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  • Use of Lime

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    jorgehrdz269
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    Usos de la Casl

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    USE OF LIME

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    Usos de la Casl

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    © All Rights Reserved
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    11 vizualizări8 pagini

    Use of Lime

    Încărcat de

    jorgehrdz269
    Usos de la Casl

    Drepturi de autor:

    © All Rights Reserved
    Descărcați ca PDF sau citiți online pe Scribd
    Indicator pentru conținut neadecvat
    din 8
    CHAPTER ELEVEN Uses of Lime Undoubtedly, there no other materi commerce that has moee ses and va fantons Gia nay) as ime use are alma 4 total conage it cannot be compared with sich pan a9 oor ‘ete materia are consumed primary for oe purpore—sombus {or a narow group of lester appiations, Te soar, lime has many a indy ics the second largest “bevy” (or bass) chemical, salle ei Coupon (Case eden Hydrate sotoe {sempoyed in bung consrction a exmentitious materi ezrin agriatvre 10 soppy ealcium and magnesium a liens and for netalzaio: and lastly hina) consrtion fe ablation spd ile an antepping agent in asphalt. Fe ‘labortion on lime’ uses and funtion se Fie Both high seu and dolomite mes ae employed interchangeably many ofthe preceding functions. However, for eran purpous thre steal preferences (or ore ype over theo, and for sme purpose ‘te type canbe wed. Simla, im most of the preceding functions ‘quik and hydrated mr canbe employed, but, ‘tly one or the other i specified. Where the ine i interchange 1eference for quick of Hydrated lime depend largely on the vale Sonsumption and to\a laser let the type of forage fi Quickime, bing an anyrous frm of lines more concentated hydrate and also cots less per ton, ofering appreciable savings i yes time ae ental cost averaging about $O-60% Less on an equivalent basin Ffawencr 8 most cases the quickie must be slaed into a milk-otime Ic hy the conser befor it san be fed int the proces. This neestats Pinseument forsaking equipment and an added manufacturing ste for ‘ecomumer to absorb, With hydrate ine the lking performed by the the manufacturer Generally he volume of urge exceed thee to Fur {irwss «month, economy dates the se of quik: Blow this ‘SSompsion evel hydrated lime indented. Such preferences and int {pe are enone specifically nthe seceding ure desertion "Rother peculiar) in lime’ wieipeead ue ie drastically charging css pater over the past $0 yeas (see Fig 1-2) Ie the 1900-1910 fod over 80% was employed ata tulding tmateril, withthe balance Grid about equally tetneenarialtral and chemical or sdusil uss, In 197 oaly about 8% was wed as stucral lie, with most of the {olance being used as chemical sll stabilzstion, and velrctory. ABE fatal line hat ed 10.0.8 of the oa, and new wen highs now ‘fount for about 68, Chemical or Indistiallie i strong st with 5S ofthe ota, whereas fefactory lime is 6%. Few materials have Sdrtone such a rasa change in use and there ate indications that urbe changes in Time's Mid end-use pater wil occur im he nest two secades. a eetain uses expand and others ebb Srangely ad ironical fic ofits ungstiond insirgene ae primary a chemical the conta fon othe ward lime” all mean mora, plaster, raga lining to {helayman nd even ko many techleal people wha should know beter, Set “Tuble Ie forthe US. Boreas of Mines compilation of 1975-1976 sais ‘iso ime consumption and shipments by ed use Meratrgy “Tere are numerous applications of ime inthe Broad ends spectrum of ‘etary wbich compris nthe lle 1970 over 10 milion short tons per Year or 50% of ttl lime in the Unit Stats, However. y far he largest ‘oesifie metallurgiealappeation i for Moxng sts, which conten 83% oF total metallurial lime er over 8.5 milton tone/y. Is verwbening Sominance i attibatable tothe rapid growth of the basic oxygen farace See hch catapulted fx consumption sod since the ey 19608. Por \o this developmen, rtractory lime (ve. deadburoed dolomite) excended "xing ine i tonnage 1968. Although eetractry lime ssl Tac ee of in 309 toc forsee, it we has plete alongwith the demise of most basi mrocoth ste! farnaces, Ths same see Max peedomioance occur in ‘Sloe Futopear counties and Japan. ta Begum and France the Taine ‘Slcton oaupies a much larger percent of total lie. Other sale bet UE nes occur in nonferrous metallurgy and is processing ion oe Seon scl manufacture line at fl prying ste! daring the fut” hy promoting fasion ofthe nla and ating i the emaal of phar pou slca, and slr a alm phospates, scat and ude im the Jie tht taped fom the molen metals we, ofcourse is conned {orth basic stec-making posts utlized ia moat tel plana, Lime: ‘Sesuring steel furnaces ze the Basle open earth baie Bessemer {Thomas converter and related ype), electric frmace (40D), and, last and spon inortat, Basi aygen converte urnace (the BOF of Q-Bop inte United tater spd LD, LO-AC, OBM, LD:Pompey, Kale, OLP, a all ‘sated ipo ia eter counties Before trodlin ofthe bse onygen reac sontumption of quikline per short tn of ago te ie the United Sats ‘rs about 28 Tb (12.7 hg) le open heath, i partial, most ofthe Nox Crployed is Uimestone, 10 which Lie is added ater in the het in much Sale increments to achieve greater phosphors removal orto acelrae 6 ash oT the heat Tn Tact some open hearths inthe United States use ‘ny limestone asthe Mx and others ony smal amounts of ime whe they fre string for maximum outpat daving times of heavy demand. As a {shrlzation, the rate fie wage a open heath iran diet peo Portion tothe amount of sel sera in the furnace charg, so-called ol fal sos. With high Soap charges lime i commonly applied inthe isa charge with Uimestone ax wel a ater nthe heat. Furnaces employing lorgeyhtmetal, molten pig iron fam contiguous Bast freaces use much lest line on an average. These are "hoteta™ shops. Elect furnaces, ‘ave Ben elatively high Hime consumers—30-100 h/t (13-80 ka/metie fon of ingot tel. Bt voi 960 thei otput was comparatively to small ‘to inrease the Te factor in sel siniicanly because ofthe dominance of ‘he open earth Since then eles race sel production soared. r= sing he open earth i the late 970s, Mott electric frnaces employ ‘ony ulin a the Bus "The BOF furnace, which accounted for nearly 70% of oa steel produc: on in 878, has shattered the preceding le factor in sel with average lime consumption of over 180 Ip (41 hp/ingst short tom. No Himestone of ansquenc employed. Open heath sel output has bed to only 4% Irom ts peak of 85% inthe fat 1980. Stel suthories pect thi ornace 6 id1980s, average ees Lie ae sl be phased out completely by shout 1985, Jape’ at open heath was red and simanted in early 1978. Thos, with prospective extinction of hearts further gant in eve consumption are ikely to about 10 on ton/ye even if sel production remains static. The BOF has mvc io be puta the preset techolopcl development i steelmaking. ans of 700% lgud oxygen are ijetd through top-lowa ances ito the 4 furnaces, generally accompanied by a Separate charge of lime, several Aor during the best. These multiple bles and charges crate wolent a eee Oner ‘se ee tion abatement is less costly; with the open hearth itis virtually impossible fo ee cn ea ray aaa cee OF re eae ay =——~ 7 eae See eee meee 7] 2 2 ee Seis (Ohara mo Ow ace gute comple, but the following equations indicat the principal eae- a ao 2.2 ees tee aera ee an pten te ae ae ee ee ee a ere ee cpm Coca eee Ea FO Re Baer cee Se 2 2 2 so.-2o} aes Ono oad zy™ Es 2M #0,=2MK0 FP + SFO = PO, Fe iden i Sey a br a0 ‘esteem a a ead ae Rcd ra farms: OF CM, ae (D4 Oe nlue eroctrome gold and ore contestation aaa, wie dana, 308 Chemistry and Tetnolegy of Lina and Ui 2. To enhance the uit ofthe frmative sap, qiklime an amount approximating & C20 to SiO, ratio O31, forming base slag. The lime then combines with besa ffm the ag ‘hospbors and ella rom the metal phase SiO, + 2€10 - 2630.50, FedPO.s + 8CAO = CaAPO,) + FeO FeS + C20 = CaS + FeO MS + CxO = CaS + MnO Phosphorus and slur reactions invariably oseur after thes ‘emred, Since sca possess astongerafiaity Tor CaO than pi pentoid, it can easly diplace the combiaed phosphors, ai below, causing «retopresie reaction, lee there is ample fee salable as characterized byw sla fbgh bey. CasPOds + 38i0, = 3C3Si0, + P10, 1 this occurs, more line must be added to recombine withthe PO, removal inthe tia. Ts the basic ope-herth proces considerable ‘metaturgists on the “lime bo,” achieved the limestone as fu in te inl charge. As metal seated to molten limestone pradually calies and evolves CO, conrbutng& tarb the mien ste "ea." Lumps of line or decomposing limstne ot {op of the molen metal in the slag that tas started to Tor. The colvement causes the lag to lth and foam, andi does onde some the iton (Fe + CO, = FeO + CO}). Meanwile, the CaO that forms ombining with the Tee SiO, and paral places ome ofthe FeO ‘Ma that has combined with ote les i he sag follow: 2C20 + S10, - 2640.50, C20 + Fe0-Si0, - FO + C30:5i04 (C20 4 Ma0.Si0, = MnO + C20-Si0s “The sal charges of uikline ae introduce toward he endo the solely for more complete depbosphorzaton Ranges and approximate average Mux shares or the pinipl US fusnaces in Ibjmetic to of mgt sel rea shown in the fllowing tabu tion fo the bases urease eos of Lene 307 {Celtel open bear aa en eh) E imate 01a (65a) Timea 60-200 (1S ave) Line 0-30(I8 av) Lime 35H129(8 me) esticané AOD vor \imetone@-100( se) Limestone Une Sstoa coawey Lime" To-20 cio Tate Bs i wal amount of leone pron ar soln ‘To convert tyme tonto kg/mtrc rom mally by 0.453. ‘The amount of fun on CaO equivalent bass wares widely, even inthe sans plant diferent beats, depending on the amount of imparties i he Shree (erous borden and fue) as well asthe quality tolerances in the Fred sel ow carbon, alloy, 2c) dependent ofthe Mes employe, Muorpar and/or ro oe ate added tol most steel heate to inrene the Matty ofthe sag Generally the Msrspar addition docs aot excend 10 Iy/tom of ste. The cooing elect of frei sed in slelmsking to eat to 287S°F (1S79°C) has been eae [Seta follows: Mate te ne i emerineas 20 Stem 00°F) ts “Tete is ute lack of uniformity among American steel companies on ir ime requirements. Originally ony high calcium quikle was used pvefraly lm in MgO, SiOy and S. This station sil prevails with let Traditional procter although there are rumerous dileences it thet ‘astm tolerances on impure. However, in the BOF processes com !mencng in 1963 BOF plants pradully subsite iereasng increments of Solturaeddatomic guiclime as 4 total or paral replacment of high Salivn™" As of 1978 all tut two Amerian BOF plants wiize some “bopite lime. The amoust of dolomite anges widely from 83 t0 38% of "Se toa lime Mus, with the average about 29%. A few plants osing dolomite sini he ume alco oid carga the frm, ‘dition increas he tt ine x hrge Three ee fevatges the ail we af loach Fn ea ito he BOF is plonged 8-108 wih the MgO or age the ede) fst ago dst MgO fom hes ae Second, ean sg formation boween he ie ae {he slag and decreasing its wcosy, Evidence pers Pomn igh bem Ferrous burdens the presence of MgO in the impede phopborss removal sgn BOF plans iid deli ie Mu, in clea in Amercan and Canaan pans Fay is 9h ey Besan wing i and as of 1974 os BOF pants Jay nae oli tine at rates approtimaely gull to Aman, poe Anplaion fas ened (0 Earope wet German and ed patch ated he pte Another eesion posed y the BOF deepen. Since keynote of this process, should the lime be of high react Pre ‘sch ines go ino solo inser aa cert eng ea ‘un the dow cmbersome ope hth pos tet a fete on theres eficeny oso ermal te inulyanimpresive major of BOF pants ordvite he oped fesse, sat-urned lime” Ainoiy coment tha te fa thysalyaton so that drs ot rah wae tert atta Yejance and chrging To sny tht roquse hard boa secesary A fw nt on uniform of acy, cen the eek arsed Some eteciefrmace plane prar hardened nef asking ne soaps eka few puns sipltd i ttn pescaton ery ow conten non igen) o 05-1 mauinum, Wi fons beer reutd io a manu of I-28 COyconem Soe acolo Captvely operated by ses compas, ar reported totter or Higher CO, coment of 21% masinum fer Inept or ‘esto, In AOD plans making low carbon sel toe aa CON ver 18 i tool to yell dastows re, Lon vane st limits on ses cate of 15 SO ‘Mosse plans trie the pete qual conte over ar ‘ih majorly seiing a maui of 09% For ecsunie team seri sme pants are sucofly ig 0.051% sla al es i {

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