F U TUR E OF

THE ER
FE R TIL IZ

April 2016
 INDEX
INTRODUCING POLY4

INTRODUCING POLY4 3
Our product 4

A fertilizer of the future 5

POLY4 PRODUCT CHARACTERISTICS 6

Nutrient content 8
PRODUCT CHARACTERISTICS

Compatibility in blends and storage life 9

Critical relative humidity (CRH) 12

Crush strength 13

Spreader testing 14

Salt index 15

Solubility 16

POLY4 NUTRIENT RELEASE IN SOIL 18

NUTRIENT RELEASE IN SOIL

Soil pH 20

Soil electrical conductivity (EC) 21

Carbon footprint 22

2
INTRODUCING

INTRODUCING POLY4
POLY4
POLY4 is the trademark name of all polyhalite
products from Sirius Minerals. Polyhalite is a naturally
occurring, evaporite mineral formed from the dried-
up bed of an ancient sea or ocean. Chemically, it is a
hydrated potassium, calcium, magnesium sulphate salt
with the chemical formula:

K 2SO4.MgSO4.2CaSO4.2H2O.

PRODUCT CHARACTERISTICS
NUTRIENT RELEASE IN SOIL
3
 INTRODUCING POLY4 THE FUTURE OF FERTILIZER

OUR PRODUCT
INTRODUCING POLY4

POLY4 is a naturally-occurring fertilizer containing four of

the six macro nutrients required for effective plant growth
(potassium, magnesium, sulphur and calcium). Using POLY4
as the source of multiple nutrients is more efficient and
economical for farmers. It allows them to maximise the
potential of their land, in terms of both crop yield and quality,
with one simple product.

K Mg
PRODUCT CHARACTERISTICS

S Ca

SUPPLY OF POTENTIAL TO EFFICIENT FOR IDEAL FOR CHEMICALLY

FOUR ESSENTIAL INCREASE CROP BLENDERS AND CHLORIDE SENSITIVE SAFE FOR USE
MACRO NUTRIENTS YIELD AND QUALITY GROWERS CROPS IN BLENDS

POLY4’s low chloride levels are ideal for sensitive crops and
the product has also been granted authorisation for use in
organic systems, certified by the Soil Association and Organic
NUTRIENT RELEASE IN SOIL

Farmers and Growers Ltd.

POLY4 can be used directly as a single source of macro

nutrients or can be combined with other fertilizers, for
example as a potassium source in NPK blends whilst
providing the additional benefits of magnesium, sulphur and
calcium to the plant.

4
 INTRODUCING POLY4 THE FUTURE OF FERTILIZER

A FERTILIZER OF THE FUTURE

INTRODUCING POLY4
The major purpose of all fertilizers is to bridge the gap between crop
demand and nutrient deficiencies in the soil. Sirius Minerals’ global
agronomy programme provides technical and commercial validation
of POLY4’s use as an effective fertilizer — suitable for high value or
broad acre crops — with its supply of four essential nutrients.

Potassium is widely recognised as a primary macro nutrient,

particularly for its influence on plant water relations and crop
quality. POLY4 also contains sulphur which is increasingly required
to optimise crop production and crop quality around the world.
Furthermore, the CaSO4 component of POLY4 contributes to the
physical and chemical benefits of gypsum application to soils,

PRODUCT CHARACTERISTICS
important to soil structure and drainage. The addition of magnesium
benefits the critical physiological and biochemical processes which
are important to high crop productivity.

POLY4 is available in granulated, micro-granulated, chipped or

powdered form to meet the needs of our customers. Sirius has the
highest grade and largest resource of polyhalite to be found anywhere
in the world, so our customers can be assured a long term supply of
high quality fertilizer from this 100+ year asset.

NUTRIENT RELEASE IN SOIL

5
INTRODUCING POLY4 PRODUCT CHARACTERISTICS NUTRIENT RELEASE IN SOIL

6
POLY4 PRODUCT

INTRODUCING POLY4
CHARACTERISTICS
Data on the physical and chemical characteristics
of POLY4 is summarised for a range of properties
including label declared analysis, caking potential,
critical relative humidity, crush strength, spreading
performance, salt index and solubility in water.

PRODUCT CHARACTERISTICS
NUTRIENT RELEASE IN SOIL
7
 POLY4 PRODUCT CHARACTERISTICS

NUTRIENT CONTENT
INTRODUCING POLY4

POLY4 is a unique four-in-one multi-nutrient fertilizer

Label declared analysis of a fertilizer is the minimum content of its

nutrients or, in the case of undesirable elements, the maximum
content of that element. It is most commonly expressed as a
percentage by weight.

POLY4’s four macro nutrients, as stated on its label, are 14% K 2O,
17% CaO, 6% MgO and 48% SO3. POLY4 contains very low levels of
chloride, with a typical halite content of 3.07%1.

POLY4’s chemical formula: K 2SO4•MgSO4•2CaSO4•2H2O.

PRODUCT CHARACTERISTICS

FIGURE 1 70
Nutrient content
of major potash
fertilizers
60

50
Nutrient content in %

40

30

20
NUTRIENT RELEASE IN SOIL

10

0
POLY4 Potassium Muriate of Sulphate of Sulphate of
Nitrate (NOP) Potash (MOP) Potash Magnesium Potash (SOP)
(SOP-M)

N CaO MgO S K2O

1
SGS France Analysis (Nov 2014), 95% confidence interval for potassium, magnesium, calcium, sulphur and chloride.

8
 POLY4 PRODUCT CHARACTERISTICS

COMPATIBILITY IN BLENDS AND STORAGE LIFE

INTRODUCING POLY4
POLY4 is compatible for blending and can improve shelf life

The compatibility of POLY4 is essential since many fertilizers are

sold as blends. Incompatible products often result in caking. This is
affected by air humidity, particle shape and size, composition, storage
duration, temperature and pressure.

Ejection pressure is an indication of the caking propensity for a

fertilizer blend. Higher values are indicative of stronger, undesirable
cakes that should be avoided. Table 1 provides an evaluation of
caking propensity of NPK 20:10:10 blends from a range of N, P and
K sources. As shown below, changing the N source can have a

PRODUCT CHARACTERISTICS
substantial effect on caking propensity. Furthermore, adding POLY4
into blends as a K source shows a reduction in caking propensity.

TABLE 1
KEY DIFFERENCE 20:10:10 BLEND COMPOSITION EJECTION PRESSURE (KPA) Caking propensity
of 20:10:10 blends
with different N
N source AN + DAP + POLY4 + MOP 56.8 and K source2

AN + AS + DAP + POLY4 73.8

K source Urea + DAP + POLY4 + MOP 7.1

Urea + DAP + MOP 9.9

NUTRIENT RELEASE IN SOIL

2
University of Limerick (2015).

9
 POLY4 PRODUCT CHARACTERISTICS

Estimating the potential storage life of fertilizer blends can be

INTRODUCING POLY4

observed during the accelerated caking test3. Figure 2 shows the

responses during the caking test for four blends. The time taken to
reach 90psi indicates the approximate delay until a cake is formed.

The results show that POLY4 has a lower propensity for caking, thus
extending the overall shelf life of the blend when compared to MOP.

FIGURE 2
POLY4 + AN 20:10:10 POLY4 + Urea 20:10:10
PRODUCT CHARACTERISTICS

Compression 90
curves of 20:10:10 80
NPK blends made
Compression Load (psi)

with POLY4 or 70
MOP and different
N fertilizers 60
50
40
30
20
10
0
1 10 100 1000 10000
Test time (seconds)
NUTRIENT RELEASE IN SOIL

MOP+ Urea 20:10:10 POLY4 + AN + AS 20:10:10

90
80
Compression Load (psi)

70
60
50
40
30
20
10
0
1 10 100 1000 10000
Test time (seconds)

Walker G.M., Holland C.R. Ahmad, M.N., Fox J.N. and Kells A.G. (1999). Granular Fertilizer Agglomeration in Accelerated Caking Tests. Ind. Eng. Chem.
3

Res. 38. 4100–4103.

10
 POLY4 PRODUCT CHARACTERISTICS

TABLE 2
KEY DIFFERENCE 20:10:10 BLEND COMPOSITION APPROXIMATE STORAGE LIFE (MONTHS) Approximate

INTRODUCING POLY4
storage life of
20:10:10 blends
N source AN + DAP + MOP + POLY4 23 with different N
and K sources4

AN + AS + DAP + POLY4 15

K source Urea + DAP + MOP + POLY4 12

Urea + DAP + MOP 9

Similarly, making nutrient equivalent NPK Minor caking (caking

propensity exceeds 60kpa)
FIGURE 3
POLY4 1
develops after 17 months POLY4
blends using different materials has an effect storage compatibility
matrix5 6
on storage life as shown by using MOP+urea 1 Ammonimum nitrate Compatible

compared to POLY4+AN+AS in 20:10:10.

PRODUCT CHARACTERISTICS
1 Calcium ammonimum nitrate Limited compatibility

Table 2 shows that 20:10:10 NPK blends

1 Ammonimum sulphate Incompatible
with POLY4 have a longer storage life than
those made with MOP which is desirable for Urea

blenders and growers. Single/triple superphosphate

Blending fertilizers requires consideration 1 Monoammonium phosphate

of all components’ compatibility to prevent Diammonium phosphate

caking and ensure safety. Figure 3 expands

the European Fertilizer Manufacturers Potassium chloride

Association guidelines for fertilizer Potassium sulphate

compatibility (EFMA, 2006) with test results Kieserite

of POLY4. Through accelerated caking tests,

NUTRIENT RELEASE IN SOIL

POLY4 is shown to be compatible with a
range of nitrogen and phosphorus sources for blending.

There are no incompatibilities with using POLY4 amongst the product tests. Our tests show
that POLY4 was chemically safe and only has minor caking with some fertilizers after 17
months in storage.

4
University of Limerick (2015). 5EFMA (2006) Compatibility triangle shown with results from University of Limerick. 6POLY4 compatibility based on caking
propensity and approximate storage life from accelerated caking testing

11
 POLY4 PRODUCT CHARACTERISTICS

CRITICAL RELATIVE HUMIDITY (CRH)

INTRODUCING POLY4

Uncoated POLY4 has a CRH of 70%

Critical relative humidity (CRH) is the value of the relative humidity of

the surrounding air, above which a fertilizer will absorb moisture and
below which it does not absorb moisture. Water absorption influences
caking propensity which is undesirable as it leads to difficulties in
handling and spreading.

A typical curve from which CRH is determined is shown in Figure 4

which compares uncoated POLY4 with coated MOP. CRH values of
70% for MAP, DAP, MOP and urea, and lower values — near 55% —
for blends have been reported7.
PRODUCT CHARACTERISTICS

Uncoated POLY4 has CRH of 70%. This is similar to other substitute

products such as MOP (72%), giving blenders and growers
confidence in the product’s shelf life.

FIGURE 4 Uncoated POLY4 Coated MOP

Plot of moisture 8
content and
relative humidity
of uncoated 7
POLY4 and coated
MOP measured at 6
25 ˚C8
Moisture (%)

5
NUTRIENT RELEASE IN SOIL

4
3
2
1
0
0 10 20 30 40 50 60 70 80 90
Relative humidity (%)

7
Clayton, W.E. (1984). Humidity Factors Affecting Storage and Handling of Fertilizers. International Fertilizer Development Center.
8
University of Limerick (2015)

12
 POLY4 PRODUCT CHARACTERISTICS

CRUSH STRENGTH

INTRODUCING POLY4
POLY4 has a crush strength of 5.5kgf

The crush strength of a fertilizer determines its suitability for

spreading by agricultural machinery. A crush strength greater than
3kgf is recommended9 to ensure that the fertilizer will resist stress
during transportation and spreading.

POLY4 has a crush strength of 5.5kgf which should be optimal for

handling, distribution and field application (Figure 5). This strength
means POLY4 is spreadable using a spinner at speeds of up to
900rpm and also via boom spreaders.

PRODUCT CHARACTERISTICS
9.2 FIGURE 5
8.9 Crush strength of
POLY4 and other
fertilizers10

6.2
Crush Strength (kgf)

5.9
5.5

3 kgf
crush

NUTRIENT RELEASE IN SOIL

strength
1.1

AN11 DAP12 KIE13 MOP14 Urea POLY4

Fertilizer

9
UN Fertilizer Manual (1998). 10Current formulations as of July 2015 tested by University of Limerick and Mars Minerals. 11Ammonimum nitrate.
12
Diammonium nitrate. 13Kieserite. 14Muriate of potash

13
 POLY4 PRODUCT CHARACTERISTICS

SPREADER TESTING
INTRODUCING POLY4

POLY4 is suitable for use in spreaders at typical distances for fertilizer application

Fertilizer is often applied to fields using mechanical spreaders to ensure an even distribution of
the required nutrients. Ineffective spreading leads to uneven fertilizer application, resulting in
strips of nutrient-deficient crops and a subsequent loss of farmer income.

POLY4 granules were tested using spreading machinery15 set to a spreading width of 24m and
36m, a typical distance for fertilizer application. Figure 6 shows the results of the spreader
testing to be within the 20% tolerance limits, outside which striping manifests within a crop.
POLY4’s quality spread pattern reduces the risk of expensive corrective action.
PRODUCT CHARACTERISTICS

FIGURE 6 180
Spreading results 160
of POLY4 granules 140
Relative contents (%)

at 24m (upper)
and 36m (lower) 120
100
80
60
40
20
0
15 10 5 0 5 10 15
Distance from centre (m)

180
160
140
Relative contents (%)
NUTRIENT RELEASE IN SOIL

120
100
80
60
40
20
0
20 10 0 10 20
Distance from centre (m)

15
SCS Spreader & Sprayer Testing Ltd. (UK) (2013)

14
 POLY4 PRODUCT CHARACTERISTICS

SALT INDEX

INTRODUCING POLY4
POLY4 has a salt index of 76

Most fertilizers are salts containing macro and micro nutrients

which, when added to soil, cause an increase in the osmotic
pressure of the soil solution. Fertilizers vary with regards to
their osmotic effects and their potential for crop injury. They
are measured in comparison to a (w/w) standard reference
material, sodium nitrate, giving a ratio referred to as the salt
index16.

The Jackson (1958) method17 is the most recent employed

and was used to assess a range of potash fertilizers. Results

PRODUCT CHARACTERISTICS
from seven independent laboratories show a lower salt index
for POLY4 than MOP, SOP and SOP-M (Figure 7).

POLY4’s relatively lower index supports a plant’s ability to

absorb water and the nutrients contained within the solution.
FIGURE 7
130±11 Salt Index (SI) for
MOP, SOP, SOP-M
97±26 and POLY4 using
the Jackson
80±23 (1958) method18

76±15
Salt index

NUTRIENT RELEASE IN SOIL

MOP SOP SOP-M POLY4

The ratio of the increase in osmotic pressure produced by a fertilizer to that produced by the same weight of sodium nitrate multiplied by 100 to give
16

whole numbers is called the “salt index” or SI (Rader, L.F., Jr., White, L.M., and Whittaker, C.W. (1943) The Salt Index – a measure of the effect of fertilizers
on the concentration of the soil solution. Soil Science, V.55, No. 3, pp. 201–218.) 17Jackson W.L. (1958). Soil Chemical Analysis, Prentice Hall, Englewood
Cliffs, NJ. 18Salt index is average of results from in 2013 from Thornton Laboratories, Spectrum Analytic Inc., Southern jesting, Midwest Laboratories, 15
University of Florida, University of São Paulo and Shandong Agricultural University
 POLY4 PRODUCT CHARACTERISTICS

SOLUBILITY
INTRODUCING POLY4

POLY4 is fully soluble and delivers nutrients effectively

TABLE 3 All fertilizers are characterised by their FERTILIZER SOLUBILITY AT 25°C (g/l)
Summary of
commercial solubility in water at a given temperature.
fertilizer solubility POLY4 27
at 25°C19–24
The solubility of POLY4, determined in a AS 750
standard test over a range of temperatures19,
MOP 264
is compared to the water solubility reported
for common fertilizers in Figure 8. The SOP 120
water solubility of POLY4 is 27 g/l at 25°C Urea 1200
corresponding to the amount of POLY4 that
Gypsum 2.55
would dissolve in the plough layer of a moist,
PRODUCT CHARACTERISTICS

medium textured soil at a 10 t/ha application

rate (Table 3).

FIGURE 8 10000 POLY4

Solubility of AS
POLY4 in water
(g/l) over a range MOP
of temperatures 1000
SOP
compared to
Solubility (g/L)

other commercial Urea

fertilizers19–24
100 Gypsum

10
NUTRIENT RELEASE IN SOIL

1
0 5 10 15 20 25 30 35
Temperature (°C)

‘SGS’, France (2013), 20Elam, M., S. Ben-Ari, and H. Megan. (1995). The dissolution of different types of potassium fertilizers suitable for fertigation.
19

Sohnel, O., and P. Novotny (1986). Densities of aqueous solutions of inorganic substances. Elsevier, Amsterdam. 22“IUPAC (2014). IUPAC-NIST Solubility
21

Database. Available online at http://srdata.nist.gov/solubility/index.aspx [Accessed on November 2015]” 23American Chemical Society (2006). Reagent
16 chemicals: specifications and procedures: American Chemical Society specifications, official from January 1, 2006. Oxford University Press. p. 242. ISBN
0-8412-3945-2. 24S. Gangolli (1999). The Dictionary of Substances and Their Effects: C. Royal Society of Chemistry. p. 71. ISBN 0-85404-813-8.
 POLY4 PRODUCT CHARACTERISTICS

Dissolution rate characterises the transition of a solid fertilizer into a solution. Figure 9 shows

INTRODUCING POLY4
POLY4 in comparison to MOP, SOP and SOP-M at 20˚C. POLY4’s dissolution rate was similar
to MOP, but slightly faster than SOP during the first 15 minutes.

Since POLY4 is a mineral, dissolution results in simultaneous nutrient release. Both tests
demonstrated that all nutrients are available, with near full dissolution of its nutrient content
within six hours (Figure 10).

Crops benefit from this characteristic as nutrients are delivered at a pace that is more
compatible with their metabolic requirements.

100 POLY4 FIGURE 9

Dissolution of
MOP granular POLY4
80 SOP in water over

PRODUCT CHARACTERISTICS
time compared to
SOP-M other potassium-
% dissolved

60 based fertilizers25
at concentrations
of 10g/l
40

20

0
0 20 40 60 80 100 120
Time (mins)

100 K2O
FIGURE 10
SO3 Dissolution
80 MgO pattern of the
% nutrients in solution

nutrients in POLY4
CaO over time at 20˚26
60

NUTRIENT RELEASE IN SOIL

40

20

0
0 6 12 18 24 30 36
Hours

25
‘SGS’, France (2013)(experiment using agitation)
26
Elam, M., S. Ben-Ari, and H. Megan. (1995). The dissolution of different types of potassium fertilizers suitable for fertigation.

17
 18
INTRODUCING POLY4 PRODUCT CHARACTERISTICS NUTRIENT RELEASE IN SOIL
POLY4 NUTRIENT

INTRODUCING POLY4
RELEASE IN SOIL
The most compelling evidence for nutrient release of
fertilizer in soil is the extent and efficiency of plant
nutrient uptake. Agronomic studies confirm that the
nutrients from POLY4 are readily available to a crop and
that nutrient uptake generally increases with higher
application rates, particularly on nutrient deficient soils.

PRODUCT CHARACTERISTICS
NUTRIENT RELEASE IN SOIL
19
 POLY4 NUTRIENT RELEASE IN SOIL

SOIL pH
INTRODUCING POLY4

POLY4 has no expected effect on soil pH levels

Maintenance of soil pH, within suitable limits, is important for optimum nutrient availability and
therefore plant growth (Figure 11). POLY4 has no expected effect on soil pH levels unless
there are reducing conditions. For example, when sulphates are reduced to elemental sulphur
or in soils with significant aluminium levels that can exchange with the cations and, upon
release into the soil solution, enter into chemical reactions that affect pH.

FIGURE 11 Supplied by POLY4 Not supplied by POLY4

Soil pH effect
Strong Medium Slightly Very slightly Very slightly Slightly Medium Strongly
on nutrient acid acid acid acid alkaline alkaline alkaline alkaline
availability27

Nitrogen
PRODUCT CHARACTERISTICS

Phosphorus
Potassium
Sulphur
Calcium
Magnesium
Iron
Manganese
Boron
Copper and zinc
Molybdenum
4.0 4.5 5.0 5.5 6.0 6.5 7.0 7.5 8.0 8.5 9.0 9.5 10.0

An example data set on the effect of fertilizer Barley Soybean Tomato

FIGURE 12
Soil pH in water application on soil pH is provided in Figure 7.5
post crop trial28
11 for field crop trials. Across a range of K 2O 7.0
NUTRIENT RELEASE IN SOIL

rates, POLY4 is shown to have no effect on

Soil pH

6.5
soil pH as shown in Figure 12; none of the
soil pH values are significantly different from 6.0

the unfertilized soil. 5.5

0 50 100 150 200 250
POLY4 application (kg K2O/ha applied)

27
Lucas, R.E. and Davis, J.F. (1961) Relationships between pH values of organic soils and availabilities of 12 plant nutrients. Soil Science. 92: 177–182.
28
University of Warwick (2014), University of Florida (2015)

20
 POLY4 NUTRIENT RELEASE IN SOIL

SOIL ELECTRICAL CONDUCTIVITY (EC)

INTRODUCING POLY4
POLY4’s effect on soil EC is limited

Fertilizers are soluble salts which can increase soil water salinity thereby
increasing soil EC. In our studies, POLY4 and other fertilizers increased
soil EC (as measured after harvest at the higher application rates), but in
no instances were the increases sufficient to cause crop damage.

An example of the effect of POLY4 application on soil EC for several

crop trials is provided in Figure 13. The study shows that even at high
K 2O application rates, soil EC is well within the plant tolerance level for a
range of sensitive crops. Depending on soil type and climate, the effect
of POLY4 on soil EC appears to be limited.

PRODUCT CHARACTERISTICS
Corn
(3.2) FIGURE 13
Soybean Wheat Barley The effect of
Cabbage Tomato (5.5) (7.6) (10) POLY4 on soil
(2.8) (3.5) EC for studies
conducted on
Corn a range of salt
sensitive crops29–34

Tomato Initial Soil EC

Post POLY4
Cabbage trial soil EC

10% Yield
Impediment
Soybean Threshold

NUTRIENT RELEASE IN SOIL

Wheat

0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10

Soil EC (ds/m)

29
Corn 300kg K2O/ha Sichuan University (2014), 30Tomato 175kg K2O/ha University of Florida (2014), 31Cabbage 200kg K2O/ha University of Florida (2013),
32
Soybean 250kg K2O/ha University of Florida (2013), 33Wheat 80kg K2O/ha SGS 2015, 34FAO Irrigation & Drainage paper 61 (2002)

21
 POLY4 NUTRIENT RELEASE IN SOIL

CARBON FOOTPRINT
INTRODUCING POLY4

POLY4’s embedded CO2 emissions (CO2e) are low compared with other fertilizers

The world’s population is predicted to hit 9 billion by 205035. Over the next 35 years more
food needs to be produced than has been to date in human history. In addition, new wealthy
economies are emerging which demand more protein rich and higher quality diets. Sustaining
increased livestock herds requires greater efficiency from grain production and arable land.
This requires farmers and food producers to use balanced fertilization to increase yields.

The situation has become even more challenging as there is increasingly less farm land
available to grow the required crops. Application of fertilizer will form an integral part in
satisfying this increased demand for food.

However, the application of fertilizers is identified

PRODUCT CHARACTERISTICS

FIGURE 14
Embedded -6%
fertilizer CO2 for as a significant source of greenhouse gases 1,999
a UK wheat and
potato fertilizer (GHG)36 and so with increased use there becomes 1,878
plan38–41
an ever increasing need to improve the use
Wheat 713
efficiency of applied fertilizers and to use fertilizer 679
species with lower GHG contributions.

The estimated value of the global warming

Wheat 713
potential (GWP) of POLY4 is 0.051 kg CO2e per 679
kg of product37. This is low compared with other
fertilizers and considerably lower than other
potassium (K) source fertilizers such as muriate Potato 573 520
of potash (MOP; 0.13—0.265 kg CO2e/kg) and
NUTRIENT RELEASE IN SOIL

common sulphur (S) source fertilizers such as Standard POLY4

ammonium sulphate (0.58 kg CO2e/kg)38. Fertilizer Plan Fertilizer Plan

Figure 14 shows a comparison between a standard and POLY4 fertilizer plan of embedded
CO2 emissions. The low GWP of POLY4 translates into a 6% decrease in CO2 emissions
compared to a standard plan.

35
Food Matters; Towards a Strategy for the 21st Century. The Cabinet Office Strategy Unit; July 2008. 36Sam Wood and Annette Cowie. A Review of
Greenhouse Gas Emission Factors for Fertiliser Production. Research and Development Division, State Forests of New South Wales. Cooperative
Research Centre for Greenhouse Accounting. June 2004. 37Demand for fertiliser and associated environmental impacts, Wiltshire, J., Ricardo-AEA Ltd,
22 Gemini Building, Harwell, Didcot, UK,(2014). 38CO2 emissions are estimated during fertilizer production. 39Fertilizer plan normalised for spreading and yield
differences. 40Standard fertilizer plan contains Urea, TSP, MOP, AS and Kieserite. 41POLY4 fertilizer plan contains Urea, TSP, MOP and POLY4.
 NOTES

NUTRIENT RELEASE IN SOIL PRODUCT CHARACTERISTICS INTRODUCING POLY4

23
UK Head Office
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