Understanding Heat Exchanger Reading 03a The ARAMCO Std.

My Reading on Heat Exchanger
Reading 03- The ARAMCO Std.

P
Part 1 off 2
for my Aramco AOC’s QM31 Exam Preparations
27th May 2018
http://satorp.com/
Charlie Chong/ Fion Zhang

闭门练功

闭门练功
Fion Zhang at Shanghai
Damuqiao 大木桥路
27th May 2018

Charlie Chong/ Fion Zhang http://greekhouseoffonts.com/
The Magical Book of Heat Exchanger Reading

有
书
真
幸
福
无事小神仙
Parts:
1. API660/ ISO 16812:2007
Shell-and-tube Heat Exchangers
2. Materials System Specification
32-SAMSS-007
Manufacture of Shell and Tube Heat Exchangers

American Petroleum Institute API 600 Std.

Part 1:
Shell-and-tube Heat Exchangers
ANSI/API STANDARD 660
EIGHTH EDITION, AUGUST 2007
ISO 16812:2007 (Identical), Petroleum, petrochemical
and natural gas industries-Shell-and-tube Heat
Exchangers

Contents
1. Scope
2. Normative references
3. Terms and definitions
4. General
5. Proposals
6. Drawings and other required
7. Design
8. Materials
9. Fabrication
10. Inspection and testing
11. Preparation for shipment
12. Supplemental requirements
Annex A (informative) Recommended practices

Annex B (informative) Shell-and-tube heat exchanger checklist
Annex C (informative) Shell-and-tube heat exchanger data sheets
Annex 0 (informative) Responsibility data sheet

Foreword
ISO (the International Organization for Standardization) is a worldwide
federation of national standards bodies (ISO member bodies). The work of
preparing International Standards is normally carried out through ISO
technical committees. Each member body interested in a subject for which a
technical committee has been established has the right to be represented on
that committee.
International organizations, governmental and non-governmental, in liaison

with ISO, also take part in the work. ISO collaborates closely with the
International Electrotechnical Commission (IEC) on all matters of
electrotechnical standardization. International Standards are drafted in
accordance with the rules given in the ISO/IEC Directives, Part 2.
The main task of technical committees is to prepare International Standards.

Draft International Standards adopted by the technical committees are
circulated to the member bodies for voting. Publication as an International
Standard requires approval by at least 75 % of the member bodies casting a
vote.

Attention is drawn to the possibility that some of the elements of this
document may be the subject of patent rights. ISO shall not be held
responsible for identifying any or all such patent rights.
ISO 16812 was prepared by Technical Committee ISO/TC 67, Materials,
equipment and offshore structures for petroleum, petrochemical and natural
gas industries, Subcommittee SC 6, Processing equipment and systems. This
second edition cancels and replaces the first edition (ISO 16812:2002), which
has been technically revised.

ISO collaborates closely with the
International Electrotechnical
Commission (IEC) on all matters
of electrotechnical
standardization. International
Standards are drafted in
accordance with the rules given
in the ISO/IEC Directives, Part 2.

ISO Publication as an International
Standard requires approval by at
least 75 % of the member bodies
casting a vote.

Introduction
Users of this International Standard should be aware that further or differing
requirements may be needed for individual applications. This International
Standard is not intended to inhibit a vendor from offering, or the purchaser
from accepting, alternative equipment or engineering solutions for the
individual application. This may be particularly applicable where there is
innovative or developing technology. Where an alternative is offered, the
vendor should identify any variations from this International Standard and
provide details.
Annex A provides some optional recommended practices.
A bullet (•) at the beginning of a clause or sub-clause indicates a requirement
for the purchaser to make a decision or provide information (see checklist in
Annex B).
In this International Standard, where practical, US Customary (USC) units are
included in parentheses for information.

A bullet (•)
at the beginning of a clause or
sub-clause indicates a
requirement for the purchaser to
make a decision or provide
information (see checklist in
Annex B).

A bullet (•)
at the beginning of a clause or sub-clause indicates a requirement for the
purchaser to make a decision or provide information (see checklist in Annex B).

In this International Standard, where practical, US Customary (USC) units are
included in parentheses for information.

Petroleum, petrochemical and natural gas industries - Shell-
and-tube heat exchangers
1 Scope
This International Standard specifies requirements and gives
recommendations for the:
1. mechanical design,
2. material selection,
3. fabrication, inspection, testing and
4. preparation for shipment of shell-and-tube heat exchangers for the
petroleum, petrochemical and natural gas industries.
This International Standard is applicable to the following types of shell-and-

tube heat exchangers:
 heaters, condensers, coolers and reboilers.
This International Standard is not applicable to vacuum-operated steam

surface condensers and feed-water heaters.

Vacuum-operated Steam Surface Condensers

Vacuum
operated
Steam
Surface
Condensers
Power Plant- Vacuum-
operated Steam Surface
Condensers

2 Normative references
The following referenced documents are indispensable for the application of
this document. For dated references, only the edition cited applies. For
undated references, the latest edition of the referenced document (including
any amendments) applies.
 ISO 15156 (all parts) (NACE MR0175), Petroleum and natural gas
industries- Materials for use in H2S-containing environments in oil and
gas production
 ASME B 16.5, Pipe Flanges and Flanged Fittings
 ASME B 16.11, Forged Fittings, Socket-Welding and Threaded
 ASME B 1.20.1, Pipe Threads, General Purpose (Inch)
 EJMA, Standards of the Expansion Joint Manufacturers Association
 NACE MR0103 -Materials Resistant to Sulfide Stress Cracking in
Corrosive Petroleum Refining Environments
 TEMA Standards Set, 8th Edition, Standards of the Tubular Exchanger
Manufacturers Association
Normative : of or relating to a norm, especially an assumed norm regarded

as the standard of correctness in behavior, speech, writing, etc. (规范的;标准的)
The following NACE referenced documents are indispensable for the
application of this document.
 ISO 15156 (all parts) (NACE MR0175), Petroleum and natural gas industries- Materials for
use in H2S-containing environments in oil and gas production
 NACE MR0103 -Materials Resistant to Sulfide Stress Cracking in Corrosive Petroleum
Refining Environments

3 Terms and definitions
For the purposes of this document, the following terms and definitions apply.
3.1
annular distributor
additional chamber incorporated into a shell side nozzle to more evenly
distribute shell side fluids entering or exiting the tube bundle

Annular Distributor

3.2
category A welded joint
longitudinal welded joint within the main shell, communicating chambers,
nozzles or transitions in diameter; or any welded joint within a sphere or
within a formed or flat head; or circumferential welded joint connecting
hemispherical heads to main shells, to transitions in diameters or to
communicating chambers
3.3
category B welded joint
circumferential welded joint within the main shell, communicating chambers,
nozzles or transitions in diameter, including joints between the transitions and
a cylinder at either the large or small end; or circumferential welded
joint connecting formed heads, other than hemispherical, to main shells, to
transitions in diameter, to nozzles or to communicating chambers

Cat “B” includes most circumferential
welded joints including formed heads (other
than hemispherical) to main shells welds.
FIG. UW-3 ILLUSTRATION OF WELDED JOINT LOCATIONS

TYPICAL OF CATEGORIES A, B, C, and D
Charlie Chong/ Fion Zhang ASME VIII-UW-03

Cat “A” includes all longitudinal welds and
critical circumferential welds such as
hemispherical head to shell welds.
FIG. UW-3 ILLUSTRATION OF WELDED JOINT LOCATIONS

TYPICAL OF CATEGORIES A, B, C, and D

 Cat “A” includes all longitudinal welds and critical
circumferential welds such as hemispherical head to shell
welds.
 Cat “B” includes most circumferential welded joints including
formed heads (other than hemispherical) to main shells welds.
 Cat “C” includes welded joints connecting: . flanges to
nozzles or shell components. one side plate to another in a
flat-sided vessel.
 Cat “D” includes welded joints connecting nozzles to shells,
heads or flat-sided vessels.
Fion Zhang/ Charlie Chong ASME VIII-UW-03

 Cat “A” includes all longitudinal welds and critical circumferential welds
such as hemispherical head to shell welds.
 Cat “B” includes most circumferential welded joints including formed heads
(other than hemispherical) to main shells welds
Cat A
Cat B
Except
Hemispherical Head

Exercise:

Exercise:
?
D
C D
D
?
C
D
A
B
A
D D
Exercise:
?
D
C D
D
?
C
D
A
B
A
D D
Exercise:

Why Hemispherical Head fall under Cat “A” and
What is RT1 and RT2?
ASME Pressure Vessel Joint Efficiencies
The ASME Pressure Vessel Joint Efficiencies article provides you with information about pressure vessel joint efficiency
requirements and their connection with radiography testing.
You may know Pressure Vessel Joint Efficiencies are linked to the radiography testing grades and there is a concession for full
radiography testing as per the UW-11(a) (5) (b) clause which it is a little bit confusing.
This article provides you the ASME pressure vessel joint efficiencies requirements and guidelines for the above clause.
Based on the ASME Code requirement, manufacturers have to mark the type of RT i.e. RT1, RT2, RT3 and RT4 in the pressure
vessel name plate and state the same in Pressure Vessel Data Report.
We have seen many professionals, from inspectors to quality control engineers who are confused between RT1 and RT2,
specifically when they see ASME Pressure Vessel Joint Efficiencies for both RT1 and RT2 is the same and equal to 1(E=1).
They say both RT1 and RT2 are categorized in the “Full Radiography” part in UW-11 clause ...
So why are some joints in RT2 radiographed in spots?
We are making spot radiography, but it is categorized in full radiography!!!
So in this "ASME Pressure Vessel Joint Efficiencies" article we want to answer this question in very simple way, but before this,
we need review joint categories and summarize them as below:
Category A:
All longitudinal welds in shell and nozzles
All welds in heads, Hemispheric-head to shell weld joint
Category B:
All circumferential welds in shell and nozzles
Head to shell joint (other than Hemispheric.)
Category C and D are flange welds and nozzle attachment welds respectively
Charlie Chong/ Fion Zhang http://www.inspection-for-industry.com/asme-pressure-vessel-joint-efficiencies.html

Do you know why? Why ASME considered the stringent rule for
Category “A” weld than Category “B” weld?
Longitudinal welds (Category A) are more critical than Circumferential welds (Category B) because they are under double stress.
This the reason why in different part of ASME code we have stringent rules in category A joint compared to category B joint.
See the following Fig. for joint categories:
Now let's get back to the ASME Pressure Vessel Joint Efficiencies subject, to remove the above confusion about RT1 and RT2.
We need to know:

When and where is there a code requirement for full radiography?
Item 1: All butt welds in vessels used to contain a lethal substance (UW-11(a)).Lethal substances have specific definitions in
ASME Code in UW-2 and it is the responsibility of the end user to determine if they ordered a vessel that contains lethal
substances.
Item 2: All butt welds in vessels in which the nominal thickness exceeds specified values (UW-11(a). You can find these values in
subsection C, in UCS-57, UNF-57, etc. For example, this value for P-No.1 in UCS-57 is 1 ¼ inch.
Item 3: All butt welds in an unfired steam boiler with design pressure > 50 psi (UW-11(a)).
Item 4: All category A and D butt welds in vessel when “Full Radiography” optionally selected from table UW-12(column (a) in this
table is selected); and categories B and C which intersect Category A shall meet the spot radiography requirement (UW-11(a) (5)
(b)).
The point is this: items 1, 2 and 3 are similar, but item 4 is completely different. In items 1, 2 and 3 it is mandated by code; to do
full radiography in all butt welds in vessel so it means it is mandatory for designer to select column (a) in UW-12 table.
But in item 4, there is no mandating rule. A manufacturer with its own decision has chosen to use column (a) in table UW-12 for
full radiography.
So here there is a concession or bonus to manufacturers for categories B and C.

What is concept behind this concession or bonus in pressure vessel RT2?
If you review item 1, 2 and 3 one more time, you will see that the pressure vessel RT tests are related to the type of welds and
services.
You can see the pressure vessels in these items are critical from a safety point of view, one contains a lethal substance, the other one
has a high thickness, which implicates high pressure, and the last one is an unfired steam boiler. But item 4 has no criticality like the
other items have.
But you should note all 4 items have been categorized in full radiography clause( U-11(a)), so to differentiate item 1, 2 and 3 from item
4, the RT symbols are used in Code (UG-116).
RT 1: Items 1, 2 and 3, (E=1), All butt welds-full length radiography

RT 2: Item 4 (E=1), Category A and D butt welds full length radiography and category B and C butt welds spot Radiography
RT 3: (E=0.85), Spot radiography butt welds
RT 4: (E=0.7), Partial / No radiography
You need to consider the hemispherical head joint to shell as category A, but ellipsoidal and torispherical head joint to shell as
category B;
Do you know why? Why ASME considered the stringent rule for pressure
vessel RT test in hemispherical head joint?
It is because this joint is more critical, because the thickness obtained from the formula for hemispherical head approximately would
be half of the shell thickness; It means if the shell thickness is 1 inch, the hemispherical head thickness would be 0.5 inch.
For more detail, you may review the Pressure Vessel Heads http://www.inspection-for-industry.com/pressure-vessel-heads.html
article.

Do you know why? Why ASME considered the stringent rule for
Category “A” weld than Category “B” weld?
Longitudinal welds (Category A) are more critical than Circumferential welds (Category B) because they are under double stress.
This the reason why in different part of ASME code we have stringent rules in category A joint compared to category B joint.
Weld Types:
Here is some clarification about the different type of welds that have specific definitions in ASME Code SEC VIII DIV 1 and related
to the pressure vessel RT test.
The concept is to define the different types and then introduce some restriction for using them.
For example, a Type 1 weld is defined as a full penetration weld, typically double welded and Type 2 is welds with backing strips.
So when you go to service restriction for a vessel containing a lethal substance, you see there is a restriction there that says all
category A joints shall be weld Type 1 and Category B and C shall be type 1 or type 2.
You should take this point in to account, which is this: the same joint category with different weld types have different joint
efficiencies.
Summary of weld types:

Type 1: Full penetration welds (Typically Double welded)
Type 2: Welds with backing strip
Type 3: Single welded partial penetration welds
Type 4, 5 and 6: Various Lap welds (rarely used)

UW-11 RADIOGRAPHIC AND ULTRASONIC
EXAMINATION
(a) Full Radiography. The following welded joints
shall be examined radiographically for their full
length in the manner prescribed in UW-51:
1. (1) all butt welds in the shell and heads of vessels
used to contain lethal substances [see UW-2(a)];
2. (2) all butt welds in the shell and heads of vessels in
which the nominal thickness [see (g) below] at the
welded joint exceeds 11/2 in. (38 mm), or exceeds the
lesser thicknesses prescribed in UCS-57, UNF-57,
UHA-33, UCL-35, or UCL-36 for the materials covered
therein, or as otherwise prescribed in UHT-57, ULW-
51, ULW-52(d), ULW-54, or ULT-57;
3. (3) all butt welds in the shell and heads of unfired
steam boilers having design pressures
(-a) exceeding 50 psi (350 kPa) [see UW-2(c)];
(-b) not exceeding 50 psi (350 kPa) [see UW-2(c)]
but with nominal thickness at the welded joint
exceeding the thickness specified in (2) above;
4. (4) all butt welds in nozzles, communicating chambers,
etc., with the nominal thickness at the welded joint that
exceeds the thickness in (2) above or attached to the
shell or heads of vessels under (1), (2), or (3) above
that are required to be fully radiographed; however,
except as required by UHT-57(a), Categories B and C
butt welds in nozzles and communicating chambers
that neither exceed NPS 10 (DN 250) nor 11/8 in. (29
mm) wall thickness do not require any radiographic
examination;

UW-11(a) Full Radiography. The following
welded joints shall be examined
radiographically for their full length in the
manner prescribed in UW-51:
(5) all Category A and D butt welds in the
shell and heads of vessels where the design
of the joint or part is based on a joint
efficiency permitted by UW-12(a), in
which case:
(-a) Category A and B welds connecting the
shell or heads of vessels shall be of Type
No. (1) or Type No. (2) of Table UW-12;
(-b) Category B or C butt welds [but not including
those in nozzles and communicating chambers except as
which intersect the Category
required in (4) above]
A butt welds in the shell or heads of
vessels or connect seamless vessel shell
or heads shall, as a minimum, meet the
requirements for spot radiography in
accordance with UW-52. Spot radiographs
required by this paragraph shall not be
used to satisfy the spot radiography rules
as applied to any other weld increment.

Table UW-12
Maximum ALLowabLe Joint Efficiencies for Arc and Gas Welded Joints
Degree of Radiographic
Examination
(a) Full (b) Spot (c)
Type No. Joint Description Limitations Joint Category [Note (1)] [Note (2)] None
[1) Butt joints as attained by double welding or by None A, B, C & D 1.00 0.85 0.70
other means which will obtain the same
quality of deposited weld metal on the inside
and outside weld surfaces to agree with the
requirements of UW 35 . Welds using metal
backing strips which remain in place are
excluded.
(2) Single welded butt joint with backing strip (a) None except as in (b) below A, B, C & D 0.90 0.80 0.65
other than those included under (1) (b)Circumferential butt joints with one plate offset; see A, B & C 0.90 0.80 0.65
UW 13(b)[4) and Figure UW 13.1, sketch [i)
[3) Single welded buttjointwithoutuse ofbacking Circumferential butt joints only, not over% in. [16 mm) A, B & C NA NA 0.60
strip thick and not over 24 in. [600 mm) outside diameter
(4) Double full fillet lap joint (a) Longitudinal joints not over %in. (10 mm) thick A NA NA 0.55
(b) Circumferential joints not over %in. (16 mm) thick B & C [Note (3)] NA NA 0.55
(5) Single full fillet lap joints with plug welds (a) Circumferential joints [Note (4)] for attachment of heads B NA NA 0.50
conforming t o UW 17 not over 24 in. (600 mm) outside diameter to shells not
over "/2 in. [13 mm) thick
(b) Circumferential joints for the attachment to shells of c NA NA 0.50
jackets not over % in. [16 mm) in nominal thickness
where the distance from the center of the plug weld to the
edge of the plate is not less than 11h times the diameter of
the hole for the plug.
(6) Single full fillet lap joints without plug welds (a) For the attachment of heads convex to pressure to shells A&B NA NA 0.45
not over %in. (16 mm) required thickness, only with use
of fillet weld on inside of shell; or
(b) for attachment of heads having pressure on either side, A&B NA NA 0.45
to shells not over 24 in. [600 mm) inside diameter and
not over %in. [6 mm) required thickness with fillet weld
on outside of head flange only
(7) Corner joints, full penetration, partial As limited by Figure UW 13.2 and Figure UW 16.1 C & D [Note (5)] NA NA NA
penetration, and/ or fillet welded
(8) Angle joints Design Eer U 2 (g) for Category B and C joints B, C & D NA NA NA
GENERAL NOTES:
(a} The single factor shown for each combination of joint category and degree of radiographic examination replaces both the stress reduction factor and the joint efficiency
factor considerations previously used in this Division.
(b) E" 1.0 for butt joints in compression.

Table UW-12
Maximum Allowable Joint Efficiencies for Arc and Gas Welded Joints
Degree of Radiographic
Examination
(a) Full (b) Spot (c)
Type No. Joint Description Limitations Joint Category [Note (1)] [Note (2)] None
(1) Butt joints as attained by double welding or by None A, B, C & D 1.00 0.85 0.70
other means which will obtain the same
quality of deposited weld metal on the inside
and outside weld surfaces to agree with the
requirements of UW 35. Welds using metal
backing strips which remain in place are
excluded.
(2) Single welded butt joint with backing strip (a) None except as in (b) below A, B, C & D 0.90 0.80 0.65
other than those included under (1) (b)Circumferential butt joints with one plate offset; see A, B & C 0.90 0.80 0.65
UW 13(b)(4) and Figure UW 13.1, sketch (i)
Circumferential butt joints only, not over 5/8 in. (16 mm)
2013 SECTION VIII - DIVISION 1

(3) Single welded butt joint without use of backing A, B & C NA NA 0.60
strip thick and not over 24 in. (600 mm) outside diameter
(4) Double full fillet lap joint (a) Longitudinal joints not over 3/8 in. (10 mm) thick A NA NA 0.55
(b) Circumferential joints not over 5/8 in. (16 mm) thick B & C [Note (3)] NA NA 0.55
(5) Single full fillet lap joints with plug welds (a) Circumferential joints [Note (4)] for attachment of heads B NA NA 0.50
115
conforming to UW 17 not over 24 in. (600 mm) outside diameter to shells not
over 1/2 in. (13 mm) thick
(b) Circumferential joints for the attachment to shells of C NA NA 0.50
jackets not over 5/8 in. (16 mm) in nominal thickness
where the distance from the center of the plug weld to the
edge of the plate is not less than 11/2 times the diameter of
the hole for the plug.
(6) Single full fillet lap joints without plug welds (a) For the attachment of heads convex to pressure to shells A&B NA NA 0.45
not over 5/8 in. (16 mm) required thickness, only with use
of fillet weld on inside of shell; or
(b) for attachment of heads having pressure on either side, A&B NA NA 0.45
to shells not over 24 in. (600 mm) inside diameter and
not over 1/4 in. (6 mm) required thickness with fillet weld
on outside of head flange only
(7) Corner joints, full penetration, partial As limited by Figure UW 13.2 and Figure UW 16.1 C & D [Note (5)] NA NA NA
penetration, and/or fillet welded
(8) Angle joints Design per U 2(g) for Category B and C joints B, C & D NA NA NA
GENERAL NOTES:
(a) The single factor shown for each combination of joint category and degree of radiographic examination replaces both the stress reduction factor and the joint efficiency
factor considerations previously used in this Division.
(b) E = 1.0 for butt joints in compression.
UW-13
UW-11 RADIOGRAPHIC AND ULTRASONIC EXAMINATION
(a) Full Radiography. The following welded joints shall be examined radiographically for their
full length in the manner prescribed in UW-51:
1. (1) all butt welds in the shell and heads of vessels used to contain lethal substances [see UW-2(a)];
2. (2) all butt welds in the shell and heads of vessels in which the nominal thickness [see (g) below] at the welded joint exceeds
11/2 in. (38 mm), or exceeds the lesser thicknesses prescribed in UCS-57, UNF-57, UHA-33, UCL-35, or UCL-36 for the
materials covered therein, or as otherwise prescribed in UHT-57, ULW-51, ULW-52(d), ULW-54, or ULT-57;
3. (3) all butt welds in the shell and heads of unfired steam boilers having design pressures
(-a) exceeding 50 psi (350 kPa) [see UW-2(c)];
(-b) not exceeding 50 psi (350 kPa) [see UW-2(c)]
but with nominal thickness at the welded joint exceeding the thickness specified in (2) above;
4. (4) all butt welds in nozzles, communicating chambers, etc., with the nominal thickness at the welded joint that exceeds the
thickness in (2) above or attached to the shell or heads of vessels under (1), (2), or (3) above that are required to be fully
radiographed; however, except as required by UHT-57(a), Categories B and C butt welds in nozzles and communicating
chambers that neither exceed NPS 10 (DN 250) nor 11/8 in. (29 mm) wall thickness do not require any radiographic
examination;
5. (5) all Category A and D butt welds in the shell and heads of vessels where the design of the joint or part is based on a joint
efficiency permitted by UW-12(a), in which case:
(-a) Category A and B welds connecting the shell or heads of vessels shall be of Type No. (1) or Type No. (2) of Table UW-12;
(-b) Category B or C butt welds [but not including those in nozzles and communicating chambers except as required in (4)
above] which intersect the Category A butt welds in the shell or heads of vessels or connect seamless vessel shell or heads
shall, as a minimum, meet the requirements for spot radiography in accordance with UW-52. Spot radiographs required by this
paragraph shall not be used to satisfy the spot radiography rules as applied to any other weld increment.
6. (6) all butt welds joined by electrogas welding with any single pass greater than 11/2 in. (38 mm) and all butt welds joined by
electroslag welding;
7. (7) ultrasonic examination in accordance with UW-53 may be substituted for radiography for the final closure seam of a
pressure vessel if the construction of the vessel does not permit interpretable radiographs in accordance with Code
requirements. The absence of suitable radiographic equipment shall not be justification for such substitution.
8. (8) exemptions from radiographic examination for certain welds in nozzles and communicating chambers as described in (2),
(4), and (5) above take precedence over the radiographic requirements of Subsection C of this Division.

(b) Spot Radiography. Except when spot radiography is required for Category B or C butt welds by (a)(5)(-b) above, butt
welded joints made in accordance with Type No. (1) or (2) of Table UW-12 which are not required to be fully radiographed by (a)
above, may be examined by spot radiography. Spot radiography shall be in accordance with UW-52. If spot radiography is
specified for the entire vessel, radiographic examination is not required of Category B and C butt welds in nozzles and
communicating chambers that exceed neither NPS 10 (DN 250) nor 11/8 in. (29 mm) wall thickness.
NOTE: This requirement specifies spot radiography for butt welds of Type No. (1) or No. (2) that are used in a vessel, but does
not preclude the use of fillet and/or corner welds permitted by other paragraphs, such as for nozzle and manhole attachments,
welded stays, flat heads, etc., which need not be spot radiographed.
(c) No Radiography. Except as required in (a) above, no radiographic examination of welded joints is required when the
vessel or vessel part is designed for external pressure only, or when the joint design complies with UW-12(c).

UG-116 REQUIRED MARKING
(e) When radiographic or ultrasonic examination has been performed on a vessel in accordance
with UW-11, marking shall be applied under the Certification Mark as follows:
1. “RT 1” when all pressure‐retaining butt welds, other than Category B and C butt welds
associated with nozzles and communicating chambers that neither exceed NPS 10 (DN 250)
nor 11/8 in. (29 mm) wall thickness [except as required by UHT-57(a)], satisfy the full
radiography requirements of UW-11(a) for their full length; full radiography of the above
exempted Category B and C butt welds, if performed, may be recorded on the
Manufacturer’s Data Report; or
2. “RT 2” when the complete vessel satisfies the requirements of UW-11(a)(5) and when the
spot radiography requirements of UW-11(a)(5)(-b) have been applied; or
3. “RT 3” when the complete vessel satisfies the spot radiography requirements of UW-11(b);
or
4. “RT 4” when only part of the complete vessel has satisfied the radiographic requirements of
UW-11(a) or where none of the markings “RT 1,” “RT 2,” or “RT 3” are applicable.
The extent of radiography and the applicable joint efficiencies shall be noted on the
Manufacturer’s Data Report.

Vessel
for a specified service that mayRadiography
include alternative operating conditions
UW-11
UW-51
RT1: Full Radiography

mandatory by code Extent of
based on Service, radiography to be
thickness, toxicity selected as
UW-11(a)1,2,3,4 permitted by code
for conveniences or for desired
joint efficiency factor
UW-51 UW-52
RT2: Full RT3: Spot RT4: No

radiography radiography radiography
complying to complying to complying to
UW-11(a) 5 UW-11(b) UW-11(c)
3.4
communicating chamber
heat-exchanger appurtenance that intersects the shell or heads of the heat
exchanger and forms an integral part of the pressure-containing envelope
EXAMPLES Sump, annular distributor.
Communicating
Chamber

3.5
effective surface
outside surface area of the tubes that contributes to heat transfer
3.6
full-penetration weld
welded joint that results in weld metal through the entire thickness of the
components being joined
3.7
heat-exchanger unit
one or more heat exchangers for a specified service that may include
alternative operating conditions

3.8
hydrogen service
service that contains hydrogen at a partial pressure exceeding 700 kPa (100
psi) absolute
700 kPa?

Hydrogen Service
service that contains
hydrogen at a partial
pressure exceeding 700
kPa (100 psi) absolute
0.7MPa?

3.9
item number
purchaser's identification number for a heat-exchanger unit
3.10
nubbin
projection on the flange gasket surface, positioned at the centre of the gasket,
used to concentrate the bolt load
on the gasket
3.11
pressure design code
recognized pressure vessel standard specified or agreed by the purchaser

Nubbin

Nubbin
Nubbin
projection on the flange
gasket surface,
positioned at the centre
of the gasket, used to
concentrate the bolt load

Nubbin
Double-jacketed gaskets are probably the most commonly used style of gaskets in heat exchanger applications. They are available in virtually any material
that is commercially available in 26-gauge sheet. They are also extensively used in standard flanges where the service is not critical. Since most double-
jacketed gaskets are custom made, there is virtually no limit to size, shape or configuration in which these gaskets can be made.
In some cases nubbins are provided on heat exchanger designs to provide an intermediate seal. This nubbin is normally 1/64" high by 1/8" wide. Experience
has indicated, however, that there is little advantage to this particular design. The primary seal is still dependent on the inner lap of the gasket doing the
brute work and the secondary seal, when applicable, would be provided by the outer lap.
Nubbin
projection on the flange
gasket surface,
positioned at the centre
of the gasket, used to
concentrate the bolt load

3.12
seal-welded
tube-to-tubesheet joint weld of unspecified strength applied between the
tubes and tubesheets for the sole purpose of reducing the potential for
leakage
3.13
strength-welded
tube-to-tubesheet joint welded so that the design strength is equal to, or
greater than, the axial tube strength specified by the pressure design code

4 General
• 4.1 The pressure design code shall be specified or agreed by the purchaser.
Pressure components shall comply with the pressure design code and the
supplemental requirements given in this International Standard.
4.2 Heat-exchanger construction shall conform to TEMA (8th edition), Class R,

unless another TEMA class is specified.
• 4.3 The vendor shall comply with the applicable local regulations specified
by the purchaser.
4.4 Annex A includes some recommended mechanical and design details for
information.
4.5 Annex B provides a checklist that can be used by the purchaser to ensure
that bulletted items in this International Standard are addressed.
4.6 Annex C provides examples of data sheets.
4. 7 Annex D includes a recommended division of responsibility for
completing the data sheet.

TEMA
(Mechanical Design)
Heat-exchanger construction
shall conform to TEMA (8th
edition), Class R, unless
another TEMA class is
specified.
Charlie Chong/ Fion Zhang http://www.tema.org/

5 Proposals
5.1 The vendor's proposal shall include, for each heat exchanger unit,
completed data sheets such as those given in Annex C or, if a data sheet is
included in the inquiry, a statement indicating complete compliance with that
data sheet.
5.2 Designs that are not fully defined by the nomenclature in TEMA (8th
edition), Section 1, shall be accompanied by sketches that are sufficient to
describe the details of construction.
5.3 If an annular distributor is provided, the vendor shall define the type of
construction proposed.
5.4 The vendor shall determine the need for, and if required, include
expansion joints based on all conditions supplied by the purchaser. The
vendor shall state the type of construction proposed.
5.5 The proposal shall include a detailed description of all exceptions to the
requirements of the purchaser's inquiry.

5.6 For stacked heat exchangers, the vendor shall supply the following
components unless otherwise specified by the purchaser:
a. bolts, nuts and gaskets for interconnecting nozzles;
b. shims and bolting for interconnecting supports.
5. 7 The vendor shall provide a separate quotation for the following items
unless otherwise specified by the purchaser:
a. a test component consisting of a test ring and gland, in accordance with
TEMA (8th edition), Figure E-4.13-2 or equivalent, for each heat
exchanger or group of similar heat exchangers with floating heads;
b. one spare set of gaskets per heat-exchanger unit.

Stacked Heat Exchangers,
the vendor shall supply the following components unless otherwise specified by the purchaser:
a. bolts, nuts and gaskets for interconnecting nozzles;
b. shims and bolting for interconnecting supports.

TEMA- FIGURE E-4.13-2
Test Ring
Floating Tubesheet
Shell Flange- Rear Head End
Packing
Packing Gland Gaskket

Stacked Heat Exchangers





Break
20180528-1043hrs

Break
20180528-1043hrs

Charlie Chong/ Fion Zhang 20180531 May
有书真幸福，无事小神仙

Charlie Chong/
Charlie Chong/ Fion
Fion Zhang
Zhang

Understanding Heat Exchanger Reading 03a The ARAMCO Std.

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Annex A (informative) Recommended practices

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International organizations, governmental and non-governmental, in liaison

The main task of technical committees is to prepare International Standards.

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This International Standard is applicable to the following types of shell-and-

This International Standard is not applicable to vacuum-operated steam

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Normative : of or relating to a norm, especially an assumed norm regarded

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FIG. UW-3 ILLUSTRATION OF WELDED JOINT LOCATIONS

Charlie Chong/ Fion Zhang ASME VIII-UW-03

FIG. UW-3 ILLUSTRATION OF WELDED JOINT LOCATIONS

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Fion Zhang/ Charlie Chong ASME VIII-UW-03

Charlie Chong/ Fion Zhang ASME VIII-UW-03

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Charlie Chong/ Fion Zhang http://www.inspection-for-industry.com/asme-pressure-vessel-joint-efficiencies.html

Charlie Chong/ Fion Zhang http://www.inspection-for-industry.com/asme-pressure-vessel-joint-efficiencies.html

Charlie Chong/ Fion Zhang http://www.inspection-for-industry.com/asme-pressure-vessel-joint-efficiencies.html

RT 1: Items 1, 2 and 3, (E=1), All butt welds-full length radiography

Charlie Chong/ Fion Zhang http://www.inspection-for-industry.com/asme-pressure-vessel-joint-efficiencies.html

Summary of weld types:

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2013 SECTION VIII - DIVISION 1

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RT1: Full Radiography

RT2: Full RT3: Spot RT4: No

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