ELECTRIC

POWER
TRANSFORMER
ENGINEERING

© 2004 by CRC Press LLC

© 2004 by CRC Press LLC
 Library of Congress Cataloging-in-Publication Data

Electric power transformer engineering / edited by James H. Harlow.

p. cm. — (The Electric Power Engineering Series ; 9)
Includes bibliographical references and index.
ISBN 0-8493-1704-5 (alk. paper)
1. Electric transformers. I. Harlow, James H. II. title. III. Series.

TK2551.E65 2004
621.31d4—dc21 2003046134

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Library of Congress Card Number 2003046134
Printed in the United States of America 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 0
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© 2004 by CRC Press LLC

 Preface

Transformer engineering is one of the earliest sciences within the field of electric power engineering, and
power is the earliest discipline within the field of electrical engineering. To some, this means that
transformer technology is a fully mature and staid industry, with little opportunity for innovation or
ingenuity by those practicing in the field.
Of course, we in the industry find that premise to be erroneous. One need only scan the technical
literature to recognize that leading-edge suppliers, users, and academics involved with power transformers
are continually reporting novelties and advancements that would have been totally insensible to engineers
of even the recent past. I contend that there are three basic levels of understanding, any of which may
be appropriate for persons engaged with transformers in the electric power industry. Depending on day-
to-day involvement, the individual’s posture in the field can be described as:
• Curious — those with only peripheral involvement with transformers, or a nonprofessional lacking
relevant academic background or any particular need to delve into the intricacies of the science
• Professional — an engineer or senior-level technical person who has made a career around electric
power transformers, probably including other heavy electric-power apparatus and the associated
power-system transmission and distribution operations
• Expert — those highly trained in the field (either practically or analytically) to the extent that
they are recognized in the industry as experts. These are the people who are studying and pub-
lishing the innovations that continue to prove that the field is nowhere near reaching a techno-
logical culmination.
So, to whom is this book directed? It will truly be of use to any of those described in the previous
three categories.
The curious person will find the material needed to advance toward the level of professional. This
reader can use the book to obtain a deeper understanding of many topics.
The professional, deeply involved with the overall subject matter of this book, may smugly grin with
the self-satisfying attitude of, “I know all that!” This person, like myself, must recognize that there are
many transformer topics. There is always room to learn. We believe that this book can also be a valuable
resource to professionals.
The expert may be so immersed in one or a few very narrow specialties within the field that he also
may benefit greatly from the knowledge imparted in the peripheral specialties.
The book is divided into three fundamental groupings: The first stand-alone chapter is devoted to
Theory and Principles. The second chapter, Equipment Types, contains nine sections that individually treat
major transformer types. The third chapter, which contains 14 sections, addresses Ancillary Topics asso-
ciated with power transformers. Anyone with an interest in transformers will find a great deal of useful
information.

© 2004 by CRC Press LLC

 I wish to recognize the interest of CRC Press and the personnel who have encouraged and supported
the preparation of this book. Most notable in this regard are Nora Konopka, Helena Redshaw, and
Gail Renard. I also want to acknowledge Professor Leo Grigsby of Auburn University for selecting me to
edit the “Transformer” portion of his The Electric Power Engineering Handbook (CRC Press, 2001), which
forms the basis of this handbook. Indeed, this handbook is derived from that earlier work, with the
addition of four wholly new chapters and the very significant expansion and updating of much of the
other earlier work. But most of all, appreciation is extended to each writer of the 24 sections that
comprise this handbook. The authors’ diligence, devotion, and expertise will be evident to the reader.

James H. Harlow
Editor

© 2004 by CRC Press LLC

 Editor

James H. Harlow has been self-employed as a principal of Harlow Engineering Associates, consulting to
the electric power industry, since 1996. Before that, he had 34 years of industry experience with Siemens
Energy and Automation (and its predecessor Allis-Chalmers Co.) and Beckwith Electric Co., where he
was engaged in engineering design and management. While at these firms, he managed groundbreaking
projects that blended electronics into power transformer applications. Two such projects (employing
microprocessors) led to the introduction of the first intelligent-electronic-device control product used
in quantity in utility substations and a power-thyristor application for load tap changing in a step-voltage
regulator.
Harlow received the BSEE degree from Lafayette College, an MBA (statistics) from Jacksonville State
University, and an MS (electric power) from Mississippi State University. He joined the PES Transformers
Committee in 1982, serving as chair of a working group and a subcommittee before becoming an officer
and assuming the chairmanship of the PES Transformers Committee for 1994–95. During this period,
he served on the IEEE delegation to the ANSI C57 Main Committee (Transformers). His continued
service to IEEE led to a position as chair of the PES Technical Council, the assemblage of leaders of the
17 technical committees that comprise the IEEE Power Engineering Society. He recently completed a
2-year term as PES vice president of technical activities.
Harlow has authored more than 30 technical articles and papers, most recently serving as editor of
the transformer section of The Electric Power Engineering Handbook, CRC Press, 2001. His editorial
contribution within this handbook includes the section on his specialty, LTC Control and Transformer
Paralleling. A holder of five U.S. patents, Harlow is a registered professional engineer and a senior member
of IEEE.

© 2004 by CRC Press LLC


Dennis Allan
MerlinDesign
Stafford, England
Hector J. Altuve
Schweitzer Engineering
Laboratories, Ltd.
Monterrey, Mexico
Gabriel Benmouyal
Schweitzer Engineering
Laboratories, Ltd.
Longueuil, Quebec, Canada
Behdad Biglar
Trench Ltd.
Scarborough, Ontario,
Canada
Wallace Binder
WBBinder
Consultant
New Castle, Pennsylvania
Antonio Castanheira
Trench Brasil Ltda.
Contegem, Minas Gelais, Brazil
Craig A. Colopy
Cooper Power Systems
Waukesha, Wisconsin
Robert C. Degeneff
Rensselaer Polytechnic Institute
Troy, New York
© 2004 by CRC Press LLC
Contributors
Scott H. Digby
Waukesha Electric Systems
Goldsboro, North Carolina
Dieter Dohnal
Maschinenfabrik Reinhausen
GmbH
Regensburg, Germany
Douglas Dorr
EPRI PEAC Corporation
Knoxville, Tennessee
Richard F. Dudley
Trench Ltd.
Scarborough, Ontario, Canada
Ralph Ferraro
Ferraro, Oliver & Associates, Inc.
Knoxville, Tennessee
Dudley L. Galloway
Galloway Transformer
Technology LLC
Jefferson City, Missouri
Anish Gaikwad
EPRI PEAC Corporation
Knoxville, Tennessee
Armando Guzmán
Schweitzer Engineering
Laboratories, Ltd.
Pullman, Washington
James H. Harlow
Harlow Engineering Associates
Mentone, Alabama
Ted Haupert
TJ/H2b Analytical Services
Sacramento, California
William R. Henning
Waukesha Electric Systems
Waukesha, Wisconsin
Philip J. Hopkinson
HVOLT, Inc.
Charlotte, North Carolina
Sheldon P. Kennedy
Niagara Transformer
Corporation
Buffalo, New York
Andre Lux
KEMA T&D Consulting
Raleigh, North Carolina
Arindam Maitra
EPRI PEAC Corporation
Knoxville, Tennessee
Arshad Mansoor
EPRI PEAC Corporation
Knoxville, Tennessee
Shirish P. Mehta Paulette A. Payne Leo J. Savio
Waukesha Electric Systems Potomac Electric Power ADAPT Corporation
Waukesha, Wisconsin Company (PEPCO) Kennett Square, Pennsylvania
Washington, DC
Harold Moore Michael Sharp
H. Moore & Associates Dan D. Perco Trench Ltd.
Niceville, Florida Perco Transformer Engineering Scarborough, Ontario, Canada
Stoney Creek, Ontario, Canada
Dan Mulkey H. Jin Sim
Pacific Gas & Electric Co. Gustav Preininger Waukesha Electric Systems
Petaluma, California Consultant Goldsboro, North Carolina
Graz, Austria
Randy Mullikin Robert F. Tillman, Jr.
Kuhlman Electric Corp. Jeewan Puri Alabama Power Company
Versailles, Kentucky Transformer Solutions Birmingham, Alabama
Matthews, North Carolina
Alan Oswalt Loren B. Wagenaar
Consultant America Electric Power
Big Bend, Wisconsin Pickerington, Ohio

© 2004 by CRC Press LLC

 Contents

Chapter 1 Theory and Principles Dennis Allan and Harold Moore

Chapter 2 Equipment Types

2.1 Power Transformers H. Jin Sim and Scott H. Digby
2.2 Distribution Transformers Dudley L. Galloway and Dan Mulkey
2.3 Phase-Shifting Transformers Gustav Preininger
2.4 Rectifier Transformers Sheldon P. Kennedy
2.5 Dry-Type Transformers Paulette A. Payne
2.6 Instrument Transformers Randy Mullikin
2.7 Step-Voltage Regulators Craig A. Colopy
2.8 Constant-Voltage Transformers Arindam Maitra, Anish Gaikwad,
Ralph Ferraro, Douglas Dorr, and Arshad Mansoor
2.9 Reactors Richard F. Dudley, Michael Sharp, Antonio Castanheira,
and Behdad Biglar

Chapter 3 Ancillary Topics

3.1 Insulating Media Leo J. Savio and Ted Haupert
3.2 Electrical Bushings Loren B. Wagenaar
3.3 Load Tap Changers Dieter Dohnal
3.4 Loading and Thermal Performance Robert F. Tillman, Jr.
3.5 Transformer Connections Dan D. Perco
3.6 Transformer Testing Shirish P. Mehta and William R. Henning
3.7 Load-Tap-Change Control and Transformer Paralleling
James H. Harlow
3.8 Power Transformer Protection Armando Guzmán, Hector J. Altuve,
and Gabriel Benmouyal
3.9 Causes and Effects of Transformer Sound Levels Jeewan Puri
3.10 Transient-Voltage Response Robert C. Degeneff
3.11 Transformer Installation and Maintenance Alan Oswalt
3.12 Problem and Failure Investigation Wallace Binder
and Harold Moore
3.13 On-Line Monitoring of Liquid-Immersed Transformers Andre Lux
3.14 U.S. Power Transformer Equipment Standards and Processes
Philip J. Hopkinson

© 2004 by CRC Press LLC