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Eddy current
Two coils are excited with an alternating current, producing a magnetic The magnetic field penetrates the tube wall and generates opposing The defects that change the eddy current flow change the strength
field around them. alternating currents in the material. These currents are called “eddy impedance of the coils in the probe. These changes in the
currents.” impedance of the coils are measured and used to detect defects in
the tube. 1/e or 37% of
1.E-03
Direct field
zone Magnetic flux line Transition zone Indirect field
Direct 1.E-04 Resultant field
field Indirect field Receivers
Field amplitude
1.E-05
Indirect or remote field
Remote field zone
1.E-06
Exciter 1.E-07
Direct field zone
1.E-08
1.E-09
0.0 0.5 1.0 1.5 2.0 2.5 3.0 3.5 4.0
Distance from exciter (OD)
Direct field
Exciter coil The indirect field is diffused outward through the tube wall; it then
propagates along the tube axis and is then rediffused back through
Typical defect response
Pickup coil, absolute and differential
the tube wall. When the probe moves past a defect in the tube, the response is composed in terms of two effects:
Remote field testing is a through-wall transmission technique, and
the probes are used to inspect ferromagnetic tubing, such as carbon Receiver effect Exciter effect
steel. • The first receiver produces a signal when it moves past the defect, and it is followed • The exciter coil moves past the defect, affecting the field sensed by the receivers.
The basic probe is made of one exciter coil and two pickup (receiver) shortly after by a similar signal from the second receiver coil. • Both receiver coils sense the exciter effect at the same time and produce almost identical
Indirect field Receivers • The subtraction of both receiver signals generates the S‑shaped differential signal. signals on the absolute channel.
coils. Two magnetic fields are present — the direct field, near the
exciter coil, and the indirect field, which propagates along the tube
axis and then is rediffused back through the tube wall.
Exciter
The zone where the indirect field is dominant is called the remote ABS Coil 1
Direct field
More than 2 x OD
DIF Coil 1-2
The zone in which the indirect field is dominant is called the remote
field zone. This zone is present at a distance greater than two tube
diameters.
(T1 - T0) T1
• The ultrasound is partially reflected by the tube inside diameter (ID), then transmitted through the wall, and finally reflected by the tube outside diameter (OD). WT = νtube
2
• The ultrasonic velocity of the tube material enables the wall thickness to be calculated by using the time-of-flight difference between the OD and ID echoes. Synchronization pin
Probe Types
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