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Chapter
1 Indefinite Integral
Day – 1
What is Integration
If the differential coefficient of a given function F(x) is given by f(x) then
The process of finding the anti derivative of a given function is called integration
If
The function is called the integrand and the function is called the integral of ,
is known as variable of integration, is the symbol of integration.
Now, we know that
Then
But
(k is a constant) thus
Here is an arbitrary constant, which signifies that for a fixed integrand the
integral may assume infinite number of values. Hence it is called Indefinite
Integral
Also
From 1 and 2
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Kaysons Education Indefinite Integral
It not only makes the integral general but also makes the two indefinite integral comparable.
10 –
11
12
13
14
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Kaysons Education Indefinite Integral
15
16
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19
20
Illustration
Illustration
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Kaysons Education Indefinite Integral
Self Efforts
Solution
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Kaysons Education Indefinite Integral
Day – 2
Integration by Substitution
Theorem (i)
Proof
In a previous list of formulas, if in place of x we have ax + b, then the same formula is applicable
but we must divide by coefficient of x or derivative of (ax + b) i.e. a.
For e.g.
Illustration
Illustration
Illustration
Theorem (iii)
Integrals of the form , where m, n are positive integers.
(i) If m is odd i.e. power of is odd. Put .
(ii) If n is odd, i.e. power of is odd, Put .
(iii) When m and n are both odd positive integers substitute .
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Kaysons Education Definite Integral
Chapter
2 Definite Integral
Day – 1
Where is the definite integral of function f(x) over the interval [a, b]
a = lower limit b = upper limit
This is called Newton Leibniz formula & hold for continuous function is the interval. If it is
discontinuous at some point in [a, b], then the integral should be separately evaluated for each
interval.
Illustration
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Kaysons Education Definite Integral
Self Efforts
Solution
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Kaysons Education Definite Integral
In general represents algebraic sum of the areas of the figure bounded by. The curves
x – axis and the straight lines . The areas above x – axis are taken with
+ sign & areas below the x – axis are taken with minus sign.
Illustration
Illustration
Full Area enclosed by
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Kaysons Education Definite Integral
Illustration
—
If we consider
Now
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Kaysons Education Definite Integral
Illustration
We can see
Property II
If the limits of a definite integral are inter changed then its value changes by minus sign only
Proof:
Let ϕ(x)be Anti derivative of f(x). Then
Property III
Proof:
Generalization
Illustration
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Kaysons Education Area
Chapter
3 Definite Integral
Day – 1
Enquiry– How it is possible to find the area enclosed by a curve and x-axis?
We know gives the algebraic sum of areas between f(x), x-axis and ordinate x = a & x = b.
Consider the strip of width δx and length y from x-axis clearly
Area ABMN < Area ABCN
< Area ABCD
Area ABCN = y δx
Illustration
Find the area common to the parabola y2 = 4ax and line x = a in first quadrant.
Curve y2 = 4ax and line x = a is plotted in adjacent figure.
Enquiry: What about change in sign of area according to the position of curve. (Above or below x axis)
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Kaysons Education Area
If for any value ∈ [a, b], the curve crosses the x-axis then the value of the integral gives the
difference of areas of the portion of the curves lying below the x-axis and above the x-axis.
As in the figure
will give area with –ve sign. We consider only numerical value.
Illustration
Find the area bounded by curve y = x(x 1)(x 2) and the x-axis.
Here the curve is not having any standard shape. So we make a rough sketch.
Solve with x-axis.
D
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Kaysons Education Area
.
Area bounded between the curves y = f(x) and y = g(x) and ordinates x = x1 and x = x2.
Method:
1. To determine the area bounded between two curves. First find out points of intersection of the
two curves.
2. If in the domain common to both (i.e. the domain given by the points of intersection) the curve
lies above x axis, then area is
Shaded portion (P1P2Q2Q1):
y y
P1 P2 f(x)
y = f(x)
g(x)
y = g(x)
Q1 Q2
x x
O x = x1 x = x2 O x = x1 x = x2
If one part of graph or both the curves lie below x axis, then the individual integral must be g
valuated according to previous knowledge.
A = OMBN + OPCD
B f(x)
M
N
b
O a
D A
P
C
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Kaysons Education Area
integral to be evaluated is
y2
x = g(y)
y1
Illustration
Find area bounded by curve 2y = 2x – x2 and x-axis.
(2, 0)
x
O (0, 0) A
.
Illustration
Find the area of the region included between the parabola and the line
Given parabola y
And the given line is
Illustration
Find the area of the region included between the parabolas , where a > 0.
The equation of the given curve are y 2
x = 4ay
Parabola
y2=4ax
and
(4a, 4a)
Solving (i) and (ii), Putting from (ii) into (i)
x
O P
(0, 0)
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Kaysons Education Area
.
So, required area
Illustration
Find the area of the smaller region bounded by the ellipse and the straight line
.
The equation of the given curves are (0, b)
(a, 0)
Reg. area
Illustration
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Kaysons Education Differential Equation
Chapter
4 Differential Equation
Day – 1
An equation involving derivatives or differentials of one (or more) independent variables with respect to
one (or more) independent variable(s) is called a differential equation i.e. it will be an equation is x, y and
derivatives of y with respect to x.
Illustration
order = 1, degree = 1
Illustration
order = 4, degree = 1
Illustration
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Kaysons Education Differential Equation
Self Efforts
1. 2.
3.
Solution
1. 4, 2 2. 2, 3 3. 2, not diff.
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Kaysons Education Differential Equation
Illustration
The differential equation is a non-linear differential equation, because its
degree is 3, more than one.
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Kaysons Education Differential Equation
Self Efforts
3.
Solution
1. Linear 2. Non-linear 3. Linear
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Kaysons Education Differential Equation
Illustration
Show that is a solution of the differential equation
We have
Differentiating both sides w.r.t x, we get
We have
Differentiating w.r.t x, we get
=y [Using (i)]
This shows that is a solution of the given differential equation.
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