West Demerara Secondary School

Year of Examination: 2017

Subject: Economics

Proficiency: General

Candidate’s Number: 090056

Candidate’s Name: Nirmala Somnath

Title of Project: The Closure of The Wales Sugar Estate and How This
Affects Households

Name of Teacher: Sir Harrinarine

SBA Score:
 West Demerara Secondary School

Year of Examination: 2017

Subject: Economics

Proficiency: General

Candidate’s Number: 090056

Candidate’s Name: Nirmala Somnath

Title of Project: The Closure of The Wales Sugar Estate and How This
Affects Households

Name of Teacher: Sir Harrinarine

SBA Score:
 ACKNOWLEDGEMENT

The researcher would love to express her gratitude to those who assist her to
completed this School Based Assessment (S.B.A.). She would first love to thank
God for guiding her to completed this School Based Assessment (S.B.A.). She
would also love to acknowledge her parents for financial support, reassurance and
guidance. She would also like to show appreciativeness to her teacher Sir
Harrinarine for supervision and encouragement.
 TABLE OF CONTENTS

CONTENTS PAGES
Introduction 1
Title of the Project 2
Purpose of the Project 3
Collection and Presentation of Data 4-16
Interpretation and Analysis 17-18
Findings and Recommendation 19- 20
Bibliography 21
Appendix 22- 23
 INTRODUCTION

The School Based Assessment (S.B.A.) is based on “What caused the closure of
the Wales Sugar Estate and how it affects households in Good Hope, Canal #1,
West Bank Demerara?” The researcher lived in Canal #1 on the West Bank
Demerara for approximately sixteen (16) years chose this topic because she
realized it was prevalent in her community. An investigation via questionnaires as
well as interviews was conducted to investigate what caused the government to the
closed Wales Sugar Estate, to au fait how the closure of the Wales Sugar Estate
effects households as well as government and to determine solutions for the
household since the closure of the Wales Sugar Estate has occurred.

1
 TITLE OF THE PROJECT

The Closure of The Wales Sugar Estate and How This Affects
Households.

2
 PURPOSE OF THE PROJECT

The purposes of this project are:

1. To investigate what caused the government tothe closed the Wales Sugar
Estate.
2. To au fait how the closure of the Wales Sugar Estate effects households.
3. To evaluate how the closure of the Wales Sugar Estate effects the
government.
4. To determine solutions for the household since the closure of the Wales
Sugar Estate has occurred.

3
 COLLECTION AND PRESENTATION OF
DATA

The following are the sources of data used to obtained the vital information needed
for the School Based Assessment (S.B.A.). These were:

PRIMARY SOURCES
Questionnaires:
The questionnaires were given to Private Sugar Cane Farmers (Households) to be
answered.
Interviews:
The researcher interviewed Private Sugar Cane Farmers (Households) to get a
better understanding.

SECONDARY SOURCES
The Internet:
The internet was used to gain information about the closure of the Wales Sugar
Estate.

4
 CORRESPONDENT

27th December, 2016

17 Good Hope
Canal No. One
West Bank Demerara

Dear Respondent,

The researcher, a student of West Demerara Secondary School is preparing for

Caribbean Secondary Examination Certificate (C.S.E.C.) Economics in the year
2017.It is required for the researcher to conduct a survey to obtain information
based on “the closure of the wales sugar estate and how it affects households” in
her community for her Economics School Based Assessment.

The researcher is kindly asking for you to answer the questionnaire by placing a
tick in the box provided. It is not necessary for the person to place their name, but
all information placed unto the paper must be treated with strict confidence.

Thank You
Yours Truly
……………………………
Nirmala Somnath

5
 QUESTIONNAIRE

1. What reason caused the closure of the Wales Sugar Estate?

[] Insufficient funds
[] Nonprofitable
[] Unavailability of international market
[] Better alternatives

2. What persuaded the government to close the Wales Sugar Estate?

[] Limited markets within country
[] Production cost rise
[] Low paying international market
[] Demand for product fall

3. Which stated below triggered the government to close the Wales Sugar
Estate?
[] Liability [] Insufficient funds
[] Outdated [] Poor labour force

4. How does the closing down of the Wales Sugar Estate effect households?
[] Wastage of the product produced
[] Unemployment
[] Financial losses
[] Unavailability of occupation to utilize their skill

5. How did the closure of the Wales Sugar Estate impacts consumers?
[] Alternatives prices rise
[] Alternatives aren’t healthier
[] Alternatives might become scarce
[] Demand for alternative rise

6
6. How did the closure of the Wales Sugar Estate impacts the government?
[] Funds can be used for other purposes
[] Utilizing government land to plant other crops
[] Using fund to establishmore industries to provide employment
[] Other industries will not experienced shortage of employees

7. What is a solution households should be used after the closure of the

estate?
[] International Migration
[] Internal Migration
[] Planting other crops
[] Supply nearby estates

7
 Thursday, 5th Jan 2017
 Today's Paper

News,Local News

Wales Estate to be closed

By
STAFF EDITOR

January 18, 2016

105
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The Wales Sugar Estate is to be closed, the government announced today, the first major
decision following its setting up of a Commission of Inquiry into the Guyana Sugar
Corporation.

A release by the government issued today follows:

Wales Estate operations to be closed

The parlous state of the sugar industry is common knowledge. The new Board of Directors
and the Interim Management Committee, appointed in July and June respectively, were
charged with, inter alia, bringing a greater level of discipline to bear on the financial
operations of the business. The team confirmed the Government’s worse fears that the plight
of the industry was indeed dire.

It was felt for many years, more so over the past ten years that the Corporation was diverting
scarce resources from the estates to assist with the financing of the new Skeldon project.
Additionally, the Corporation was denying the high productive estates funding as they
propped up the poor performing ones. The result was a general decline in performance,
production and financial, across the industry.

The practice of diverting scarce funds from the good estates to keep the poor performers in
operation can no longer be tolerated as the survivability of these estates could not now be
guaranteed.

Wales is by far the estate in poorest shape. The details of its performance include: -

o 60% of its D&I infrastructure is run down;

o 75% of the bridges are in poor shape;

o The cultivation is also in poor condition;

o The factory is old and in need of major investment.

8
The Ministry of Agriculture acknowledges the fact that the investment required to refurbish Wales
estate remains significant and the finances are simply not available. Diverting funds from the other
estates to keep Wales afloat would seriously jeopardize the future of these estates. This cannot be
allowed to happen.

It is impossible to make sugar production at Wales viable. This is made worse by the gloomy
outlook for sugar prices for the foreseeable future. Wales estate is projected to make a loss of
G$1.6 -$1.9 Billion in 2016. This coupled with the extent of refurbishment needed render this
estate prohibitively costly to maintain.

To protect the other estates, the Corporation has no alternative but to take the following
action with immediate effect:

o No further land preparation and planting;

o As the estate’s cultivation is harvested, the land would be retired and held for other
diversification ventures;

o The Wales factory would operate throughout 2016 milling both the estate’s and farmers’
canes. It will be closed at the end of the 2016 2 crop.
nd

o With effect from 2017, farmers’ canes will be milled at the Uitvlugt factory. During this
year, the routing of the farmers’ canes to Uitvlugt would be determined to ensure the least
additional cost.

o Agricultural workers at Wales will be absorbed by Uitvlugt up to the extent of suitable

vacancies on that location. Surplus labour would have to be made redundant.

o The same principle would apply to the other departments.

The Guyana Sugar Corporation (GuySuCo) will be exploring the feasibility of alternative
ventures utilizing the Wales lands. The important criteria for such projects would be wealth
creation and employment generation. It is hoped that the first of such projects could
commence by October 1, 2016.

The Guyana Sugar Corporation (GuySuCo) would like to inform the public that such a course
of action has nothing to do with the recommendations of the Commission of Inquiry (COI)
into the sugar industry, though the COI report does refer to the Corporation’s plans for 2016.

These, together with other initiatives, are contained in Guysuco’s Budget and 2016 Action
Plan. In the ensuing weeks, other initiatives would be implemented which are aimed at
reducing costs and losses, increasing efficiency and improving sugar production, revenue and
cash generations to ensure a more effective management of the Corporation’s resources.

9
Decision for Wales Estate lands will be made
before December…
May 13, 2016 News 0 Comments

-following completion of several feasibility studies

In the face of nonstop criticism of government’s decision to halt cultivation at the Wales Sugar Estate,
Agriculture Minister Noel Holder, stated that a decision on the future of the estate lands will be made
before December, following the completion of several feasibility studies.
Holder indicated that that decision will be made with the 17,000 workers and private cane farmers in
mind. The feasibility studies, he said, have commenced; research is proving that the cane lands are
suitable for the cultivation of orchard and citrus crops, while other parts can be used for aquaculture
and dairy farming.
He stated that the Guyana Sugar Corporation (GuySuCo) is also exploring the viability of having some of
the lands leased to members of the community in order to get them more involved in agriculture
ventures.
“We have not disregarded the workers or the community. The estate will be merged with Uitvlugt so the
workers will have jobs. If Uitvlugt cannot contain them then the new ventures on GuySuCo cane lands at
Wales will,” Holder told Kaieteur News.
At present, the estate is performing at a 50% capacity but once joined, it is projected that the two estates
will run at a maximum capacity, he opined. However, a source at the Guyana Agricultural and General
Workers Union (GAWU) indicated that a feasibility study was carried out on the estate lands and it
revealed that aquaculture was not conducive to the soil type.
The source stated that the “new ventures” of GuySuCo will put the stability of the Wales community at
stake, while leaving in its wake hundreds of people unemployed. The source questioned how many of
the Estate workers can be absorbed into the new ventures since it is not feasible for all 17,000 of them
to be employed at Uitvlugt.
Once the estate is completely shut down, the source pointed out, some $2 billion in revenue brought in
from the estate will no longer be generated in the community.
Despite such condemnation, Holder remains assertive that the new ventures will do well. He said the
Ministry has adopted a new approach to sustaining GuySuCo. He stated that since sugar profits are
falling all over the world, it is more cost-effective to cut its production and move toward diversification.
“It is evident that we are not gaining as much as we are putting in so why not diversify the industry and
save GuySuCo,” he said. “GuySuCo is too big to fail…Sugar can’t fail.”
He said it is with this approach that they are using the Wales Estate as the model of diversification and it
“can be applied to other estates”.
Last Friday, the High Court had granted an interim injunction on behalf of the Guyana Agricultural and
General Workers Union and the National Association of Agricultural Commercial and Industrial
Employees to prohibit the sending home and reassignment of more than 100 workers at the Estate.
The announcement of the shutdown, over the last few months, had sparked several protests by the
workers.

10
Latest update January 5th, 2017 12:55 AM

The impending closure of the WALES sugar factory

Jun 12, 2016 Letters 0 Comments

Dear Editor,
In seven months, the Wales Sugar Factory will be closed resulting in a loss of thousands of jobs directly
and indirectly. This is a dramatic development that calls for a quick response from the government. This
is no ordinary event to be taken lightly or in stride by the Minister of Agriculture or the government. The
time to act is now because the welfare of thousands are at stake. The consequences are severe for the
employees, their families and businesses in and around the area. Of course, on the day of the closing
tempers will flare, but it will be up to the government to cool them.
As it now stands, 1500 workers will be thrown onto the breadline in the worst-case scenario where the
likely compensation will be a few months’ salary. This is a bitter pill to swallow, especially for long-
serving employees who stand to lose their health benefits and a portion of their pension. The impact of
the losses will not only affect the 1500 employees, it will trickle down and across to affect entire families
and communities where there are concentrations of persons employed by the estate. The government
should move quickly to limit the consequences and cushion the impact of those who will be affected.
The government should work with the union to put together a team of individuals with the ability to
assist the workers and their families and to collect the data needed to understand, anticipate and plan
for the full ramifications of the job losses at Wales and nearby villages. And if needs be, the workers and
others who will be affected should be given financial advice, individual and family counselling, social
support and guidance on employment and business opportunities. There should be resources set aside
to help ease the burdens of the employees and their families. Losing a job is difficult for most persons,
but it is far more nerve-racking, especially if those persons are the only wage earners in the household.
Given the current economic climate, the Government needs to be proactive in anticipating the impact of
the closing of the Wales Sugar Factory on the people and the community. They should not be left to cope
on their own. If that happens, the financial hardship and the social impact could spiral into additional
burdens which could lead to turmoil in the community as well as in the sugar industry. Uneasiness is
settling over the sugar estates which could further cripple the sugar industry and the economy. The
recent strike at the Rose Hall Estate is testimony to the uneasiness of the workers there. There must be
empathy for sugar workers across the country because of the back-breaking labor which they must
endure.
Months of indecisions, foot-dragging and half-hearted attempts to tackle the serious issues in the sugar
industry have become putrid and the government has only itself to blame. It has not come-up with an
alternative plan about the future of Wales and the other sugar estates. There are many problems that are
hampering the chance to turn-around GUYSUCO and neither its management nor the government has
offered any short-term solutions let alone a long-term resolution to the problems. In the absence of a
solution, the taxpayers will be burdened to continue to subsidize the sugar industry by some G$10
billion yearly. Unless the government finds a solution, the subsidy may continue forever because closing
GUYSOCO is not an option.
The closing of the Wales Sugar Factory will hang around the government’s neck like the proverbial
albatross but it is not the first to be closed. Former President Bharat Jagdeo closed the Diamond and the
La Bonne Intention sugar estates in 2003 so it is hypocritical for him and his Pites to criticize this
government for closing the Wales Estate.
These are difficult times, given the fall in prices for sugar, but even so, there are better and worst ways
to handle the sugar industry. The onus is on the Government to choose the better way. The government
must show the workers at Wales that it respects and cares about them.
Dr. Asquith Rose

11
Latest update January 5th, 2017 12:55 AM

Home -level meeting tomorrow on Wales Estate future

Dec 30, 2016 News 0

A high- level meeting will take place tomorrow to decide the way forward as it relates to the Wales sugar
estate.
This was disclosed yesterday by Minister of Agriculture, Noel Holder at the Ministry’s Boardroom,
Regent Street and Shiv Chanderpaul Drive, Georgetown.
Opposition Leader, Bharrat Jagdeo; Minister of State Joseph Harmon; Minister of Agriculture, Noel
Holder; Social Protection Minister Volda Lawrence; Public Security Minister Khemraj Ramjattan; and
Natural Resources Minister Raphael Trotman, as well as union representatives from the Guyana Labour
Union, (GLU), Guyana Agricultural and General Workers’ Union (GAWU), and the National Association of
Agricultural Commercial and Industrial Employees (NAACIE) will be present at the meeting.
Meanwhile, an estimated 100 workers from the 1000-strong work force there at present including the
senior staff, will be absorbed into the diversification project at the Wales estate.
This is according Finance Director of GuySuCo, Paul Bhim. It was also pointed out that several workers
have opted for severance and have already been paid.
The question was asked what will happen to the other workers as of January 2017, to which Bhim
replied that the factory workers will remain for another month because the factory needs a lot of
cleaning.
Government had announced the closure of the
century-old factory by the end of this year, saying it
is no longer sustainable and would lose $2B this
year.

Government is set to host a high-level meeting

tomorrow with stakeholders to decide on the way
forward for Wales Estate.
Bhim further explained that the cane harvesters will
be transferred to other estates.
He added that workers will also be offered jobs at the Wales location as part of the rice paddy project
which has already begun. The Finance Director told media operatives that the rice paddy project will
occupy some 220 acres of land at the Wales estate; while several other acres need to be ploughed.
Hundreds of families on the West Bank of Demerara where the estate is located have been against the
closure, saying that it will drastically affect the way of life there and create unemployment.
It was highlighted that an aquaculture project is also in the making for the estate, however, this project
has not yet been confirmed.
The Finance Director said that a pre-feasibility study was done and a report was given, while the official
feasibility study will take place in January of 2017.
There were also questions as to whether the LBI Estate is up for sale, to which the Finance Director
replied in the negative.
Minister Holder explained that the Wales factory is the oldest in the country, and it is inefficient, hence,
the decision to convert it into a viable alternative. The ministry had earlier stated that the factory would
require tremendous amounts of investments to rehabilitate it, investments which the government could
not afford.

12
 PRESENTATION OF DATA

THE FIGURE BELOW IS A PIE CHART SHOWING TRIGGERED THE

GOVERNMENT TO CLOSE THE WALES SUGAR ESTATE

15%

40%
Liability
30% Poor working conditions
Outdated
15% Poor labour force

Figure 1

Thepie chart in figure one depicts what caused the government to close the Wales
Sugar Estate. The highest response of respondents chose it was a Liability (40%)
followed by it was Outdated (30%). Then, equal number of respondents chose Poor
working conditions and Poor labour force respectively (15%). It can be resolved
that being that the estate was a liability and outdated triggered the government to
close the Wales Sugar Estate.

13
 THE FIGURE IS A COLUMN GRAPH SHOWING HOW THE CLOSURE OF
THE WALES SUGAR ESTATE EFFECT HOUSEHOLDS

45%
40%
Percentage of Respondents

35%
30%
25%
20%
15%
10%
5%
0%
Product produced Unemployment Financial losses Unavailability of
becoming waste occupation to
utilize their skill
Options

Figure 2

The column graph in figure two portrays how the closure of the Wales Sugar
Estate effect households. Majority of the respondents chose Product produced
becoming waste (45%) as the way they are effected by the closure of the Wales
Sugar Estate. Secondly, other respondents chose Unemployment (25%) then
Financial losses (20%) and lastly the Unavailability of occupation to utilize their
skill (15%). Furthermore, it can be concluded that the product the respondents
produced became waste because of the closure of the Wales Sugar Estate.

14
 THE FIGURE BELOW IS A DOUGHNUT SHOWING HOW THE CLOSURE
OF THE WALES SUGAR ESTATE IMPACTS THE GOVERNMENT

Funds can be used for other

15% purposes

Utilizing government land to plant

40%
other crops

25%
Using fund to establish other
industries to provide employment

Other industries will not

20% experienced shortage of employees

Figure 3

The doughnut in figure three illustrates how the closure of the Wales Sugar Estate
impacts the government. Most respondents chose Funds can be used for other
purposes (40%) as the main impactor the closure of the Wales Sugar Estate has on
the government. Secondly, using funds to establish other industries to provide
employment (25%), followed by Utilizing government land to plant other crops
(20%) with the least being Other industries will not experienced shortage of
employees (15%). It can be concluded that respondents thought the closure of the
Wales Sugar Estate will impact the government positively because funds can be
used for other purposes.

15
THE FIGURE BELOW IS A BAR GRAPH SHOWING SOLUTIONS USED BY
HOUSEHOLDS AFTER THE CLOSURE OF THE WALES SUGAR ESTATE

Supply nearby estates

Planting other crops

Options

International Migration

Internal Migration

0% 5% 10% 15% 20% 25% 30% 35%

Percentage of Respondents

Figure 4
Thebar graph in figure four represents solutions used by household after the
closure of the Wales Sugar Estate. Majority of the respondents chose Internal
Migration (35%) as the main solution they used. Followed by International
Migration (30%) then Supply nearby estates (20%). A small number of
respondents chose Planting other crops (15%). It can be finalized that households
will migrate within their country to hope of employment.

16
 ANALYSIS AND INTERPRETATION

The researcher chose the topic “The Closure of The Wales Sugar Estate
and How This Affects Households”. This topic was chosen because it
was an existing issue within her community with residents.
This closure occurred due to various reasons. Firstly, the estate was
closed because of insufficient funds that were mainly to be supplied by
the government without very little private individuals interfering. They
are better alternatives available to individuals. Presently other companies
that is producing better quality sugar in countries such as Canada do so
by manufacturing sugar from corn. Scientist proved corn to be healthier
and to reduce health problems. Also, the estate was nonprofitable
serving mainly the purpose of proving jobs for uneducated individuals.
There was as well unavailability of international markets. Additionally,
the government was a major impactor on the closure of the Wales Sugar
Estate. They thought that closing this estate was ideal because the
production cost has risen resulting in the cost of the product to rise and
the demand for the product to fall. Also, they were limited markets in the
country and low paying international market to buy this product from the
country. Furthermore, individuals had to work in poor working
conditions that is considered unhealthy and poor labour force.
The closure of the Wales Sugar Estate has a negative impact on
households. This affects household mainly by the product they produced
becoming waste causing financial losses. Some individuals are unable to
locate jobs to utilize their skills resulting in them becoming unemployed.
Not only the households are impacted but also the government.
The closure of the Wales Sugar Estate has a positive impact on the
government. The funds that were supplied to the government can be
used for other purposes, such as establishing other industries to provide
employment. Government land can be used to plant other crops that can

17
lead to the establishing other industries and these industries that will be
established can employed those individuals who became unemployed
due to the closing down of this estate.
The consumers as well were impacted. The alternatives might become
scarce because more persons will be demanding these products. Demand
for these products will increase and that causes the price of the product
to rise as individuals will be forced to purchase lower quality products
that are considered unhealthy. This will affect their health.
Moreover, there are solutions present for workers whom became
unemployed due to the closure of the Wales Sugar Estate. Most
individuals will migrate within their country to seek employment. Other
will migrated to other countries. Farmers will supply nearby estates for
their product to be sold and not become waste so that they earn an
income. Other farmers will plant other crops so that they earned an
income.
It can be concluded that the aims were achieved since the investigation
was transpired to satisfaction. The closure of the Wales Sugar Estate
occurred because the estate was a liability that serve the purpose of
providing employment only. The closure of the Wales Sugar Estate
negatively impacted the households since the product they produced has
become wasted. But, this closure had a positive impact on the
government since funds can be used for other purposes which will help
in the development of the country’s standard of living. Furthermore, due
to the closure of the Wales Sugar Estate, this encourages households to
migrated internally in hope of finding another occupation to utilize their
skill and provide for their family.

18
 FINDINGS AND RECOMMENDATIONS

FINDINGS
1. The government closed this estate because it was a liability and outdated. The
purpose of this estate was to provide employment for the citizens of the
country.

2. The product households produced which is sugar will become waste after the
estate has closed. The private cane farmers will suffer a financial loss and
chances are they would not find other occupation to utilize their skill. This
result in them becoming unemployed.

3. The closure of the Wales Sugar Estate effects the government positively since
the funds once supplied to the estate can be used for other purposes. These
funds can be used to establish more industries to provide employment.

4. Some individuals may migrate internally as well as internationally to earn an

income to improve their standard of living. Others individuals may plant other
crops or supply nearby estates.

19
 RECOMMENDATION

 If an individual wish to plant other crops but is financially unstable, it is

recommended that he should take a loan from a bank if eligible before
pursuing or he can borrow from relatives and can repay them once they earn
an income. By doing so, they would be able to sell product and earn an
income to provide for his family as well as repaying the bank to payoff the
loan taken.

 Persons can find new occupation to utilize their skill and earn an income.
Finding new jobs enable various individuals to become employed to provide
for their family and improve their standard of living.

 If an individual cannot locate an occupation where they are residing, the

researcher recommends the individual to migrate internally with in their
country. Thus, this will help the individuals earn an income to provide for
their loved ones.

 The researcher also recommends that the individuals should migrate

internationally to another country if they have a visa or they can apply for it.
Therefore, improving their standard of living and earn an income.

20
 BIBLIOGRAPHY

 http://www.stabroeknews.com/2016/news/stories/01/19/wales-sugar-estate-
closed-govt/
 http://www.kaieteurnewsonline.com/2016/05/13/decision-for-wales-estate-
lands-will-be-made-before-december/
 http://www.kaieteurnewsonline.com/2016/06/12/the-impending-closure-of-
the-wales-sugar-factory/
 http://www.kaieteurnewsonline.com/2016/12/30/high-level-meeting-
tomorrow-on-wales-estate-future/

21
 APPENDIX
QUESTIONNAIRE

1. What reason caused the closure of the Wales Sugar Estate?

[] Insufficient funds
[] Nonprofitable
[] Unavailability of international market
[] Better alternatives

2. What persuaded the government to close the Wales Sugar Estate?

[] Limited markets within country
[] Production cost rise
[] Low paying international market
[] Demand for product fall

3. Which stated below triggered the government to close the Wales Sugar
Estate?
[] Liability [] Insufficient funds
[] Outdated [] Poor labour force

4. How does the closing down of the Wales Sugar Estate effect households?
[] Wastage of the product produced
[] Unemployment
[] Financial losses
[] Unavailability of occupation to utilize their skill

5. How did the closure of the Wales Sugar Estate impacts consumers?
[] Alternatives prices rise
[] Alternatives aren’t healthier
[] Alternatives might become scarce
[] Demand for alternative rise

22
6. How did the closure of the Wales Sugar Estate impacts the government?
[] Funds can be used for other purposes
[] Utilizing government land to plant other crops
[] Using fund to establishmore industries to provide employment
[] Other industries will not experienced shortage of employees

7. What is a solution households should used after the closure of the estate?
[] International Migration
[] Internal Migration
[] Planting other crops
[] Supply nearby estates

23