Documente Academic
Documente Profesional
Documente Cultură
1) Introduction
3) Network Devices
• Types of Communication
• Cards
• LAN & WAN Concept
• IPv4
• IPv6
• Subneting
• Superneting
• Variable Length Subnet Scheme (VLSM)
• And Operation
5) C.D.P
• IOS
• Upgrading
• Dual (Booting)
7) IP Routing
• Static Route
• RIP (Routing Information Protocol)
• IGRP (Internet Gateway Routing Protocol)
• EIGRP (Enhance Internet Gateway Routing Protocol)
• OSPF (Open Shortest Path First)
8) Switching
15) Cabling
1) Introduction
CCNA (Cisco Certified Network Associate)
Cisco
Cisco is company name, in course. Company may any, there are many companies i.e.
Cisco, Motorola, Simons, Microsoft, but configurations are same. Cisco has 87% shares
on infrastructure of IP. It is said that if you send any small information on Internet, this is
impossible that this information do not pass through the Cisco Devices.
Our purpose is not reading about any product or any company but only with technology.
Certified
Practically you know what you study.
Associate
This is a level in this line. Associate is the first level.
Network
Our whole lab is around the one word i.e. “Network”.
“Connectivity of two or more than two devices so that you can communicate with
each other, you can exchange the sources or share the information is called
networking”. It has two parts:
1. Connectivity
2. Communication
Medium may any (copper, wire and wave) for the connectivity and communication.
Connectivity is due to the Hardware and communication is due to the Software.
Example
There is a telephone line connected to your home telephone set from PTCL exchange. Is
this a network? No, because there is only connectivity but not communication. If an other
person talks with you, it is communication. Here the both parts fulfil the definition. Now,
you can say the “Network”.
Q: The signals from telephone exchange are analog signals. If you think
that I have digital telephone set in home then why would these signals
analog?
Ans: In old days when a number is dialed then the exchange had a mechanical
arm. You can listen the sound of that arm as the sound of typewriter on every digits of
your number. But there is no sound now a day, only this process is converted into digital.
But the signals pass through media as analog.
If you use the modem in between the telephone exchange and your computer, then
modem converts the analog signals into digital to analog signals, this concept is wrong.
Modem
Example
If you take a page and throw away with full capacity then this page (Information) will not
travel more. But if you use a stone covered by paper (Information) then this paper will
covered long distance with high speed. When this paper reached to other side, unwanted
information (Stone) is removed to get information (Paper).
Insertion of carrier (Stone) into information for covering long distance is called
“Modulation”. And distraction of carrier unwanted information is called “Demodulation”.
The word reference always between two things, there is no reference of only a single
thing. The eye’s reference is with eye and the leg’s reference with leg. This reference
means there is any two devices is involved in this reference not one device. OSI
Reference Model is not for a single machine, this model is for networks.
OSI
Ans: As you know, “The connectivity of two or more than two devices so
that they can communicate which each other”.
there is not mentioned that medium would be copper, fiber, microwaves or radio
waves for the connectivity. Media may be anything for the connectivity.
The other part of the definition “The connectivity of two or more than two devices”
devices mean it can be a router, switch, computer, modem or any other device.
Example
Using your Internet, when you send an email or chat with other by MSN Messenger,
there is not a condition that those only those people can send emails or chat with each
other that had the same machines both sides. Machines may be of any vendor i.e.
IBM, Compaq or Dell.
You can use any media, any vender’s computer and any operating system for
connectivity and sharing resources. So it is known as Open i.e. open for every one.
If the OSI System was as Close System then it means, Internet will use the people
that have only Compaq machines.
If you understand the human, then you can say this is a human being, which is
divided into structure. Like head, eyes, nose, hand mouth etc. Each part of body has
its own function.
Ans:
Example:
After one year, there is a visit of Chief Executive by chance, he asked that person
about the dirtiness of office. He replied that I have been involving in technical matter,
marketing all day so I have not time. The employee accepts the responsibility of
office but he presents logic also. In this situation you cannot blame on the employee.
On the other hand if there is division like: there are separate employees on all
departments i.e. marketing, technical, receptionist and peon.
When Chief Executive came and asked the peon about the dirtiness of office. This is
an error by the peon not marketing or technical manager. Company has no business in
this whole year this error is by the marketing manager not peon or receptionist or any
other person.
By using Layered Approach you can find out the errors on accurate location. If there
is not layered approach then there is very difficult to find out the errors and also
resolving these errors.
Example:
Using Internet, when you dial to connect to the Internet, messages may show like”
There is no dial tone”, “Invalid User Name / Pass Word”. If you see the word only as
“Error” then you cannot find out the exact location of error. After seeing messages
you will check the appropriate location for resolving the error.
e.g. if you see “There is no dial tone” then you will check the telephone not correct
the password.
Net Workers divide the Internet theory to maximum seven layers. They said there are
seven layers may not be eight layers but may be six, five. You can remember the
seven layers with this line
“All People Seems to Need Data Processing”.
Ans: OSI Reference Model is made for to the point error detection.
Ser
Layers
No
7 Application Layer
6 Presentation Layer
5 Session Layer
4 Transport Layer
3 Network Layer
2 Data Link Layer
1 Physical Layer
You can say this model as “Data Flow Chart”. The purpose of this model to
understand the flow of data on the network, understanding the steps during moving
the data in network.
7. Application Layer
Computer applications like MS Word, MS Excel etc. If we want to chat on Internet
then we run MS Messenger (which is Application), without opening of any
application on your computer you cannot make any work.
You send HELLO to other computer there is compulsory that same applications are
running on both computers that want to communicate. If there are not running same
applications on both computers then this HELLO not to be seen on computer screen.
6. Presentation Layer
Our language is English and computer learns that language is machine. This layer
converts the data from one form to another form. It converts the data into machine
language.
5. Session Layer
This layer is most critical and most conceptual. This layer creates virtual session.
Virtual Session means to check the availability of other side. Sessions are of two
kinds:
If you want to go to Lahore from Islamabad, then there are two ways. First is that you
reached at Lahore without informing that person. When you asked about that person,
you find that person is not available. You will come back by spending patrol, time
without any progress.
If you call that person before go to Lahore, if that person is available then I will
move, otherwise I will not move. The advantage of this virtual session was, you have
saved their resources.
Virtual Session provides the information about the other party available or not and
also saving the resources.
Example
This layer normally to be said as G.M. This G.M. wants to move another G.M. of
Company for meeting. There are seven gates for going, but only one gate from which
G.M can go out. When two computers connected with each other then this is physical
layer.
Example
Using MSN Messenger, you want to chat another person, if that person is available
then the other window is opened otherwise a message will display as “User is not
available”
4. Transport Layer
If other machine is available then this layer is responsible to transport the data on
network. For the transport of data fragmentation is made. “The conversion of data
into small pieces is called fragmentation or permutation”. E.g. HELLO is converted
as:
H E L L O
3. Network Layer
Its major function is sorting and distribution. For understanding you consider this
layer as a “Post Office” and Router as “Post Box”. On this layer a device is used
called as “Router”. The pieces of HELLO are sent to a device called Router, which
acts as sorting and distribution. In Post Office there is sorting is done, like all mails of
Islamabad, Lahore etc. is separated for the distribution to their destinations.
In old days when you send a letter to any one, which is called mail. There are two
possibilities, the mail reached at exact location or do not reach.
2. Data Link Layer
Logical Link Control
Example
If we use “Pentium 1” computer and “Windows 98” one side and “Pentium 4”
computer and “Windows XP” other side then data speed and operating system clash
between two computer but that layer finish that problem
As you know that data travel in form of 0 & 1 (these are the voltage level not
mathematical and other number ), every device may contain different voltage, its
means there is the involvement of voltage. If you have 3 or 5 voltage and its parallel
there is line of any high voltage, then it may harm your data.
e.g.
During watching TV, you some time see lining on your TV set, this is why with any
high voltage.
Same like above, if there is any data cable contains 3 volts but its parallel a high 5
volts is passing then it is very possible that any bit of your data changes (i.e. 0 to 1).
Example
During the chatting on messenger a person asked what is your age, he writes answer
25 and sends. During the data traveling its only one bit changes and your information
will be changed as 65.
This algorithm is very important and famous. There may were mistakes take place, so
an error deduction algorithm is made. It attaches an algorithm for sending data to the
other side as it is.
Example
If we have data 25 (5 5) and generators of link side are 5. That generator will divide
the 5 / 5 and remainder will 0. When you send 25 on Internet then not only 25 is
passing but the footers (tailors) also. Due to some error the word 26 (5 5 1) instead of
25 is changed, on the other machine there will be attached a CRC Algorithm again to
check the both checksum. If there is any different then there is any error in that data
which you sent. If there is an error then your system (Receiver) will not correct that
error but it will say to the sender to correct.
a) Errors within the Machine or System (i.e. Computers, Routers, Modems etc)
b) Errors from outside the Machine (i.e. in media when data is sent)
According to the research there is 99% probability of error when data travels on
Media. The error in system is very rare, if may occur then system recover or restore
from its own cache.
1. Physical Layer:
After all the layers exist on a cable is attached to your computer, this cable works on
which level is called physical layer.
Example
If you make a file and give to a peon for send to another place. The peon will move
physically for the delivery of that file. The work of peon is to carry the data as it is.
Above you sent the word HELLO to other machine, this word travels on all layers by
sequence, but if there is an error between the layers then the chances of data to be
corrupted.
Ans: There is another Data Link Layer to the other side of Computer. From
sender, the algorithm is attached with the data and will re verify by other side.
Packet
Data Network
IP Header
Data FCS
LLC Header
Data-Link Frame
Data FCS
MAC Header
Physical Bits
0101110101001000010
There are all opposite works are done to other side of machine.
Concept
1. Protocols
2. Headers
3. Encapsulation
4. Software
1. Protocols
Protocol is a same set of rules and regulations for the communication between
two different machines on the same layer level.
Example
According to rules, is there possible that the G.M of Company “A” call to the Peon
of Company “B” everyday?
G.M G.M
Secretary Secretary
Peon Peon
Protocols are software. On the Internet or network no any work is done without
protocols. If there is no protocol then there is no any communication.
2. Header
When you write HELLO and send, then the data will move to down as
Presentation Layer. On this layer the header of presentation layer is attached with the
data. On one step down there is another header of session layer is attached with, and so
on.
Example
If I write a letter (Data) and saved in my draws without any receiver’s address then this
letter will not reach on any destination. Because this letter contains no any address and
media (LCS or TCS etc).
On the other hand if this letter contains the complete address of receiver and also
specified the courier then letter will reach at desired location. With out header data
cannot move. Header is the method for communication. Header is an overhead.
Example
There are students in class, there said the students to pass outside the class and passing
rate of data is one student per one man. 10 students will pass out in 10 seconds. But if
there are 2 bodyguards (as over heads) with these then total 12 students, now these will
pass in 12 seconds. This time consuming due to the overhead. When you use overhead
on network then it decreases the speed.
3. Encapsulation
Example
If there is a patient and you give a white powder (medicine) to eat, that patient will not
take because he does not know about that medicine so he refused. (There is No
Communication). If he receives that medicine then it is said communication is done.
On the other hand if I put that medicine in a capsule (Encapsulation) and I said eat it,
then he will not eat. I write the name of medicine in “French” on capsule then he will
not eat because he does not understand “French” language. If I wrote in English i.e.
Amoxil then he eat immediately because he knows and understand that language.
(There is communication is done).
For the communication same set of rules and regulations is required. If one machine
knows the French then other machine must know that language (Protocol), otherwise
communication will not take place. Due to this Protocol (language) forces the patient to
take medicine.
4. Software
Protocols, headers and encapsulation are software.
i. Connection Awaiting
ii. Connection Less
iii. TCP
iv. Connection Oriented
v. UDP
Flow Control
Example
The water (Data) is coming from hand pump (Sender) to a glass (Receiver), after a
short time the glass will full and then it will be overflow (Wastage of Data). If you want
to reserve the wastage of data then you will have to apply a phenomenon is called flow
control. There are two possibilities to control the flow of data:
a) You will stop the working of hand pump (to decrease the speed of
sender)
b) Or you will start the usage of the water (to increase the speed of
receiver)
On the Internet the process of Flow Control is automatic. On the back a process is
working called “Speed Utilization” which means that equalizes the speed of sender and
receiver.
Connection Oriented
Connection Oriented (Reliable)
Example
Slow: the machine will not go ahead whenever he does not understand the data.
Reliable: it is 100% sure that if machine receives the information then go ahead,
otherwise not.
In this type of communication, only one time connection confirmation then always data
will be sent. This type of communication little bit fast than connection oriented reliable.
Example
During the construction of building there are some workers are working. The bricks are
coming the worker from floor to other worker on ground. Due to non-acknowledgment,
bricks kill the worker on ground but bricks (Data) are coming from floor. Due to the
absent of ground worker data is lost.
There is a line of network devices like Hub, Repeater, Generator, Bridges, Switch,
Multinet Switch, Routers Derouter, Fixed Firewall etc. these are all devices included in
your course.
But the devices that are related your course are Hub, Switch and Router.
1) HUB
A central part of any network is known as Hub. There is no any abbreviation used for
Hub. Hub is a broadcast device and same data to all ports. Hub works on Physical Layer.
Ans: Hub is same as an electric extension wire used in homes. As you know
current and water flows where they find the path. As you attach the computers with Hub
the current from Hub flows to that all computers.
2) Switch
Switch works on Data Link Layer and has software ASIC (Application Specific
Integrated Circuit). It is the combination of software and hardware. The software of
Switch is known as Switching Table. There are switches of LAN and also of WAN.
Example
If there are three devices like A, B and C. A wants to talk with B then data from A
reaches to the switch. Data will stay in switch for a moment if Hub was present then the
data would not stay. Hub contains IC (Integrated Circuit). initially there is no Switching
Table (Software) in ASIC(Application Specific Integrated Circuit) . As you know that if
there is no software on device then it is called Hub, so switch acts as Hub initially.
So first time the switch will broadcast the data, if the entry of destination is not available
in Switching Table. Otherwise if the entry of the destination is available in Switching
Table then the switch will do Unicast.
“Switch will be doing broadcast till the entry of destination and source is not available
in the Switching Table”.
3) Router
Router is layer three device, There are routing table.Router is a unicast device, non-
broadcast device. Router has two ports written as Serial 0, Serial 1. Ethernet or LAN also
printed. The word Serial means this port is for WAN and Ethernet means for port of
LAN.
1) Unicast
2) Multicast
3) Broadcast
1) Unicast
Unicast means one to one communication. In this kind of communication only one person
listen and that person give answer. Traffic always sent to fix destination.
2) Multicast
One to many communication.In case of Multicast there is no specific or fix destination.
Destination can be changed. Multicast sent from the source (Spread around the source).
One destination (System) can be one and more than one Multicast member at a time
Example
If we divided a class in two groups one group “A” and other group “B”. Teacher talks
group “A”. Multicast means one to any specific group
3) Broadcast
One to all communication or Broadcast means to all devices
Example
A teacher in class speaks and all the students listen that sound. The bulletin is
broadcasting.
1. Directed Broadcast
2. Flooded Broadcast
In a room when a teacher said that Roll no 1 hands up, listen that comment all people but
replay only Roll no 1, this is specific broadcast.
1. Directed Broadcast
In class if teacher ask a question from one student then all the students are listening but
only that student answers the question to teacher.
2. Flooded Broadcast
In class of teacher ask a question from all students then all the students answer that
question to the teacher.
Disadvantages of Broadcast:
There is no security in broadcasting because all persons are listening. There is software
“Cains” use the connection Cable Internet, you can listen the chatting on MSN messenger
of all your neighbors. This software catches the packets of IP and decodes them, and you
can listen the sounds of your neighbors.
Online Banking
In old days, when you have to withdraw or deposit the money you have to go to
that specific branch that have your account. In order to maintain the balance of each
account holder, the manual books are maintained.
With the passage of time up gradation is made with the computer system. This increases
the volume of computers in every branch for data maintaining using LAN.
All the branches of all banks are connected each other with antennas. These antennas are
point to point but not broadcast because to avoid the risk of security.
Example
ATM Machine
ATM Machine is the example of online banking, using this machine you can withdraw
money from any ATM of any bank.
During defining the definitions of LAN WAN, there must not be criteria “Distance”.
LAN
Computers are connected using the LAN Standard Cable / LAN Standard Port.
WAN
Computers are connected using the WAN Standard Cable / WAN Standard Port.
Example
In a bank there is an antenna with a black cable (WAN Cable). This cable is directly
attached with router i.e. in serial port of the router.
Q: Provide some examples of LAN’s switch and WAN’s
switch?
Ans: The WAN and LAN both have their own switches separately. The
examples of WAN Switches are follows:
The 32-bit IP address is often depicted as a dot address (also called dotted decimal
notation) - that is, four groups (or octet) of decimal numbers separated by periods. Here's
an example:
130.5.5.25
Each of the decimal numbers represents a string of eight binary digits. Thus, the above IP
address really is this string of 0s and 1s:
IP Address
Software Address
Logical Address
Configurable Address
Layer 3 Address
32 Bit Address
Remember that 95% communication on MAC base and 5% IP base, because LAN
communication faster than WAN. LAN mostly devices have MAC Address and WAN
work on IP Address. MAC developed core relation with IP, only one time IP called then
every time MAC called.
Network IP Address
Internet Protocol
Data Link
Physical
Ans:
In America use flat addressing scheme. “White house” # 1 then # 2 and so on …. But in
your mind no # 1 address in America ,every no different than other.
2) Hierarchal Addressing Scheme
Example
In Pakistan use hierarchal scheme. “Block Z” have many time use, but every time
“Block Z” hierarchy are different. If we go to “Block Z” first of all we know about what
is your Province, City, Area and then “Block”.
IP Address Classes
IP addresses can be one of several classes, each determining how many bits represent the
network number and how many represent the host number. The most common class used
by large organizations (Class A) allows 8 bits for the network number and 24 for the host
number.
Class A 1 – 127 (Network 127 is reserved for loopback and internal testing)
Leading bit pattern 0 00000000.00000000.00000000.00000000
Network . Host . Host . Host
B Class 10000000=128
10111111=191
C Class 11000000=192
11011111=223
D Class 11000000=224
11011111=239
E Class 11000000=240
11011111=255
Class No of Network No of Host/Network No of Host/Class
Class A 2 8-1
2 24 27
x
27
2 24
Class B 2 16-2
2 16 2 14
x
2 14
2 16
Class C 2 24-3
28 2 21
x
2 21
28
This in you mind if recognized that what is your class then we see only first octets (Octal
is 8 word combination) of the IP Address 192.168.1.1 (also called doted decimal
notation)
Subneting
Q What is subnetting?
There are two forms of subnet notation, standard notation and CIDR (Classless Internet
Domain Routing) notation. Both versions of notation use a base address (or network
Address) to define the starting point of the network, such as 192.168.1.0. This means that
the network begins at 192.168.1.0 and the first possible host IP address on this subnet
would be 192.168.1.1.
In standard subnet mask notation, a four octet numeric value is used as with the base
address , for example 255.255.255.0. The standard mask can be calculated by creating
four binary values for each octet, and assigning the binary digit of .1. to the network
potion, and assigning the binary digit of .0. to the network potion. In the example above
this value would be 11111111.11111111.11111111.00000000. In combination with the
base address you have a subnet definition, in this case the subnet in standard notation
would be 192.168.1.0 255.255.255.0.
In CIDR notation, the number of 1.s in the binary version of the mask are counted from
the left, and that number is appended to the end of the base address following a slash (/).
In the example here the subnet would be listed in CIDR notation as 192.168.1.0/24.
Example
A latter posted which address is that “IMTIAZ AHMED Corvit 14/C Gulbarg III”. A
post man takes latter and gives to “IMTIAZ AHMED”, letter reach the correct
destination (This is one IP Address and communication with default subnet mask.)
Letter
Name : Imtiaz Ahmed
Address: Corvit 14/C
Gulbarg III
Corvit
IMTIAZ
AHMED
But two same name person “IMTIAZ AHMED” leave or work in corvit then latter could
not reach correct destination and data will loss.
Letter
Name : Imtiaz Ahmed
Address: Corvit 14/C
Gulbarg III
Corvit
IMTIAZ IMTIAZ
AHMED AHMED
There should be some addition here for save data. Then address is that “IMTIAZ
AHMED Training Section Corvit 14/C Gulbarg III” A post man takes letter and going
to Corvit then Training Section and gives letter “IMTIAZ AHMED”, letter reaches the
correct destination (This is one IP Address and communication with Customize subnet
mask.)
Letter
Name : Imtiaz Ahmed
Address: Corvit Tranning Section 14/C
Gulbarg III
Corvit
IMTIAZ IMTIAZ
AHMED AHMED
2 22 4
3 23 8
4 24 16
5 25 32
6 26 64
7 27 128
8 28 256
Customize Subnet Mast table
Class 1st bit 2nd bit 3rd bit 4th bit 5th bit 6th bit 7th bit 8th bit
A /8 /9 /10 /11 /12 /13 /14 /15
B /16 /17 /18 /19 /20 /21 /22 /23
C /24 /25 /26 /27 /28 /29 /30 /31
Result 0 128 192 224 240 248 252 254
1) Net ID
2) Broadcast ID
3) Mask
Network ID or Net ID
And Operation
0 AND 0 = 0
0 AND 1 = 0
1 AND 0 = 0
1 AND 1 = 1
Mask 255.255.255.0
1) Example of Subnetting
Chiniot Local
Router
Q: If we have two remote site then judge that how many bits
Subnetting and how many subnets available?
Ans: Remember that these things.
That Bit
Subnet
(Subnetting)
5) How many bits barrows 1
We have two remote sits then we see that table for subnetting and chose bits.
7 128
Farmula called Block Size 256-
27 128=128
8 28 256
=0
=128
7) Customize Subnet Mask
255 .255 .255 .128
Net ID 192.168.1.128
/25
&
Subnets Mask is 128
10) How many hosts (28-1 =27) Total Hosts(128-2) Usable Hosts(126)
2) Example of Subnetting
Chiniot Local
Router
Lahore
Vehari
Karachi
Sargodha
Isalamabad Faisalabad
Jhang Peshawar
Q: If we have two remote site then judge that how many bits
Subnetting and how many subnets available?
These Bits
5) How many bits barrows 3
Subnet
(Subnetting)
We have two remote labs then we see that table for subnetting and chose bits.
2 22 4
3 Bit subnetting
3 23 8 &
8 Subnets Available
4 24 16
5 25 32
6 26 64
7 27 128
8 28 256
6) Possible combination
10. 0. 0. 0
0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 =0
0 0 1 0 0 0 0 0 =32
0 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 =64
0 1 1 0 0 0 0 0 =96
1 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 =128
1 0 1 0 0 0 0 0 =160
1 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 =192
1 1 1 0 0 0 0 0 =224
OR
/11
&
Subnets Mask is 224
10) How many hosts (224-3 =221) Total Hosts(2097152-2) Usable Hosts(2097150)
3) Example of Subnetting
Total Remote Brunches are 2048
Q: If we have 2048 remote site then judge that how many bits
Subnetting and how many subnets available?
4 24 16
5 25 32 These Bits
5) How many bits barrows 11
Subnet
6 26 64 (Subnetting)
We have two remote labs then we see that table for
7 128 subnetting and chose bits.
27
8 28 256
9 29 512
10 2 10 1024
11 2 11 2048
11 Bit subnetting
&
2048 Subnets Available
6) Possible combination
172. 10. 0. .0
00000000 00000000 =0. 0
00000000 00100000 =0. 32
00000000 01000000 =0. 64
00000000 01100000 =0. 96
00000000 10000000 =0. 128
OR
/27
&
Subnets Mask is
255.224
10) How many hosts (216-11 =25) Total Hosts(32) Usable Hosts(30)
A Waste of Space
Networking Scheme
Mumbai 192.168.10.64/27
28
192.168.10.128/30
192.168.10.136/30
62 12 28
Example of VLSM
Address 192.168.1.0.
Subnets Hosts
2 60
2 32
2 15
2 7
64 64 64 64
62 62
192.168.1.0/26 192.168.1.0/26
TO TO
192.168.1.63/2 192.168.1.63/2
6 6
7) IP Routing
Encapsulation Topic
We can encapsulate interface not router.
Protocol
A uniform set of rules that enable two devices to connect and transmit data to one
another. Protocols determine how data are transmitted between computing devices and
over networks. They define issues such as error control and data compression methods.
The protocol determines the following: type of error checking to be used, data
compression method (if any), how the sending device will indicate that it has finished a
message and how the receiving device will indicate that it has received the message. Also
called protocol is a language.
Encapsulation Protocol
By default encapsulation protocol is HDLC(High level Data Link). We can change
protocol but that is in your mind if we want to communication between two routers then
both protocols is same.
A>Enable
A#Configure Terminal
A(config)#Interface Serial 0/0
A(config-if)#Encapsulation PPP
A(config-if)# Exit
A(config)#Exit
A#Show Enterface Serial 0
A>Enable
A#Configure Terminal
A(config)#Interface Serial 0/0
A(config-if)#Shutdown
A(config-if)# Exit
A(config)#Exit
A#Show Interface Serial 0
A>Enable
A#Configure Terminal
A(config)#Interface Serial 0/0
A(config-if)#No Shutdown
A(config-if)# Exit
A(config)#Exit
A#Show Interface Serial 0/0
If we can not understand the problem completely or new on the job. Then we type the 4
commands. These commands will magically work and all problems will solve if physical
Layer error not exist. Because that error is router internal error.
1) A(config-if)# No Shutdown
2) A(config-if)# No Encapsulation
3) A(config-if)# Keepalive
4) A(config-if)# Clock Rate 64000
One important point keep in your mind clock rate always configure in DCE end. Because
when we connect to two routers then which cable work is one side “DTE” and second
side “DCE”. If we configure ‘Clock rate 64000” command then IOS(Internetworking
Operating System) message that “This is DET end and not configure that command” and
Some IOS (Internetworking Operating System) accept that “Clock rate 64000” command
on “DTE” end but no work at all.
IP Routing Topic
Purpose
Completion of routing table (every intelligent device have table, Router “Routing table”
Switch” Switching table”).Routing table complete called convergence
A # Show IP Route
“C” word mentions that system directly connected to network. A pin point is that there is
only show network ID’s not display IP address.
10.0.0.1 20.0.0.1
Serial 0/0 Serial 0/0
A B
192.168.0.1 192.168.1.1
Fasteathernet 0/0 Fasteathernet 0/0
Method:
Missing Ether net Missing Subnet Mask Missing Router
A# show ip route
This is Static route, but only method not practical in these days. If 100 network then we
add separate 100 entries that is not possible now a days and in routing table entry show
with “S” character.
1) Dynamic Method
That is method of latest technology. There are if we complete the routing table then we
will define the routing protocol. These are given below
Properties
10.0.0.1 10.0.0.2
Serial 0/0 Serial 0/0
A B
192.168.0.1 192.168.1.1
Fasteathernet 0/0 Fasteathernet 0/0
A> Enable
A# Configuration Terminal
A(config)# Router RIP
A(config-router)# Network 10.0.0.1
A(config-router)# Network 192.168.0.1
A(config-router)# Exit
A(config)# Exit
A# Show IP Route
A# Ping 10.0.0.2
!!!!!
Success rate is 100 percent (5/5), round-trip min/avg/max=32/38/56
Second Router
B> Enable
B# Configuration Terminal
B(config)# Router RIP
B(config-router)# Network 10.0.0.2
B(config-router)# Network 192.168.1.1
B(config-router)# Exit
B(config)# Exit
B#Show IP Route
B# Show IP Protocols
10.0.0.1 10.0.0.2
Serial 0/0 Serial 0/0
A B
192.168.0.1 192.168.1.1
Fasteathernet 0/0 Fasteathernet 0/0
A> Enable
A# Configuration Terminal
A(config)# Router IGRP 1 ( Autnums System Number)
Same Aadministrative policies
Under having same routing policies
A# Ping 10.0.0.2
!!!!!
Success rate is 100 percent (5/5), round-trip min/avg/max=32/38/56
Second Router
B> Enable
B # Configuration Terminal
B(config)# Router IGRP 1 ( Autnums System Number)
Same Aadministrative policies
Under having same routing policies
B(config-router)# Network 10.0.0.2
B(config-router)# Network 192.168.1.1
B(config-router)# Exit
B(config)# Exit
B# Show IP Route
B# Ping 10.0.0.1
!!!!!
Success rate is 100 percent (5/5), round-trip min/avg/max=32/38/56
“I” character is representing IGRP protocol entry
10.0.0.1 10.0.0.2
Serial 0/0 Serial 0/0
A B
192.168.0.1 192.168.1.1
Fasteathernet 0/0 Fasteathernet 0/0
A> Enable
A# Configuration Terminal
A(config)# Router EIGRP 1 ( Autnums System Number)
Same Aadministrative policies
Under having same routing policies
A(config-router)# Network 10.0.0.1
A(config-router)# Network 192.168.0.1
A(config-router)# Exit
A(config)# Exit
A# Show IP Route
A# Ping 10.0.0.2
!!!!!
Success rate is 100 percent (5/5), round-trip min/avg/max=32/38/56
Second Router
B> Enable
B # Configuration Terminal
B(config)# Router EIGRP 1 ( Autnums System Number)
Same Aadministrative policies
Under having same routing policies
B(config-router)# Network 10.0.0.2
Bconfig-router)# Network 192.168.1.1
B(config-router)# Exit
B(config)# Exit
B# Show IP Route
B# Ping 10.0.0.1
!!!!!
Success rate is 100 percent (5/5), round-trip min/avg/max=32/38/56
OSPF can be configuring single interface, single link, single network and single subnets.
OSPF have powered by dint of “WILDCARD MASK”
Normally we listen about WILDCARD MASK that reverse of SUBNET MASK. But this
is wrong concept.
255.255.255.0
0 .0 .0 .255 As a rule wrong because this is valid WILDCARD MASK
Subnet Mask is continue stream of 0’s or 1’s. But Wildcard Mask is not same type.
Rule
0 Must Match
1 Don’t Care
Wildcard Mask
192 .168 . 1 . 1 0.0.7.0
Wildcard Mask
192 .168 . 1 . 1 0.0.0.0
1) OSPF Single Area Configuration
10.0.0.1 10.0.0.2
Serial 0/0 Serial 0/0
A B
192.168.0.1 192.168.1.1
Fasteathernet 0/0 Fasteathernet 0
A> Enable
A# Configuration Terminal
A(config)# Router OSPF 1 (Range 1 to 65335)
A(config-router)# Network 10.0.0.1 0.0.0.0 area 0
A(config-router)# Network 192.168.0.1 0.0.0.0 area 0
A(config-router)# Exit
A(config)# Exit
A# Show IP Route
A# Ping 10.0.0.2
!!!!!
Success rate is 100 percent (5/5), round-trip min/avg/max=32/38/56
Second Router
B> Enable
B# Configuration Terminal
B(config)#Router OSPF 1 (Range 1 to 65335)
B(config-router)# Network 10.0.0.2 0.0.0.0 area 0
B(config-router)# Network 192.168.1.1 0.0.0.0 area 0
B(config-router)# Exit
B(config)# Exit
B# Show IP Route
B# Ping 10.0.0.1
!!!!!
Success rate is 100 percent (5/5), round-trip min/avg/max=32/38/56
Serial 0/1
20.0.0.1 172.16.0.1
FastEathernet 0/0
C
Serial 0/1
20.0.0.2
A> Enable
A# Configuration Terminal
A(config)# Router OSPF 1 (Range 1 to 65335)
A(config-router)# Network 10.0.0.1 0.0.0.0 area 0
A(config-router)# Network 20.0.0.1 0.0.0.0 area 1
A(config-router)# Network 192.168.0.1 0.0.0.0 area 0
A(config-router)# Exit
A(config)# Exit
A# Show IP Route
A# Ping 10.0.0.2
!!!!!
Success rate is 100 percent (5/5), round-trip min/avg/max=32/38/56
A# Ping 20.0.0.2
!!!!!
Success rate is 100 percent (5/5), round-trip min/avg/max=32/38/56
Second Router
B> Enable
B # Configuration Terminal
B(config)# Router OSPF 1 (Range 1 to 65335)
B (config-router)# Network 10.0.0.2 0.0.0.0 area 0
B (config-router)# Network 192.168.1.1 0.0.0.0 area 0
B (config-router)# Exit
B(config)# Exit
B # Show IP Route
B# Ping 10.0.0.1
!!!!!
Success rate is 100 percent (5/5), round-trip min/avg/max=32/38/56
B# Ping 20.0.0.1
!!!!!
Success rate is 100 percent (5/5), round-trip min/avg/max=32/38/56
Third Router
C> Enable
C # Configuration Terminal
C(config)# Router OSPF 1 (Range 1 to 65335)
C (config-router)# Network 20.0.0.2 0.0.0.0 area 1
C (config-router)# Network 172.16.0.1 0.0.0.0 area 1
C (config-router)# Exit
C(config)# Exit
C # Show IP Route
C# Ping 10.0.0.1
!!!!!
Success rate is 100 percent (5/5), round-trip min/avg/max=32/38/56
C# Ping 10.0.0.2
!!!!!
Success rate is 100 percent (5/5), round-trip min/avg/max=32/38/56
C(config)#No IP Routing
C(config)#No OSPF 1