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Abstract— Internet of Things (IoT) is an emerging area in the field of wireless communication. Due to its resource constraint environment,
IETF gave a standard for IVP6 routing protocol for low power and lossy networks (RPL). The major component of RPL is Trickle algorithm. It
is used to control the number of messages exchanged between devices and helps in early network stabilization. Due to its importance, it is
crucial for researchers to understand this protocol. The absence of surveys in Trickle Algorithm motivates us to write this paper. In this paper,
we compared different Trickle Algorithms based on performance parameters like convergence time, energy consumption, packet delivery ratio
and others. Concluding, we can say that it is open research area in the designing parameters of Trickle‘s Algorithms and we believe that this
survey will be beneficial for researchers in their relevant work.
Keywords-IoT; RPL; Trickle Algortihm; Wireless Communication
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kn
k 2 I nz I TABLE IV. OPTIMIZED TRICKLE ALGORITHM
I Algorithm 4: Optimized Trickle Algorithm
Else If Step 6 of Original Trickle Algorithm is executed
kn k c0
If c kn t 0, I min
Transmit DIO message If Step 5 or Step 1 of Original Trickle Algorithm is executed
Else c0
Supress DIO message
t I / 2, I
c0
where:
Inz new interval size E. Trickle-Plus Algorithm
kn new redundancy counter In [1], authors gave the idea of increasing the elasticity of
the Original Trickle Algorithm. In this newly proposed
C. Adaptive Trickle Algorithm
Algorithm, authors introduced three parameters. These
In [4], authors gave the idea that each node should individually parameters will help to improve the elasticity as it will allow
adjust their suppression mechanism depending upon the algorithm to directly jump to required interval without having
density of the node. In Original Trickle Algorithm, the value to go through intermediate intervals. First, Shift Factor (SF), it
of k is fixed. Due to this, some nodes may get the high chance tells us about the number of intervals an algorithm should skip.
of transmitting as compared to other which may lead to more Second is IShift Start (ISE), it gives the value of interval in
number of delays. This also leads to suboptimal route which algorithm would start shifting. Third is IShift End (ISF),
formation and nodes try to connect to first available node even it gives the value of interval in which algorithm should shift
if better options are available. That is why, authors gave the shifting. Algorithm is explained in Table 5.
idea of changing the value of ‗k‘ with changing node densities
TABLE V. TRICKLE-PLUS ALGORITHM
i.e. if a node has large number of neighbors then it will set
high value of k so that it can compete with medium, otherwise Algorithm 5: Trickle-Plus Algorithm
set low value of k to give other nodes a better chance of I I min
If I 2 SF I SE
transmission.
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IJFRCSCE | March 2018, Available @ http://www.ijfrcsce.org
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International Journal on Future Revolution in Computer Science & Communication Engineering ISSN: 2454-4248
Volume: 4 Issue: 3 563 – 567
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I I 2 SF Transmit DIO message
elseif i I SE andI 2 SF I SE
Else
Supress DIO message
I I SE c0
else G. Improved Trickle Algorithm
I I 2 In [6], the authors present an idea to further improve the F-
I I 2 Trickle Algorithm. This is done by setting the redundancy
c0 counter to zero only when a node is transmitting or suppressing
If I max I the messages instead of setting at beginning of each interval.
Due to this change, previously DIO‘s (transmitted or
I I max suppressed) will also be taken into account which would lead to
t randomI / 2, I
low power and energy consumption as compared to Trickle-F
Algorithm. As authors did not make any changes in the number
If received message is consistent of DIO‘s, packet delivery ratio (PDR) remains the same. Table
c c 1 7 shows the detailed explanation of algorithm.
If received message is inconsistent
I I min TABLE VII. IMPROVED TRICKLE ALGORITHM
c kn
Algorithm 7: Improved Trickle Algorithm
If
Transmit DIO message
I I min
Else s0
Suppress DIO message
c0
I
F. ME-Trickle Algorithm t random 0, s
In [9], the authors extended the idea from E-trickle 2
Algorithm. Instead of doubling the interval each time a If received message is consistent
consistent message is received, it directly jumps to Imax value. c c 1
This improvement resulted in a very less number of packets If k c
transmitted as compared to all other algorithms (Original Transmit DIO control message
Trickle Algorithm, Opt-Trickle Algorithm, E-Trickle
Algorithm). This is because whenever a consistent message is s0
detected, it stops increasing time exponentially. Its convergence c0
time is very less for low range values. For high range values, its Else
convergence time is comparable. Algorithm is as explained in s s 1
Table 6. c0
If received message is inconsistent
TABLE VI. ME-TRICKLE ALGORITHM
I I min
Algorithm 6: ME-Trickle Algorithm
I I min s0
c0
c0 Else
I I max I I 2
If I max I If I max I
I I max I I max
t random0, I H. Summary
If received message is consistent Different Trickle Algorithms have been explained above.
c c 1 Each Algorithm provides a different technique to improve the
If received message is inconsistent performance of Original Trickle Algorithm, may it be in terms
I I min of Latency, PDR, Convergence time, Power Consumption or
Energy Consumption. Table 8 shows the comparative analysis
c0 of all the Algorithms explained above.
If I nz I
TABLE VIII. COMPARISION OF DIFFERENT TYPES OF TRICKLE ALGORITHM.
kn
k 2 I nz I TYPES DESCRIPTION
I Total Number of Network Power/Energy
Packets Convergence Consumption
Else Transferred Time
kn k Original Trickle Less as short More due to More than E-
[2] [6] [9] [15] listen problem is introduction of Trickle and
If c kn resolved but Listen Only Adaptive Trickle
566
IJFRCSCE | March 2018, Available @ http://www.ijfrcsce.org
_______________________________________________________________________________________
International Journal on Future Revolution in Computer Science & Communication Engineering ISSN: 2454-4248
Volume: 4 Issue: 3 563 – 567
_______________________________________________________________________________________________
more than other Period Algorithm I would also like to thank my parents (Raman Goyal,
types mentioned Meenu Goyal) for their support and fellow researchers (Ashima
below
Khosla, Vishal Lamba) for their great assistance while
F-Trickle Less due to Less than Same as that of
[1] [6] [7] [15] prioritization of Original Trickle Original Trickle researching and writing this paper. This research would have
nodes Algorithm but Algorithm never been possible without them. Thank You.
more than E-
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and I am very grateful for his valuable comments.
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