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1/T
Non-polar Polar
2) Filterability: large particle size
Precipitation mechanism:
1. Induction period (few min): A precipitant (counter ion) is
added
2. Nucleation: form small aggregates: Nucleus has 4 molecules
3. Particle growth: to form larger crystal
4. Adsorption
5. Electrostatic attraction: to coalesce electric double layer
Techniques to decrease supersaturation
(promote particle growth)
1. T S Q degree of relative supersaturation
2. The precipitant is added slowly with vigorous mixing.
3. Low concentrations of analyte and precipitant
4. Low pH (acidic)
Rate
Von Weimarn equation, where: growth
Q = actual concentration of solute Nucleation
supersaturation
S = concentration at equilibrium
(Q– S)/S
Increase particle size
Coagulation of colloids
Heating particles’ kinetic energy
Silver chloride lattice
Increase the concentration of electrolyte(HNO3)