Fundamentals of Earthquake Engineering

NEHRP Recommended Provisions

• Seismic Use Groups & Importance Factors
• Ground Motion Maps and Site Factors
• Seismic Design Category
• Required Methods of Analysis
• Load Factors
• Redundancy Factors
• Accidental Torsion and Amplification
• Orthogonal Load Effects
• Vertical Accelerations
• Drift and P-Delta
1997 NEHRP 1

Seismic Use Group

III Essential Facilities

Fire, Rescue, Police Buildings
Hospitals
Emergency Facilities

II High Occupancy Buildings

Educational Structures
Jails and Detention Facilities
Water Treatment Facilities

I Structures not in Groups II or III

1997 NEHRP 2

1997 NEHRP Recommended Provisions 1

Fundamentals of Earthquake Engineering

Importance Factors

SUG Importance
Factor

III 1.50
II 1.25
I 1.00

1997 NEHRP 3

Hazard Maps Design Ground Motions

• Provide 5% Damped Firm Rock (Site Class B) Spectral

Accelerations Ss and S1 or 2% in 50 year probability, or
1.5 times deterministic peak in areas of Western U.S.

• Modified for other Site Cnditions by Coefficients Fv and

Fa to determine Spectral Coefficients SMS and SM1

• Divided by 1.5 to account for expected good

performance. This provides the design spectral
coordinates SDS and SD1.

1997 NEHRP 4

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Fundamentals of Earthquake Engineering

Seismic Design Category =

Seismic Use Group +
Design Ground Motion

Based on SHORT PERIOD Acceleration

Seismic Use Group
Value of SDS
I II III
SDS < 0.167g A A A
0.167g < SDS < 0.33g B B C
0.33g < SDS < 0.50g C C D
0.50g < SDS D D D

1997 NEHRP 5

Seismic Design Category

Based on LONG PERIOD Acceleration
Seismic Use Group
Value of SD1
I II III
SD1 < 0.067g A A A
0.067g < SD1 < 0.133g B B C
0.133g < SD1 < 0.20g C C D
0.20g < SD1 D D D

Seismic Use Group

Value of S1
I II III
S1 > 0.75g E E F

1997 NEHRP 6

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Fundamentals of Earthquake Engineering

Seismic Design Categories

A Minimum Level of Detailing

B, C Intermediate Level of Detailing

D, E, F High Level of Detailing

1997 NEHRP 7

Seismic Design Categories

B, C Ignore Irregularities (with some

exceptions)

D, E, F Consider Irregularities

1997 NEHRP 8

1997 NEHRP Recommended Provisions 4

Fundamentals of Earthquake Engineering

Seismic Design Categories

Method of Analysis

A No seismic load effects, except

design for lateral force = 0.01 W

B, C Use Equivalent Lateral Force

Analysis or Better

1997 NEHRP 9

Seismic Design Categories

Method of Analysis
D, E, and F

Use ELF, 2-D Modal analysis, or 3D Modal

analysis. Method depends on:

• Height
• Irregularity Type
• Ground Motion Intensity
1997 NEHRP 10

1997 NEHRP Recommended Provisions 5

Fundamentals of Earthquake Engineering

Combination of Load Effects

Use ASCE 7 Basic Load Combinations, but substitute the
following for the earthquake effect E:

E = ρ QE + 0.2S DS D
E = ρ QE − 0.2S DS D

Special Combination of Loads:

E = Ω o QE + 0.2S DS D
E = Ω oQE − 0.2S DS D
1997 NEHRP 11

Seismic Design Categories

Redundancy Factor

A, B, C Ignore Redundancy Factor ρ

D, E, F Include Redundancy Factor ρ

1997 NEHRP 12

1997 NEHRP Recommended Provisions 6

Fundamentals of Earthquake Engineering

Redundancy Factor
20
ρ = 2−
rmax x Ax

1.0 ≤ ρ ≤ 1.5

rmax x The ratio of the design story shear resisted by a

single element carrying the most shear force in
the story to the total story shear

Ax Area of Floor Diaphragm

Note: Special Moment Frame must be deployed such that ρ >= 1.25

1997 NEHRP 13

Redundancy Factor ρ
1.60

1.50

1.40
Redundancy Factor

1.30

1.20 20
ρ = 2−
1.10 rmax x
Ax
rmax=0.4
1.00 rmax=0.6
rmax=0.8
0.90
rmax=1.0

0.80
0 2000 4000 6000 8000 10000 12000

Floor Area, Square Feet

1997 NEHRP 14

1997 NEHRP Recommended Provisions 7

Fundamentals of Earthquake Engineering

Seismic Design Categories

Torsional Effects

A, B Ignore Torsional Amplification

C, D, E, F Include Torsional Amplification

1997 NEHRP 15

Accidential Torsion
0.05Lx

Fy T1=Fx(0.05Fy)
Fx
0.05Ly Ly

T2=Fy(0.05Fx)

Lx

1997 NEHRP 16

1997 NEHRP Recommended Provisions 8

Fundamentals of Earthquake Engineering

Amplification of Accidential Torsion

δmax
δavg δmax

2
 δ 
Ax =  max 
 1.2δ 
 avg 

1997 NEHRP 17

Orthogonal Load Effects

30% 100%

100% 100% 30%

• Applicable to S.D.C. C, D, E, and F

• Affects primarily Columns, particularly corner columns

1997 NEHRP 18

1997 NEHRP Recommended Provisions 9

Fundamentals of Earthquake Engineering

Vertical Accelerations

• Should be included for Horizontal Cantilevers

• Should be Included for Prestressed Members

1997 NEHRP 19

Drift Limits
Seismic Use Group
Structure
I II III
Non masonry structures four 0.025hsx 0.020hsx 0.015hsx
stories or less with walls and
partitions designed to
accommodate drift

Masonry Cantilever 0.010hsx 0.010hsx 0.010hsx

Other Masonry Wall 0.007hsx 0.007hsx 0.007hsx
Masonry Wall Frame 0.013hsx 0.013hsx 0.010hsx
All other structures 0.020hsx 0.015hsx 0.010hsx
hsx=story height

Note: Deflections include amplification factor Cd

1997 NEHRP 20

1997 NEHRP Recommended Provisions 10

Fundamentals of Earthquake Engineering

P-Delta Effects (Displacement)

P
δ
P
Vh + Pδ f − kδ f h = 0
V k
V
V
δ0 =
k
h Pδ 0
θ≡
Vh

δ0
δf =
1 −θ

1997 NEHRP 21

P-Delta Effects (Strength)

Force

Without P-D
V
V
With P-D V
V =
1−θ

δ0 δf Displacement

1997 NEHRP 22

1997 NEHRP Recommended Provisions 11

Fundamentals of Earthquake Engineering

P-Delta Effects (NEHRP)

Px ∆
θ≡
Vx hsx Cd
If θ >= 0.10

Amplify Displacement and Forces by 1/(1-θ)

0.5
θ max = ≤ 0.25
βC d
1997 NEHRP 23

End of NEHRP

1997 NEHRP 24

1997 NEHRP Recommended Provisions 12