Universidad de la Sabana

Facultad de ingeniería
Ciencia de los Nanomateriales
Stress-Strain assays Stainless Steel
Kellys Arrieta - 0000074391 Andrés Castellanos - 0000116101
Valentina Cely - 000049090 Paula Zamora - 0000087290 14 de abril de 2018

1. Abstract
A stress strain test on metals was carried
out with the main objective of know certain
mechanical properties, such as the ductility,
rigidity and strength of a material, in this case
we will use stainless steel whose dimensions
are 30cm lengh and 1.6cm diametre. the bar of
stainless that was subjected to a tension force
exerted gradually by a press EMIC GR 044
(Universal machine) that is show in the
(image 1).
As a result of this laboratory we obtain that
the elastic zone had a limit in 2000 Mpa
approximately, the final fracture at 57,6mm
and also that the type of fracture was ductil.
Image 1.Machine EMIC GR 044.
Key words: strength, ductility, tension,
rigidity
EMIC GR 044, Machine used in the tension
2. Introduction test, similar to a press with which it is possible
Stress Strain Test to subject materials to tensile and compression
This test is used to measure the resistance of a tests to measure their properties. The pressure
material to a static force or applied slowly. is achieved by plates or jaws driven by screws
This test consists in lengthening a test or a hydraulic system. This machine is not
specimen by force of tension, exerted widely used in the characterization of new
gradually, in order to know certain mechanical materials. For example, it has been used in the
properties of materials in general: its strength, measurement of the stress properties of
rigidity and ductility. Knowing that the results polymers and metals.
of the test for a given material are applicable
to all sizes and sample shapes, a test has been 3. Materials and methods
established in which a tension force is applied
on a cylindrical test-tube and standardized 1. Determine the dimensions of the bar
size, which is universally handled between using the calibrator.
engineers This test is carried out at room 2. It is important
temperature between 10 ° C and 35 ° C. make a mark with the help
of a marker in the test tubes, which
Machine EMIC GR 044
indicate where they are going to
perform measurements of diameter
and the one corresponding to the
initial length

3. the machine was prepared for the test,
the jaws that hold the stainless steel
bar were placed
4. the specimen was put in position for
the traction, for them they were placed
in the jaws of the universal machine
5. We measure the initial length or the
work area of the specimen to make the
final calculations
6. the necessary final data and the graph
were thrown by the software of the
universal machine.
7. we make the corrected plot stress-
strain
that is to say that this type of fracture appears
in materials that have a considerable plastic
deformation.
This type of fracture can be recognized by the
following characteristics:
1.neck formation in the fractured area
2.permanent plastic deformation
3.elongation of the material
4.reduction of the transversal area.

4. Results

4.1 fracture

Stainless steel is defined as a steel alloy (with

a minimum of 10% to 12% chromium content
by mass.
Stainless steel has excellent mechanical
properties at room temperature such as
ductility and toughness compared to other
materials.
image 3 .ductile fracture process
taken of
http://catarina.udlap.mx/u_dl_a/tales/docume
ntos/lim/villela_e_ij/capitulo6.pdf
analyzing the image 2 and comparing with the
image 3 we can say that it complies with the
characteristics mentioned above.
It has been shown that a house that causes this
type of fracture are the impurities of the
material and the inclusions that it may have
(oxides, carbides, etc.).(1)

4.2 Elastic Zone

Image 2 :Test tube stainless steel after the procedure

After performing the tensilen test, the bar
showed a typical fracture of ductile materials
A ductile fracture occurs after a material is
subjected to an excessive plastic deformation,
Graph 01,
The Module Elasticity E, of the materials. This
is calculated according to Young`s law, by
formula:
𝐸 in length.(2)
𝐸=
𝐸 4.4 Ductility and tenacity
It is a parameter that characterizes the
behavior of an elastic material, according to
the direction in which a force is applied.
In this region the material behaves
elastically so when you remove the
strength, the deformation that has reached
the material takes the value of zero, its form
original before starting the test.
During the first part of the plot, the stress is
proportional to the unit deformation, we are in
the elastic region. When the effort is reduced,
the material returns to its initial length. The
straight line ends at a point called the elastic
limit. Is important to see that in the final part
of the plot (the latest point) we have the
fracture point.
If we see the first part of the plot is linear, it
represents the modulus of elasticity “E”. The
slope of the linear part of the plot is the
specific value of the modulus of elasticity.
In this region the material behaves elastically
so when you remove the strength, the
deformation that has reached the material
takes the value of zero, its form original before
starting the test.
As we can see in the image the material
suffers an extension of 8 mm when it starts
to leave the elastic zone
taking into account that the elastic zone is
14.8 - 14 / 14 = 0.057
4.3 Necking
Due to the internal imperfections that they
own the materials since they are not 100%
homogeneous or isotropic (the properties
physical do not depend on the direction of
observation), the necking site it can happen
anywhere in the piece stainless steel; For this
reason, its central section so that the necking
occurs within the area demarcated of 140 mm
Ductility is the degree of deformation that it
can support a material without breaking. It is
measured by the ratio of the original length of
the test piece between calibrated marks before
(l0) and after the trial (lf)
As already explained, taking into account the
type of fracture suffered by stainless steel, it is
possible to categorize this material as ductil.
on the other hand tenacity is a quality that
indicates the breaking strength of a material by
absorbing the stress and pressure of a load or
sudden impact.
For a material to be tough, it must possess
high strength and ductility and, often, the
ductile materials are more tenacious than
the fragile. therefore, it is possible to say and
conclude that because stainless steel is very
ductile it also has high tenacity
Effort and Deformation
All metallic materials have a combination of
elastic and plastic behavior in greater or lesser
proportion. Every body, when supporting an
applied force, tries to deform in the direction
of application of force. In the case of the
tensile test, the force is applied in the direction
of the axis of it and therefore is called axial,
the specimen will elongate in the direction of
its length and shrinks in the direction or
perpendicular plane. Although effort and
deformation occur simultaneously in the test,
the two concepts are completely different.
At the atomic scale, the macroscopic elastic
deformation manifests as small changes in the
interatomic spacing and the interatomic bonds
are stretched. Therefore, the magnitude of the
modulus of elasticity represents the resistance
to separation of the adjacent atoms, that is, to parts, but which require a sufficient
the interatomic bonding forces. hardness to resist.

At an atomic scale, the plastic deformation

corresponds to the breaking of the links
between neighboring neighboring atoms and to
the reformation of these with new neighbors,
since a large number of atoms or molecules
move with respect to each other; when
eliminating the tension they do not return to
their original positions
6. Bibliography
1. Análisis de Fracturas, tomado
de:http://catarina.udlap.mx/u_dl_a/
tales/documentos/lim/villela_e_ij/ca
pitulo6.pdf

=𝐸
2. ensayo de tension y
𝜎
𝐸 protocolo.escuela colombiana de
ingenieria (2011)
Where: https://www.escuelaing.edu.co/uploa
F: Force applied to the specimen ds/laboratorios/9026_tension.pdf
A: area that resists the load 3. ensayo de traccion en
The actual deformation is determined with the acero.Alfredo
"instantaneous" elongation per unit of Ochoahttps://es.scribd.com/doc/905
length of the material This is determined with 12876/ENSAYO-DE-TRACCION-
The following equation: EN-ACERO
𝐸 4. Example Long Laboratory Report
Ln( ) (2010)
𝐸0
https://www.uwyo.edu/ceas/resource
s/current-
5. Conclusions students/classes/meref/example_lon
g_report.pdf
- The graph 01 shows that the stainless
steel resists 2000 Mpa without
undergoing deformation since it does Anexos
not have a large elastic area, after SS Extensional Energía al
exceeding the yield point, the material ino Rotura Máximo Máximo Módulo
x (Estándar) Carga Carga (Automático)
is in the plastic zone, and it is
lengthens without exceeding a traction (mm) (N) (J) (MPa)
effort of 2100 Mpa. Finally the test 1 57,62 -0,08 0,00 -----
tube suffers from the rupture about
57.6 mm.

SS Extensión de Carga al Carga al Fluencia

- According to the results shown by the ino tracción al Rotura (Desplazamiento 0 2
graph and the fracture shape of the x Máximo Carga (Estándar) %)
stainless steel, it - was possible to
(mm) (N) (N)
demonstrate the ductility wing that has
this material. 1 0,00 -72330,8 ---
- Due to its characteristics, stainless
steel is widely used in manufacturing
processes that require small-sized SS Esfuerzo de tracción al Fluencia
Inox (Desplazamiento 0 2 %)
 (MPa)

1 ---