Contents

l. Introduction 9 4.3 Ranges of Mobility Ratios

During Waterflooding 46
1.1 General History and Development
of Waterflooding 9
1.2 Relation Between Reservoir 5. Areal Sweep Efficiency 48
Engineering and Production
5.1 Definition 48
Engineering Aspects of Waterflooding 9
5.2 Measurement 48
1.3 Objectives of the Monograph 10
5.3 Areal Sweep Efficiency at
1.4 Organization of the Monograph 10
Water Breakthrough 50
5.4 Areal Sweep Increase After
2. Basic Water-Oil Flow Properties of Water Breakthrough 53
Reservoir Rock 12 5.5 Injectivities in Various
2.1 Rock Wettability 12 Waterflood Patterns 53

2.2 Fluid Distribution 15 5.6 Areal Sweep Prediction Methods 54

2.3 Capillary Pressure 17 5.7 Other Factors Affecting Areal

Sweep 56
2.4 Relative Permeability 19
5.8 Factors Affecting Selection of
2.5 Native~State and Restored-8tate Waterftood Pattern 58
Cores 21
2.6 Methods of Measuring Water-Oil
Flow Properties 22 6. Reservoir Heterogeneity 62
2.7 Three-Phase Relative Permeabilities 24 6.1 Types of Reservoir Heterogeneities 62
2.8 Connate Water Saturation 25 6.2 Quantitative Descriptions of
Permeability Stratification 63

3. Efficiency of Oil Displacement

by Water 29 7. Vertical and Volumetric Sweep
3.1 Frontal Advance Theory 29 Efficiencies 69
3.2 Water Tonguing 34 7.1 Definition 69
3.3 Viscous Fingering 34 7.2 Influence of Mobility Ratio 69
3.4 Mobility of the Connate Water 34 7.3 Influence of Gravity Forces 71
3.5 Practical Application of the Frontal 7.4 Influence of Capillary Forces 72
Advance Theory 35 7.5 Crossftow Between Layers 73
3.6 Influence of Rock Wettability on 7.6 Effect of Rate on Volumetric
Oil Production Performance 38 Sweep Calculations 75
3.7 Influence of Oil and Water 7.7 Effect of Layer Selection on
Viscosities 38 Volumetric Sweep Calculations 75
3.8 Influence of Formation Dip and Rate 39
3.9 Influence of Initial Gas Saturation 39
8. Methods of Predicting Waterflood
Performance 78
4. Mobility Ratio Concept 45 8.1 The Perfect Prediction Method 78
4.1 Development of the Mobility 8.2 Prediction Methods Primarily
Ratio Concept 45 Concerned with Reservoir
4.2 Definition of Mobility Ratio 45 Heterogeneity 78
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