Revetment systems against wave attack

A design manual

Kirsty McConnell

Supervising Editor, Wi lliam Allsop

....
.... ThomasTelford
Contents

PREFACE III

ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS v
GLOSSARY VII
NOTATION IX
CONTENTS XIII

ILLUSTRATIONS XVII

l. INTRODUCTION l
1.1. Structure of the manual, 3
1.2. Terms of reference, 4
1.3. Purpose ofthe manual, 4
1.4. Definitions, 4

2. REVETMENT FUNCTION AND PERFORMANCE 7

2.1. Revetment functions & types, 9
2 .2. Design l ife l perfonnance, 9

3. REVETMENT COMPONENTS 13
3 .l . Cover Iayer, 15
3 .2. Fi lter Iayer, 16
3.2.1. Granular fi lte rs, 16
3.2.2. Geotextile filters, 16
3.3. Othe r layers, 17
3.4. Toe protection, 18
3.5. Crest protection, 18
3.6. Landward face of embankments, 18

4. MATERIALS FOR REVETMENT CONSTRUCTION 19

4. 1. Rock, 21
4.2. Concrete blocks and slabbing, 23

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REVETMENT SYSTEMS AGAINST WAVE ATTACK

4.3. Concrete mattresses, 30

4.4 Asphalt, 32
4.4.1. Asphaltic concrete, 33
4.4.2. Mastic & grouting mortars, 34
4.4.3. Dense Stone Asphalt, 35
4.4.4. Open Stone Asphalt, 35
4.4.5. Lean Sand Asphalt, 36
4.5. Gabions, 38

s. IDENTIFICATION OF LIKELY FAILURE MODES 39

5. 1. Uplift pressures, 41
5.2. Sl id ing, 42
5.3. Wave impacts, 42
5.4. Scour, 42
5.5. Overtopping, 43
5.6. Geotechn ical failure, 43

6. DESIGN PROCESS 45
6.1. Methodology, 47
6.2. Information required for design, 50
6.2. 1. Hydraulic conditions, 50
6.2.2. Geotechnical conditions, 50
6.2.3. Geometry, 51
6.2.4. Structure performance, 52
6.2.5. Constraints, 52

7. HYDRAULIC BOUNDARY CONDITIONS 53

7.1. Water Jevels, 55
7.1.1. Mean water leve!, 55
7.1.2. Tides, 55
7.1.3. Storm surge, 56
7.1.4. Water leve! prediction, 56
7.2. Prediction of waves in coastal locations, 58
7.2.1. Deep water wave conditions, 58
7.2.2. Wave prediction methods, 59
7.2.3. Shallow water waves, 60
7.3. Prediction ofwaves on inland waters, 63
7.3.1. Derivation of wind speed, 63
7.3.2. Derivatio n of fetch length, 65
7.3.3. Wave prediction, 65

8. GEOTECHNICAL BOUNDARY CONDITIONS 67

8.1. Generai considerations, 69
8.2. Grain size distribution, 69
8.3. Angle of internai friction, 70
8.4. Permeability, 71

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 NOTATION

9. DESIGN OF I~ITIAL CROSS-SECTION 73

9.1. Slope, 75
9.2 . Crest elevation, 76
9.3 . Cover layer thickness, 78
9.4. Filter, 78
9.5. Permeability, 79

10. DESIGN METHODS 81

l 0.1. Overtopping, 83
l 0.2. Scour, 85
l 0.3. Rock and rip-rap armour, 87
l 0.3.1. Th in armour layers, 90
l 0.3.2. Jnfluence of armour grading, 91
l 0.4. Concrete blockwork, 9 1
l 0.4.1. Generai design method, 91
l 0.4.2. Slabs, 92
10.4.3 . Cellular blockwork, 94
l 0.4.4. Grave! blindjng, 95
l 0.4.5. Sliding, 96
l 0.5. Concrete mattresses, 98
l 0.6. Asphalt, l 00
l 0.6.1. lmpermeable asphaltic revetments - uplift & sliding, 100
l 0.6.2. Calculation of layer thickness for Open Stone Asphalt, l 02
l 0.6.3. Wave impact pressures forali asphaltic revetment types, 103
10.6.4. Grouting of rock armour layers, 106
l O. 7. Safety factors , l 07

11. DETAILED DESIGN 109

Il. \. Fi lter, 111
11 .1.1. Granular filter design, 112
11.1.2. Geotextile filter design, 113
11.2. Toe protection, 114
11.3. Crest protection, 116
l 1.4. Termination details, 118
11.5.' Landward face protection, 119

12. OTHER CONSIDERATIONS 121

12.1. Construction aspects, 123
12.2. Specifications, 124
12.3. Preparation of s1ope, 124
12.4. Typ ica l tolerances, 126

13. INSPECTION, MAINTENANCE AND REPAIR 127

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REVETMENT SYSTEMS AGAINST WAVE ATTACK

Appendix 1 Typical specili cations, 131

A ppe ndix 2 Example desi gn calculati ons, l 41
Appendix 3 Summary of des ign methods, 15 1
Refe r·cnces 159

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