requirements:
Enable priorities to be identified and pertinent environmental objectives and
targets to be set:
Facilitate planning, control, monitoring, auditing and review activities to
ensure that the policy is complied with; and
Allow periodic evaluation to suit changing circumstances so that it remains
relevant.
Commitment
Experience has shown that all attempts to change the processes and production
methods which reduce/.prevent wastes and inefficient use of resources ultimately
result not only in environmentally sound practices but also better business
returns.
Preparatory Environmental Review
Environmental Policy
The industry’s management shall actively initiate, develop and support the
environmental policy, which is relevant to its activities, products and services and
their environmental effects. Broadly this shall:
Be consistent with the occupational health and safety policy and other
industrial policies (such as quality policy);
Indicate which of the industrial activities are covered by the environmental
management system;
Be communicated and implemented at all levels of the industry; and
Be available publicly.
To facilities the implementation of the EMS, one of the most important aspects
relate to the organization and personnel. The related issues are:
Environmental Effects
The objectives set with a view to realizing gradual and steady improvements in
environmental performance through application of best available and
economically viable technology.
The areas targeted for improvement shall be those where improvements are most
necessary to reduce risks (to environmental and industry) and liabilities. These
are identified through cost-benefit analysis wherever practicable and quantitative
and achievable.
It shall designate the responsibility for achieving the targets at each level and the
means thereof. It deal with the actions required for the consequences of the
industry’s past activities as well as address the life cycle of developments of new
products so as to effectively control adverse impacts.
Operational Control
The management audits are to determine whether the activities are conforming
to the environmental management systems and effective in implementing the
environmental policy. They may be internal or external, but carried out
impartially and effectively by a person properly trained for it. Broad knowledge of
the environmental process and expertise in relevant discipline is also required.
Appropriate audit programme and protocols has been established.
Environmental Statement
To identify the process /production areas where resources can be used more
efficiently through a comparison with the figures of a similar industry (thereby
reducing the consumption per unit of product);
To determine the areas where waste generation can be minimized at source
and through end of pipe treatment (thereby reducing the wastes generated
and discharged per unit of product);
Initiate a self-correcting/improvement system through an internal analysis to
achieve cost reduction through choice of superior technology and more
efficient practices.
FIGURE-9.2
ENVIRONMENTAL POLICY
10.1 Introduction
M/s. Sesa Sterlite Limited (SSL) proposes to set up 4.38 LTPA/1200 TPD
copper smelter plant-II in the Special Economic Zone (SEZ) at SIPCOT Industrial
Complex, Therkku Veerapandiapuram Village, Ottapidaram Taluka, Thoothukudi
District, Tamilnadu.
This is a green field project for the production of 4.38 LTPA copper anodes. The
copper anodes are produced from the copper concentrate through pyro-
metallurgical (smelting) processes. The sulphur dioxide generated during the
smelting of copper concentrate is converted into sulphuric acid by Double
Conversion Double Absorption (DCDA) process. A part of this sulphuric acid is
captively utilized for production of phosphoric acid from the imported rock
phosphate using a Hemi-hydrate-Di-hydrate process. The copper anodes are
dispatched to the refinery unit for further electrolytic refining to about 99.99%
purity, which is necessary to obtain the required electrical conductivity for
electrical applications.
The principal raw material for the production of copper metal at Sesa Sterlite is
copper concentrate blend containing about 25-35% copper, 25-34% sulphur, iron
25-30% and 7-10% moisture. The major steps in copper extraction include:
Fire refining of blister copper to produce anode copper (99.5% Cu) in anode
furnace and casting of the anodes; and
Project Requirements
The total land required for the proposed project is about 128.805 ha. Further,
additional land of 31.5 Ha is requested from SIPCOT for additional greenbelt
development and other future proposals.
The total water requirement of the project is about 13324 m3/day. Out of this,
fresh raw water requirement for entire operation of copper smelter is about 8773
m3/day (2 MGD) which will be sourced from SIPCOT / Desalination plant /
Desalination water purchase from other desalination plant operators and rest is
met from treated wastewater and RO plants permeate.
The Govt. of Tamil Nadu has allotted a total quantity of 3 MGD of water to SSL
through SIPCOT. Out of which, 1.8 MGD is currently being used in Copper
Smelter Plant-I and the remaining 1.2 MGD SIPCOT water will be used in the
proposed Copper Smelter Plant – II. Additional 0.8 MGD water will be sourced
from the Desalination plant for the proposed Copper Smelter Plant - II.
The power requirement for the proposed project is about 75 MW of power would
be required for the project which will be met from the existing thermal power
plant of 160 MW.
The total cost for the proposed Copper Smelter Plant -II project is estimated as
Rs.2500 Crores, which may further escalate depending upon the project
execution period. The environmental protection cost including the chimney in the
total project cost is about Rs. 585 Crores.
10.3.1 Meteorology
Meteorological data at the site was monitored during 1st July 2014 to 30th
September 2014. It was observed that the during study period temperature
ranged from 24.60C to 38.90C. During the same period of observations, the
relative humidity recorded was ranged from 54% to 68%. Predominant wind
directions during study period are from W to E.
Ambient Air Quality Monitoring (AAQM) has been carried out at ten locations with a
frequency of two days per week for three months during 1st July 2014 to 30th
September 2014. A maximum value of PM10 (60.0 g/m3) was observed at project
site and minimum value of PM10 (35.1 g/m3) was observed within the study area.
The results obtained indicate that the concentrations of PM 10, PM2.5, SO2, NOx, CO
and other parameters in the ambient air are well within the National Ambient Air
Quality (NAAQ) standards for industrial, residential and rural areas.
To assess the physical and chemical properties of water in the region, sixteen
groundwater samples and three surface water samples were collected from various
water sources around the project site. The results indicate that the water quality is
generally in conformity with the drinking water standards (IS: 10500).
Seventeen soil samples were collected in and around the proposed project area to
assess the present soil quality of the region. Based on the results, the soil in the
region has been found to have sufficient quantities of nutrients for crop growth.
Ambient noise levels were measured at twenty one locations around the proposed
project site. The daytime and nighttime noise levels in all the locations were
observed to be within the permissible limits.
On the basis of field studies, records of Botanical Survey of India and Forest
department, Tamilnadu state did not indicate presence of any endangered and or
vulnerable species in this area and there are no reserved, protected or village
forests in 10- km from plant site. A comprehensive Central Legislation namely Wild
Life (Protection) Act was enforced in 1972 to provide protection to wild animals. No
species in the study area belongs to schedule I of Wildlife protection Act, 1972 and
there are no endangered, threatened wild animal species in study area.
The study area (10 km radius) area has a total population of 460192 according to
2011 census. Total male population is about 49.90% and females to 50.10%. The
data of study area reveals that is has literacy rate of 80.40%.
Based on the census report, 10-km radial distance around this proposed site
boundary has been considered for the study. The irrigated land admeasures to
about 1119 ha and the un-irrigated land admeasures about 8941 ha and works
out to about 26.61% of the total study area. The study area comprises about
43.83% cultivable wastelands. The land not available for cultivation is 29.56% of
the total study area. Based on the satellite imagery, 10 km radial distance around
this proposed site boundary has been considered for the study. The build-up area
is 16.01%, 40.88% of agricultural land in which fallow land contributes about
23.13%, 30.66% of waste land, 7.59% of water body and no forest lands were
observed.
Sulphur dioxide (SO2) and Particulate Matter emissions are the main pollutants in
the copper smelter complex and there will be no major source of NOx emissions.
The following are the control measures for air pollution:
Hygiene and ventilation system with alkali scrubber and stack arrangement
will be provided for treating secondary sulphur dioxide off gases generated
from ISA Furnace, Settling Furnace, Converter Furnace and Anode Furnace.
Sulphur dioxide laden gases released during the primary smelting operations
from ISA smelter will be sent to electrostatic precipitators for dust removal.
The fugitive emissions from lance port and tapping port of ISA furnace will be
connected to the ISA furnace stack via scrubber.
In the converter/anode furnace, alkali scrubber will be provided with venturi
scrubbers and fugitive emission will be scrubbed in the secondary gas
handling system (SGHS) before vented through stack.
Online SO2 analyzer for stack emission and adequate stack height of 165m will
be provided;
In the proposed phosphoric acid plant, five stage Scrubber will be provided
with adequate stack height of 90 m.
Fugitive Emissions
The fugitive emissions will be generated from raw material handling area; Matte
and ferro sand tapping area from ISA, Settling furnace and Matte transfer points.
The fugitive emissions will not be quantifiable and will be controlled by the
following measures:
Hence, insignificant impacts are envisaged due to the generation of the fugitive
emissions.
The traffic due to the project mainly includes trucks, which are used to transport
copper concentrate and other consumables. The estimated concentrations of CO
and NOx for the additional traffic were found to be well within the permissible
limit. Moreover SSL has established a railway siding facility in Meelavittan, which
will be connected to Copper Smelter complex vide proper material handling
system to handle all raw materials and products of existing and proposed project
which will further reduce the emission level due to vehicle as well as traffic
capacity in the NH road.
The total water requirement for the project is about 13324 m3/day. Out of this,
fresh raw water requirement for entire operation of copper smelter is about 8773
m3/day (2 MGD) which will be sourced from SIPCOT / Desalination plant /
Desalination water purchase from other desalination plant operators and rest is
met from treated wastewater and RO plants permeate.
The Govt. of Tamil Nadu has allotted a total quantity of 3 MGD of water to SSL
through SIPCOT. Out of which, 1.8 MGD is currently being used in Copper
Smelter Plant-I and the remaining 1.2 MGD SIPCOT water will be used in the
proposed Copper Smelter Plant – II. Additional 0.8 MGD water will be sourced
from the Desalination plant for the proposed Copper Smelter Plant - II.
The total waste water generation from the Copper smelter plant will be about
4551 m3/day. This will be treated in the Wastewater Treatment Plants (WWTP-1
to WWTP-3) and RO plant and the treated waste water will be fully utilized within
the plant for process, cooling and other purposes. No waste water will be
discharged outside the plant due to complete recycling into the plant operations.
Hence, there is no impact on the water regime due to the waste waters generated
from the plant complex.
The hazardous wastes such as ETP cake, scrubber cake, spent catalyst, RO
rejects and residue from ion exchange in water purification wastes, used resin
from bismuth plant will be stored in secured landfill. The landfill is designed as
per CPCB guidelines. Spent oil, oil sludge, and nonferrous wastes will be sold to
authorized recyclers, ESP/Gas Cooler/WHRB dust and Precious metal slag will be
recycled back in the process immediately. Hence, the impact due to solid waste
generation from the plant is not envisaged.
The main noise generating sources in the plant will be blowers and compressors
of acid plant, utility air, converters and ISA furnace; waste heat recovery boiler
and pump house. The predicted noise levels at the plant boundaries are
estimated through computer based mathematical model. The predicted noise
levels at the boundary due to various activities are found ranging in between 40
to 46 dB(A). It is seen from the simulation results that the incremental noise
levels will be well within the CPCB standards. The following control measures will
be implemented for the proposed project.
The oxygen plant will be installed in double wall building and no operator will
be working within the building;
The air compressor, process air blower, pneumatic valves will be provided
with acoustic enclosure;
The plant site is fairly flat with a gradual slope. There will be no tall structures
except stacks in the plant. The topography of the plant will not be changed
significantly during the operational period.
The exit temperatures from the stacks and vents will be maintained in the range
of 400C to 2500C, which is not likely to have any significant impact on the local or
regional climate.
The main sources of pollution that is likely to cause impact on soil quality are:
Particulate matter emission from the stacks provided to the process equipment;
Fugitive emissions from handling of material and vehicular movement during
transportation; and
Leaks and spills from the plant including process effluents, used and waste oils,
contaminated rainwater runoff.
Following mitigation measures are proposed to reduce the impact on soil during
operation phase.
All stack emission sources will be provided with appropriate high efficiency air
pollution control equipment like bag filter, scrubber, etc;
Dust suppression arrangement at raw material storage yard;
Closed container collection, storage and transportation of all hazardous wastes
within the plant and outside; and
Regular road sweeping for recovery of dust from the spilled areas within the
plant boundary.
With the proposed mitigation measures, the impact on soil quality outside the
project boundary will be negligible.
The main sources of air pollution from the plant will be from the process stacks.
The pollutants from the plant include Sulphur dioxide and Particulate Matter. The
air dispersion modeling simulations are done to evaluate SO 2 and PM likely to be
contributed by the plant. The incremental concentrations were found to be well
within the limits as per National Ambient Air Quality Standards. Hence, only
marginal impact is envisaged due to copper smelter plant on the terrestrial
ecology; hence, no impact is envisaged on the terrestrial ecology of the area.
Since the unit will be operating on zero discharge process and no perennial
nallahs or streams present in the project area, no impact on aquatic ecology is
envisaged.
The requirements of skilled and unskilled manpower during operation will be met
from nearby villages as far as possible. The project will also help in generation of
significant indirect employment. The area is well developed with the entire basic
infrastructure. Sesa sterlite has undertaken many social welfare projects and
implemented. The same will be continued further. This will be a positive socio-
economic development for the region and general upliftment of standard of living
in the region.
TABLE-10.1
COST PROVISION FOR ENVIRONMENTAL MEASURES
The green belt development not only functions as a fore guard and background
landscape feature resulting in harmonizing and amalgamating the physical
structures of the plant with surrounding environment. Earlier, the land was devoid
of vegetation and was a barren land. At present, SSL has developed greenbelt
along the boundary. Further, additional land of 31.5 Ha is requested from
SIPCOT for additional greenbelt development and other future proposals.
Risk assessment has been carried out to quantify the extent of damage and
suggest recommendations for safety improvement for the proposed copper
smelter plant II. Risk mitigation measures based on MCA analysis and
engineering judgments are incorporated in order to improve overall system safety
and mitigate the effects of major accidents.
An effective Disaster Management Plan (DMP) to mitigate the risks involved has
been prepared. This plan defines the responsibilities and resources available to
respond to the different types of emergencies envisaged. Training exercises will
be held to ensure that all personnel are familiar with their responsibilities and
that communication links are functioning effectively.
10.8 Conclusions
The proposed copper smelter plant-II has certain level of marginal impacts on the
local environment. However, development of this project has certain beneficial
effects like meeting the future demand of copper and also in terms of
employment to the local people and improved transportation facilities which
ultimately results in uplifting the living standards of local communities.
11.1 Introduction
Studies were carried out by several institutions of different disciplines during the
preparation of the EIA/EMP report based on the Expert Appraisal Committee
(EAC) prescribed Terms of Reference. The list of consultants involved in different
studies is given below:
The Environment Division has been in the forefront of its vision to provide
better environment through guiding and assisting the industry for sustainable
development. A stalwart in the mission to protect and preserve the natural
resources on earth for future generations, it offers extensive research and
consultancy services in the field of environment. With its rich experience, multi-
disciplinary expertise and with the support of its state-of the-art analytical
equipment, the services offered by the division are wide ranging and
encompasses entire gamut of environment management and monitoring services.
With its emphasis on quality services over the years, it has evolved itself into a
single reference point in India for comprehensive environmental services.
Vimta shall provide the services in accordance with national and international
norms;
Vimta shall implement quality systems as per ISO/IEC 17025 and applicable
Good Laboratory Practices (GLPs) & Good Clinical Practices (GCPs), to
generate technically valid results/data; and
Vimta shall ensure that all its personnel familiarize with the policies and
procedures of the quality system and implement the same in their work.
Spread over 70,000 sq.ft lush green garden premises at Cherlapally, Hyderabad
(India), the scientifically designed and meticulously groomed infrastructural
facility of the Central Laboratory of VIMTA has the most sophisticated
instruments backed by an excellent team of professionals.
Over 150,000 sq. ft. of world class research laboratory is also under operation at
Biotech Park-Genome Valley, Hyderabad (India). Having all the facilities under
one roof is perhaps the only one of its kind in South Asia in the contract testing
and research sector.
VIMTA Central Laboratory, Cherlapally, Hyderabad VIMTA Life Sciences, Genome Valley, Hyderabad
Environment;
Analytical;
Clinical Reference Lab;
Clinical Research;
Preclinical;
Molecular Biology; and
Research and Development.
The environment division of VIMTA Labs Limited (VLL) has its presence all over
India and other countries including a strong association with international
consultants like Japan Bank for International Cooperation (JBIC), Kennametal
Inc.-USA, Rudal Blanchard–UK, E&E Solutions–Japan, NAPESCO & Kuwait
National Petroleum Corporation–Kuwait, Marafiq and Haif Consultants–Saudi
Arabia and others. Vimta Labs Limited has the following credentials:
The basic fact that environment division and its supporting site laboratories are
accredited by NABL (IS0-17025) and Ministry of Environment and Forests, India
and by other international bodies stand testimony to its emphasis on Quality
Systems.
11.2.7 Achievements
Being the first laboratory to be recognized under Environment Protection (EP) Act
by Government of India (GOI), environment division with its best mind power and
industrial knowledge competency that allows it to compare with the best in the
business.
The environment division till date has executed about 650 environmental
impact assessment and environment management studies with risk
assessment and disaster management plans for various spectrum of industries
and obtained statutory approvals;
Supported by the strong modern laboratory and experienced hands,
environment division is well equipped in conducting due diligence, phase-I and
phase-II studies;
Undertaken specialized studies such as regional environmental impact
assessment on carrying capacity principle; upper air meteorological studies
using monostatic SODAR for major industrial complexes;
Associated with prestigious studies such as environmental pollution
monitoring around Taj Trapezium (India), pre and post satellite launch studies
for Indian Space Research Organisation (ISRO) and monitoring for offshore oil
& gas exploration for deep-sea water and sediment sampling;
The services offered include vide spectrum of industries covering power,
chemical, cement, mining, steel & alloys, metallurgical, aluminium refining &
smelting, dye & intermediates, bulk drugs, pesticides, agro-chemicals, petro-
chemicals, refineries, pulp & paper, oil & gas exploration & production,
asbestos, infrastructure such as highways, seaports and airports, river valley,
foundries etc;
Undertaken environmental consultancy for pipeline layout and up gradation of
API oil-water separators of various crude oil depots and petrol filling stations
of Kuwait National Petroleum Corporation, Kuwait;
Undertaken environmental impact assessment studies for pulp and paper mill
expansion of Mufindi Paper Mills, Tanzania, Africa; and
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EXEMPTION FOR PUBLIC CONSULTATION
M/s. Sesa Sterlite Limited (Erstwhile M/s. Sterlite Industries (India) Limited)-
relevance to the Ministry of Environment, Forests and Climate Change Office
Memorandum No.J-11013/36/2014-IA-I dated 10th December, 2014 for the
Exemption of Public Consultation for the the Proposed Copper Smelter Plant–II
(1200 MTPD / 4.38 LTPA Copper) in the Special Economic Zone at SIPCOT Industrial
Complex, Therkku Veerapandia Puram Village, Ottapidaram Taluka, Thoothukudi
District, Tamil Nadu
The Government of Tamilnadu, Industries department vide G.O. MS. No.383 dated
25.03.1981 and No.233 dated 18.12.1996 issued Administrative Sanction for setting up
of the Industrial Complex at Meelavittan village and Therku Veerapandia Puram village in
Tuticorin and Ottapidaram Taluk of Chidambaranar district (now Thoothukudi district).
Accordingly, SIPCOT Industrial Complex, Thoothukudi has been established during 1994
in land admeasuring 1063.59 acres and Phase II was proposed during 1996 for
acquisition of land admeasuring about 1616 acres.
As per Tamilnadu Government Gazette No:133 dated 14.06.2005, all the piece and
parcel of land admeasuring 89.36 acres, 230.63 acres and 4.54 acres, being part of the
land so acquired by SIPCOT during 2005 for industrial purpose, have been allotted and
handed over to erstwhile M/s. Sterlite Industries (India) Limited vide lease deeds dated
16.02.2009, 07.10.2009 and 03.06.2010 respectively for setting up of the proposed
Copper smelter Plant-II and facilities thereto within SIPCOT Industrial Complex, Tuticorin
(Thoothukudi). Survey numbers and other details of these lands are annexed herewith
from the SIPCOT lease deed.
As per the Ministry of Environment, Forests and Climate Change Office Memorandum
No.J-11013/36/2014-IA-I dated 10th December, 2014 the activities located in the
industrial estates/parks are exempted from public hearing. The proposed project is
located in State Industries Promotion Corporation of Tamil Nadu Limited; (SIPCOT) for
which the above said Office Memorandum is applicable.
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ANNEXURE-IV
METHODOLOGY FOR SAMPLING AND ANALYSIS
1.0 Meteorology
TABLE-1
SENSITIVITY OF METEOROLOGY MONITORING STATION
Hourly maximum, minimum and average values of wind speed, direction and
temperature were recorded continuously with continuous monitoring equipment.
All the sensors were connected to filter and then logged on to datalogger. The
readings were recorded in a memory module, which was attached to datalogger.
The memory module was downloaded in computer through Dynalab software. The
storage capacity of memory module was 256 KB. Data was downloaded every
fortnight into the computer. The data was recorded continuously. The recovery of
data was about 98%. The rest of 2 % data gaps were filled by referring to IMD
data and daily weather reports in the local newspapers. However, Relative
Humidity and Rainfall were recorded manually.
The air samples were analyzed as per standard methods specified by Central
Pollution Control Board (CPCB), IS: 5184 and American Public Health Association
(APHA).
Respirable Dust Samplers APM-451 instruments have been used for monitoring
Suspended Particulate Matter (SPM), Respirable fraction (<10 microns) and
gaseous pollutants like SO2 and NOx. Charcoal filled glass tubes were deployed for
collection of carbon monoxide. Gas Chromatography techniques have been used for
the estimation of CO.
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ANNEXURE-IV
METHODOLOGY FOR SAMPLING AND ANALYSIS
The make and model of the instruments used for analysis of the samples collected
during the field monitoring are given in Table-2.
TABLE-2
INSTRUMENTS USED FOR ANALYSIS OF SAMPLES
SPM (>10 ) and RPM (<10 ) present in ambient air is drawn through the
cyclone. Coarse and non-respirable dust (>10 ) is separated from the air stream
by centrifugal forces acting on the solid particles. These separated particulates fall
through the cyclone's conical hopper and collect in the sampling cup placed at the
bottom of the cyclone. The fine dust (<10 microns) forming the respirable
fraction passes the cyclone and is retained by the filter paper. The TSPM is
estimated by summing up the SPM and RPM fractions collected separately as
above.
A tapping is provided on the suction side of the blower to provide suction for
sampling air through a set of impingers. Samples of gases are drawn at a flow
rate of 0.2 Liters Per Minute (LPM).
SPM and RPM have been estimated by Gravimetric method (IS: 5182, Part IV).
Modified West and Gaeke method (IS-5182 Part-II, 1969) has been adopted for
estimation of SO2. Jacobs-Hochheiser method (IS-5182 Part-VI, 1975) has been
adopted for the estimation of NOx.
Calibration:
Calibration charts have been prepared for all gaseous pollutants. The calibration is
carried out whenever new absorbing solutions are prepared. All the Resirable Dust
Samplers are calibrated as per ASTM D-4096. The rotameter is calibrated using
soap bubble meter.
2] Carbon Monoxide
Charcoal filled glass tubes have been used for collecting the samples of Carbon
monoxide. The CO levels were analyzed through Gas Chromatography techniques.
The techniques used for ambient air quality monitoring and minimum detectable
level are given in Table-3.
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ANNEXURE-IV
METHODOLOGY FOR SAMPLING AND ANALYSIS
TABLE-3
TECHNIQUES USED FOR AMBIENT AIR QUALITY MONITORING
Analysis was carried out at central laboratory. The pH of the water was measured
by pH meter. The weight of the total un-dissolved matter was obtained after
filtration. The weight of ash was obtained by combustion of the undissolved matter.
The weight of the total dried soluble matter obtained from the residue from a
measured portion of filtrate after evaporation to dryness.
The methodology for sample collection and preservation techniques was followed as
per the Standard Operating Procedures (SOP) mentioned in Table-4.
TABLE-4
STANDARD OPERATING PROCEDURES (SOP)
FOR WATER AND WASTEWATER SAMPLING
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ANNEXURE-IV
METHODOLOGY FOR SAMPLING AND ANALYSIS
The analytical techniques used for water and wastewater analysis is given in the
Table-5.
TABLE-5
ANALYTICAL TECHNIQUES
FOR WATER AND WASTEWATER ANALYSIS
Parameter Method
pH APHA-4500-H+
Colour APHA-2120 C
Odour IS: 3025, Part-4
Temperature APHA-2550 B
Dissolved Oxygen APHA-4500 O
BOD APHA-5210 B
Electrical conductivity APHA-2510 B
Turbidity APHA-2130 B
Chlorides APHA-4500 Cl-
Fluorides APHA-4500 F-
Total dissolved solids APHA-2540 C
Total suspended solids APHA-2540 D
Total hardness APHA-2340 C
Sulphates APHA-4500 SO4-2
Arsenic APHA-3120 B/ APHA-3114 B/ APHA-3500 As
Calcium APHA-3120 B/ APHA-3500 Ca
Magnesium APHA-3120 B/ APHA-3500 Mg
Sodium APHA-3120 B/ APHA-3500 Na
Potassium APHA-3120 B/ APHA-3500 K
Manganese APHA-3120 B/ APHA-3500 Mn
Mercury APHA-3112 B/ APHA-3500 Hg
Selenium APHA-3120 B/ APHA-3114 B/ APHA-3500 Se
Lead APHA-3120 B/ APHA-3500 Pb
Copper APHA-3120 B/ APHA-3500 Cu
Cadmium APHA-3120 B/ APHA-3500 Cd
Iron APHA-3120 B/ APHA-3500 Fe
Zinc APHA-3120 B/ APHA-3500 Zn
Boron APHA-4500 B
Coliform organisms APHA-9215 D
Alkalinity APHA-2320 B
AIV-4
ANNEXURE-IV
METHODOLOGY FOR SAMPLING AND ANALYSIS
At each location, soil samples were collected from three different depths viz. 30
cm, 60 cm and 90 cm below the surface and are homogenized. This is in line with
IS: 2720 & Methods of Soil Analysis, Part-1, 2nd edition, 1986 of (American
Society for Agronomy and Soil Science Society of America). The homogenized
samples were analyzed for physical and chemical characteristics. The soil samples
were collected and analyzed once in each season.
The samples have been analyzed as per the established scientific methods for
physico-chemical parameters. The heavy metals have been analyzed by using
Atomic Absorption Spectrophotometer and Inductive Coupled Plasma Analyzer.
TABLE-6
ANALYTICAL TECHNIQUES FOR SOIL ANALYSIS
Noise level monitoring was carried out continuously for 24-hours with one hour
interval starting at 0030 hrs to 0030 hrs next day. The noise levels were monitored
on working days only and Saturdays, Sundays and public holidays were not
monitored. During each hour Leq were directly computed by the instrument based
on the sound pressure levels. Lday (Ld), Lnight (Ln) and Ldn values were computed
using corresponding hourly Leq of day and night respectively. Monitoring was
carried out at ‘A’ response and fast mode.
For noise levels measured over a given period of time interval, it is possible to
describe important features of noise using statistical quantities. This is calculated
using the percent of the time certain noise levels exceeds the time interval. The
notation for the statistical quantities of noise levels is described below:
AIV-5
ANNEXURE-IV
METHODOLOGY FOR SAMPLING AND ANALYSIS
Hourly Leq values have been computed by integrating sound level meter.
Lday: As per the CPCB guidelines the day time limit is between 07:00 hours to
22.00 hours as outlined in Ministry of Environment and Forest Notification S.O.
123 (E) dated 14/02/2000.
Lnight: As per the CPCB guidelines the night time limit is between 22:00 hours to
07.00 hours as outlined in Ministry of Environment and Forest Notification S.O.
123 (E) dated 14/02/2000.
Ldn: It is similar to a 24 hr equivalent sound level except that during night time
period (10 pm to 07 am) a 10 dB (A) weighting penalty is added to the
instantaneous sound level before computing the 24 hr average. This nighttime
penalty is added to account for the fact that noise during night when people usually
sleep is judged as more annoying than the same noise during the daytime.
The Ldn for a given location in a community may be calculated from the hourly Leq’s,
by the following equation.
15 9
(Le qi / 10) (Le qi 10 / 10)
[ 10 10 ]
i 1 i 1
Ldn 10Log
24
AIV-6
ANNEXURE-V
SEZ APPROVAL LETTER AND ADDITIONAL LAND REQUISITION LETTER
AV-1
ANNEXURE-V
SEZ APPROVAL LETTER AND ADDITIONAL LAND REQUISITION LETTER
AV-2
ANNEXURE-V
SEZ APPROVAL LETTER AND ADDITIONAL LAND REQUISITION LETTER
AV-3
ANNEXURE-V
SEZ APPROVAL LETTER AND ADDITIONAL LAND REQUISITION LETTER
AV-4
ANNEXURE-V
SEZ APPROVAL LETTER AND ADDITIONAL LAND REQUISITION LETTER
AV-5
ANNEXURE-V
SEZ APPROVAL LETTER AND ADDITIONAL LAND REQUISITION LETTER
AV-6
ANNEXURE-VI
WATER ALLOCATION LETTER FROM SIPCOT
AVI-1
ANNEXURE-VI
WATER ALLOCATION LETTER FROM SIPCOT
AVI-2
ANNEXURE-VI
WATER ALLOCATION LETTER FROM SIPCOT
AVI-3
ANNEXURE-VI
WATER ALLOCATION LETTER FROM SIPCOT
AVI-4
ANNEXURE-VI
WATER ALLOCATION LETTER FROM SIPCOT
AVI-5
ANNEXURE-VI
WATER ALLOCATION LETTER FROM SIPCOT
AVI-6
ANNEXURE-VI
WATER ALLOCATION LETTER FROM SIPCOT
AVI-7
ANNEXURE-VI
WATER ALLOCATION LETTER FROM SIPCOT
AVI-8
ANNEXURE-VI
WATER ALLOCATION LETTER FROM SIPCOT
AVI-9
ANNEXURE-VI
WATER ALLOCATION LETTER FROM SIPCOT
AVI-10
ANNEXURE-VI
WATER ALLOCATION LETTER FROM SIPCOT
AVI-11
ANNEXURE-VI
WATER ALLOCATION LETTER FROM SIPCOT
AVI-12
ANNEXURE-VI
WATER ALLOCATION LETTER FROM SIPCOT
AVI-13
Hydrogeological Studies in 10 km Radius Area
Proposed Copper Smelter Plant-II
Sesa Sterlite Limited
TV Puram, Tuticorin Dist., Tamil Nadu
December 2014
Multi-Tech Services
1-4-377/1, Satyanagar
New Maruthinagar, Kothapet
Hyderabad – 500 035
TABLE OF CONTENTS
Chapter Title Page
1 INTRODUCTION
1.1 Background 1
1.2 Project 1
1.3 Location, Extent and Communication 1
2 HYDROLOGY
2.1 Climate 5
2.2 Physiography 7
2.3 Drainage 9
2.4 Quality of Surface Water 12
2.4.1 Ion Distribution and Water Types 15
3 HYDROGEOLOGY
3.1 General Geology 16
3.2 Geology of the Study Area and Project Site 19
3.3 Hydrogeology 22
3.3.1 Occurrence of Ground Water 22
3.3.2 Water Levels 24
3.3.3 Movement of Ground Water 27
3.3.4 Aquifer Characteristics 30
3.3.5 Quality of Ground Water 34
4 GROUND WATER RESOURCES
4.1 Ground Water Recharge 43
4.2 Ground Water Discharge 44
4.3 Ground Water Balance 45
5 IMPACT OF PROPOSED PROJECT ON WATER REGIME AND MITIGATION
MEASURES
5.1 Natural Drainage and Water Bodies 46
5.2 Drawing Surface/Ground Water 47
5.3 Water Quality 47
6 WATER RESOURCE MANAGEMENT PLAN
6.1 Surface Run-Off and Rain Water Harvesting 49
6.2 Ground Water 52
7 CONCLUSIONS 52
LIST OF FIGURES
Figure Title Page
1 Location Map of the Study Area 3
2 Study Area – 10 km Radius Area of the Project 4
3 Climate Graph – Tuticorin, Tamil Nadu 6
4 3D View – Digital Elevation Model of the Study Area 7
5 Contour Map of the Study Area 8
6 Drainage Map of the Study Area 11
7 Locations of Water Samples Collected 14
8 Piper Trilinear Diagram – Surface Water 16
9 Geology of the Study Area 20
10 Lithological Section of Core Log Test Wells 21
11 Hydrogeological Map of the Study Area 23
12 Water Levels during Post-Monsoon 2013 28
13 Water Levels during Pre-Monsoon 2014 29
14 Pumping Test Data Analysis 33
15 Recovery Test Data Analysis 33
16a Piper Diagram for Ground Water Quality in Alluvium 41
16b Piper Diagram for Ground Water Quality in Charnockite 42
16c Piper Diagram for Ground Water Quality in Gneisses 42
17 Ground Water Balance in the Study Area 46
18 Water Balance of Proposed Project 48
LIST OF TABLES
Table Title Page
1 Data Collected from Meteorological Station, IMD, Tuticorin (1990-2000) 6
2 Annual and Monsoon Run-off from the Proposed Project Site 10
3 Surface Water Sampling Locations 12
4 Surface Water Quality 13
5 Ion Distribution in Surface Water 15
6 Regional Stratigraphic Succession 18
7 Well Inventory in Study Area 26
8 Pumping Test Data in Bore Well at TV Puram 31
9 Recovery Data in Bore Well at TV Puram 32
10 Pumping and Recovery Analysis Results 32
11 Ground Water Sampling Locations 34
12 Ground Water Quality 37
13 Ion Distribution in Ground Water 41
14 Recharge by Rainfall Infiltration 43
15 Recharge by Increment in Ground Water Storage 44
16 Annual Ground Water Draft/Discharge 44
17 Ground Water Balance 45
18 Details of Rain Water Harvesting and Waste Water Treatment & Recirulation 51
Units
Hydro-geological Studies in 10 km radius area of Proposed Copper Smelter Plant-II, Sesa Sterlite Ltd.,
TV Puram, Tuticorin District, Tamil Nadu
1.0 INTRODUCTION
1.1. Background
Sesa Sterlite Limited (SSL), a Vedanta Company is one of the largest global diversified natural
resources majors, supporting the country's industrial growth. Sterlite Copper, Tuticorin is
primarily a copper smelter with power generation, sulphuric acid and phosphoric acid
production as sideline activities.
The existing capacity of Sterlite Copper Smelter plant is 1200 TPD copper anodes production.
The smelter plant has been accompanies by a refinery in the plant premises. Part of anode
produced in the smelter is sent to Silvassa for conversion to cathode and remaining is
treated in this refinery.
1.2 Project
Sesa Sterlite Ltd. (SSL) intends to set up 4.38 LTPA/1200 TPD copper smelter plant-II at a
project cost of about Rs.2500 crores in the Special Economic Zone (SEZ) at SIPCOT Industrial
Complex, Therkku Veerapandiapuram Village, Ottapidaram Taluka, Thoothukudi District,
Tamilnadu.
This is a green field project for the production of 4.38 LTPA copper anodes. The copper
anodes are produced from the copper concentrate through pyro-metallurgical (smelting)
processes. The sulphur dioxide generated during the smelting of copper concentrate is
converted into sulphuric acid by Double Conversion Double Absorption (DCDA) process. A
part of this sulphuric acid is captively utilized for production of phosphoric acid from the
imported rock phosphate using a Hemi-hydrate-Di-hydrate process. The copper anodes are
dispatched to the refinery unit for further electrolytic refining to about 99.99% purity, which
is necessary to obtain the required electrical conductivity for electrical applications.
Multi-Tech Services has been assigned to conduct the hydrogeological studies of the 10km
radius area by VIMTA Labs Ltd., who is carrying out Environmental Impact Assessment of
proposed Copper Smelter Plant-II of SSL. The field investigations were carried out in the area
by collecting hydrogeological data of key wells, studying the present ground water
conditions, estimating the long term ground water recharge, present ground water
withdrawal and status of ground water development. This report presents the findings of
hydrological, hydrogeological studies carried out for the 10km radius area and its impact on
water regime.
The proposed project site of SSL is contiguous to existing plant and located in SIPCOT
Industrial area, TV Puram, Ottapidaram Mandal, Tuticorin District, Tamil Nadu. At present,
SSL have 233.7 ha of land in total in Zone-A. Copper smelter-I is located in 102.31 ha area,
copper smelter –II will be located in 128.805 ha SEZ are and the remaining land kept in hand
for future purpose is 2.585 ha. Further, additional land of 31.5 ha is requested from SIPCOT
for greenbelt development and other future proposals.
Geographically, the study area lies between 8˚43'42.51” to 8˚55'47.56" N Latitudes and
77˚58'42.02" to 78˚10'32.12" E Longitudes and is covered by Survey of India toposheet nos.
58H13, 58L1 & 58L2 on the scale of 1:50000. The 10 km radius area encompasses the
geographical area of Ottapidaram and Thoothukkudi (Tuticorin) tehsils, Tuticorin district,
Tamil Nadu. The proposed project site lies between 8˚49'18.86” to 8˚50'29.75" N Latitudes
and 78˚04'04.01" to 78˚04'47.00" E Longitudes and is covered by Survey of India toposheet
no. 58L1. Administratively, the project site is situated in the Ottapidaram tehsil, Tuticorin
district.
Location of the study area is shown in Figure 1 and the study area is presented in Figure 2.
Sterlite Copper : 8°49'14.21"N 78° 5'2.78"E Proposed Site : 8°49'56.08"N 78° 4'30.04"E
2.0 HYDROLOGY
2.1 Climate
The project site falls in Tamil Nadu Uplands and Plains, hot moist semi-arid Ecological Sub-
Region with deep red loamy, sandy and clay soils, low AWC (Available Water Capacity) and
120-150 days LGP (Length of Growing Period).
The area experiences four broad seasons namely a) South-west monsoon, b) North-east
monsoon, c) Winter and 4) Hot weather season.
Minimum and maximum temperatures vary from 19.4˚C in the winter to 38.3˚C in the
summer respectively. The winter season starts from January and continues till the end of
February. January is the coldest month with the mean daily maximum temperature at 29.6˚C
and the mean daily minimum temperature at 19.4˚C. Both the night and day temperatures
increase rapidly during the hot weather season from March to mid June. During hot weather
season, the maximum temperature (May) was observed to be 38.3˚C with the mean
minimum temperature at 21.9˚C. The mean maximum temperature in the monsoon season
was observed to be 38.2˚C in the month of June whereas the mean minimum temperature
was observed to be 20.1˚C in the month of December.
The normal annual rainfall indicates that average annual rainfall is 625.8 mm. The South-
West monsoon sets in the month of June and continues until September and North-East
monsoon sets in the month of October and continues until December. The maximum rainfall
(180.1mm) occurs in the month of November and about 69.19% of the rainfall is received
during North-East monsoon season.
Humidity in the area is quite high particularly in the North-East monsoon months and shows
an upward trend from August onwards. The relative humidity at 08.30 hr was observed with
a maximum of 80% in the months of November and December and a minimum of 59% in the
months of July and August. Similarly, at 17.30 hr, the relative humidity was observed with a
maximum of 77% in the month of December and a minimum of 52% in the month of June.
The maximum pressure observed was 1014.1 mb at 08.30 hr and 1010.1 mb at 17.30 hr with
the maximum pressure occurring during winter season, in the month of January. The
minimum pressure observed was 1007.4 mb at 08.30 hr and 1003.9 mb at 17.30 hr with the
minimum pressure occurring in May month before the onset of monsoon season. The
average pressure level in all other months was found to be in the range of 1007.4 mb to
1014.1 mb at 08.30 hr and 1003.9 mb to 1010.1 mb at 17.30 hr.
Meteorological data collected from IMD, Tuticorin station is presented in Table 1 and
graphical representation is made in Figure 3.
200 90
180.1
180 80
160 154.4
70
140
60
120
98.5 50
100
40
80
58.6 30
60
36.3 20
40 26.3
15.8 18.9 14.7
20 11.3 7 10
3.9
0 0
Jan Feb Mar Apr May Jun Jul Aug Sep Oct Nov Dec
2.2 Physiography
The predominant geomorphic units identified in the district are 1) Fluvial, 2) Marine, 3)
Fluvio-marine, 4) Aeolian and 5) Erosional landforms depending on the environment of
formation. Taruvaikulam-Tuticorin surface, Kulattur surface, Vaippar surface, Nagalapuram-
Vedanattham surface and Volinokkam-Vembar surface are some of the erosional
geomorphic units in the northern part of the district. Karamaniyar surface, Tambraparni
surface, Tiruchendur-Kayalpattinam surface and Vallanadu surface are the geomorphic units
in the southern part of the district. Geomorphologically, the study area forms part of
Taruvaikulam-Tuticorin surface.
The predominant physical feature over major part of the study area is the coastal plain with
moderately undulating uplands in the western part. Korampallam Odai running west-
southeast, feeding Korampallam Tank and ultimately joining Gulf of Mannar is the major
stream in the study area. The highest elevation of 55 m above mean sea level is observed
near Ottapidaram in the northwestern part of the study area. Lowest elevation is 0 m on
Gulf of Mannar near Tuticorin in the eastern part of the study area. The general slope in the
study area is towards east.
The topography of the proposed project site is gently sloping plain with elevation ranging
from 18 m to 25 m above mean sea level. The general slope in the proposed project site is
towards southeast.
Digital elevation model and contour map with spot heights/bench mark values of the study
area are presented in Figures 4 & 5 respectively.
2.3 Drainage
The study area is part of the composite east flowing river basin as per the Watershed Atlas
of CGWB. Korampallam Odai running west-southeast, feeding Korampallam Tank and
ultimately joining Gulf of Mannar is the major stream in the study area. Korampallam Odai
originates west of study area and drainage network of almost 50% of the study area is
controlled by Korampallam Odai. Drainage in the northern half of the study area is
controlled by local drainage network joining Gulf of Mannar. Density of drainage network in
the study area is 0.82 km /sq km. All the stream courses in study area are ephemeral in
nature and the run-off is generated during heavy rainfall period only.
Korampallam Tank near Korampallam in the southern part is the major water body in the
study area and is one of the sources of drinking water to Tuticorin Panchayat union villages
and irrigation water for surrounding agriculture lands. There are a number of small to
medium ponds spread over the entire study area. Drainage map of the study area is
presented in Figure 6.
The drainage network in the proposed project site is of 1st order and initiates at a distance of
2.3 km northwest of the site. Since the proposed project site enclosed with a boundary wall,
the run-off generated will be from within the proposed site only. Run-off generated from the
proposed site has been worked out using GIS considering the proposed land use in the
proposed site.
Land use in the proposed project site includes 27.0 ha of already developed green belt and
rest of the land under scrub. The annual run-off from the proposed site considering the pre
development land use is estimated at 0.25 MCM while the volume of water available during
northeast monsoon is 0.18 MCM.
There will be considerable change in the land use after proposed project activities and the
post development land use break-up is presented in Table 2. The annual volume of surface
water available from the proposed site after considering post development is estimated at
0.59 MCM while the volume of water available during northeast monsoon period is 0.41
North-East North-East
Area Annual Annual
Run-off Monsoon Monsoon
S.No. Description (sq Rainfall Run-off
Coefficient Rainfall Run-off
km) (m) (MCM)
(m) (MCM)
Table 2. Annual and Monsoon Run-off from the Proposed Project Site
Sampling and analysis of water samples physical, chemical and heavy metals were
undertaken during September-October 2014. Since most of the smaller ponds were dry
during the monitoring period, one surface water sample was collected from Korampallam
Tank. Thirty seven (37) water quality parameters were analyzed. The location details of
surface water sample collected and results of the surface water samples analyzed at VIMTA
Labs Ltd. are presented in Table 3 & 4 respectively. Location of sample is shown in Figure 7.
The analysis results of SWS1 near Korampallam village samples indicate that the water is of
good quality with pH 7.1, TDS 200 mg/l and all other constituents falling within the
acceptable limits of ISO:10500 standards. SWS2 and SWS3 are close the sea and clearly show
the influence of backwater from the sea.
Note:
Ϯ: Limits in parenthesis are permissible limits in NTU: Nephelometric Turbidity Unit
absence of alternate source
$: Limits not specified NR: No relaxation specified
UO: Un-Objectionable Ag: Agreeable
Since the chemistry of water directly hints the quality of water for various purposes, its
monitoring and assessment gained substantial importance in the present century. Water
type/hydro-chemical facies evaluation is extremely useful in providing a preliminary idea
about the complex hydro-chemical processes in the sub-surface. Determination of hydro-
chemical facies was extensively used in the chemical assessment of ground water and
surface water of several decades. This method is able to provide sufficient information on
the chemical quality of water, particularly the origin. The first attempt in this direction was
made by Hill (1940) and which is modified by Piper (1944), Duroy (1948) further improved
the piper plot.
Piper diagrams were made in such a way that the milli-equivalent percentages of the major
cations and anions are plotted in separate triangle. These plotted points in the triangular
fields are projected further into the central diamond field, which provides the overall
character of the water. In general, we can classify the sample points in the Piper diagram
into 1) Ca2+ - Mg2+ - Cl¯ type, 2) Ca2+ - HCO3¯ type, 3) Na+ - Cl¯ type, 4) Ca2+ - Na+ -HCO3¯ type,
5) Ca2+ - Cl¯ type, 6) Na+ - HCO3¯ type, 7) Ca2+ - Mg2+ - SO42- type, 8) Ca2+ - Mg2+ - HCO3¯ type,
9) Na+ - K+ - Cl¯ - SO42- type and 10) Na+ - K+ - HCO3¯ type. Details of Ion distribution and
water type classification are presented in Table 5 and Piper diagram with ion distribution of
surface water samples is presented in Figure 8.
Sample
Unit Na+ K+ Ca2+ Mg2+ HCO3¯ SO42- Cl¯ NO3- Water Type
Code
mg/l 22.00 6.50 28.00 12.10 90.00 38.50 28.40 5.60
Calcium
SWS1 meq/l 0.96 0.17 1.40 1.00 1.48 0.80 0.80 0.09
Bicarbonate
% 27.18 4.74 39.78 28.30 46.54 25.30 25.31 2.85
mg/l 10450.00 790.00 315.00 780.00 470.00 1412.00 20550.00 56.00
SWS2 meq/l 454.35 20.26 15.75 64.20 7.70 29.42 580.51 0.90 Sodium Chloride
% 81.93 3.65 2.84 11.58 1.25 4.76 93.85 0.15
mg/l 10900.00 795.00 390.00 930.00 485.00 1495.00 2066063.00 56.00
SWS3 meq/l 473.91 20.38 19.50 76.54 7.95 31.15 58363.36 0.90 Sodium Chloride
% 80.28 3.45 3.30 12.97 0.01 0.05 99.93 0.00
(“Water Type” defined based on highlighted dominant ions)
In the present study, surface water from the inland area has calcium as the dominant cation
and bicarbonate as the dominant anion and appears to originate as run-off from the
upstream and can be regarded as natural water. SWS2 and SWS3 close to sea are of Sodium
Chloride type.
3.0 HYDROGEOLOGY
Rock types in Tuticorin district belong to the Khondalite and Charnockite groups and
Migmatite Complex of Eastern Ghats Supergroup (Archaean age), which are unconformably
overlain by Tertiary and Quarternary sediments.
Archaeans
Tertiary (Mio-pliocene)
The Tertiary formation of Tuticorin district occurs as marine sandstone and shell limestone
or fossiliferous limestone. The rocks are fine to medium grained, grey to white in colour. The
rock occurs at Pannamparai as hard and compact formation and dips 10˚ - 20˚ towards SW.
The Tertiary sedimentary formation overlies the crystalline Archaean complex with marked
unconformity. The rocks are fine to medium grained and limestone are fossiliferous with
shell of gastropods and pelecypods. The thickness of strata varies from 2 m to 18 m. The
formation extends in the northwest to southeast direction and dipping southeast direction
with 10˚ - 20˚. The exposures of calcareous sandstone are seen at Vembar, Shunmugapuram,
Kulathur of Valiathikulum taluk and Kurumbur, Kayamoli, Ammapuram and Nangamoli taluk.
This formation is named after the prominent occurrence at Pannamparai as Pannamparai
sandstone. The Pannamparai sandstone is considered equivalent to that of Cuddalore
sandstone.
The Recent and the Sub-recent sediments are classified as Tuticorin, Kulathoor, Vaipar,
Vembar stages. Further the Recent and Sub-recent sediments can be classified as coastal
sedimentary sands, red soil and calcareous sandstone with shell fragments, kankar, laterite
and red terries and river alluvium.
The zone includes loose unconsolidated coarse grained calcareous sediments exposed in
southwest, central and southern part of the district. The width of the bed varies from place
to place in the southwestern parts of the district. This zone is tapering towards the sea, and
at the central part along Tiruchendur – Meignapuram – Sattanapuram section. The coastal
sedimentary zone attains maximum thickness of 50 m and width of 15 km from the shore
line. The same trend is followed unto Tuticorin area. North of Tuticorin near Vedanatham
area, the coastal sedimentary beds attain a minimum width of 3 km and thickness reducing
to less than 10 m.
Contacts
The contact between the coastal sedimentaries and the Archaean rocks in the district starts
form southwest corner of the district and continues to other part of the district as a straight
line. The coastal sediments assume different from along the coastal belt due to Neotectonic
activities. Raised beaches and cliffed shorelines are observed at Periathalai, Mannapad, and
Tiruchendur. The beach ridges trending northeast to southwest are also noticed at
Mannapad and Kulasekarapattinam. These beach ridges are occurred with Aeolian sands and
undurated with calcareous cements. There are many silted-up lagoons behind the beach
ridges. During the rainy season, the lagoons are filled with fresh water and they become
hyper-saline during summer time.
The Recent and Sub-recent sediments are exposed in the coastal zones of Vilathikulam,
Tuticorin, Tiruchendur taluks of the district. The general strikes vary from east-northeast to
southwest to northeast to southwest and north-northwest to south-southwest roughly
parallel to the regional trend of course. The strata is horizontal and having low dip of 7˚ to
18˚ towards sea.
The structural and tectonic history of the district can be broadly classified as 1) East coastal
sedimentary, 2) Central plain and 3) Western crystalline terrain.
The general strike of the foliation and banded, bedding varies from north-northwest – south-
southeast to northwest southwest. In the western and central part, several synclinal and
anticlinal forms are present.
The Archaean – Tertiary contact may be a non conformity while that of Tertiary and
Quarternary sediments shows a disconformity. The Archaean – Tertiary contact is linear
trending in north-northeast to south-southwest direction and few exploration records in the
sedimentary tract indicates the presence of strike faults within sediments. The rivers like
Karamaniyar and Tambraparni are controlled by linear faults.
The general stratigraphic sequence in this area based on GSI publication 2005 is given in
Table 6.
Nature and
Lithology Stage Series/Group System/Eon
Characteristics
Cilt, clay, kankar, sand,
calcareous sandstone, shell Soft,
Quarternary Recent to late
limestone, coastal white sand, Quarternary unconsolidated
Formation Pliocene
Teri sand (Fluvial; fluvio- sediments
marine; aeolian; marine)
Cuddalore
Sandstone and claystone Mio-Pliocene Tertiary Soft rock
Formation
Pink and grey Acid Hard massive
Proterozoic
granite/pegmatite Intrusives rock
Hornblende biotite gneiss Hard foliated
Migmatite
easily weathered
Garnet - biotite gneiss Complex
rock
Charnockite Hard massive
Charnockite
Group rock
Archaean
Hard massive
Calc granulite and limistone
rock
Khondalite
Quartzite Hard layered rock
Group
Garnet-biotite-sillimanite Hard foliated
gneiss rock
Geology of the study area is dominated by Migmatite complex, Charnockite and Khondalite
groups of rocks of Archaean age occupying 67%. Quarternary sediments extending up to 6.5
km from coast trending NE-SW and running almost parallel to the coast line occupy 32% of
the study area. Pink and grey granite/pegmatite of Proterozoic and sandstone and claystone
of Tertiary occur as intrusive in a very small area.
Core log test carried out during May 2002 at four locations in the SSL premises to study the
sub-sruface geology indicate that the area is underlined by crystalline rocks of Archaean age
constituting of Peninsular gneiss which is highly weathered up to 9 m and fresh compact
Peninsular gneiss and granulite is present below 9 m.
The surface is covered with black cotton soil. Between the black cotton soil and the bed
rocks i.e., Peninsular gneiss, the kankar bed and gypsum occurs as a massive, nodules and
bedded nature. Kankar is also called as “caliche” or calcrete”. It is cryptocrystalline calcium
carbonate deposit formed in hot semi-arid region, where the evaporation is more than
precipitation. Capillary action is main reason for the precipitation of calcretes. The calcium
carbonate in this area is formed by non-pedogenic and ground water process. A very thin
pegmatite vein occurred as intrusive above hard rock at bore hole B.
Geology of the study area and bore hole lithologs of core log tests done in SSL premises are
presented in Figures 9 & 10 respectively.
Bore Hole A - Near water reservoir D Bore Hole B - Near gypsum pond
Bore Hole C - Near secured land fill area Bore Hole D - Near LPG storage bullets
3.3 Hydrogeology
The hydrogeological studies were carried out in the area to understand the local geology,
geo-morphological features, drainage network, aquifer characteristics and yield of water.
Accordingly various components controlling the hydrogeological regime of the study area
have been studied. Hydrogeological investigations were carried out in the area between
07.10.2014 and 09.10.2014. Hydrogeology of the study area is presented in Figure 11.
Ground water systems are a result of the complex combination of different lithological and
structural types within an area that together constitute an aquifer within which ground
water accumulates and moves. Rather than describing individual lithologies and their
tendencies to form aquifers or otherwise, it is useful to describe the ground water as one
continuous across various lithological types (Kulkarni and Deolankar, 1995).
The area is underlain by both porous and fissured formations. The important aquifer systems
in the area constituted by 1) un-consolidated & semi-consolidated formations and 2)
weathered and fractured crystalline rocks. The porous formations in the area include
sandstones and clays of Recent to Sub-recent and Tertiary age. The Recent formations
comprising mainly sands, clays and gravels are confined to major drainage courses and
coastal plains. Alluvium attains an average thickness of 25.0 m. Ground water occurs under
water table and confined conditions in these formations and is being developed by means of
dug wells and filter points. The productive zones are encountered in the depth range of 29.5
to 62 m below ground level. The depth of dug wells in alluvium in the study area range from
4.8 to 11.0 m and that tube wells is around 25.0 m.
The water bearing properties of crystalline formations which lack primary porosity depend
on the extent of development of secondary intergranular porosity. The occurrence and
movement of ground water in these rocks are under unconfined conditions in the joints &
fissures and dependent on the nature and extent of pores and interconnection of fracture
zones. The morpho-tectonic analysis of the crystalline tract indicates the presence of deep
seated tesile and shear fractures particularly along the fold axes. These tension joints and
fractures and shear fractures at deeper depth of 30.0 to 100.0 m have been acting as
conduits for ground water movement. Ground water in the crystalline rocks is being
developed by means of dug wells, dug-cum-bore wells and bore wells. The depth of dug
wells in crystalline rocks in the study area range from 7.0 to 16.5 m. Dug-cum-bore wells are
noticed around Ottapidaram with bore wells drilled up to a depth of 110. 0 m from the
bottom of the well and these are used for support irrigation in agriculture lands.
Filter points and bore wells fitted with hand pumps are used as a means of domestic needs.
Well inventory of 25 wells was conducted in the study area during the field visit. Mostly the
ground water is developed by way of dug wells, dug-cum-bore wells, bore wells and tube
wells/filter points. The depth to water level during field visit (7th to 9th October 2014 – the
rainfall till 1st week of October was very less resulting in a drought situation and deep water
levels in uplands; this could be treated as pre-monsoon situation) range from 2.70 m to
10.55 m with number of dug wells having depth range of 8.0 to 10.0 m remaining dry. The
reported/approximated post-monsoon (of 2013 season) water level ranges from 0.90 m to
8.86 m below ground level. The lowest water levels were recorded in a piezometer south of
gypsum pond in the existing SSL plant premises (probably getting recharge from water
reservoirs) and near Korampallam Tank. The average fluctuation between pre and post-
monsoon seasons is 1.73 m. Well inventory data is furnished in Table 7.
GW21 Pudur Pandiyapuram 8˚51'11.5"N 78˚07'09.0"E Dug well Domestic 11.00 5.4 x 5.4 6.65 3.60 3.05 Recent - Fluvio-marine
GW22 Mapplilamrani 8˚50'14.3"N 78˚08'35.8"E Dug well Domestic 6.70 1.20 6.50 3.40 3.10 Recent - Marine
GW23 Korampallam 8˚46'43.6"N 78˚05'43.4"E Dug well Agriculture 6.30 5.3 x 5.3 2.80 0.90 1.90 Recent - Fluvio-marine
GW24 Modathur 8˚47'48.1"N 78˚05'48.0"E Dug well Domestic 7.70 2.4 x 2.4 5.70 3.20 2.50 Recent - Fluvio-marine
GW25 Tuticorin 8˚48'36.9"N 78˚08'22.2"E Dug well Domestic 4.80 1.15 3.40 1.10 2.30 Recent - Marine
Well Inventory : 8˚46'28.07”N 78˚05'46.99"E Well Inventory : 8˚48'50.90”N 78˚06'59.33"E Well Inventory : 8˚48'31.7”N 78˚02'43.1"E
Ground water movement mainly takes place through the fractures and joints of the
crystalline rocks and the ground water is transmitted through the voids and interstitial
openings. The ground water movement in crystalline rocks is through fissures, fractures and
joints and that in unconsolidated formations and alluviums is governed by the porosity
depending on grain size, shape of grains, degree of sorting and degree of cementation. In
other words, movement of ground water is controlled by the hydraulic conductivity of the
aquifer and hydraulic gradient.
A contour map of heads in an aquifer defines a water level surface that shows the horizontal
direction of flow in the aquifer. Because hydraulic heads can vary with depth, water level
maps based on measurements from wells completed at different depths or completed in
different aquifers will reflect some mixture of horizontal and vertical gradients.
Water level contour maps were constructed using water levels measured from wells tapping
weathered and shallow aquifers to determine horizontal ground water flow directions in the
study area. The data points are largely dug wells and bore/tube wells including peizometers
in SSL premises. They are generally shallow, so they provide a good basis for mapping the
elevation of the top of the saturated zone (i.e., the water table). Water level contours during
pre and post-monsoon periods are presented in Figures 12 & 13 respectively.
A review of the topography and drainage pattern reveals that the general slope of the study
area is towards east/southeast towards Gulf of Mannar in the northern part and towards
Korampallam Tank and Gulf of Mannar in the southern part. The deviations in water level
contours are noticed between TV Puram and Matattupatti towards southwest of SSL and
around Silverpuram. Wells between TV Puram and Matattupatti may be getting induced
recharge from the nearby water bodies and mining pits and is clearly evident during post-
monsoon season. The hydraulic gradient near SSL is moderately steep towards Silverpuram
at 5.24 m/km during post-monsoon season and 5.79 m/km during pre-monsoon season
indicating ground water abstraction towards east and south of Silverpuram.
Ground water is stored in the open spaces and fractures within geologic materials such as
soil, sand and rock that occur beneath the land surface. Aquifers are the geologic layers that
are filled with water and that can transmit enough water to supply a well under normal
hydraulic gradients. It is important to be able to determine aquifer characteristics like
transmissivity in order to predict ground water behaviour in the aquifer. Pump tests are
conducted to determine the performance characteristics of a well and to determine the
hydraulic properties of the aquifer such as permeability and transmissivity.
These properties determine how easily water moves through the aquifer, how much water is
stored, and how efficiently it produces water. During an aquifer test, the hydraulic head in
the aquifer declines as the time of pumping increases. Analysis of hydraulic head decline, or
drawdown, allows for the estimation of aquifer hydraulic properties. There are many
pumping test solution methods but most commonly used for different aquifers and
conditions have some general assumptions: a) aquifer extends radially and infinitely, b)
single pumping well, c) fully penetrating well (except for Neuman method).
A medium duration test was conducted on a bore well in TV Puram on 08.10.2014. The bore
well is 91.5 m deep and yielding 2.00 lps. The pump test was conducted for 201 minutes till
steady state condition was achieved. After stopping the pump, recovery was continued until
82% recovery was achieved. In the absence of observation wells, interpretation of single well
tests with the Cooper-Jacob straight line method remains more reasonable than most
alternatives. The aquifer parameters were determined using single well solution. Pumping
and recovery data are presented in Table 8 & 9 and analysis is shown in Figures 14 & 15. The
results of pumping and recovery data analysis are presented in Table 10. The average value
of Transmissivity was found as 10.01 m²/day while storage coefficient was found as 2.0325 x
10-4. The yield potential and aquifer characteristics of the different hydrogeological units as
per CGWB and GSI publications are presented in Figure 11.
Time Since
Wl Below MP Draw Down Discharge
Pump Started
in M S in M (Q) in Lps
T in Min
1 16.47 2.69 2
2 17.12 3.34
3 17.86 4.08
4 18.18 4.40
5 18.59 4.81
6 18.97 5.19
7 19.34 5.56
8 19.54 5.76
9 19.8 6.02
10 20.04 6.26
15 20.1 6.32
20 20.8 7.02
25 20.9 7.12
30 21.33 7.55
53 21.62 7.84
54 21.62 7.84
55 21.63 7.85
56 21.64 7.86
58 21.68 7.90
61 22.16 8.38
66 21.8 8.02
71 22.01 8.23
81 22.28 8.50
91 22.45 8.67
101 22.6 8.82
111 22.85 9.07
121 22.9 9.12
131 22.95 9.17
141 23.08 9.30
151 23.14 9.36
161 23.25 9.47
171 23.4 9.62
176 23.49 9.71
181 23.55 9.77
191 23.69 9.91
201 23.82 10.04
Table 8. Pumping Test Data in Bore Well at TV Puram
Time Since
Time Since
Pump WI Below Residual
Pump Started T/T'
Stopped Mp In M Drawdown (S)
T In Min
T' In Min
203 1 203.00 20.83 7.05
204 2 102.00 20.39 6.61
205 3 68.33 20.1 6.32
206 4 51.50 19.86 6.08
207 5 41.40 19.85 6.07
208 6 34.67 19.5 5.72
209 7 29.86 19.38 5.60
210 8 26.25 19.25 5.47
211 9 23.44 19.13 5.35
212 10 21.20 19.01 5.23
217 15 14.47 18.56 4.78
222 20 11.10 18.22 4.44
227 25 9.08 17.82 4.04
232 30 7.73 17.51 3.73
242 40 6.05 17.03 3.25
252 50 5.04 16.7 2.92
261 59 4.42 16.43 2.65
281 79 3.56 16.1 2.32
301 99 3.04 15.86 2.08
321 119 2.70 15.70 1.92
Pumping
S.No. Aquifer Parameter Recovery Average
Test
Seventeen 17 ground water samples were collected during the monitoring period (Sept/Oct
2014). Of the total samples 16 samples were from hand pumps and one sample from
agriculture bore well. These samples were collected as grab samples and analyzed for thirty
seven (37) parameters covering physical, chemical & heavy metals. Locations of water
samples collected are shown in Figure 7. The location details of ground water samples and
results of these samples analyzed at VIMTA Labs Ltd. are presented in Table 11 & 12.
Distance
Direction
Sample from Plant Environmental
Latitude Longitude Location w.r.t. Plant
Code Boundry Setting
Boundry
(km)
Hand pump, used for
GWS1 8°50'23.70"N 78° 3'40.69"E Kumaragiri 0.8 NW drinking and domestic
purposes
GWS2 8°51'35.91"N 78° 6'23.43"E Velayerdhapuram 4.2 NE -do-
GWS3 8°52'24.33"N 78° 1'43.53"E Pudiyamputhur 5.6 NW -do-
GWS4 8°48'53.58"N 78° 1'2.07"E Melthatapalai 5.9 WSW -do-
GWS5 8°46'12.07"N 78° 4'21.19"E Maravanamadam 5.9 S -do-
GWS6 8°50'58.31"N 77°59'28.44"E Kailasapuram 8.6 WNW -do-
GWS7 8°47'39.50"N 78° 5'50.78"E Madathur 3.5 SE -do-
GWS8 8°48'2.33"N 78° 5'19.43"E Madathur 3.6 SE -do-
GWS9 8°48'58.23"N 78° 5'58.33"E Meelavittan 2.6 ESE -do-
GWS10 8°48'50.67"N 78° 7'2.36"E Silverpuram 4.4 ESE -do-
Pudur
GWS11 8°51'9.22"N 78° 6'59.41"E 4.7 ENE -do-
Pandiyapuram
GWS12 8°49'39.93"N 78° 3'52.69"E T.V puram 0.5 WSW -do-
A.Kumara
GWS13 8°50'4.44"N 78° 3'48.14"E 0.3 W -do-
Rediyapuram
GWS14 8°51'13.61"N 78° 3'30.07"E Kayaloorani 1.1 NW -do-
GWS15 8°51'53.26"N 78° 3'20.74"E Swaminattam 3 NNW -do-
GWS16 8°51'54.00"N 78° 2'58.94"E Rajankovil 3.4 NW -do-
GWS17 8°49'40.1"N 78° 04'00.2"E T.V puram 0.25 WSW Agriculture Well
IS:10500
S.No. Parameters Units GW1 GW2 GW3 GW4 GW5 GW6 GW7 GW8 GW9
Limits
1 pH - 6.5-8.5 (NR) 7 7.3 7.6 7.6 7.7 7.5 7.3 7.7 7.3
2 Colour Hazen 5 (25) 3 4 2 3 4 3 2 2 4
3 Taste - Ag Agreeable Agreeable Agreeable Agreeable Agreeable Agreeable Agreeable Agreeable Agreeable
4 Odour - U.O U.O U.O U.O U.O U.O U.O U.O U.O U.O
5 Conductivity µS/cm $ 4330 789 647 1963 1089 4290 3590 1681 3900
6 Turbidity NTU 5 (10) 7 15 1 5 6 35 4 1 8
7 Total Dissoved Solids mg/l 500 (2000) 2595 481 380 1290 668 2789 2670 1190 2405
8 Total Hardness as CaCo3 mg/l 300 (600) 1730 370 290 840 370 810 1820 650 890
9 Total Alkalinity HCo3 mg/l 200 (600) 350 260 290 210 140 250 250 220 410
10 Calcium as Ca mg/l 75 (200) 532 96 60 228 100 164 448 124 232
11 Magnesium as Mg mg/l 30 (100) 97.2 31.6 34 65.6 29.2 97.2 170.1 82.6 75.3
12 Residual Chlorine mg/l 0.2 min <0.2 <0.2 <0.2 <0.2 <0.2 <0.2 <0.2 <0.2 <0.2
13 Total Boron as B mg/l 1 (5) 0.21 <0.01 <0.01 0.08 0.04 0.84 0.4 0.2 0.25
14 Chlorides as CI mg/l 250 (1000) 850.8 92.2 35.5 397 205.6 496.3 99.3 226.9 737.4
15 Sulphates as SO4 mg/l 200 (400) 228.2 23.5 5.5 107.1 48.5 1010 1640 387.8 143.6
16 Fluorides as F mg/l 1.0 (1.5) 0.8 0.5 0.5 0.6 0.1 0.9 0.4 0.5 0.3
17 Nitrates as NO3 mg/l 45 (NR) 461.8 23.7 4.6 242.2 77.1 157.8 0.3 55.3 364.7
18 Sodium as Na mg/l $ 197 30.5 29.4 110 76 595 130.4 153 390
19 Pottassium as K mg/l $ 11.7 2.6 1.4 5.6 8 30 7.1 9.8 126.2
20 Phenolic Compounds mg/l 0.001 (0.002) <0.001 <0.001 <0.001 <0.001 <0.001 <0.001 <0.001 <0.001 <0.001
21 Cyanides as CN mg/l 0.05 (NR) <0.02 <0.02 <0.02 <0.02 <0.02 <0.02 <0.02 <0.02 <0.02
22 Anionic Detergents mg/l 0.2 (1.0) <0.1 <0.1 <0.1 <0.1 <0.1 <0.1 <0.1 <0.1 <0.1
23 Mineral Oil mg/l 0.01 (0.03) <0.01 <0.01 <0.01 <0.01 <0.01 <0.01 <0.01 <0.01 <0.01
24 Cadmium as Cd mg/l 0.01 (NR) <0.01 <0.01 <0.01 <0.01 <0.01 <0.01 <0.01 <0.01 <0.01
25 Arsenic as As mg/l 0.01 (NR) <0.01 <0.01 <0.01 <0.01 <0.01 <0.01 <0.01 <0.01 <0.01
26 Copper as Cu mg/l 0.05 (1.5) 0.02 0.02 0.02 0.01 0.03 0.01 0.02 0.02 0.03
IS:10500
S.No. Parameters Units GW1 GW2 GW3 GW4 GW5 GW6 GW7 GW8 GW9
Limits
27 Lead as Pb mg/l 0.05 (NR) <0.01 <0.01 <0.01 <0.01 <0.01 <0.01 <0.01 <0.01 <0.01
28 Manganese as Mn mg/l 0.1 (0.3) <0.01 <0.01 <0.01 <0.01 <0.01 <0.01 <0.01 <0.01 <0.01
29 Iron as Fe mg/l 0.3 (1.0) 0.4 0.1 0.09 0.26 0.1 0.55 0.58 0.38 0.31
6+
30 Chromium as Cr mg/l 0.05 (NR) <0.05 <0.05 <0.05 <0.05 <0.05 <0.05 <0.05 <0.05 <0.05
31 Selenium as Se mg/l 0.01 (NR) <0.01 <0.01 <0.01 <0.01 <0.01 <0.01 <0.01 <0.01 <0.01
32 Zinc as Zn mg/l 5 (15) 0.03 <0.01 <0.01 <0.01 <0.01 1.1 13.6 0.5 0.18
33 Aluminium as Al mg/l 0.03 (0.2) 0.04 0.07 0.04 0.07 0.03 0.01 0.04 0.04 0.04
34 Mercury as Hg mg/l 0.001 (NR) <0.001 <0.001 <0.001 <0.001 <0.001 <0.001 <0.001 <0.001 <0.001
35 Pesticides mg/l Absent Absent Absent Absent Absent Absent Absent Absent Absent Absent
36 E-Coli (MPN/100ml) Absent Absent Absent Absent Absent Absent Absent Absent Absent Absent
37 Total Coliform (MPN/100ml) 10 <2 <2 <2 <2 <2 <2 <2 <2 <2
S.No. Parameters Units IS:10500 Limits GW10 GW11 GW12 GW13 GW14 GW15 GW16 GW17
1 pH - 6.5-8.5 (NR) 7.3 7.4 7.7 7.3 7.1 7.2 7.2 7.06
2 Colour Hazen 5 (25) 4 3 5 4 5 3 4 3
3 Taste - Ag Agreeable Agreeable Agreeable Agreeable Agreeable Agreeable Agreeable Agreeable
4 Odour - U.O U.O U.O U.O U.O U.O U.O U.O U.O
5 Conductivity µS/cm $ 3730 1057 4360 1847 4350 2400 3720 5595
6 Turbidity NTU 5 (10) 9 5 16 9 6 7 4 1
7 Total Dissoved Solids mg/l 500 (2000) 2302 1035 3270 1215 2766 1770 2440 3640
8 Total Hardness as CaCo3 mg/l 300 (600) 930 580 1980 510 1620 880 1180 1430
9 Total Alkalinity HCo3 mg/l 200 (600) 350 260 210 250 300 370 300 340
10 Calcium as Ca mg/l 75 (200) 248 168 456 120 352 260 248 340
11 Magnesium as Mg mg/l 30 (100) 75.33 38.9 204.1 51 179.8 55.9 636.1 140.9
12 Residual Chlorine mg/l 0.2 min <0.2 <0.2 <0.2 <0.2 <0.2 <0.2 <0.2 <0.2
13 Total Boron as B mg/l 1 (5) 0.23 0.1 0.61 0.11 0.21 0.13 0.22 1.5
14 Chlorides as CI mg/l 250 (1000) 666.5 333.2 319.1 361.6 850.8 489.2 758.6 382.9
15 Sulphates as SO4 mg/l 200 (400) 92.3 69.7 165.6 106.4 303.8 165.1 250 1725.6
16 Fluorides as F mg/l 1.0 (1.5) 0.4 0.5 0.7 <0.1 0.7 0.4 0.4 1.1
17 Nitrates as NO3 mg/l 45 (NR) 405.9 106.3 216.7 156.1 546.1 287.3 457.8 126.5
18 Sodium as Na mg/l $ 314 141 266 177 293 268 350 610
19 Pottassium as K mg/l $ 89.2 5.4 8.15 85 10.2 7.6 15.2 27
20 Phenolic Compounds mg/l 0.001 (0.002) <0.001 <0.001 <0.001 <0.001 <0.001 <0.001 <0.001 <0.001
21 Cyanides as CN mg/l 0.05 (NR) <0.02 <0.02 <0.02 <0.02 <0.02 <0.02 <0.02 <0.02
22 Anionic Detergents mg/l 0.2 (1.0) <0.1 <0.1 <0.1 <0.1 <0.1 <0.1 <0.1 <0.1
23 Mineral Oil mg/l 0.01 (0.03) <0.01 <0.01 <0.01 <0.01 <0.01 <0.01 <0.01 <0.01
24 Cadmium as Cd mg/l 0.01 (NR) <0.01 <0.01 <0.01 <0.01 <0.01 <0.01 <0.01 <0.01
25 Arsenic as As mg/l 0.01 (NR) <0.01 <0.01 <0.01 <0.01 <0.01 <0.01 <0.01 <0.01
26 Copper as Cu mg/l 0.05 (1.5) 0.02 0.02 0.03 0.02 0.03 0.03 0.02 <0.01
27 Lead as Pb mg/l 0.05 (NR) <0.01 <0.01 <0.01 <0.01 <0.01 <0.01 <0.01 0.01
28 Manganese as Mn mg/l 0.1 (0.3) <0.01 <0.01 0.02 <0.01 <0.01 0.02 <0.01 <0.01
29 Iron as Fe mg/l 0.3 (1.0) 0.27 0.18 0.77 0.15 0.44 0.21 0.36 <0.01
6+
30 Chromium as Cr mg/l 0.05 (NR) <0.05 <0.05 <0.05 <0.05 <0.05 <0.05 <0.05 <0.05
31 Selenium as Se mg/l 0.01 (NR) <0.01 <0.01 <0.01 <0.01 <0.01 <0.01 <0.01 <0.01
32 Zinc as Zn mg/l 5 (15) 0.11 0.04 0.28 0.11 0.08 0.33 0.08 0.03
33 Aluminium as Al mg/l 0.03 (0.2) 0.02 0.01 0.06 0.07 0.06 0.03 0.03 0.02
34 Mercury as Hg mg/l 0.001 (NR) <0.001 <0.001 <0.001 <0.001 <0.001 <0.001 <0.001 <0.001
35 Pesticides mg/l Absent Absent Absent Absent Absent Absent Absent Absent Absent
36 E-Coli (MPN/100ml) Absent Absent Absent Absent Absent Absent Absent Absent Absent
37 Total Coliform (MPN/100ml) 10 <2 <2 <2 <2 <2 <2 <2 <2
Table 12. Ground Water Quality
Note:
Ϯ: Limits in parenthesis are permissible limits in NTU: Nephelometric Turbidity Unit
absence of alternate source
$: Limits not specified NR: No relaxation specified
UO: Un-Objectionable Ag: Agreeable
The analysis results of ground water samples indicate that the average value of pH ranges
from 7.00 to 7.70 and TDS ranges from 380 mg/l to 3640 mg/l. Of the total 17 samples, 9
samples show values of TDS more than permissible limits. Calcium observed to be high in 10
samples ranging from 228 mg/l to 532 mg/l, magnesium in 5 samples ranging from 140.9
mg/l to 636.1 mg/l and sulphates in 3 samples ranging from 1010 mg/l to 1725.6 mg/l.
Since the chemistry of water directly hints the quality of water for various purposes, its
monitoring and assessment gained substantial importance in the present century. Water
type/hydro-chemical facies evaluation is extremely useful in providing a preliminary idea
about the complex hydro-chemical processes in the sub-surface. Determination of hydro-
chemical facies was extensively used in the chemical assessment of ground water and
surface water of several decades. This method is able to provide sufficient information on
the chemical quality of water, particularly the origin. The first attempt in this direction was
made by Hill (1940) and which is modified by Piper (1944), Duroy (1948) further improved
the piper plot.
Piper diagrams were made in such a way that the milli-equivalent percentages of the major
cations and anions are plotted in separate triangle. These plotted points in the triangular
fields are projected further into the central diamond field, which provides the overall
character of the water. In general, we can classify the sample points in the in the Piper
diagram into 1) Ca2+ - Mg2+ - Cl¯ type, 2) Ca2+ - HCO3¯ type, 3) Na+ - Cl¯ type, 4) Ca2+ - Na+ -
HCO3¯ type, 5) Ca2+ - Cl¯ type, 6) Na+ - HCO3¯ type, 7) Ca2+ - Mg2+ - SO42- type, 8) Ca2+ - Mg2+ -
HCO3¯ type, 9) Na+ - K+ - Cl¯ - SO42- type and 10) Na+ - K+ - HCO3¯ type.
Details of Ion distribution and water type classification for the ground water samples
collected during field visit are presented in Table 13 and Piper diagram with ion distribution
of ground water samples is presented in Figure 16.
Of the 17 samples classified for water types, Calcium Chloride is dominant water type
observed in 7 samples falling in Kumaragiri, Metatapalai, Maravanamadam, Pudur
Pandiyapuram, TV Puram, Kayaloorani and Swaminattam. 3 samples belong to Sodium
Chloride type of water spread in Milavittan, Silverpuram and A Kumara Rediyapuram.
Sodium Sulphate (Kailasapuram and TV Puram) and Calcium Bicarbonate (Velayerdhapuram
and Pudiyamputhur) types are noticed in each 2 samples.
The results of water sample analysis carried out by TCS during 1994 as part of “Rapid
Environmental Impact Assessment and Environmental Management Plan for Proposed
Copper Smelter/Refinery” also indicate higher concentrations of TDS ranging from 1020 mg/l
to 4176 mg/l, sulphates ranging from 1210 mg/l to 1840 mg/l and chlorides ranging from
980 mg/l to 1010 mg/l. This indicates that the ground water quality in the area even before
the SIPCOT industrial set up was poor. However, a detailed study in this respect including
modelling is required to define contaminant sources and describe its movement and extent,
which is not in the scope of present study. Water quality data of TCS during 1994 and TNPCB
monitoring are presented as ANNEXURE-I and II respectively.
Sample Water
Unit Na+ K+ Ca2+ Mg2+ HCO3¯ SO42- Cl¯ NO3-
Code Type
Sample
Unit Na+ K+ Ca2+ Mg2+ HCO3¯ SO42- Cl¯ NO3- Water Type
Code
mg/l 293.00 10.20 352.00 179.80 300.00 303.80 850.80 546.10
Calcium
GWS14 meq/l 12.74 0.26 17.60 14.80 4.92 6.33 24.03 8.81 Chloride
% 28.06 0.58 38.77 32.60 11.15 14.36 54.51 19.98
mg/l 268.00 7.60 260.00 55.90 370.00 165.10 489.20 287.30
Calcium
GWS15 meq/l 11.65 0.19 13.00 4.60 6.07 3.44 13.82 4.63 Chloride
% 39.57 0.66 44.15 15.62 21.70 12.30 49.43 16.57
mg/l 350.00 15.20 248.00 636.10 300.00 250.00 758.60 457.80
Magnesium
GWS16 meq/l 15.22 0.39 12.40 52.35 4.92 5.21 21.43 7.38 Chloride
% 18.94 0.48 15.43 65.15 12.63 13.38 55.03 18.96
mg/l 610.00 27.00 340.00 140.90 340.00 1725.60 382.90 126.50
Sodium
GWS17 meq/l 26.52 0.69 17.00 11.60 5.57 35.95 10.82 2.04
Sulphate
% 47.52 1.24 30.46 20.78 10.25 66.11 19.89 3.75
The main source of ground water recharge is by the rainfall by direct percolation to the zone
of saturation. A significant part of the rainfall is lost as run-off from the area while a limited
percentage of rainfall therefore reaches zone of saturation and becomes the part of ground
water storage after meeting the evaporation and evapo-transpiration losses. Apart from the
surface run-off and storage in water bodies made across the stream courses, return flow
from the irrigated water also contributes to the recharge of ground water.
Geology of the study area is dominated by Migmatite complex, Charnockite and Khondalite
groups of rocks of Archaean age occupying 67%. Quarternary sediments extending up to 6.5
km from coast trending NE-SW and running almost parallel to the coast line occupy 32% of
the study area. Pink and grey granite/pegmatite of Proterozoic and sandstone and claystone
of Tertiary occur as intrusive in a very small area.
The total area of the study area is 376.08 sq km including areas of Gulf of Mannar and other
water bodies (25.93 sq km). The area after deducting the area occupied by Gulf of Mannar
and other water bodies amounts to 350.15 sq km. Recharge in the study area has been
worked out considering effective area using both rainfall infiltration and fluctuation methods
and presented in Tables 14 & 15.. The ground water fluctuation between post monsoon
2013 and pre monsoon 2014 periods was recorded from the 25 key wells as per the
guidelines of Ground water Estimation Committee 1997.
Annual
Area Rainfall Recharge
S.No. Recharge Unit Rainfall
(sq.km) Infiltration (MCM)
(mm)
1 Recent - fluvial, fluvio-marine & marine 122.39 0.200 625.80 15.32
2 Sandstone and claystone 0.21 0.065 625.80 0.01
3 Granite/gneiss/charnockite 238.07 0.125 625.80 18.62
4 Granulite/limestone/quartzite 8.94 0.065 625.80 0.36
5 Gulf of Mannar 6.48 0.000 625.80 0.00
6 Recharge from return flow 4.82 0.250 625.80 0.75
Total Ground water recharge 35.07
7 Water Body 19.45 0.12 625.80 1.43
Gross Ground water recharge 33.64
(Source: Geology Map based on GSI, GEC 1997 and IMD Rainfall)
Table 14. Recharge by Rainfall Infiltration
Increment in
groundwater
Area Specific Recharge
S.No. Recharge Unit storage
(sq.km) yield (MCM)
(fluctuation)
(m)
1 Recent - fluvial, fluvio-marine & marine 122.39 0.107 1.88 24.55
2 Sandstone and claystone 0.21 0.050 1.75 0.02
3 Granite/gneiss/charnockite 238.07 0.030 1.61 11.50
4 Granulite/limestone/quartzite 8.94 0.030 1.75 0.00
5 Gulf of Mannar 6.48 0.000 0.00 0.00
625.8
6 Recharge from return flow 4.82 0.250 (Rainfall) 0.75
Total Ground water recharge 36.82
5 Water Body 19.45 0.062 1.75 2.11
Gross Ground water recharge 34.71
(Source: Geology Map based on GSI, GEC 1997 and Well Inventory)
Table 15. Recharge by Increment in Ground Water Storage
The average of gross ground water recharge by rainfall infiltration and increment in ground
water storage is 34.17 MCM.
The ground water discharge in the study area is mainly for domestic, agriculture and
industrial purpose. Industries in SIPCOT Industrial Area are supported by surface water from
Tambraparni River allotted by TWAD Board. The annual ground water draft has been
estimated as per GEC 1997 guidelines and is given in Table 16.
Ground
Usage
Requirement/Usage No. of water
S.No. Purpose in
m³/day Units draft
Days
(MCM)
Domestic human
1 population and 365 0.075 230096 6.30
livestock
40
2 Irrigation 120 482 2.31
(per ha)
Water usage in
4 365 0 0 0.00
existing Plant
Water usage by other
5 industries in the 365 0 0 0.00
study area
Total groundwater draft 8.61
The total ground water draft in the study area works out to 8.61 MCM.
Ground water balance in respect of the study area has been estimated and is indicated in
Table 17 and ground water balance flow diagram is placed as Figure 17. As per the GEC 1997
norms, areas where ground water resource assessment shows stage of ground water
development at 70% or lower, and there is no significant log term decline of pre or post
monsoon ground water levels are categorized as “Safe”. Though, Thoothukudi (Tuticorin)
block is over exploited as per CGWB estimates (114%), intensive irrigation usage drafting
ground water is not seen in the study area and the stage of ground water development in
the study area is 28.30%. Though, CGWB monitoring network has two wells in the study area
at Tuticorin and Ottapidaram, continuous historical water level data is not available for these
wells to discuss on long term water level trend.
Quantity
S.No. Particulars
(MCM)
I Gross groundwater recharge 33.80
ii Natural discharge to drain and other losses – 10% of (i) 3.38
Iii Net groundwater availability (i-ii) 30.42
iv Annual groundwater draft for all uses 8.61
v Groundwater balance (iii-iv) 21.81
vi Water requirement for existing plant and proposed project 0.00
Vii Balance of groundwater left for development 21.81
viii Present stage of groundwater development in study area 28.30%
114%
Present stage of groundwater development of Thoothukudi block
iX (Over
as per CGWB District Profile
exploited)
Stage of ground water development including use for proposed
X
project 28.30%
35.00
30.00
25.00
20.00
MCM
15.00
10.00
5.00
0.00
Gross Natural Net Ground Annual draft Project Balance
recharge discharge Water requirement groundwater
Availability left
Series1 33.80 3.38 30.42 8.61 0.00 21.81
The impact of proposed project on water regime may be in different ways and on surface or
ground water or both. Water environment may be affected by the proposed project in terms
of disturbing natural water course or change in drainage pattern of the area, quantity and
quality – due to drawl of water, discharge of polluted water/waste water, by contaminated
leachate from disposal/dumping of solid waste etc.
The proposed project site of SSL is contiguous to existing plant and located in SIPCOT
Industrial area, TV Puram, Ottapidaram Mandal, Tuticorin District, Tamil Nadu. At present,
SSL have 233.7 ha of land in total in Zone-A. Copper smelter-I is located in 102.31 ha area,
copper smelter –II will be located in 128.805 ha SEZ are and the remaining land kept in hand
for future purpose is 2.585 ha. Further, additional land of 31.5 ha is requested from SIPCOT
for greenbelt development and other future proposals.
Only first order drainage initiating 2.0 km northwest of the proposed site passes through the
new area. The land is near flat and the run-off from outside the proposed site shall be safely
diverted to maintain natural flow downstream. There will be minor levelling and grading of
existing land for installation of proposed facilities. A well connected storm water drain
network has been already initiated in the proposed site and these shall be continued in line
with the existing topography and drain network to safely and effectively manage the run-off.
No impact on natural drainage and water bodies is envisaged.
The proposed project does not envisage any drawl of ground water. Water requirement of
the proposed project will be about 8773 m³/day (3.20 MCM per year), which is allotted by
TWAD Board from Tambraparni River. Since the proposed project is not drawing any ground
water and Tambraparni River is perennial in nature, there will be no impact in terms of
drawing surface and ground water.
However, in order to reduce the dependency of external water usage, the proposed project
is envisaged to operate on a zero discharge concept recirculating the waste water generated
to the tune of 4551 m³/day (1.66 MCM per year) and proposes a rain water harvesting
system of approximate annual harvesting capacity of 0.18 MCM.
The existing plant and proposed project are designed maintaining zero discharge and zero
spillage. Five Waste Water Treatment Plants (WWTP) with different treatment processes
and two Reverse Osmosis Plants to purify treated waste water and utility wastewater
separately have been operated. All waste water generated from different processes is
pumped to the holding tanks at WWTPs and taken through respective processes. The
treated waste water is recirculated for plant usage and greenbelt. Same process of zero
discharge ensured by waste water treatment system followed by RO process which will be
recirculated is proposed for the new plant. Water balance diagram of the proposed project is
presented in Figure 18.
However, keeping the ground water contamination in the surrounding industrial area in
view, measures to control any further contamination through the following shall be taken
up.
Efficient management of water resource in an area is the key of long term sustainability.
Keeping in view of the geology of the area, artificial recharge of ground water, rain water
harvesting and conservation of water resources has been envisaged which may lead the area
towards its sustainable management. Artificial recharge and rain water harvesting can be
successfully implemented in the areas having water scarcity or overexploitation.
The drainage network in the proposed project site is of 1st order and initiates at a distance of
2.3 km northwest of the site. Since the proposed project site enclosed with a boundary wall,
the run-off generated will be from within the proposed site only. Run-off generated from the
proposed site has been worked out using GIS considering the proposed land use in the
proposed site.
Land use in the proposed project site includes 27.0 ha of already developed green belt and
rest of the land under scrub. The annual run-off from the proposed site considering the pre
development land use is estimated at 0.25 MCM while the volume of water available during
northeast monsoon is 0.18 MCM.
There will be considerable change in the land use after proposed project activities and the
post development land use break-up is presented in Table 2. The annual volume of surface
water available from the proposed site after considering post development is estimated at
0.59 MCM while the volume of water available during northeast monsoon period is 0.41
MCM. A considerable increase in run-off is noticed after development due to project
activities.
Although hydrogeological assessment studies of the study area indicate that the area is of
“Safe” category in terms of ground water development, realizing its national obligation and
to reduce water demand from outside to certain extent, SSL implemented rain water
harvesting measures in the form of rain water reservoirs in the existing plant area and roof
top harvesting and ground water recharge in township area. SSL also proposes to harvest
rain water by implementing rain water reservoirs and roof top harvesting to the tune of 0.18
MCM per year. Details of rain water and roof top harvesting measures implemented in
existing plant and in proposed project site are presented in Table 18.
In order to reduce the dependency of external water usage, the existing plant is recirculating
the waste water generated after treatment and purification to the tune of 4180 m³/day
(1.53 MCM per year) and the proposed project is envisaged to the tune of 4551 m³/day (1.66
MCM per year).
Quantity of Water
Design Capacity/
S.No Measure Usage of harvested/ recharged
Treatment Surface Area
. Description Water per annum
m³/sq m
MCM
Table 18. Details of Rain Water Harvesting and Waste Water Treatment & Reciruculation Units
The proposed project does not envisage any ground water draft for the project purpose.
However, roof top harvesting measures diverting rain water to recharge ground water
through recharge wells have been in place in township area. The present project also
proposes to take up similar measures in the proposed project area.
7.0 CONCLUSIONS
The proposed project is a green-field project and involves the establishment of Copper
Smelter, Copper Refinery, Copper Rod, Sulphuric Acid and Phosphoric Acid plants.
The project site falls in Tamil Nadu Uplands and Plains, hot moist semi-arid Ecological Sub-
Region with deep red loamy and sandy soils. The normal annual rainfall indicates that
average annual rainfall is 625.8 mm. The topography of the proposed project site is gently
sloping plain with elevation ranging from 18 m to 25 m above mean sea level.
The study area is part of the composite east flowing river basin as per the Watershed Atlas
of CGWB. The drainage network in the proposed project site is of 1st order and initiates at a
distance of 2.3 km northwest of the site. Land use in the proposed project site includes 27.0
ha of already developed green belt and rest of the land under scrub.
The analysis results of surface water samples indicate that the water is of good quality with
pH 7.1, TDS 200 mg/l and all other constituents falling within the acceptable limits of
ISO:10500 standards. SWS2 and SWS3 are close the sea and clearly show the influence of
backwater from the sea.
Geology of the study area is dominated by Migmatite complex, Charnockite and Khondalite
groups of rocks of Archaean age occupying 67%. Quarternary sediments extending up to 6.5
km from coast trending NE-SW and running almost parallel to the coast line occupy 32% of
the study area.
The depth of dug wells in crystalline rocks in the study area range from 7.0 to 16.5 m. Dug-
cum-bore wells are noticed around Ottapidaram with bore wells drilled up to a depth of 110.
0 m from the bottom of the well and these are used for support irrigation in agriculture
lands. The depth to water level during field visit (7th to 9th October 2014 – the rainfall till 1st
week of October was very less resulting in a drought situation and deep water levels in
uplands; this could be treated as pre-monsoon situation) range from 2.70 m 10.55 m with
number of dug wells having depth range of 8.0 to 10.0 m remaining dry. A review of the
topography and drainage pattern reveals that the general slope of the study area is towards
east/southeast towards Gulf of Mannar in the northern part and towards Korampallam Tank
and Gulf of Mannar in the southern part. The average value of Transmissivity was found as
10.01 m²/day while storage coefficient was found as 2.0325 x 10-4.The analysis results of
ground water samples indicate that the average value of pH ranges from 7.00 to 7.70 and
TDS ranges from 380 mg/l to 3640 mg/l. Of the total 17 samples, 9 samples show values of
TDS more than permissible limits.
The stage of ground water development in the study area is 28.30% and can be categorized
as “Safe” as per the GEC 1997 guidelines.
No impact on natural drainage and water bodies is envisaged. Since the proposed project is
not drawing any ground water and Tambraparni River is perennial in nature, there will be no
impact in terms of drawing surface and ground water. However, keeping the ground water
contamination in the surrounding industrial area in view, necessary measures to control any
further contamination shall be taken up.
Parameter Pump Bore Bore Dug Well Bore Well South- Pond
House Well Well Meelavittan Veerapandiapuram Sankarapperi
SIPCOT Ramesh Polipack
FPL Unit
PH 8.0 8.3 8.5 8.3 7.9 9.0
Colour, Hazen <5 <5 <5 <5 <5 <5
Units
Temperature 33.0 33.5 33.5 31.0 33.0 34.0
°C
Total 10 8 12 26 10 28
Suspended
Solids
Total 140 4176 640 3120 2786 1020
Dissolved
Solids
Total Volatile 27 19 28 37 22 39
Solids
Dissolved 5.7 2.8 4.0 5.0 3.4 5.6
oxygen
BOD-20°C 12 20 14 42 27 50
COD 62 83 41 166 83 596
Oil and Nil Nil Nil Nil Nil Nil
Grease
Chlorides as 16 920 180 1010 980 260
Cl
Phenolic Nil Nil Nil Nil Nil Nil
Compounds
Cyanides as Nil Nil Nil Nil Nil Nil
CN
Nil Sulphide Nil Nil Nil Nil Nil Nil
as S
Sulphates as 19 1840 76 1440 1210 192
SO4
Insecticides Absent Absent Absent Absent Absent Absent
Total Residual Nil Nil Nil Nil Nil Nil
chlorine
Fluoride 1.4 4.6 7.0 2.8 1.4 2.8
Boron as B 0.33 1.33 0.43 <0.01 0.21 0.36
Arsenic as As <0.01 <0.01 <0.01 <0.01 <0.01 <0.01
Barium as Ba <0.01 <0.01 <0.01 <0.01 <0.01 <0.01
Cadmium as <0.02 0.03 0.03 0.05 0.05 0.04
Cd
Lead as Pb <0.01 <0.01 <0.01 <0.01 <0.01 <0.01
Copper as Cu <0.01 0.02 <0.01 <0.01 0.03 <0.01
Chromium as <0.01 <0.01 <0.01 <0.01 <0.01 <0.01
Cr
Mercury as <0.01 <0.01 <0.01 <0.01 <0.01 <0.01
Hg
Nickel as Ni <0.01 <0.01 <0.01 <0.01 <0.01 <0.01
Selenium as <0.01 <0.01 <0.01 <0.01 <0.01 <0.01
Se
Silver as Ag <0.01 <0.01 <0.01 <0.01 <0.01 <0.01
Zinc as Zn 0.03 0.07 1.79 0.02 0.19 0.20
Iron as Fe 0.05 0.10 0.10 0.08 0.09 0.08
Total nitrogen 8.1 4.8 8.4 8.1 5.3 10.2
Percent 20 57 52 51 38 59
Sodium as
Na, %
Coliform 0 0 0 4 0 9
organisms,
MPN/100 ml
ANNEXURE-II - Ground Water Quality – TNPCB Monitoring
AVIII-1
Inversion / Mixing Height Studies
At
Tuticorin, Tamilnadu
India
Acknowledgement
We are thankful to the General Manager, Vimta Labs Ltd (VLL) for giving
us an opportunity to serve VLL for carrying out Sodar studies at the Sterlite
project site located at Spicot Industrial Complex, Tuticorin in Tamilnadu. Special
thanks are due to Dr. M Janardhan, Vice President (Environment) and Dr. G.V.
Raghava Rao, Project coordinator (Environment) for the scientific discussions
and advisory support to formulate work plan strategies for deliverables etc. We
sincerely acknowledge our gratitude to Sh Subbaiah sir, HOD Environment and
Mr A.Govindswamy, Project Coordinator, Sterlite for their valuable support in
coordination of work elements at site and help in several work phases such as
site selection, system installation, arranging necessary infrastructural facilities for
smoothly carrying out the present studies etc.
2
Summary Report
Signature
3
Contents
1. Introduction
5. Sodar Technology
7. Maintenance of Equipment
8. Sodar Applications
9. Results
12. References
4
1. Introduction
The lower part of the atmosphere, called Atmospheric Boundary Layer (ABL), around
us is the domain of life and all human activities. As such emissions and dispersion of
pollutants are confined within it. The relative dominance between the two decides the quality
of air that we breathe. The continuing Increase of urbanization and industrialization is loading
emissions beyond dispersion capabilities of the atmosphere and thereby deteriorating the air
quality. Therefore, it is essential to maintain air quality for healthier living. In this context, it is
important to understand that pollution loading (emissions) is man made while dispersion of
pollutants (ventilation) is governed by naturally occurring atmospheric processes which are not
in our control. In fact, the Mother Nature has gifted us with meteorological mechanisms which
generate atmospheric processes which, in turn, act as natural means for dispersion of
pollutants. These processes provide ventilation to the emissions and natural maintenance of
air quality for healthy living. Therefore, unless atmospheric ventilation capability or the
pollutants carrying capacity at any site supports the increasing load of emissions, the air
quality will go from bad to worse with the growth of industry in that region.
However, the economic interests of the country encourage both the growth of industry
etc and the healthy environment. Therefore, In order to strike a balance between the two
(industrliasation and air quality management), it is essential to understand and study the
working mechanism of atmospheric dispersion processes and use the knowledge to plan
strategies of quality management. In this context, interaction of incoming solar radiation and
the earth provides basic driving force to generate meteorological mechanisms which control
atmospheric stability and thereby act natural means of ventilation for pollutants.
The processes such as radiational cooling of ground after sunset lead to stable ABL
conditions, characterized by ground based temperature inversion, and lead to trapping / or
accumulation of pollutant. On the other hand processes favoring unstable ABL conditions such
as solar heating of the ground after sunrise or strong surface winds provide natural dispersion
or ventilation of the pollutants. These processes (stable and unstable ABL) are known to occur
alternatively on diurnal scale in accordance with the occurrence of day and night after sunrise
and sunset. Thus, the accumulation of pollutants during the night time stable ABL is taken
care of in a natural way by the atmospheric ventilation resulting from thermal buoyancy of air
due to solar heating of ground during the following day. Pollution problems emerge when the
accumulation dominates over the ventilation factor. Such conditions do occur when the local or
synoptic weather conditions such as cold winter, dense fog etc. support persistence of
5
inversions for longer periods. Furthermore, as these processes(stable or inversion and
unstable ABL) are manifestations of solar heating and nocturnal cooling of the ground, the
characteristics of these processes are site specific and show characteristic diurnal and
seasonal variations depending upon the underlying topographical features and prevailing local
and synoptic weather conditions. Thus, for an effective environment management, it is
essential to have an account of said site specific air pollution meteorological aspects for EIA
examination and regulation of pollution concerned activities in accordance with the ventilation
or cleaning capacity of the atmosphere in a natural way.
In pursuit of the same, carrying out studies for Environment Impact Assessment (EIA)
in respect of setting up new industries, expansion of existing industries, site selection for
industrial zone etc. is recommended by the environment protection agencies world wide. In
view of the growing industrialization etc., strict environmental laws have been enforced for
protection of the environment. In several cases it is now mandatory to seek environmental
clearance for specific industries, from the official agencies such as Central / State Pollution
Control Boards.
When it comes to undertaking EIA, site specific local study of air pollution meteorological
parameters and the characteristics of atmospheric processes/ stability (inversion /mixing
height) which govern air quality form vital input parameters of consideration in dispersion
modeling for EIA. These parameters are indicators of prevailing ABL stability. The
inversion/mixing height practically define the vertical height limit for accumulation and mixing
of pollutants. As such it is popularly known as atmospheric inversion/mixing height of
pollutants in air pollution meteorological terms.
These needed input parameters for dispersion modeling, are conventionally derived indirectly
through radio-sonde temperature profiles pertaining to nearby IMD station and are not the true
representations of the site under consideration. With the emergence of sodar technology, it is
now possible to have on site real time data of inversion/mixing height needed for EIA.
Although there are several remote sensing and in-situ conventional techniques, with relative
merits and demerits which are used to study inversion/mixing height. However, Sodar is
considered as the proven meritorious and economical choice, worldwide accepted and
recommended by the environment protection agencies ( EPA) , including CPCB in India, as air
quality meteorological tool to provide site specific continuous data in real time
6
Furthermore, longer period Sodar observations have found potential application in air pollution
meteorology. It makes possible to define meteorological conditions (ground based elevated
inversion layer) responsible for pollution accumulation near the ground. This is a knowledge
which is very useful in interpretation of pollution measurement data and particularly so in
recognizing the responsibility for pollution episodes (growing emission or meteorology).
In view of above considerations, the CPCB guide lines for air quality dispersion modeling
recommended the use of site specific Sodar derived mixing / inversion height data for EIA. In
pursuit of the same, Sodar studies of inversion / mixing height have been undertaken by
Vimta Labs Ltd for the sterlite project site at located at Spicot Industrial Complex,
Tutucorin in Tamilnadu. Study is undertaken for air quality modeling for the integrated
Sterlite Project.
The continuous Sodar data recorded during the period 1 5 A u g 2014 to 14 Sep 2014
has been utilized to evaluate hourly averaged mixing /inversion height and presented in
this report.
The present work is focused at site specific Sodar study to determine occurrence of
the hourly averaged inversion level and mixing height at Spicot Industrial Complex,
Tutucorin in Tamilnadu.
The work includes site noise survey, site selection for sodar installation, sodar
installation, operation, data collection and data processing for inversion studies.
Accordingly, Sodar study based on continuous observations pertaining to the study period
of (1 5 A u g 2014 to 14 Sep 2014) has been carried out. The observations are analyzed to
deliver required information on inversion level / mixing height at Spicot Industrial Complex,
Tutucorin in Tamilnadu.
7
3. Site Location and Climatology
The Sodar observational site was located (Fig.1) at Spicot Industrial Complex, Tutucorin in
Tamilnadu (8° 48' N 78° 11' E).
8
Tuticorin (Thoothukudi), also known as 'Thiru mandira Nagar' and called as "Sea Gateway
of Tamil Nadu". The City lies in the Coromandel Coast off Bay of Bengal and is one of the major
seaports in India.
The soils over southern side of the Tuticorin is composed of quartz and variable quantities of
fine red dry dust. The city experiences tropical climatic conditions characterized with
immensely hot summer, gentle winter and frequent rain showers.
TEMPERATURE:
The summer in Tuticorin extends between March and June when the climate is very humid.
Tuticorin registers the maximum temperature of 39 °C (102 °F) and the minimum temperature
of 32 °C (90 °F).
Throughout the month of August - September daytime temperatures will generally reach highs
of around 30°C. At night the average minimum temperature drops down to around 23°C. The
lowest recorded temperature oscillates and is around 14°C during September. The chart
below plots the average high and low temperature for each month of the year. It also shows
the maximum and minimum recorded temperatures (Fig 2a). ( http://www.accuweather.com/)
(http://www.accuweather.com/).
The region experiences major rainfall during the period of October to December. The average
monthly amount of precipitation has been recorded at around 4 mm. Probability of receiving
normal rainfall is below 50% (40-50%) over major portion of study area.
9
WIND:
The region generally experiences high winds thorough the year. The average daily wind speed
in August is 6Km/h while during September it has been around 4 km/h, that’s the equivalent to
2 knots. In recent years the maximum sustained wind speed has reached 30 km/h, that’s the
equivalent of around 18 mph, or 16 knots.(Fig 2b)
(http://www.accuweather.com/)
In view of above, the present observational period (August - September 2014) witness day light for
about 11 hours with chances of clouds, light rain and moderate winds. The site being in close proximity
of sea, inversion mixing height is likely to be influenced by both the praviling ambient wind s and the
incursion of land-sea breeze circulation. .
The most important significance of mixing height is that it is a single parameter that
describes the combined or the integrated effect of several meteorological parameters, which
govern the dispersion capabilities of the atmosphere. It defines the ventilation coefficient or the
dimensions of the maximum room size offered by nature through interaction or energy
exchange between the prevailing meteorological conditions and the under lying topographical
features for a particular given site. It practically limits the vertical height up to which pollutants
10
released near the ground can reach or get mixed up along with vertical air currents caused by
the turbulence process generated due to free or forced thermal convection. Thus, for given
horizontal wind speed, mixing height is an indicator of the mixing volume available for
accumulation of pollutants or pollution concentration or in other words mixing height is an
indicator of the air quality. Since mixing height is governed by prevailing meteorological
conditions, variation in any one of the meteorological parameters such as incoming solar
energy due to cloud cover or declination of Sun during course of the day, wind speed,
humidity, rain fall etc., causes change in the horizontal or vertical dimension of mixing room
size and thereby concentration of pollutants present in the available mixing volume Therefore,
for a given site, mixing height exhibits a typical pattern of diurnal variation trend in
accordance with solar heating of the ground starting from sunrise to sun set during the course
of the day. Accordingly, under normal clear weather conditions at any site, the maximum
mixing height or the best dispersion condition during the day is available around noon when
the heat flux near the surface of earth is maximum. Since in actual conditions, synoptic
weather conditions such as rain, fog, snow fall, frontal system, etc do modify the local
prevailing meteorological condition and accordingly induce short term or long term changes in
the normal mixing height variation trends. Thus any meaningful real time dispersion model for
now casting or forecasting of air quality calls for real time site specific mixing / inversion
height.
It may be pointed out that mixing height is the net result of warming of the earth surface and
thus it incorporates in itself the effect of prevailing meteorological conditions and underlying
topographical features. Therefore, the effects of sunshine, cloud cover, wind, earth’s surface
conditions, albedo etc., are embedded in the site specific mixing / inversion height.
Mixing / inversion height follows diurnal and seasonal changes related to various cycles
of meteorological parameters. Therefore, study for air pollution climatology, for EIA, calls for
continuous monitoring of mixing height on round the cloak basis. However, in view of the time
constraints involved in prior EIA for setting up an industry, a quick assessment can be taken
up via studying the worst scenario period. In this context, winter period is considered as the
worst and critical period of the year. During winter, the ground temperature is minimum due to
the lowest solar inclination and the duration of sunshine is also the least. Frequently,
persistence of inversion is observed for days in succession. Under such situations, mixing
height during the day gets significantly curtailed and thereby it offers poor or the worst natural
11
dispersion conditions. Therefore, an effective and rapid EIA calls for considerations of critical
winter period study of mixing / inversion height that ensures satisfactory scenario for the rest
of seasonal periods. Thus, winter period is considered as the critical period for studies of air
pollution meteorology. However, for comprehensive EIA, continuous studies for a year long
period covering all the four seasons are desirable.
In the other situation, it is important to note that since mixing height is associated with ground
temperature, it is maximum in local summer. It offers the best dilution to all the pollutants
emitted in the atmosphere and the atmospheric carrying capacities are much higher during hot
summer than in any other period of the year. However, in local winter, as earth receives solar
energy for a limited period and that too at an inclination, the strength of vertical currents is the
lowest. Moreover, the radiative cooling of the earth’s surface during night is also stronger,
which in turn leads to the formation of stronger surface based inversions. Such circumstances
result in the poor dispersion conditions and reduced mixing height which may lead to air
pollution meteorological hazards, particularly during persistence of dense fog. Thus winter
offers worst scenario to study air pollution meteorology with reference to EIA. It is extremely
important that both the stability classes and the mixing height are determined accurately for
the purposes of assessing the air-pollution dispersion in the atmosphere.
12
height and the concentration levels in the early morning hours as well as during the
Atmospheric Boundary Layer (ABL) collapse in the afternoon. These results are of importance
for urban air pollution modeling, which has recently attracted the attention of many research
groups.
5. Sodar Technology
Sodar is exactly similar to radar, except that instead of radio waves employed in radar,
it employs sound / acoustic waves to interrogate the medium. Therefore it is named SODAR
(Sound Detection & Ranging) or AcDAR (Acoustic Detection & Ranging). In this technique, a
powerful packet of sound waves (sound burst) is transmitted vertically up into the atmosphere.
These sound waves get scattered in all the directions by the temperature and wind fluctuations
occurring along the path of propagation in the atmosphere. Theoretical considerations (not
discussed here) reveal that the back-scattered energy contains information about thermal
turbulence. Therefore, the backscattered component is picked up to derive information about
prevailing turbulence or the thermal structure of the atmosphere as shown in Figure.3. A back
scattering or monostatic Sodar (with co-located transmitter and receiver) is used to capture
back-scattered acoustic signals. The received signal is suitably processed to get desired
online information about prevailing meteorological phenomenon and online / offline information
about the atmospheric inversion / mixing height levels.
The basic data format is the facsimile representation of dynamics of ABL thermal structures in
Turbulence display of the intensity of the
real time a facsimile display is a real time 3-Dimensional
turbulence associated with scattering media at various heights / altitudes. It describes
dynamics of the prevailing atmospheric meteorological processes. The atmosphere is scanned
after every 6 seconds to get probing range right from surface up to an altitude of 1 km. The
data is sampled at a range resolution of 1m and plotted in color intensity mode. The different
colors indicate the intensity of the scattering medium (turbulence).The echogram structural
details are used to derive information about inversion / mixing height. They also deliver
information about the onset / dissipation time of the occurrence of atmospheric phenomenon
in addition to the duration and height at which it originated. The data can be utilized in variety
of applications.
13
Fig.3 Scattering of sound from air in-homogeneities. In a Sodar, the back -scattered part
is picked up and amplified to present facsimile pictures of the atmosphere.
The block diagram of the mono-static Sodar showing the operation logics and sub-system
assemblies is shown in Figure 4
1. Antenna assembly and acoustic shield: Its purpose is to direct the energy into the
atmosphere and receive back the scattered signals.
2. The system electronics: Its role is to produce a powerful acoustical pulse for transmission
and conditioning of the received signals for further processing to produce a facsimile display or
Sodar echograms of ABL thermal structures. An IBM compatible PC is part of system
electronics which performs several control functions for the entire system operation and data
handling for facsimile display, print and storage of digital file for online / offline processing.
3. Operational software: Its role is to control various operations automatically and through
user-friendly software, present data in a user-friendly format.
14
Fig. 4 Block diagram of Sodar
Once the system is switched on, the actual acoustic sounder operation begins at the PC level.
Several input operational parameters are selected depending upon the desired application.
Particularly, the selectable dead time and the pulse repetition time (between two pulses) are
entered through the software. With start of data acquisition, first, the data file name is created
in which the received signal will be stored. The PC also provides the burst of desired
frequency and duration for transmission during acoustic sounder operation. This output from
the computer system is suitably amplified by a power - amplifier and is transmitted through an
audio transducer The transducer fitted at the focus of 4 feet parabolic dish (Figure 5),
transmits as well as receives the scattered signals. The received signals are suitably
conditioned and amplified by a pre-amplifier which is kept very close to the antenna. These
signals are further filtered through a band pass filter to suppress the environmental noise.
These analog signals are digitized by an ADC card and the digital signal is then processed,
recorded and saved / stored in a file. The PC gives the time-height record of the atmospheric
structure moving through the antenna beam. The signal amplitude is depicted as a color
picture on the video screen. Integration of data scan by scan produces a real time facsimile
display on the monitoring screen of PC. It can be printed using any standard printer.
15
Fig. 5 Basic system assemblies for a Sodar
The technical specifications of the Sodar system used are listed in Table.1
16
6. Data Format, Nomenclature & Determination of inversion / mixing
height
The basic data format is the facsimile chart giving three dimensional display of the
intensity of atmospheric echoes from various heights in real time. Basically, data comprises of
two types of echoes: thermal echoes and shear echoes. Thermal echoes indicating thermal
convection are associated with solar heating of the ground during the day time and the shear
echoes representing stable ABL or inversion associated with radiational cooling of the ground
during night time.
In the case of thermal convection, during sunny periods (around noon hours), the earth’s
surface is most heated due to direct solar radiation falling on the earth. With the result, the air
close to earth becomes much warmer than the air aloft and thus it rises due to buoyancy.
When this parcel of air rises, it expands and interacts with the background air all around its
periphery. Thus, as it moves up, it becomes smaller and smaller in its original diameter and on
Sodar, a cone shape structure with broad base and tapered column is formed. This typical
structure, shown in Fig. 7, is commonly known as thermal plumes. The thermal plumes
induce convective air currents which cause vertical mixing and all the pollutants near the
surface of earth are carried up by these vertical currents in the air. Thus, the pollution density
on the surface of earth gets reduced. Such thermals can be easily identified through pattern
recognition and represent unstable atmosphere. Under thermal convection, the surface air
temperature is much higher than the temperature of air aloft up to certain height, later on there
is adiabatic fall of temperature.
17
6.2 Shear Echoes
In the evening, close to sun set, there is no heating of the surface of earth and earth
losses its heat energy due to the radiative cooling. Thus a stage reaches when the
temperature of air becomes homogenous. The ABL comes in near neutral state and it shows
no signature or blank trace on Sodar facsimile chart, showing neutral stability or absence of
turbulence in ABL.
With the progress of time after sunset, earth starts losing heat and becomes cooler than the
air above it. This results in increase of temperature with height and temperature profile is
inverse of what it was previously during solar heating of the ground. As a result, the air-mass
close to the surface of earth cools off rapidly. This cool air being heavier than the over lying
warmer air can not rise up and it rests, as stable air mass, on the ground surface. This part of
the atmospheric layer which is warmer than underlying earth surface but cooler than over lying
air mass is known as inversion layer within which the temperature increases with height or the
temperature profile is inverse of day time temperature profile. Hence the name temperature
inversion is acquired. On Sodar record it looks as thick band of layer with flat or spiky top and
is called ground based inversion (Fig. 7).
At times elevated layers in addition to ground based inversion are formed due to wind
shear, advection of warm air over the colder region, subsidence associated with frontal
passage etc. These inversions lead to suppression of the vertical mixing and thereby leading
to the enhancement of pollution below the inversion layer.
18
6.3 Determination of Inversion / Mixing Height
Sodar structural details of inversion are used to derive online information on nocturnal
inversion level of stable ABL and mixing depth of thermal convective unstable ABL during day
time solar heating of the ground. In case of Stable ABL, top of the ground based inversion
layer gives a fairly good estimate of the inversion level for practical applications in dispersion
modeling. This information about inversion level is available with every scan of 6 seconds
during Sodar operation. However, hourly averaged value of inversion level, which is indeed
required for practical application, can be read directly online from the Sodar facsimile records
or can be computed (Offline) through software capabilities using stored digital data files.
Acoustic Sounder (Sodar) installation needs a site survey and noise spectrum study at site
before installation. The noise sources near the operational site would certainly affect Sodar
performance, as extremely weak signals scattered from higher altitudes may get marked by
the noise. Therefore, on site survey noise spectrum is essential before installation to decide
the Sodar operational frequency. It needs to ensure that there is no strong noise at the
operational frequency. If required, the operational frequency can be changed to avoid the
background noise at a particular frequency. In unavoidable circumstances, specially designed
acoustic shield may also be used to protect the antenna from surrounding noise.
19
7. Maintenance of Equipment
The equipment is basically computer controlled and as such runs trouble free. Once put
in operation, system runs automatically and takes care of data saving on power failures and
restarts automatically when the power is resumed. As such no special maintenance is required
unless there are computer related problems such as frequent power failure, power back up,
computer hang up etc. The virus through internet may pose problems. Therefore, use of
internet on Sodar PC is not recommended unless essential. One needs to check at times that
system is sounding or listen to the sound burst that ensures that system operation is in order.
However, certain safety measure points would further ensure proper functioning of the
equipment. The points are:
1. Keep antenna clean and wash it with simple water (if required).
2. Keep computer virus free, as viruses can seriously degrade system performance.
3. Switch off equipment during rain as no useful data is obtained due to heavy rain noise.
4. Maintain proper ground or earth in the supply line. If ground is improper, it will allow
system to pick up spurious noise and system performance is seriously affected. This
part is normally taken care off during installation.
8. Sodar Applications
Some of the data application areas, wherein Sodar has proven excellence, are the following:
The various characteristic thermal of ABL such as thermal plumes, ground based inversion,
elevated inversions, eroding inversion which are normally observed at any site have been
observed at the present site of Spicot Industrial Complex, Tutucorin in Tamilnadu.
Visual examination of Sodar Echogram details has revealed a widely varying simple to
complex meteorological condition with respect to air quality. Inversion stratification associated
to wind shear is seen on most of the observational days. The free thermally convective ABL is
seen to be largely influenced prevailing wind in conjunction with incursion of sea breeze during
day time. As a result diffused thermal plume structure is observed on Sodar echograms.
The data pertaining to the observation period (15 Aug 2014 to 14 Sep 2014) has been
analyzed for hourly averaged inversion/mixing height values in the interest of air quality
dispersion modeling for the site under consideration. The data has been analyzed to know
minimum, maximum and average value of stable/unstable ABL.
The analysis of echograms has revealed that onset of inversion formation begins around 1800
hours in the evening during the study period. This time varies with season and prevailing
weather conditions. It marks change of atmospheric stability from unstable to stable ABL.
The break of inversion (fumigation) is seen to start at around 0800 hours in the morning and
lasts for about half an hour to one hour. In general, the complete changeover of stability, from
stable to unstable ABL takes place by 0930 hours. The fumigation period varies in accordance
with prevailing weather conditions and season. The prolonged situations of fumigation are
adverse conditions for air pollution dispersion point of view. Such situations are not seen
during the present study period. The study of onset and break up of inversion timings reveals
availability of a good atmospheric ventilation period of about 8.5 hours (0930-1800 hours) at
Spicot Industrial Complex, Tutucorin in Tamilnadu.. Further, the ABL stability is seen to vary
from stability class A to E. The occurrence of strong stability condition (stability F) is not seen
to be significant during the present study. This indicates inversions gradients are not very
strong during this period.
21
The hourly averaged values of nocturnal inversion level and the day time mixing height have
been computed based on the observed Sodar structural details on the facsimile records. The
day wise averaged hourly data for each observational day is given in the data Table 2. The
data pertaining to nocturnal stable ABL (inversion level), day time unstable ABL and
fumigation periods is highlighted in different colors. The data marked in red color pertains to
day time unstable thermally convective mixing height while data marked in black refers to night
time stable ABL (inversion level). The fumigation period, representing inversion breakup after
sunrise, is indicated through blue color in the respective tables.
The examination of data in the table shows variability of inversion/ mixing height in different
hours on different days. This variability from hour to hour is associated with variations in the
local micrometeorological conditions such as prevailing wind speed, wind direction, cloud
cover, sunshine, humidity, incursion of mountain wind, land-sea breeze etc. Sudden increase
in the inversion level is generally associated with the variation in the vertical component of
increase in the wind speed. Vertical wind component induces mechanical mixing in the stable
air mass of inversion and thereby increases the height of inversion level. Therefore, high
values of inversion level in certain hours are presumed to be associated with higher wind
speed or change in some other meteorological parameter causing increase in the vertical
transfer of momentum during those hours. At times increased winds due to coastal fronts,
particularly in coastal regions, contribute significantly in inducing upward transfer of
momentum flux, causing mechanical mixing of air mass in the ground inversion and thereby
lead to increase of inversion height.
The inversion build up is known to starts shortly after sun set due to nocturnal cooling of the
ground. The inversion height increases in accordance with increased cooling of the ground
with passage of time. Under calm and clear sky conditions it (inversion) attains maximum
height during the period of maximum cooling (0300-0500 hours) at night. Therefore, at times
the data pertaining to 0300-0500 hours can be analyzed to broadly know the variational trends
in the maximum of the monthly averaged height of inversion level.
Further, as per EIA dispersion modeling requirements, the entire data has been analyzed to
know hourly averaged inversion/mixing height and presented in tabular form. Besides the
observational data pertaining to the stable boundary layer (inversion) and confined well within
periods of inversion formation after sunset and prior to onset of inversion breakup after sunrise
(1800 hours to 0600 hours) has been analyzed to know the maximum, minimum, mean and
the probable occurrence of inversion height during the observational period.
22
The overall observational analysis shows that during the observational, period of 15 Aug, 2014
to 14 Sep, 2014 the ABL is seen to remain stable during the period 1800-0600 hour and
unstable ABL is confined to the period the between 0930 hours to 1700 hours. The remaining
hours are seen to exhibit transitional phases of stable ABL to unstable ABL in the morning
(breaking inversion) and reverse unstable to stable ABL ( inversion formation) in the evening.
The height of stable ABL (inversion) is seen to vary from a minimum of about 64m to a
maximum of about 345m during the observational period (1800 hours to 0600 hours).
However, the monthly average inversion level is seen to be 178±64 m during the entire study
period.
Relative distribution of inversion height (Fig.8) shows that maximum probability (about 37%) of
inversion height to be within 150 to 200m and 18 % probability for the inversion height to be
within 100 to 150m. The probability for higher height gets progressively reduced. The
probability of 14% only is seen for the inversion being more than 250m.
40.00%
Stable ABL (Inversion) Tuticorin
35.00%
Occurrence %
30.00%
25.00%
20.00%
15.00%
10.00%
5.00%
0.00%
50 - 100 100-150 150-200 200-250 250 -300
Height (m)
23
The analysis for cumulative occurrence (Fig.9) shows a probability of about 85% for inversion
height to be upto 150m, 66% upto 200m, 29% upto 200 and for about 14% of the time it is
more than 200m.
90.00%
80.00%
70.00%
60.00%
%
50.00%
40.00%
30.00%
20.00%
10.00%
0.00%
50 - 100 100-150 150-200 200-250 250 -300
Height (m)
Similar analysis of day time unstable ABL shows that the height of unstable ABL (free thermal
convection) during course of the day (0900-1700 hours) is seen to vary from a minimum of
about 523m to maximum of about 1689m during the observational period. However, the
average mixing height is seen to be 1038±327m during the entire study period.
Relative distribution of convective mixing height (Fig.10) shows that maximum probability of
about 27% for height to be within 650 to 900m and 23 % probability for the mixing height to be
within 900 to 1150m. The occurrence for mixing height to be more than 1650m is seen to be
about 3% only.
The cumulative occurrence probability (Fig 11) shows a probability of about 87% for the mixing
height to upto 900m and about 60% probability for mixing height upto 1150m, The mixing
height is upto 1400m for about 37% : upto 1650m for about 14% of the observational time and
it is seen to be more than 1650m for about 3% during the observational period.
24
Unstable ABL Tuticorin
30.00%
25.00%
Occurrence %
20.00%
15.00%
10.00%
5.00%
0.00%
400 - 650 650 - 900 900 - 1150 1150 - 1400 1400 - 1650 1650-1900
Height (m)
90.00%
80.00%
70.00%
60.00%
%
50.00%
40.00%
30.00%
20.00%
10.00%
0.00%
400 - 650 650 - 900 900 - 1150 1150 - 1400 1400 - 1650 1650-1900
Height (m)
Fig.11 Cumulative occurrence probability of unstable ABL mixing height (m) at Tutucorin
25
The results of hourly maximum, minimum and averaged values of inversion/mixing heights
pertaining to stable, unstable ABL are summarized below:
Table2. Stable ABL (inversion) /unstable mixing Height (m) at Spicot Industrial
Complex, Tutucorin in Tamilnadu.
The diurnal variation of ABL mixing height ( Fig.12) further shows that maximum of inversion
height is in seen during periods of maximum ground cooling (0300-0500 hours) while
maximum of day time maximum mixing height is observed around noon hours (1200-1400
hours) when the ground temperature is also maximum. These observations support the
concept of the meteorological considerations that maximum inversion height and mixing
heights are observed during periods of maximum cooling and heating of the ground
Besides fore going analysis, elevated / wavy layers are not seen during the observation
period. Low lying elevated capping layer limits the vertical mixing height to its own height of
occurrence and at times their prolonged persistence may pose environmental hazards for air
pollution. Such observations are normally typical of winter fog weather or typical coastal sites.
Such layers, if seen to occur frequently do need a separate focused studies over the whole
year and for several years. These are beyond the scope of present study and as such are not
discussed here.
26
Tuticorin
1800
1600
1400
1200
Height (m)
1000
800
600
400
200
0
1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 23 24
Time (Hrs)
Fig.12 Diurnal variation of ABL mixing height at Spicot Industrial Complex, Tutucorin
Site specific Sodar study, at Spicot Industrial Complex, Tutucorin in Tamilnadu for a month
long period (15 Aug, 2014 to 14 Sep, 2014) has been successfully completed.
Analysis of the data obtained during the study period shows that inversion height varies from
a minimum of 64m to maximum of 345m during the study period (15 Aug,2014 – 14 Sep,
2014). The averaged inversion level considering stable ABL conditions (1800-0600 hours) is
178±64 m during the study period.
The hourly averaged mixing height pertaining to unstable ABL during the day time (0900-1700
hours) is seen to vary from a minimum of 523m to a maximum of 1689 m. The average level is
seen to be 1038±327 m during the study period.
The maximum day time mixing height, around noon (1200-1400 hours) is seen to be more
than 1.5 Km on several days which is fairly good.
Besides above, fumigation period is seen to be short lived for about half an hour to one hour.
Further detailed comprehensive year long seasonal sodar study is suggested to investigate
the occurrence characteristics of ground/ elevated inversion/ mixing height, fumigation, etc.
27
11. Some Definitions
Lapse Rate
The rate of which the environmental temperature falls with height is known as Lapse rate. The
dry adiabatic lapse rate is 9.8 °K/Km. The atmosphere is termed as stable, unstable and
neutral according as the prevailing lapse rate is less than, more than or equal to the adiabatic
lapse rate.
Inversion
Atmospheric layer in which temperature increases with height is known as inversion. The
inversion may be ground based or elevated depending on the meteorological conditions. The
atmosphere under inversion conditions is stable and resists vertical motion or suppresses the
prevailing turbulence.
Mixing height
It is the height of the atmosphere above the earth’s surface to which released air pollutants will
extend primarily through the action of atmospheric turbulence.
It is a part of the lower atmosphere (troposphere) which is influenced by the presence of the
earth and responds to cooling and heating of the earth. Boundary layer developed during
night time stable atmospheric conditions is known as nocturnal stable boundary layer (NSBL).
28
12. References
29
TABLE-II
SODAR DATA OF ATMOSPHERIC INVERSION/MIXING HEIGHT (m) AT TUTICORIN, TAMILNADU (15 AUG-14 SEP, 2014)
DATE/ TIME
00:01 01:02 02:03 03:04 04:05 05:06 06:07 07:08 08:09 09:10 10:11 11:12 12:13 13:14 14:15 15:16 16:17 17:18 18:19 19:20 20:21 21:22 22;23 23:00
705 515 72 84 109 122 131 138
16 144 168 183 238 246 253 274 312 387 658 829 1080 1390 1460 1305 960 735 530 81 104 117 134 144 162
17 151 182 196 245 232 240 258 286 364 605 774 1015 1360 1580 1220 940 760 589 79 98 126 141 163 179
18 165 170 223 260 284 292 312 324 342 622 775 990 1285 1490 1397 980 710 587 86 112 138 154 172 198
19 182 196 210 235 250 278 284 297 303 570 610 880 1331 1575 1301 958 880 600 71 110 132 159 183 191
20 172 188 200 230 268 287 310 355 380 584 630 941 1433 1640 1354 1010 840 520 80 109 129 144 166 188
21 154 179 208 256 278 300 346 385 402 587 616 964 1362 1627 1388 960 884 610 90 107 131 152 158 176
22 175 192 220 245 290 318 338 355 389 525 640 880 1091 1482 1202 929 728 590 87 96 125 142 169 192
23 156 174 210 267 300 340 385 450 476 641 810 940 1377 1625 1310 970 795 530 79 88 117 138 157 163
24 168 184 225 260 295 320 365 398 412 678 825 1025 1299 1569 1388 910 740 510 72 90 110 147 168 186
25 158 175 215 264 294 345 389 406 428 523 616 968 1370 1634 1455 904 780 521 71 112 131 152 166 177
26 174 192 228 250 272 288 300 310 321 590 648 841 1205 1591 1249 923 760 560 78 99 118 147 175 195
27 154 162 187 220 254 272 296 316 338 583 831 1013 1479 1622 1304 988 830 519 85 100 127 141 152 169
28 173 192 208 243 268 294 302 346 390 525 730 970 1380 1590 1330 940 805 510 75 90 110 128 158 185
29 164 183 200 236 257 289 309 335 380 570 805 1000 1250 1520 1385 968 750 535 68 98 121 146 152 178
30 153 177 210 244 292 320 345 386 409 650 835 960 1340 1670 1355 905 735 508 95 119 133 151 172 188
1 170 189 226 249 283 305 338 370 400 678 853 990 1387 1662 1325 935 707 564 82 105 122 147 167 195
2 186 198 218 235 279 323 344 412 455 690 867 905 1278 1570 1365 920 727 510 67 86 113 156 171 204
3 162 181 207 233 270 296 312 361 390 648 745 920 1220 1526 1378 985 787 540 75 117 138 156 178 189
4 158 198 220 248 266 302 346 388 412 595 845 965 1370 1635 1305 1005 760 550 66 98 129 146 162 177
5 164 179 200 234 257 288 309 348 403 610 768 948 1275 1680 1367 955 865 625 76 91 117 134 156 180
6 149 157 182 198 224 259 292 338 382 562 740 911 1383 1629 1233 1018 842 672 64 78 96 115 144 165
7 152 176 190 238 270 297 350 371 408 577 808 1019 1375 1654 1282 1005 734 584 80 92 128 140 173 196
8 174 182 201 231 256 288 306 337 394 688 868 1002 1366 1626 1268 944 783 520 71 99 139 156 186 199
9 166 190 209 227 248 273 290 318 356 627 818 952 1328 1576 1237 931 726 551 64 78 109 120 160 184
10 146 170 196 232 266 281 302 345 382 672 809 933 1372 1677 1299 974 754 592 69 86 118 137 151 172
11 166 181 206 223 258 292 346 378 429 639 826 974 1446 1689 1365 963 748 506 77 93 127 156 161 194
12 158 175 199 237 268 289 334 362 420 587 815 1015 1478 1664 1256 930 729 647 66 82 105 139 168 188
13 176 193 217 245 275 298 318 387 446 572 770 1002 1377 1568 1264 953 748 572 83 97 116 148 177 194
14 182 197 208 219 233 254 286 318 368 525 730 980 1290 1470 1230 860 685
AX-1
ANNEXURE-X
AMBIENT AIR QUALITY LEVELS
AAQ-2 T.V.Puram
Date of PM2.5 PM10 SO2 NOx CO O3 Pb NH3 C6H6 BaP As Ni
Monitoring
3
µg/m3 µg/m3 µg/m3 µg/m3 µg/m3 µg/m3 µg/m3 µg/m ng/m3 µg/m3 ng/m3 ng/m3 ng/m3 ng/m3
07.07.2014 19.2 38.1 15.5 19.0 401 423 381 6.2 8.6 6.0 <0.05 <20.0 <1.0 <1.0 <0.2 <0.1
08.07.2014 20.0 39.2 16.9 19.2 408 419 384 5.9 8.0 5.6 <0.05 <20.0 <1.0 <1.0 <0.2 <0.1
14.07.2014 20.1 39.4 15.6 20.3 405 421 380 6.5 7.8 6.2 <0.05 <20.0 <1.0 <1.0 <0.2 <0.1
15.07.2014 21.2 41.5 16.4 19.7 380 419 382 8.4 8.2 5.9 <0.05 <20.0 <1.0 <1.0 <0.2 <0.1
21.07.2014 19.8 39.0 19.0 19.2 351 422 404 6.3 7.7 6.3 <0.05 <20.0 <1.0 <1.0 <0.2 <0.1
22.07.2014 21.2 41.5 15.6 20.0 357 417 395 5.6 8.2 6.4 <0.05 <20.0 <1.0 <1.0 <0.2 <0.1
28.07.2014 22.1 36.1 18.1 18.1 353 419 397 6.0 7.5 5.1 <0.05 <20.0 <1.0 <1.0 <0.2 <0.1
29.07.2014 20.2 40.6 16.4 19.6 381 412 381 5.8 8.0 5.8 <0.05 <20.0 <1.0 <1.0 <0.2 <0.1
04.08.2014 21.4 42.1 16.8 20.1 380 409 388 6.5 7.8 6.6 <0.05 <20.0 <1.0 <1.0 <0.2 <0.1
05.08.2014 20.9 37.4 15.1 18.8 402 426 375 7.0 7.9 6.8 <0.05 <20.0 <1.0 <1.0 <0.2 <0.1
11.08.2014 20.1 48.1 16.4 22.2 403 423 379 6.9 8.5 6.2 <0.05 <20.0 <1.0 <1.0 <0.2 <0.1
12.08.2014 21.1 41.4 16.9 19.9 407 413 392 6.5 8.0 7.0 <0.05 <20.0 <1.0 <1.0 <0.2 <0.1
18.08.2014 20.1 39.6 17.6 19.1 394 403 379 6.0 8.3 6.3 <0.05 <20.0 <1.0 <1.0 <0.2 <0.1
19.08.2014 20.7 40.1 19.1 19.6 404 411 389 6.1 8.4 6.7 <0.05 <20.0 <1.0 <1.0 <0.2 <0.1
25.08.2014 20.4 41.0 15.5 19.9 409 423 390 6.2 9.0 6.2 <0.05 <20.0 <1.0 <1.0 <0.2 <0.1
26.08.2014 21.3 41.7 15.8 20.1 391 424 403 6.8 7.8 6.8 <0.05 <20.0 <1.0 <1.0 <0.2 <0.1
01.09.2014 20.2 45.0 15.7 20.9 392 423 387 7.4 7.6 6.4 <0.05 <20.0 <1.0 <1.0 <0.2 <0.1
02.09.2014 24.5 49.1 16.4 22.2 380 423 403 6.4 8.0 5.9 <0.05 <20.0 <1.0 <1.0 <0.2 <0.1
08.09.2014 24.2 43.8 15.2 20.6 400 417 400 6.3 8.7 5.6 <0.05 <20.0 <1.0 <1.0 <0.2 <0.1
09.09.2014 24.6 39.1 19.7 19.1 412 422 398 5.7 8.3 6.2 <0.05 <20.0 <1.0 <1.0 <0.2 <0.1
15.09.2014 22.1 41.1 19.0 19.9 413 424 391 7.9 8.9 7.8 <0.05 <20.0 <1.0 <1.0 <0.2 <0.1
16.09.2014 22.0 37.1 17.4 18.8 387 411 381 7.5 7.9 7.3 <0.05 <20.0 <1.0 <1.0 <0.2 <0.1
22.09.2014 20.2 39.6 15.9 19.4 378 419 375 7.6 8.5 7.0 <0.05 <20.0 <1.0 <1.0 <0.2 <0.1
23.09.2014 21.1 41.7 17.1 20.1 369 425 380 5.5 8.0 5.7 <0.05 <20.0 <1.0 <1.0 <0.2 <0.1
29.09.2014 22.8 42.3 19.0 20.3 402 423 379 6.1 8.4 6.0 <0.05 <20.0 <1.0 <1.0 <0.2 <0.1
30.09.2014 23.0 45.5 15.9 21.3 385 400 380 6.4 8.9 5.4 <0.05 <20.0 <1.0 <1.0 <0.2 <0.1
Max 24.6 49.1 19.7 22.2 426 9.0 <0.05 <20.0 <1.0 <1.0 <0.2 <0.1
Min 19.2 36.1 15.1 18.1 351 5.1 <0.05 <20.0 <1.0 <1.0 <0.2 <0.1
Average 21.3 41.2 16.8 19.9 399 7.0 <0.05 <20.0 <1.0 <1.0 <0.2 <0.1
98 % tile 24.6 48.6 19.4 22.2 424 8.9 <0.05 <20.0 <1.0 <1.0 <0.2 <0.1
AX-2
ANNEXURE-X
AMBIENT AIR QUALITY LEVELS
AAQ-3 Milavittan
Date of PM2.5 PM10 SO2 NOx CO O3 Pb NH3 C6H6 BaP As Ni
Monitoring
3
µg/m3 µg/m3 µg/m3 µg/m3 µg/m3 µg/m3 µg/m3 µg/m ng/m3 µg/m3 ng/m3 ng/m3 ng/m3 ng/m3
07.07.2014 19.9 51.8 22.2 24.2 395 455 385 5.9 7.6 4.6 <0.05 <20.0 <1.0 <1.0 <0.2 <0.1
08.07.2014 20.5 42.1 23.2 23.2 398 443 390 5.7 7.1 4.7 <0.05 <20.0 <1.0 <1.0 <0.2 <0.1
14.07.2014 21.2 43.2 22.3 23.1 390 454 379 5.7 7.4 4.4 <0.05 <20.0 <1.0 <1.0 <0.2 <0.1
15.07.2014 21.0 41.1 23.2 23.9 394 456 384 6.8 7.8 4.4 <0.05 <20.0 <1.0 <1.0 <0.2 <0.1
21.07.2014 21.8 52.1 21.9 22.4 387 440 377 6.2 7.6 4.5 <0.05 <20.0 <1.0 <1.0 <0.2 <0.1
22.07.2014 21.0 43.0 22.7 22.3 381 430 371 5.6 7.7 4.6 <0.05 <20.0 <1.0 <1.0 <0.2 <0.1
28.07.2014 21.6 43.9 18.1 23.3 377 429 365 5.5 6.8 4.2 <0.05 <20.0 <1.0 <1.0 <0.2 <0.1
29.07.2014 22.6 46.5 23.1 22.6 384 443 371 5.9 8.2 5.1 <0.05 <20.0 <1.0 <1.0 <0.2 <0.1
04.08.2014 21.9 45.0 20.1 22.7 400 449 389 6.0 8.7 5.1 <0.05 <20.0 <1.0 <1.0 <0.2 <0.1
05.08.2014 23.6 47.9 22.6 23.1 406 458 334 6.1 7.6 4.3 <0.05 <20.0 <1.0 <1.0 <0.2 <0.1
11.08.2014 21.7 43.9 22.0 26.3 397 457 383 6.0 8.3 4.8 <0.05 <20.0 <1.0 <1.0 <0.2 <0.1
12.08.2014 24.9 56.4 22.8 23.0 414 438 342 6.3 7.8 4.6 <0.05 <20.0 <1.0 <1.0 <0.2 <0.1
18.08.2014 21.0 42.8 22.3 22.4 409 431 331 5.9 8.2 5.0 <0.05 <20.0 <1.0 <1.0 <0.2 <0.1
19.08.2014 20.8 43.1 23.0 25.8 421 451 327 5.8 8.1 4.5 <0.05 <20.0 <1.0 <1.0 <0.2 <0.1
25.08.2014 21.5 44.5 22.2 24.3 425 429 346 5.9 8.6 4.9 <0.05 <20.0 <1.0 <1.0 <0.2 <0.1
26.08.2014 21.2 50.6 20.3 24.7 441 444 387 6.0 8.3 5.2 <0.05 <20.0 <1.0 <1.0 <0.2 <0.1
01.09.2014 20.0 41.7 22.0 22.8 421 458 399 6.2 7.8 4.7 <0.05 <20.0 <1.0 <1.0 <0.2 <0.1
02.09.2014 20.1 40.2 19.1 23.2 416 445 403 6.5 8.2 4.9 <0.05 <20.0 <1.0 <1.0 <0.2 <0.1
08.09.2014 28.6 53.2 22.7 22.4 418 453 399 5.8 8.1 4.6 <0.05 <20.0 <1.0 <1.0 <0.2 <0.1
09.09.2014 24.7 48.5 22.4 23.7 411 436 394 4.7 6.8 4.2 <0.05 <20.0 <1.0 <1.0 <0.2 <0.1
15.09.2014 24.4 45.7 18.3 22.2 418 454 406 7.1 8.0 4.5 <0.05 <20.0 <1.0 <1.0 <0.2 <0.1
16.09.2014 24.1 53.8 23.1 24.1 423 458 394 6.3 7.8 5.0 <0.05 <20.0 <1.0 <1.0 <0.2 <0.1
22.09.2014 23.7 48.2 20.1 23.5 415 443 399 7.3 8.2 5.0 <0.05 <20.0 <1.0 <1.0 <0.2 <0.1
23.09.2014 24.0 48.8 22.7 22.9 412 441 400 5.4 8.0 5.0 <0.05 <20.0 <1.0 <1.0 <0.2 <0.1
29.09.2014 23.9 50.8 21.4 23.2 417 452 406 5.5 7.6 4.7 <0.05 <20.0 <1.0 <1.0 <0.2 <0.1
30.09.2014 21.2 47.4 22.3 23.9 419 451 402 5.9 8.3 4.6 <0.05 <20.0 <1.0 <1.0 <0.2 <0.1
Max 28.6 56.4 23.2 26.3 458 8.7 <0.05 <20.0 <1.0 <1.0 <0.2 <0.1
Min 19.9 40.2 18.1 22.2 327 4.2 <0.05 <20.0 <1.0 <1.0 <0.2 <0.1
Average 22.3 46.8 21.8 23.4 411 6.2 <0.05 <20.0 <1.0 <1.0 <0.2 <0.1
98 % tile 26.8 55.1 23.2 26.1 458 8.4 <0.05 <20.0 <1.0 <1.0 <0.2 <0.1
AX-3
ANNEXURE-X
AMBIENT AIR QUALITY LEVELS
AAQ-4 Sankarapperi
Date of PM2.5 PM10 SO2 NOx CO O3 Pb NH3 C6H6 BaP As Ni
Monitoring
3
µg/m3 µg/m3 µg/m3 µg/m3 µg/m3 µg/m3 µg/m3 µg/m ng/m3 µg/m3 ng/m3 ng/m3 ng/m3 ng/m3
07.07.2014 19.5 39.1 18.1 21.8 388 398 369 5.4 6.5 4.7 <0.05 <20.0 <1.0 <1.0 <0.2 <0.1
08.07.2014 21.6 43.4 19.4 21.3 362 414 375 5.6 6.8 4.9 <0.05 <20.0 <1.0 <1.0 <0.2 <0.1
14.07.2014 20.2 44.1 20.2 21.0 324 418 383 5.9 6.1 4.5 <0.05 <20.0 <1.0 <1.0 <0.2 <0.1
15.07.2014 20.8 46.1 18.1 21.8 395 434 397 5.1 5.6 5.1 <0.05 <20.0 <1.0 <1.0 <0.2 <0.1
21.07.2014 22.3 46.5 19.0 22.3 389 431 393 5.2 6.4 4.1 <0.05 <20.0 <1.0 <1.0 <0.2 <0.1
22.07.2014 23.6 42.8 18.4 21.8 391 443 405 5.9 6.9 4.2 <0.05 <20.0 <1.0 <1.0 <0.2 <0.1
28.07.2014 20.5 40.2 19.1 21.3 344 434 397 5.6 6.3 4.7 <0.05 <20.0 <1.0 <1.0 <0.2 <0.1
29.07.2014 20.4 40.9 18.8 21.7 355 457 420 5.1 6.8 4.6 <0.05 <20.0 <1.0 <1.0 <0.2 <0.1
04.08.2014 20.0 40.5 19.4 20.6 388 467 430 4.9 6.6 4.5 <0.05 <20.0 <1.0 <1.0 <0.2 <0.1
05.08.2014 20.6 41.4 19.8 19.2 378 460 450 4.8 5.8 4.4 <0.05 <20.0 <1.0 <1.0 <0.2 <0.1
11.08.2014 22.4 44.9 19.0 20.5 337 463 427 5.8 5.9 4.8 <0.05 <20.0 <1.0 <1.0 <0.2 <0.1
12.08.2014 21.5 40.4 19.2 21.3 325 451 439 5.7 6.7 4.1 <0.05 <20.0 <1.0 <1.0 <0.2 <0.1
18.08.2014 22.0 44.1 18.7 21.7 322 450 440 5.4 7.1 4.3 <0.05 <20.0 <1.0 <1.0 <0.2 <0.1
19.08.2014 23.2 38.2 18.4 21.8 308 452 441 5.6 5.9 4.2 <0.05 <20.0 <1.0 <1.0 <0.2 <0.1
25.08.2014 23.5 46.9 20.0 21.4 315 434 397 5.2 5.7 4.6 <0.05 <20.0 <1.0 <1.0 <0.2 <0.1
26.08.2014 23.7 47.5 19.3 20.9 394 415 379 5.5 6.2 4.8 <0.05 <20.0 <1.0 <1.0 <0.2 <0.1
01.09.2014 24.0 48.0 19.7 19.8 404 448 411 4.9 6.8 4.1 <0.05 <20.0 <1.0 <1.0 <0.2 <0.1
02.09.2014 24.4 48.9 18.2 20.5 360 430 393 5.7 6.5 4.7 <0.05 <20.0 <1.0 <1.0 <0.2 <0.1
08.09.2014 20.6 41.3 18.8 20.6 344 440 403 5.2 5.4 4.9 <0.05 <20.0 <1.0 <1.0 <0.2 <0.1
09.09.2014 21.3 42.7 19.0 19.8 384 467 429 5.4 5.9 4.1 <0.05 <20.0 <1.0 <1.0 <0.2 <0.1
15.09.2014 24.0 48.3 18.5 19.7 365 458 420 5.6 6.7 4.8 <0.05 <20.0 <1.0 <1.0 <0.2 <0.1
16.09.2014 21.7 43.7 18.8 20.9 391 417 376 5.0 5.9 4.6 <0.05 <20.0 <1.0 <1.0 <0.2 <0.1
22.09.2014 21.6 43.0 18.4 19.7 408 455 415 5.4 6.2 4.1 <0.05 <20.0 <1.0 <1.0 <0.2 <0.1
23.09.2014 21.0 42.7 19.0 20.8 390 431 393 4.8 5.4 4.4 <0.05 <20.0 <1.0 <1.0 <0.2 <0.1
29.09.2014 22.3 40.7 17.8 21.5 389 428 379 5.9 6.9 5.1 <0.05 <20.0 <1.0 <1.0 <0.2 <0.1
30.09.2014 20.1 42.0 18.1 20.6 395 418 384 5.4 5.2 4.8 <0.05 <20.0 <1.0 <1.0 <0.2 <0.1
Max 24.4 48.9 20.2 22.3 467 7.1 <0.05 <20.0 <1.0 <1.0 <0.2 <0.1
Min 19.5 38.2 17.8 19.2 308 4.1 <0.05 <20.0 <1.0 <1.0 <0.2 <0.1
Average 21.8 43.4 18.9 20.9 404 5.4 <0.05 <20.0 <1.0 <1.0 <0.2 <0.1
98 % tile 24.2 48.6 20.1 22.1 465 6.9 <0.05 <20.0 <1.0 <1.0 <0.2 <0.1
AX-4
ANNEXURE-X
AMBIENT AIR QUALITY LEVELS
AX-5
ANNEXURE-X
AMBIENT AIR QUALITY LEVELS
AAQ-6 Matattur
Date of PM2.5 PM10 SO2 NOx CO O3 Pb NH3 C6H6 BaP As Ni
Monitoring
3
µg/m3 µg/m3 µg/m3 µg/m3 µg/m3 µg/m3 µg/m3 µg/m ng/m3 µg/m3 ng/m3 ng/m3 ng/m3 ng/m3
07.07.2014 19.0 35.4 17.2 19.2 337 375 321 5.9 7.5 4.5 <0.05 <20.0 <1.0 <1.0 <0.2 <0.1
08.07.2014 19.2 48.2 18.4 19.8 320 363 306 6.5 6.1 4.2 <0.05 <20.0 <1.0 <1.0 <0.2 <0.1
14.07.2014 20.3 36.9 18.7 20.4 337 382 323 6.0 6.9 4.6 <0.05 <20.0 <1.0 <1.0 <0.2 <0.1
15.07.2014 21.5 38.9 16.5 21.0 341 384 326 6.5 6.0 4.0 <0.05 <20.0 <1.0 <1.0 <0.2 <0.1
21.07.2014 20.6 37.4 18.1 19.6 353 399 333 5.7 6.5 3.9 <0.05 <20.0 <1.0 <1.0 <0.2 <0.1
22.07.2014 20.0 36.2 17.6 18.9 352 392 336 6.6 6.2 4.4 <0.05 <20.0 <1.0 <1.0 <0.2 <0.1
28.07.2014 19.4 44.9 18.3 20.0 349 389 333 5.9 6.7 4.7 <0.05 <20.0 <1.0 <1.0 <0.2 <0.1
29.07.2014 22.0 41.5 16.6 20.2 326 369 313 6.5 6.9 4.3 <0.05 <20.0 <1.0 <1.0 <0.2 <0.1
04.08.2014 20.3 40 17.9 19.4 352 398 332 6.2 6.1 4.5 <0.05 <20.0 <1.0 <1.0 <0.2 <0.1
05.08.2014 22.0 46.8 17.4 18.7 314 353 304 5.7 7.0 4.9 <0.05 <20.0 <1.0 <1.0 <0.2 <0.1
11.08.2014 21.7 44.9 18.2 19.6 373 416 356 5.4 6.5 4.3 <0.05 <20.0 <1.0 <1.0 <0.2 <0.1
12.08.2014 20.3 37.2 15.4 20.6 340 386 324 6.0 7.5 3.9 <0.05 <20.0 <1.0 <1.0 <0.2 <0.1
18.08.2014 22.3 40.9 17.7 19.1 358 399 342 6.6 6.4 4.7 <0.05 <20.0 <1.0 <1.0 <0.2 <0.1
19.08.2014 23.3 43.4 18.3 19.8 323 365 306 6.1 6.7 4.5 <0.05 <20.0 <1.0 <1.0 <0.2 <0.1
25.08.2014 19.9 42.7 17.6 21.0 326 361 307 5.9 7.1 4.0 <0.05 <20.0 <1.0 <1.0 <0.2 <0.1
26.08.2014 19.8 36.5 16.7 20.1 347 394 331 4.7 7.6 4.1 <0.05 <20.0 <1.0 <1.0 <0.2 <0.1
01.09.2014 21.0 44.8 17.6 19.2 319 359 306 5.9 6.7 4.4 <0.05 <20.0 <1.0 <1.0 <0.2 <0.1
02.09.2014 20.3 37.4 16.6 19.5 350 388 329 4.5 7.1 4.9 <0.05 <20.0 <1.0 <1.0 <0.2 <0.1
08.09.2014 21.4 38.2 19.0 22.3 343 382 327 4.2 6.2 5.0 <0.05 <20.0 <1.0 <1.0 <0.2 <0.1
09.09.2014 22.3 45.3 17.5 18.0 346 392 332 5.6 7.4 3.9 <0.05 <20.0 <1.0 <1.0 <0.2 <0.1
15.09.2014 23.2 42.8 18.6 19.9 316 357 303 5.0 6.7 4.6 <0.05 <20.0 <1.0 <1.0 <0.2 <0.1
16.09.2014 19.5 43.8 17.3 18.8 376 426 354 4.0 7.0 4.1 <0.05 <20.0 <1.0 <1.0 <0.2 <0.1
22.09.2014 19.9 44.8 15.9 20.2 357 403 345 5.4 5.9 3.5 <0.05 <20.0 <1.0 <1.0 <0.2 <0.1
23.09.2014 21.6 39.5 17.8 20.8 357 397 340 4.9 6.3 4.7 <0.05 <20.0 <1.0 <1.0 <0.2 <0.1
29.09.2014 21.7 44.7 16.2 19.6 369 405 365 5.5 6.6 5.2 <0.05 <20.0 <1.0 <1.0 <0.2 <0.1
30.09.2014 19.3 39.4 17.4 18.7 348 398 342 6.9 5.8 4.4 <0.05 <20.0 <1.0 <1.0 <0.2 <0.1
Max 23.3 48.2 19.0 22.3 426 7.6 <0.05 <20.0 <1.0 <1.0 <0.2 <0.1
Min 19.0 35.4 15.4 18.0 303 3.5 <0.05 <20.0 <1.0 <1.0 <0.2 <0.1
Average 20.8 41.3 17.5 19.8 352 5.6 <0.05 <20.0 <1.0 <1.0 <0.2 <0.1
98 % tile 23.3 47.5 18.8 21.7 410 7.5 <0.05 <20.0 <1.0 <1.0 <0.2 <0.1
AX-6
ANNEXURE-X
AMBIENT AIR QUALITY LEVELS
AAQ-7 Silverpuram
Date of PM2.5 PM10 SO2 NOx CO O3 Pb NH3 C6H6 BaP As Ni
Monitoring
3
µg/m3 µg/m3 µg/m3 µg/m3 µg/m3 µg/m3 µg/m3 µg/m ng/m3 µg/m3 ng/m3 ng/m3 ng/m3 ng/m3
07.07.2014 20.3 44.2 18.9 19.6 312 359 345 7.7 9.1 6.9 <0.05 <20.0 <1.0 <1.0 <0.2 <0.1
08.07.2014 20.2 50.8 19.0 19.4 332 375 315 8.1 8.3 7.2 <0.05 <20.0 <1.0 <1.0 <0.2 <0.1
14.07.2014 21.8 42.5 18.3 20.0 336 385 320 7.9 9.4 7.5 <0.05 <20.0 <1.0 <1.0 <0.2 <0.1
15.07.2014 19.7 52.7 18.7 20.5 360 406 341 7.8 8.9 7.1 <0.05 <20.0 <1.0 <1.0 <0.2 <0.1
21.07.2014 21.9 42.7 20.8 19.0 328 379 321 8.1 9.1 7.2 <0.05 <20.0 <1.0 <1.0 <0.2 <0.1
22.07.2014 20.6 50.9 18.7 18.7 325 373 304 8.4 9.5 7.3 <0.05 <20.0 <1.0 <1.0 <0.2 <0.1
28.07.2014 25.3 49.3 17.5 19.3 335 379 318 7.7 9.3 7.5 <0.05 <20.0 <1.0 <1.0 <0.2 <0.1
29.07.2014 18.9 50.4 18.8 20.6 344 396 328 7.3 9.1 7.2 <0.05 <20.0 <1.0 <1.0 <0.2 <0.1
04.08.2014 20.4 48.5 22.4 19.0 328 376 307 8.1 8.4 6.7 <0.05 <20.0 <1.0 <1.0 <0.2 <0.1
05.08.2014 21.3 41.5 20.6 20.5 324 371 312 8.9 9.2 7.3 <0.05 <20.0 <1.0 <1.0 <0.2 <0.1
11.08.2014 21.2 41.3 18.6 20.9 337 380 319 8.4 8.2 6.5 <0.05 <20.0 <1.0 <1.0 <0.2 <0.1
12.08.2014 22.0 54.7 18.8 17.9 340 393 323 7.2 9.6 7.7 <0.05 <20.0 <1.0 <1.0 <0.2 <0.1
18.08.2014 21.3 41.5 18.4 19.6 346 390 328 7.7 8.2 6.4 <0.05 <20.0 <1.0 <1.0 <0.2 <0.1
19.08.2014 22.4 51.4 23.4 19.1 349 401 327 7.1 7.9 6.3 <0.05 <20.0 <1.0 <1.0 <0.2 <0.1
25.08.2014 24.1 47.0 17.2 20.0 360 404 335 8.6 8.7 6.9 <0.05 <20.0 <1.0 <1.0 <0.2 <0.1
26.08.2014 22.9 44.7 18.9 19.7 336 388 319 8.5 9.0 7.2 <0.05 <20.0 <1.0 <1.0 <0.2 <0.1
01.09.2014 20.6 56.7 18.7 19.3 342 392 326 9.3 9.6 7.7 <0.05 <20.0 <1.0 <1.0 <0.2 <0.1
02.09.2014 19.5 38.0 18.1 20.0 352 395 328 8.4 8.9 7.1 <0.05 <20.0 <1.0 <1.0 <0.2 <0.1
08.09.2014 20.7 48.9 20.6 20.5 333 376 316 8.2 9.7 7.8 <0.05 <20.0 <1.0 <1.0 <0.2 <0.1
09.09.2014 19.6 38.2 18.2 19.0 333 383 317 8.5 9.3 7.4 <0.05 <20.0 <1.0 <1.0 <0.2 <0.1
15.09.2014 21.1 39.5 17.6 20.2 340 392 325 8.2 9.1 7.3 <0.05 <20.0 <1.0 <1.0 <0.2 <0.1
16.09.2014 23.8 57.1 18.3 20.5 345 396 323 8.1 8.7 6.9 <0.05 <20.0 <1.0 <1.0 <0.2 <0.1
22.09.2014 21.9 47.2 22.8 20.3 333 381 320 8.4 9.1 7.2 <0.05 <20.0 <1.0 <1.0 <0.2 <0.1
23.09.2014 23.4 45.6 18.0 19.1 350 395 332 7.7 9.6 7.7 <0.05 <20.0 <1.0 <1.0 <0.2 <0.1
29.09.2014 20.5 49.7 17.2 18.2 359 399 326 8.1 9.2 7.8 <0.05 <20.0 <1.0 <1.0 <0.2 <0.1
30.09.2014 21.9 40.8 16.8 17.3 367 403 346 7.9 8.8 7.1 <0.05 <20.0 <1.0 <1.0 <0.2 <0.1
Max 25.3 57.1 23.4 20.9 406 9.7 <0.05 <20.0 <1.0 <1.0 <0.2 <0.1
Min 18.9 38.0 16.8 17.3 304 6.3 <0.05 <20.0 <1.0 <1.0 <0.2 <0.1
Average 21.4 46.8 19.1 19.5 350 8.1 <0.05 <20.0 <1.0 <1.0 <0.2 <0.1
98 % tile 24.7 56.9 23.1 20.8 403 9.6 <0.05 <20.0 <1.0 <1.0 <0.2 <0.1
AX-7
ANNEXURE-X
AMBIENT AIR QUALITY LEVELS
AAQ-8 Tattaparai
Date of PM2.5 PM10 SO2 NOx CO O3 Pb NH3 C6H6 BaP As Ni
Monitoring
3
µg/m3 µg/m3 µg/m3 µg/m3 µg/m3 µg/m3 µg/m3 µg/m ng/m3 µg/m3 ng/m3 ng/m3 ng/m3 ng/m3
09.07.2014 20.1 40.3 14.8 18.5 342 369 313 4.6 5.2 3.2 <0.05 <20.0 <1.0 <1.0 <0.2 <0.1
10.07.2014 19.2 41.6 14.9 17.1 340 355 298 4.1 5.1 3.8 <0.05 <20.0 <1.0 <1.0 <0.2 <0.1
16.07.2014 18.5 40.4 15.9 18.9 334 357 294 4.8 4.9 3.1 <0.05 <20.0 <1.0 <1.0 <0.2 <0.1
17.07.2014 18.6 40.3 14.6 19.4 353 360 300 4.5 5.5 3.6 <0.05 <20.0 <1.0 <1.0 <0.2 <0.1
23.07.2014 19.8 37.4 14.5 17.9 343 352 302 4.6 5.2 3.3 <0.05 <20.0 <1.0 <1.0 <0.2 <0.1
24.07.2014 19.0 41.3 14.6 16.2 352 329 292 3.5 4.8 3.5 <0.05 <20.0 <1.0 <1.0 <0.2 <0.1
30.07.2014 18.8 36.4 15.1 18.2 334 357 299 3.9 4.3 3.4 <0.05 <20.0 <1.0 <1.0 <0.2 <0.1
31.07.2014 18.5 35.1 14.7 19.5 357 367 301 4.7 5.1 3.2 <0.05 <20.0 <1.0 <1.0 <0.2 <0.1
06.08.2014 18.1 38.8 14.8 17.9 337 342 296 4.8 5.6 3.4 <0.05 <20.0 <1.0 <1.0 <0.2 <0.1
07.08.2014 19.6 38.1 14.7 16.7 343 350 312 4.4 5.7 3.2 <0.05 <20.0 <1.0 <1.0 <0.2 <0.1
13.08.2014 18.3 36.8 14.5 19.8 352 327 300 4.9 4.9 3.7 <0.05 <20.0 <1.0 <1.0 <0.2 <0.1
14.08.2014 18.8 40.0 14.7 16.8 359 322 316 4.6 5.3 3.2 <0.05 <20.0 <1.0 <1.0 <0.2 <0.1
20.08.2014 18.1 37.7 14.3 18.5 336 355 292 4.2 5.8 3.4 <0.05 <20.0 <1.0 <1.0 <0.2 <0.1
21.08.2014 18.6 37.5 15.0 16.6 349 352 300 4.8 4.2 4.8 <0.05 <20.0 <1.0 <1.0 <0.2 <0.1
27.08.2014 18.7 37.4 15.5 18.9 350 371 294 4.2 4.6 4.2 <0.05 <20.0 <1.0 <1.0 <0.2 <0.1
28.08.2014 18.3 36.4 14.8 18.6 322 352 293 4.3 5.1 3.2 <0.05 <20.0 <1.0 <1.0 <0.2 <0.1
03.09.2014 19.8 36.5 14.6 17.2 341 351 300 4.0 5.4 3.1 <0.05 <20.0 <1.0 <1.0 <0.2 <0.1
04.09.2014 19.2 40.0 14.1 18.9 334 362 298 4.5 5.3 3.4 <0.05 <20.0 <1.0 <1.0 <0.2 <0.1
10.09.2014 18.8 39.1 14.5 19.4 348 370 304 4.7 5.9 3.2 <0.05 <20.0 <1.0 <1.0 <0.2 <0.1
11.09.2014 18.3 39.3 14.1 17.9 347 359 305 4.1 5.4 3.3 <0.05 <20.0 <1.0 <1.0 <0.2 <0.1
17.09.2014 18.1 40.0 15.2 17.4 344 367 300 4.6 4.8 3.3 <0.05 <20.0 <1.0 <1.0 <0.2 <0.1
18.09.2014 18.5 40.4 14.2 19.4 365 362 302 4.5 5.6 4.8 <0.05 <20.0 <1.0 <1.0 <0.2 <0.1
24.09.2014 20.7 37.3 14.6 19.2 352 370 304 4.8 5.1 3.7 <0.05 <20.0 <1.0 <1.0 <0.2 <0.1
25.09.2014 21.4 38.8 14.1 18.0 350 372 316 4.2 5.4 3.8 <0.05 <20.0 <1.0 <1.0 <0.2 <0.1
Max 21.4 41.6 15.9 19.8 372 5.9 <0.05 <20.0 <1.0 <1.0 <0.2 <0.1
Min 18.1 35.1 14.1 16.2 292 3.1 <0.05 <20.0 <1.0 <1.0 <0.2 <0.1
Average 19.0 38.6 14.7 18.2 334 4.4 <0.05 <20.0 <1.0 <1.0 <0.2 <0.1
98 % tile 21.1 41.5 15.7 19.7 370 5.8 <0.05 <20.0 <1.0 <1.0 <0.2 <0.1
AX-8
ANNEXURE-X
AMBIENT AIR QUALITY LEVELS
AAQ-9-Mappilaiurani
Date of PM2.5 PM10 SO2 NOx CO O3 Pb NH3 C6H6 BaP As Ni
Monitoring
3
µg/m3 µg/m3 µg/m3 µg/m3 µg/m3 µg/m3 µg/m3 µg/m ng/m3 µg/m3 ng/m3 ng/m3 ng/m3 ng/m3
09.07.2014 18.9 39.5 15.8 19.3 315 354 309 4.5 4.6 2.5 <0.05 <20.0 <1.0 <1.0 <0.2 <0.1
10.07.2014 19.7 41.1 16.1 17.8 324 337 331 4.1 4.4 2.3 <0.05 <20.0 <1.0 <1.0 <0.2 <0.1
16.07.2014 21.2 43.9 16.8 19.5 322 343 306 4.2 5.1 2.8 <0.05 <20.0 <1.0 <1.0 <0.2 <0.1
17.07.2014 19.9 41.3 16.2 19.9 304 353 304 4.3 4.6 2.4 <0.05 <20.0 <1.0 <1.0 <0.2 <0.1
23.07.2014 18.8 37.7 15.3 19.0 325 337 321 4.5 4.8 2.3 <0.05 <20.0 <1.0 <1.0 <0.2 <0.1
24.07.2014 20.3 42.1 16.4 19.5 335 356 312 4.2 4.9 3.4 <0.05 <20.0 <1.0 <1.0 <0.2 <0.1
30.07.2014 21.2 43.3 16.7 20.3 307 353 311 3.7 4.1 2.5 <0.05 <20.0 <1.0 <1.0 <0.2 <0.1
31.07.2014 21.4 38.6 15.6 19.0 339 351 305 4.3 5.3 3.5 <0.05 <20.0 <1.0 <1.0 <0.2 <0.1
06.08.2014 19.5 35.8 15.5 16.4 308 355 301 3.5 4.4 2.1 <0.05 <20.0 <1.0 <1.0 <0.2 <0.1
07.08.2014 20.2 41.4 16.2 18.9 337 356 308 4.7 4.9 2.6 <0.05 <20.0 <1.0 <1.0 <0.2 <0.1
13.08.2014 20.8 43.3 16.7 20.3 328 346 326 3.4 4.8 2.8 <0.05 <20.0 <1.0 <1.0 <0.2 <0.1
14.08.2014 22.1 37.6 15.3 18.3 326 343 310 3.3 4.1 3.1 <0.05 <20.0 <1.0 <1.0 <0.2 <0.1
20.08.2014 19.3 40.6 16.0 18.8 307 318 304 3.9 5 2.2 <0.05 <20.0 <1.0 <1.0 <0.2 <0.1
21.08.2014 20.4 42.3 16.4 19.1 338 359 309 4.2 4.5 2.8 <0.05 <20.0 <1.0 <1.0 <0.2 <0.1
27.08.2014 21.5 44.5 17.0 19.9 336 349 325 4.7 4.3 3.2 <0.05 <20.0 <1.0 <1.0 <0.2 <0.1
28.08.2014 22.0 45.6 17.2 19.3 305 337 334 4.1 4.7 2.3 <0.05 <20.0 <1.0 <1.0 <0.2 <0.1
03.09.2014 20.1 41.3 16.2 18.0 326 349 332 4.8 4.3 2.4 <0.05 <20.0 <1.0 <1.0 <0.2 <0.1
04.09.2014 19.3 40.3 16.0 17.6 318 348 329 4.4 5.1 3.6 <0.05 <20.0 <1.0 <1.0 <0.2 <0.1
10.09.2014 21.2 43.4 16.7 18.6 334 355 311 4.3 4.5 3.0 <0.05 <20.0 <1.0 <1.0 <0.2 <0.1
11.09.2014 22.3 45.2 17.1 19.2 330 354 314 3.9 4.6 3.2 <0.05 <20.0 <1.0 <1.0 <0.2 <0.1
17.09.2014 20.9 44.0 16.8 18.8 325 351 307 4.2 4.4 2.1 <0.05 <20.0 <1.0 <1.0 <0.2 <0.1
18.09.2014 19.4 40.3 16.0 17.6 344 354 305 4.7 5 2.6 <0.05 <20.0 <1.0 <1.0 <0.2 <0.1
24.09.2014 20.9 40.4 16.0 17.7 337 354 303 4.8 4.3 2.7 <0.05 <20.0 <1.0 <1.0 <0.2 <0.1
25.09.2014 20.1 42.6 16.5 18.4 331 316 309 4.1 5 2.1 <0.05 <20.0 <1.0 <1.0 <0.2 <0.1
Max 22.3 45.6 17.2 20.3 359 5.3 <0.05 <20.0 <1.0 <1.0 <0.2 <0.1
Min 18.8 35.8 15.3 16.4 301 2.1 <0.05 <20.0 <1.0 <1.0 <0.2 <0.1
Average 20.5 41.5 16.3 18.8 329 3.8 <0.05 <20.0 <1.0 <1.0 <0.2 <0.1
98 % tile 22.2 45.4 17.2 20.3 356 5.1 <0.05 <20.0 <1.0 <1.0 <0.2 <0.1
AX-9
ANNEXURE-X
AMBIENT AIR QUALITY LEVELS
AX-10
ANNEXURE-XI
DEMOGRAPHIC DETAILS
Sr. No. Name of Village No.of Total Total Male Total Populatio Male Below Female SC ST Total Male Female Total Main Marginal Non
House Population Female n Below 6 6 Agegroup Below 6 Population Population Literates Literates Literates Workers Workers Workers Workers
Holds Age group Agegroup
AXI-1