440 the Vareu (if the circular

The external uteri may he lound by subtracting

(WW '1 [71‘7_‘]n/}(ii)“ f-rtim the urea (Ml)(‘ : TR. in which TIS the [angenldi\lfl'ktt,r
Mitt Ill. ‘ a .
Stine) nil) ‘
(I). and R is lllC nitlim ol'thc curve. HR is unknown. it may be found bv the rel
' m
alum
(lperuiiom 7,
R; (see Section l().5)
lt‘lll ‘84”

\
r.[_
PART B
ADVANCED TOPICS

8.31
PARTITION OF LAND

Four of the simpler eases frequently encountered in the subdivision of irregular tracts of
land will be described in the ibllOWlng sectionsi Methods of subdividing the US. public
landx are given in Chapter IX.
Where a given tract is to be divided into two or more parts. a resurvey is‘ run: the
departures. latitudes. and coordinates are computed; the survey is adjusted; and the area of
the entire tract ix. determined. The corrected departures, latitudes, and coordinates are
employed further in the computations of .s'uhdivisioni

Area Cut Off by a Line between Two Points

In Figure 8.43. let ABCDEFG represent a tract ot'land to be divided into two parts by a line
extending from A to D, A survey ofthe tract has been made. the adjusted coordinates have
been computed for the corners. and the area has been Computed.
It is desired to determine the length and direction of the cutoff line AD without
additional field measurements and to calculate the area of each of the two parts into “hle‘ll
the tract is divided.
When coordinates are available forA and D, the simplest approach is to use Eun-
tions (8.8) and (89) developed in Section 8. l3 to Calculate the distance and azimuth ot‘AD.
Then the areas of the lruverse ABC!) and ADEFG can be computed by the coordinate
method.

C FIGURE 8.43
 z: cu T 0 F F BY A LINE. RUNNING‘ 44l
X‘R'EA IN A (.‘IVEN DIRECTION ('nAPTEn S:
Traverse
Fiwre 8.44. ABCDEI‘U represents a tract of known dimensions. tor which the corrected
1" ur'mres. latitudes. and ild_|ll\.‘ICd coordinates are given; and HI] represents a line running
Ma L.jycn direction that passes through the point I) and divides the tract into two parts.
"I L[I 1'5 desired to calculate from the given data the lengths [III and [IA and the area of
. . . , .
h ot‘the two parts into which the tract is divrded,
e The dlrccllon ol DH is gnen and the CUUHIHHHL‘S ol I) are known, so that the point slope
Section 8.19. can be tormed. Because coordinates tor (i and A are known.
Equation (8,13).
8.19. can be written lor line AG. These two equations. one for line
Equation X.|5. section
DH and one for line .(z/l. can be solved simultaneously to obtain the coordinates of H (see
Emmplc 8. l t. The distance HA can be calculated with Equation (8.8). using the coordi-
nates of H just computed and the known coordinates tor A. Areas for ABC/)HA and
HDEFGH can be computed by the coordinate method (Equation (8.33) or (8.34)).
ln the field the length and direction of the side DH are laid off front I). and a check on
fieldwork and computations is obtained if the point H thus established lies on the line GA
and it‘the computed distance HA agrees with the observed distance. The area computations
may be checked by observing that the sum of the areas of the two parts. each computed
independently, is equal to the area of the entire tract.

8.33
TO CUT OFF A REQUIRED AREA BY A LINE THROUGH A
GIVEN POINT

In Figure 8.45 ABCI)EF represents a tract of land of known dimensions. for which the
corrected departures. latitudes. and adjusted coordinates for each point are given; and 0
represents a point on the boundary through which a line is to pass. cutting ot‘fa required area
from the tract. The area for the total tract can be calculated by the coordinate method and
a sketch of the tract has been prepared.
To find the length and direction ofthe dividing line. the procedure is as follows. A line
CF is drawn to that corner of the traverse that, from inspection of the sketch. will come
nearest to being on the required line of division. Because distance CC is specified. the
coordinates of G can be calculated. Then the distance and azimuth ot~ CF are calculated
using Equations (8.8) and (8.9). The area enclosed by the traverse and the cutoff line GF.
ABCGFA, is computed by the coordinate method. The difte‘rence between this area and the
amount specified is found.
In the figure it is assumed that FABCG has an area greater than the desired amount, GH
being the correct position of the dividing line. The triangle GFH represents this excess area;
and as the angle a may be computed from known directions. in this triangle one side FG.

B B

Hg

H.

FIGURE 8.45
4-12 one angle a. and the area are given. The length HF is computed from the equation for are
. . . . 4''
MRr lll: area : .|‘((I/J sin ( ). so that. lrom Figure 8.45.
Survey l ' area GFH
Operations HF 2 (8.45]
F6 sin u

The triangle is then solved tor angle B and length GH. From the known direction ot'GF and
the (High: [3. the azimuth of OH is Computed. The departures: and l‘dtiludes of the line; FH
(:‘H. and HA are computed and coordinates are calculated lor point H. ‘
In the field. the length OH is laid off in the required direction. and a check on fieldwork
and computations is obtained if the point H thus established ta‘lls on the line Hi and ifth
computed distance HF or HA agrees with the measured distance.

8.34
To CUT OFF A REQUIRED AREA BY A LINE RUNNING IN
A GIVEN DIRECTION

In Figure 8.46. .-IB(‘I)EF represents a tract ol~ land of known dimensions and area. which
is to be divided into two parts. each ofa required area. by a line running in a given direction.
The figure is assumed to be drawn at least roughtly to scale. and the corrected departures.
latitudes. and adested coordinates for the corners are known.
Through the corner that seems likely to he nearest the line cutting off the required area.
a trial line 00 is drawn in the given direction. Then. in the closed traverse GBCDG. the
departures and latitudes ot'BC‘ and Cl) and the directions of [)6 and GB are known. and
the lengths of two sides. [)0 and GB, are unknown,
Using these data. the coordinates of C can be touud by forming the point-slope equa-
tion. Equation (8.13). lor line DO and Equation (8.5) tor line AB and solving these two
equations simultaneously lo‘r X“ and IL». [I would also be possible to solve to'r [)0 and GB
using the methods outlined in Section 8.22. By either procedure. the distance for DO and
the distance tor AG are calculated.
Next. the urea cut oil by trial line 00 is calculated. The difference between this area
and that required is represented in the figure by the trapezoid [)GJH in which the side
00
is known. The angles at I) and (I can be computed from the known directions
of adjacent

FIGURE 8.46

x@tan
q)
 Nd in this way 0 and (I: are determined. Tan Band
. . _ . tan 4) are positive if they fall inside 443
\i Cs.
mid and negative it they fall outside. With this convention, the ( HAVTFJI 8'
the tltlll“
7
, . x’ Traverse
Area ot trape/.'otd 1‘ (DU); l .imm 0 t “In (m (8.46)

. mlglu‘ is. the altitude ofthe trapc-Ioitl. (In the lipin‘c. hoth angles lie outside the trapezoid
ln‘h‘” both tangents are negative. ) When the known values lor IN}.
II, and 4; are substituted
.Snl Equation (8.46). it is a quadratic equation in the form at“ + In + (r : t). which may
[7 I) 3 —- 4ur'1"3]/2u_
Inlllulvctl 11m using .\ :’ (I)2
Mi 1" the field. points H and .l are established on the lines CD and AB. at the calculated

J‘slanccs from the adjacent corners.fiThe side JH then is measured. 11 this measured value
computed Value. the cldwork and portions ofthe computations are verified.
agrees with the
.\ further check on the computations is introduced by calculating the area BCHI and
Lmmaring it with the required area of this figure.

EXAMPLE 8.11. Determine the length and direction of the line passing through
point 5. which divides the area of the tract enclosed by the traverse of Figure 8.7 into
two equal areas. Adjusted coordinates are listed in Table 8.13 and the total area within
the tract is [57.250 ftztsee Example 8.6L

Solution. The use of coordinates and analytical geometry provides the most direct
solution. To simplify the computations. all coordinates in Table 8.13 are translated so
thatthe Y' axis passes through station 1 and the X' axis through station 2 (Figure 8.47).
The X' and Y' translated values. are given in Table 8.17.
Assume line 5-2 as a first approximation to the division line. The distance and
direction of 5-2 by Equations (8.8) and (8.9) are

d“ : [(403.60 — 388,84)2 + (310.40 - 0013]"2 = 310.751 ft

38884 — 403.60
tan A52 =
0 — 310.40
A52 : 182°43’21"
Angle 521 A52 - A.2 = 76°23’36"
ll

TABLE 8.17
Data for computing parting-off land from traverse of Figure 8.7
(see Tables 8.13 and 8.14)
Mew; r; ,-z~'~,;-t _., ;.,.~..,-...~»___

Corrected Translated coordinate

Station Distance, ft Azimuths X ', it 1" . ft

l 0.00 113.97.
405.18 106°19'45"
2 388.84 0.00
336.59 57°54'01"
673.97 l78.86
325.18 335°28'43"
539.01 474,71
212,92 21‘)”l‘)’33"
403.60 3 [0.40
252.21 366°55’30"
151.75 296.87
237.69 21‘)”40'21i"
444 FIGURE 8.47
Mk1 lll:
Surite‘y
Operations

The total area of the tract. calculated in Example 8.6 by the coordinate methnd‘ h
157.250 ft“. so that area/2 : 714,625 11“. I I
The urea enclosed by stations 1250, using expression (8.36). IS
,. 0.00 \
A ll3.92\ ‘,,310.40\/296.87 \,11302
2mm)” 7 0.00 "388.84" 403.60"151.75" (1.011
(Are-11.3.. = 113.2001‘1‘»
Total area
I 78.625
’3

Error = 4.575 it“

so thul the urea enclosed by 1256 is too large by 4575 ft", By Equation (8.45) and
referring to Figure 8.47. the distance 22’ from station 2 to the corrected division line
52' is
1 (2)(4575)
= 30.2951 11
(310.7511 sin 76°23'36”

The coordinates of 2' by Equations (8.6) and (8,7) are

X35 = 388.84 + l30.2951)(sin 286°19'45") = 388.84 + (30.2951)(—0.95%611

= 359.767 {1

Yg’v = 0.00 + (30,2951)(cos 286°19’45") = 0.00 + (30.2951)(0.2811551

: 85176 ft

The area enclosed by 12561 is

0.00 ><359.767\X,403.60\, 151.75 \, 0.00

2(area)1~.vw =
113.92 8.5176 " 310.40" 296.87 " 113.92
(Area).zv5b, = 78.625 ft:

that is equal to the total area/2. The area enclosed by 2'23452' is computed as u check.
359.767 \, 388.84\
,, 673.97 K, 539.01\
/ «1150\‘4 359‘s“
2‘4"”)2'21452' —
8.5176", 0.00 “178.86” 474.71"310.4o" ' s51‘o
(Am-13.1.1.2. 7 78,625 11‘-

Bqu“uutions(8,8);111d18.)‘),1/gy : 305,05 fl and As: : “3015,43”-

EXAMPLE 11.12. The lrttcl enclosed by the traverse of Figure 8.7 and also shoml I“
Figure 8.43 is lo he divided so [hut one-lourth of the enclosed ureu lies south of .1 line
Hmiik'i lo the X and X ‘LOOl'dln'd‘C MOS. Compute coordinates w the intersection 01' 445
line with the traverse sides. The data listed in Table 8.17 may he used for
Ihhtlh‘ldlllg r “AFTER 8:
mu _<l»tttputt‘ttt'ons.‘. Traverse

Wun‘un. The initial position tor the dividing line is taken passing through station 1.
1“ illustrated in Flgllrk‘ 34” A” "‘PI‘T‘WHIHHL‘ arm for triangle 127. mettle using dis—
;me scaled from the sketch. reveals. that this line l't‘xullx in .vm men that ig 10pm.
but 11 docs provide 215111121th starting line. As in lixztmple 8.1 I. analyt.
(0111100 small.
1w] gcomctry untl umrdinutcs provide the best method nl‘ solving the problem. Because
parallel to the X' axis.
the line 17 is
(1)

Equation (8.15) for line 23 is

Y9 ‘ Yz' _ X9 * Xi
Y; ~ yg x; — x;
Y7’ — 0.00 i x; — 38804
178.86 — 0.00 673.97 — 388.84
which yields
285.13” 7 178.86X7’ : —69,547.92 (2)

Substitution of Y7' from (1) into (2) gives

—l78.86X7' : —102,029.93

X7’ = 570.446 ft = (1.7

The area of 127 by area = ,_'-(ub). where a : 570.446 and b : 113.92. is

area = ~_-'(570,446)(l 13.92) = 32.493111 (3)

The total area. calculated in Example 8.6 is 157.250 ft“. sothat (mean/4 = 39.313113.
Therefore, the area enclosed by 127 is too small by 39.313 4 32.493 = 6820 ft".
Accordingly, the dividing line is moved parallel to itself to position 89, a distance ,r
from the original line. Using Equation (8.46), the trapezoidal area enclosed by 1897 is

X t tan (b — tan 6 (4)

A’eaisgv = 2—(dn + d” — x tan 0 + x tan (1)) = .t'dl7 + x- ——
7

FIGURE 8.48
446 azimuths of lines [5 and N
in which 0 : 39°40'38" and d; =57°54'01”are the
Substitution of known mm“ In“
PART 111: found in Table 8.17 and shown on Figure 8.48.
11,
Survey Equation (41 gives
Operations 1.59415 - 0.829463 )X:
6820 = 570.446,\‘ + < : 570.4461 + 0.3323451:
2

which is of the form 11.1'2 + bx + c '— 0 and can be solved by

I 7 -b : 1b" — 411(1' 3 7 -57().446 : [(570.4416)2 4 (4110.38234511—6820111:

'1 — 211 _ (2110382345)
7 4.70440 : 579.510 7 9.070
:1186130
_ 0.764691 ' 0.764691
Distances: (11,1 and d7” are calculated using .1 and the cosines of angles 0 and d):

x 7 11.8613
(1” '— = 15.41111
cosfi 0.769684

X 7 11.0013
(1—1, ~
cos. (1) ' 0.531394
Coordinates for 8 and 9 are computed by Equations 18.6) and (8.713s 10110115:

X»; : X,’ + (in sin 39°40'28" 2 000 + 115.41 11016384251 : 9.8411

Y; I Y; + (I.x cos 39°40'28" : 113.92 + 11.86 = 125.78

Xi} = X; + (I79 sin 57°54'01" = 570446 + 122.321 110847124) ’— 589.3511

Y; = Y1, + (/70 cos. 57°54'01" 2 113.92 + 11.86 2 125.7811

As a final check. the area ot'thc segment enclosed by points 12981 is calculated using
the computed coordinates and expression (8.361:

0.00 , 388.84 \7, 9.84 X, 0.00

, 589.35
Ztarea) ’ \' \\'
_ 113,92” 0.00 ” 125.7813” 125.7813/ 113.92
= 78.62511"
area = 39,313 it3 which is equal to otte-lo‘urth ot'the total area. The final coordinato
for 8 and 9 are

xx : 4391.93, 31’ = 6162.68, X9 = 4971.44, qY = 6162.681!

8.35
DIRECT METHOD FOR THE PARTITION OF LAND

Computations 101 lbs last lwo cases for partition of land involved trial and crrvfi 1“
a1ternale method to solve these problems is a general. direct method developed by lint
(1989). Consider subdivision of the tract shown in Figure 8.49. hy line AB, into too 1r.1c1~
having areas A, and A: bounded by 11 points 1, 2 ..... I1 * l. 11 and n1 points II t 1'
II + 2, . . . .II + In. respectively. The total area Al + A; and the areaA. are known. 11"»
desired to [ix the position of the line Ali to .‘sitti's'Iy the proportion ot‘Al 10A, + A;.
 447
CHAPTER 8:
Traverse

FIGURE 8.49

The problem has four unknowns .' XA. YA. X» and YB. Two equations that relate these
four unknown coordinates are

YA = Y1 ‘l' (XA _ thmA (8.47)

YB = ,Y, + (X8 — X,,)mR (8.48)
in which

"'A = 001 Amp".

"1,, 2 Cut A lIJl'l

Where Am m = azimuth from the north of line 1 — n + m

A“.l = azimuth from the north of line It A n + 1

The area of Al can be computed by the coordinate method using Equation 8.34.
Applying this equation to tract A, in Figure 8.49 leads to

2A1 : [XB(Yn ’ YA) + X4”?! 7 Yr) + XIYA ‘ XnYB]

no!

+ (2 X... .Y — XML.» (8.49)

I=l

In which the first group of terms contains coordinates of the subdividing line and the second
group has coordinates for the remaining points in the tract.
Equations (8.47) to (8.49) contain four unknowns. To solve for X,h YA, X3. and YB. 11
{with constraint, defined by the conditions for subdivision, is needed. For example. con-
Elder the case from Section 8.33, where either
point A or B is fixed. First suppose that the
Coordinates ofA are known,
where A could be one of the given corners of the original tract.
Sule'lution of YE from Equation (8.47) into (8.49) and solving for X“ yields

X _ K1“ XAYI + Xl AY + (XA _ XII)(IYI # Xuml-t) (8.50)

” (YA - x.) — (Xi v X..>m,.
 fl
448 in which
PART III: it i '

Survey K, [2 (X,.. ‘Y 7 xxx.) 7 2A.] “(15.1

l i
Operatiuns
and i" run he utlcultilcd uxing Equation (8.47). . I
ll'thc coordinates ni‘B Lll'C known. substitution of Equation (8.47) Into Equation 1x49
' 1
giws

7K. 7 XHY” + X,,Y,, + (XE 7 X,)(,Y 7 leA)

Xi = (8.53}
(X3 7 .Y) 7 (X3 7 X.)m,i

in which It’I is as defined by Equation (8.50). The coordinate~ YA, can the" be f0Ulld by mmE
Equation 18.47).

EXAMPLE 3.13. Apply the direct method io‘r land partitioning to the prohlem of
Example 8.| 1.

Solution. Renumbcr the corners of the tract shown in Figure 8.47 in a clockwixe
direction. .‘IS shown in Figure 8.50. Note the ibilowing equivalences between Flg.
ure 8.47 iind Table 8.17 and Figure 8.50:

Figure 8.50 A I 2

Lli
Figure 8.47 and Table 8. l7 2' | 6 5 4 3

[4
First solve for K] by Equation (8.51) using the coordinates given in Table 8. l 7 and the
preceding renumbcring scheme:

K. :XI’Y.’ 7 X,’yg 7 2A.

K] : (151.75)(|13.92) 7 (0.00m - [57,250 = ~l39.962,64 it“
cht. solve io‘r XA' using Equation (8.52):

X, 7 139,962.64 - (403,60)(296.87) + (l51.75)(3|0.40) + (403.60)(113.92l

A (31040 — ll}.‘)2) * (403.60 - 0.00)(-0.29297)

XA’ —7 359.767 {1
Substitution ofthis value for XA’ into Equation (8.47) yields

FIGURE 8.50
 yA'—_113.92 + (3 59.767 — rmcm lofiolgusu) : 8.5179 fl
449
(8-8) and (8.9% (1,1,; = 305.05 ft and AM, : CHAPTER 8:
B1 liqutltions values obtained by the other lXX"l5'4l", both of which
' t... with the solution in tixumplc 3.1 I. Traverse
a,”
Th1) ronCCPt Can he “Pl’l'efl [0 the “lhcr Gil-“LN Where t l ) the distance between A and
V “W”. (2) the orientation ot the suhd1v1d1ngIineis known. :111tlt"t)thc subdividing line
it —
.Ermroueh an interior point. l‘ol’ each case. additional equations. which are functions
J“»-" ‘ involved. must he tlcVClUPL’d
conditions ilntl solved tor the coordinates of the ends of
plthc
l“whdl‘uslon
r - ' '111 a
. mannr
- Lu ~ \v' - u - .
l111e .lmlll to the example shown. Details concerning the

.
[h‘fiilho‘b and equations used for all three cases can be found in Easa (1989).
11~
\jnic that 1't‘A._,,.,,I or AM,“ is 0° 0r l8()°. 111A and m,‘ are undefined. This condition can
“(whittled by rotating the original coordinate system by an arbitrary angle [3 into an X".
‘1 System using Equation (Ch ). Appendix C. The rotated coordinates can be used with the
itlfll‘ equations to solve for coordinates MA and B. at the ends of the dividing line. and then
[routed back into the original systetn using the inverse solution of Equation (C6).

8.36
ERROR PROPAGATION IN TRAVERSES

Although the positional closure (Section 8.21) is an indication ofthe overall quality of the
traverse and is used for traverse elassification. it does not yield information on the precision
of point locations determined in a traverse. Therefore, in the following paragraphs. the
techniques of covariance propagation (see Section 2.19) are employed to determine the
romance matrix for each point in the traverse.
For simplicity. consider the very first point in a traverse. such as point 2. which follows
control point 1 in Figure 8.5]. The azimuth of line l2. A13. is given by

A,2 = A, + a] — 180°
in which A, is the beginning reference azimuth. If the reasonable assumption is made that
tis relatively error free and has a standard deviation of 0. then err” = our Further. let at,l
represent the standard deviation of the measured distance (1.. and assume that a. and d, are
uncorrelated (i.e., a'aldl = 0), which is a very logical assumption Then.

2 _ 0'“:| 0
ml 0 05'