FACULTY OF CIVIL & ENVIRONMENTAL ENGINEERING

DEPARTMENT OF WATER & ENVIRONMENTAL ENGINEERING

WATER ENGINEERING LABORATORY

LABORATORY REPORT

Code & Experiment MKA – 02 : FLOW IN OPEN CHANNEL

Course/ Subject Code BFC 21201

Section 9

Experiment Date 13 March 2017

Group Name 5

1. Farah Nurhabibah Binti Rosli (DF160023)

Group Members
2. Muhammad Shahmi Amsyar Bin Abdul Aziz (DF160037)

3. Nur Adilah Binti Muhamad Nazari (DF160026)

4. Sheikh Muhamad Hishamuddin Bin Sh Ibrahim (DF160024)

5. Tengku Daeng Dinie Afiq Bin Tengku Daen Johar (DF160017)

Lecturer / Instructor/
Pn Noor Aliza Ahmad
Tutor Name
Submission Date 20 March 2017

CLO 1: Report/ Presentation/

Team work
25%

CLO 2: Report/ Presentation/

Marks Team work
37.5%

CLO 3: Team work/

Presentation
37.5%

Received Stamp TOTAL

Examiner Comments
 Lab Report Assessment Rubrics
Faculty: FACULTY OF CIVIL AND ENVIRONMENTAL ENGINEERING
Programme: BACHELOR OF CIVIL ENGINEERING WITH HONOURS
Course/Code: HYDRAULICS & MECHANIC MATERIALS LABORATORY/ BFC21201
Experiment
FLOW IN OPEN CHANNEL
Title:
Assessed by: Pn Noor Aliza Ahmad
Section: 9
Student 1. Farah Nurhabibah Binti Rosli (DF160023)
names: 2. Muhammad Shahmi Amsyar Bin Abdul
Aziz(DF160037)
3. Nur Adilah Binti Muhamad Nazari
(DF160026)
4. Sheikh Muhamad Hishamuddin Bin Sh
Ibrahim (DF160024)

Excellent
5. Tengku Daeng Dinie Afiq Bin Tengku Daeng

V.Poor

Good
Poor

Fair
Johar (DF160017)
CLO Explain the results of hydraulics and mechanics materials experiments based on relevant standard and theories. [PLO4,
1: C2]
Assessment Criteria Sub-criteria Level 1 2 3 4 5 Weight Score
Lab work aim/purposes Identify the lab purpose C1 1
and materials used List and include all lab materials C1 1
Report Use appropriate List and include all lab procedures C1 1
methodology and results
to interpret procedures Answer and discuss relevant questions,
C2 1
used equations and techniques
Development of Interpret proper results C2 0.5
Presentation methodology and Discuss the use of materials and
assumptions in study C2 0.5
equations
Total 5
CLO
Display high quality of technical and interpretation skills in solving the assign problems. [PLO2, P4]
2:
Assessment Criteria Sub-criteria Level 1 2 3 4 5 Weight Score
Descriptions of the lab work needs P1 0.5
Perform on-site lab work Correct use of measurement technique
P2 1.5
and equipments
Discussion on the Describe correct and precise data
Report P2 1.5
applications of the lab collection
work with measurement
Analyse and discuss the data trends and
techniques and P3 1.5
patterns using correct graphs
equations
Solve the applications of equations with
P3 1
Use/adapt appropriate correct and accurate analyses
measurement 3 sets data measurement for accuracy P4 0.7
Presentation
technique/concept and
results Investigate, discuss and relate the use of
P4 0.8
lab work with real site situation
Total 7.5
CLO
Describe the laboratory testing procedures among group members throughout the experiments. [PLO5, A2]
3:
Assessment Criteria Sub-criteria Level 1 2 3 4 5 Weight Score
Format of report follows given format A1 1.5
Convey information in Team work: contribution from all
Report A1 1.5
group members
Follows the field work instructions A2 1.5
Demonstrate importance of lab works,
A2 2
able to answers open ended questions
Convey spoken ideas in
Presentation
group Organisation of group presentation A2 0.7
Support members in Q&A session A2 0.3
Total 7.5

Total (%)
Assessor signature/ date:
FACULTY OF CIVIL & ENVIRONMENTAL ENGINEERING

WATER ENGINEERING LABORATORY

LABORATORY PAPER INSTRUCTION

Subject Code BFC 21201

Experiment Code MKA – 02

Experiment Title FLOW IN OPEN CHANNEL

Section 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8
 STUDENTS’ ETHICAL CODE (SEC)

DEPARTMENT OF WATER & ENVIRONMENTAL ENGINEERING

FACULTY OF CIVIL & ENVIRONMENTAL ENGINEERING
UNIVERSITI TUN HUSSEIN ONN MALAYSIA
BATU PAHAT, JOHOR

“I declare that I have prepared this report with my own efforts. I also
declare not receive or give any assistance in preparing this report and
make this affirmation in the belief that nothing is in, it is true”

……………………………………….
(STUDENT’S SIGNATURE)

NAME :………………………………
MATRIC NO :……………………………….
DATE :…………………………..…..

*This SEC paper sheet is compulsory to be compiled in the lab report for each student by group
 STUDENTS’ ETHICAL CODE (SEC)

DEPARTMENT OF WATER & ENVIRONMENTAL ENGINEERING

FACULTY OF CIVIL & ENVIRONMENTAL ENGINEERING
UNIVERSITI TUN HUSSEIN ONN MALAYSIA
BATU PAHAT, JOHOR

“I declare that I have prepared this report with my own efforts. I also
declare not receive or give any assistance in preparing this report and
make this affirmation in the belief that nothing is in, it is true”

……………………………………….
(STUDENT’S SIGNATURE)

NAME :………………………………
MATRIC NO :……………………………….
DATE :…………………………..…..

*This SEC paper sheet is compulsory to be compiled in the lab report for each student by group
 STUDENTS’ ETHICAL CODE (SEC)

DEPARTMENT OF WATER & ENVIRONMENTAL ENGINEERING

FACULTY OF CIVIL & ENVIRONMENTAL ENGINEERING
UNIVERSITI TUN HUSSEIN ONN MALAYSIA
BATU PAHAT, JOHOR

“I declare that I have prepared this report with my own efforts. I also
declare not receive or give any assistance in preparing this report and
make this affirmation in the belief that nothing is in, it is true”

……………………………………….
(STUDENT’S SIGNATURE)

NAME :………………………………
MATRIC NO :……………………………….
DATE :…………………………..…..

*This SEC paper sheet is compulsory to be compiled in the lab report for each student by group
 STUDENTS’ ETHICAL CODE (SEC)

DEPARTMENT OF WATER & ENVIRONMENTAL ENGINEERING

FACULTY OF CIVIL & ENVIRONMENTAL ENGINEERING
UNIVERSITI TUN HUSSEIN ONN MALAYSIA
BATU PAHAT, JOHOR

“I declare that I have prepared this report with my own efforts. I also
declare not receive or give any assistance in preparing this report and
make this affirmation in the belief that nothing is in, it is true”

……………………………………….
(STUDENT’S SIGNATURE)

NAME :………………………………
MATRIC NO :……………………………….
DATE :…………………………..…..

*This SEC paper sheet is compulsory to be compiled in the lab report for each student by group
 STUDENTS’ ETHICAL CODE (SEC)

DEPARTMENT OF WATER & ENVIRONMENTAL ENGINEERING

FACULTY OF CIVIL & ENVIRONMENTAL ENGINEERING
UNIVERSITI TUN HUSSEIN ONN MALAYSIA
BATU PAHAT, JOHOR

“I declare that I have prepared this report with my own efforts. I also
declare not receive or give any assistance in preparing this report and
make this affirmation in the belief that nothing is in, it is true”

……………………………………….
(STUDENT’S SIGNATURE)

NAME :………………………………
MATRIC NO :……………………………….
DATE :…………………………..…..

*This SEC paper sheet is compulsory to be compiled in the lab report for each student by group
PART A : THE HYDRAULIC JUMPS
1.0 OBJECTIVE
To investigate the characteristic of a standing wave (the hydraulic jump) produced
when waters beneath an undershot weir and to observe the flow patterns obtained.

2.0 LEARNING OUTCOMES

At the end of the course, students should be able to apply the knowledge and skills
they have learned to:
a. Understand the concept and characteristics of hydraulic jump.
b. Understand the factors which influence the hydraulic jump.

3.0 THEORY
Fluctuating water surface
Total head line

DH
H0 y0 H1

Critical depth line

yg vb yb v3 y3
v1 y1 ya va

Section 0 Section 1 Section a Section b Section 3

When water flowing rapidly changes to slower tranquil flow, a hydraulic jump or standing
wave is produced. This phenomenon can be seen where water shooting under a sluice gate
mixes with deeper water downstream. It occurs when a depth less than critical changes to a
depth which is greater than critical and must be accompanied by loss of energy. An undular
jump occurs when the change in depth is small. The surface of the water undulates in a
series of oscillations, which gradually decay to a region of smooth tranquil flow. A direct
jump occurs when the change in depth is great. The large amount of energy loss produces a
zone of extremely turbulent water before it settles to smooth tranquil flow. By considering
the forces acting within the fluid on either side of a hydraulic jump of unit width it can be
shown that:

va  v 
2 2
DH  ya    yb  b 
2g  2g 
Where, ΔH is the total head loss across jump (energy dissipated) (m), v a is the mean

velocity before jump (m/s), y a is the depth of flow before hydraulic jump (m), v b is the

mean velocity after hydraulic jump (m) and yb is the depth of flow after hydraulic jump

(m). Because the working section is short, ya ≈ y1 and yb ≈ y3 . Therefore, simplifying the

above equation, DH   y3  y1  4 y1 y3 .
3

4.0 EQUIPMENTS

Figure 1 : Self-contained glass sided tilting flume. Figure 2 : Adjustable undershot weir

Figure 3 : Instrument carrier Figure 4 : hook and point gauge

5.0 PROCEDURES

1. Ensure the flume is level, with the downstream tilting overshot weir, E at the bottom
of its travel. Measure and record the actual breadth b (m) of the undershot weir.
Install the undershot weir towards the inlet end of the flume and ensure that it is
securely clamped in position.
2. Adjust the undershot weir to position the sharp edge of the weir 20 mm above the
bed of the channel. Increase the height of the tilting overshot weir until the
downstream level just start to rise.
3. Gradually open the flow control valve and adjust the flow until an undular jump is
created with small ripple decaying towards the discharge end of the working section.
Observe and sketch the flow pattern.
4. Increase the height of water upstream of the undershot weir by increasing the flow
rate and increase the height of the tilting overshot weir to create a hydraulic jump in
the centre of the working section. Observe and sketch the flow pattern.
5. Measure and record the values of y1 , y3 , y g and Q . Repeat this for other flow rates

Q (upstream head) and heights of the gate y g .

6.0 RESULT AND CALCULATION

DATA ANALYSIS (HYDRAULIC JUMP)

Calculation for opening weir, dg = 0.025m

DH = (0.0734 – 0.0185) ^3 / 4(0.0185) (0.0734)

= 0.0304

Calculation for 𝑣1 , Q = AV
V = Q/A

A = dg x b
 = 0.025 x 0.300
= 0.0075 𝑚2

Therefore,
V = 0.0004 / 0.0075
= 0.0533 m/s

3
𝑑𝑐 = √𝑞2 / g
q =Q/b
= (0.0004/ 0.300)
= 0.0013 𝑚2 /s

Therefore,
3
𝑑𝑐 = √(00013)2 /𝑔
= 0.0004 m

The weir opening,

dg d1 < dc < d3

21 0.0106 < 0.055 < 0.0814

24 0.0146 < 0.055 < 0.0913
27 0.158 < 0.055 < 0.0969

30 0.0164 < 0.055 < 0.0995

33 0.0188 < 0.055 < 0.1052

36 0.0196 < 0.055 < 0.1100

7.0 QUESTIONS

1. Verify the force of the stream on either side of the jump is the same and that
the specific energy curve predicts a loss equal to ΔH / dc.
 Fbefore = Fafter

2. Suggest application where the loss of energy in hydraulic jump would be

desirable. How is the energy dissipated?
The hydraulic jump flow process can be illustrated by use of the specific energy
concept. Equation loss energy can be written in term of the specific energy the fluid
does not proceed along the specific energy curve and pass through the critical
condition:
E = do + V2/ 2g

The energy dissipates when water flow at weir opening and the energy became 0
because d0 and d3 has are force from adverse. Same like the equation,

8.0 DISCUSSION
Practical applications of hydraulic jump are dissipate energy in water flowing over
hydraulic structures as dams, weirs, and others and prevent scouring downstream structures.
On the other hand, the hydraulic jump also raise water level on the downstream side for
irrigation or other water distribution purposes in daily life and aerate water for city water
supplies.. Next , the hydraulic jump also used to increase weight on an apron and reduce
uplift pressure under a structure by raising the water depth on the apron. Mixing chemicals
used for water purification is also used hydraulic jump. Lastly, hydraulic jump is used to
remove air pockets from water supply lines and air locking
9.0 CONCLUSION
In conclusion, our experiment did have achieved the intended objectives. We succeed in
investigating the characteristic a standing wave (the hydraulic jump) produces when waters
beneath an undershot weir. When liquid at high velocity discharges into a zone of lower
velocity, a rather abrupt rise occurs in the liquid surface. The rapidly flowing liquid is
abruptly slowed and increases in height, converting some of the flow's initial kinetic energy
into an increase in potential energy, with some energy irreversibly lost through the
turbulence to heat. The increase when the weir opening increase causing the velocity to
increase. For this experiment, the important thing that we must follow is the flow rate used
for the experiment must be constant or we would not see the change in pattern of hydraulic
jump caused by the changing of weir opening. For the recommendation, students must know
how to conduct the basic and manual operations of this equipment. Besides, carefully
consider the flow rate used in this experiment. Ensure the weir gate is in good condition.
Use the hook and point gauge to measure the height of the water for each section.

10.0 REFERENCES
i. John J.E.A. 1988. Introduction to Fluid Mechanics, pp 330-342. Prentice Hall, Inc.
ii. Chaudhry, M. H. 1993. Open Channel Flow, pp 302-408. Prentice-Hall, Inc.
iii. Simon, A. L.1997. Hydraulics, pp 283-312. Prentice Hall, Inc
iv. http://www.engineeringcivil.com (serve on 19/11/2011)
11.0 APPENDIX

FIQURE 1: taking yo reading by using hook and point gauge

FIGURE 2: taking the velocity of water flow

FIGURE 3 : taking the reading of y1 and y3

PART B : THE FORCE ON A SLUICE GATE

1.0 OBJECTIVE
To determine the relationship between upstream head and thrust on a sluice gate
(undershot weir) for water flowing under the sluice gate.

2.0 LEARNING OUTCOMES

At the end of the course, students should be able to apply the knowledge and skills
they have learned to:
a. Understand the basic terms and concept of a sluice gate.
b. Understand on the characteristics of the force on a sluice gate.
3.0 THEORY
It can be shown that the resultant force on the gate is given by the equation,
2 y 
Fg  1 gy1  0 2  1  g 1  y1  . The gate thrust for a hydrostatic pressure
2
 y0 
2  y1  by1 

distribution is given by the equation, FH  1 g y0  y g  where, Fg is resultant gate

2
2
thrust (N), FH is resultant hydrostatic thrust (N), Q is volume flowrate (m/s),  is
density of fluid (kg/m3), g gravitational constant (9.81 m/s2), b is breadth of gate (m),

y g is height of upstream opening (m), y0 is upstream depth of flow (m) and y1 is

downstream depth of flow (m).

4.0 EQUIPMENTS

Figure 1 : Self-contained glass sided tilting flume.

Figure 2 : Adjustable undershot weir

Figure 3 : Instrument carrier Figure 4 : hook and point gauge

5.0 PROCEDURES
1. Ensure the flume is level, with the downstream tilting overshot weir at the bottom
of its travel. Measure and record the actual breadth b (m) of the undershot weir.
Install the undershot weir towards the inlet end of the flume and ensure that it is
securely clamped in position.
2. Adjust the undershot weir to set its bottom edge 20 mm above the bed of the
channel.
3. Introduce water into the flume until y0 = 200 mm. With y0 at this position, take

readings for Q and y1 . Raise the undershot weir in increments of 10 mm,

maintaining constant y0 by varying Q . At each level of the weir, record the values

of y g , y1 and Q .

4. Repeat the procedure with a constant flow Q , allowing yo to vary. Record the

values of yo and y1 .

6.0 RESULT AND CALCULATIONS

DATA ANALYSIS (SLUICE GATE)

Calculation for weir opening 0.025m.
Gate Thrust, Fg (N)
1 𝑑1
𝐹𝑔 = pg𝑑1 ^2 ( 𝑑0 ^2 / 𝑑1 ^2-1 ) – pg / b𝑑1 (1- )
2 𝑑0

= -1.82 x106 N

Hydrostatic Thrust, FH (N)

𝐹𝐻 = ½ pg (𝑑0 - 𝑑𝑔 ) ^2

= 55.94 N
7.0 QUESTIONS
1. Plot a graph of the ratio Fg FH against the ratio y g yo .

2. Plot graph of the ratio Fg / FH against the ratio dg / do. (Refer graph)

3. Comment of the graph obtained.

Based on the graph, the pattern of the graph is an increased. When the value of dg
/do are increased , the value of Fg / FH also increased.

4. Compared your calculated values for Fg and FH and comment on any differences.

Fg = ½ ρgd12 [ (d02 / d12 ) - 1 ] – ρg / bd1 [ 1 – (d1 / d0 )], we get the value are in negative
(-ve) and when we calculated FH with FH = ½ ρg ( d0 - dg )2 , we get the value in positive
(+ve). Fg is resultant gate thrust (N) and FH is resultant hydrostatic thrust (N). We can
conclude that before the water is flow to the sluice gate, the force are FH are in positive
(+ve) because is follow the direction of the water flow. The force are happened after
sluice gate are Fg in negative (-ve) because the resultant force of the flow is opposite the
direction.

4. What is the effect of flow rate on the result obtained?

From the result, the more flow rate will give the less thrust for both of the gate and
the hydrostatic. This is because of the decreasing pressure at both of them.

8.0 DISCUSSION

Floodgates are adjustable gates used to control water flow in reservoir, river, stream, or
level systems. They may be designed to set spillway crest heights in dams, to adjust flow
rates in sluices and canals, or they may be designed to stop water flow entirely as part of a
levee or storm surge system. Since most of these devices operate by controlling the water
surface elevation being stored or routed, they are also known as crest gates. In the case of
flood bypass systems, floodgates sometimes are also used to lower the water levels in a
main river or canal channels by allowing more water to flow into a flood bypass or
detention basin when the main river or canal is approaching a flood stage.

9.0 CONCLUSION

The flow through a channel in which a gate partially obstructs the flow will be used for this
measurement of total force. This obstruction is called a sluice gate (see Figure 1). The flow
is from left to right and enters at a velocity Vo. The fluid in the upstream section builds up
against the gate to a level y0, and exits the upstream section under the gate of height b. The
fluid attains a higher velocity V1 as it passes under the gate and a shallower free surface
height y1 downstream.
Three assumptions will be made in this derivation of the equation for horizontal force on a
sluice gate which is the viscous force at the bottom of the channel and the energy dissipation
at the gate are negligible, the flow is steady and has a uniform velocity distribution at the
inlet and outlet sections and flow at upstream and downstream sections is uniform and the
effect of the side walls is negligible.

10.0 REFERRENCE
1. John J.E.A. 1988. Introduction to Fluid Mechanics, pp 330-342. Prentice Hall, Inc.
2. Chaudhry, M. H. 1993. Open Channel Flow, pp 302-408. Prentice-Hall, Inc.
3. Chow, V. T. 1959. Open Channel Hydraulics, pp 608-710. McGraw-Hill, Inc.
11.0 APPENDIX

FIQURE 1: taking yo reading by using hook and point gauge

FIGURE 2: taking the velocity of water flow

FIGURE 3 : taking the reading of y1 and y3