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Lecture 30:
Transition-state theory in the solution phase
Marc R. Roussel
d∆G = ∆V dp − ∆S dT
so that
∂∆G
= ∆V
∂p T
Variation of rate constant with pressure (continued)
I For k0 , we have
∆‡ G ◦
kB T
ln k0 = ln −
c ◦h RT
‡ ◦ ∆‡ V ◦
∂ 1 ∂∆ G
∴ ln k0 =− =−
∂p T RT ∂p T RT
∆‡ G ◦
kB T
k0 = ◦ exp −
c h RT
I The above equation should apply both in solution
(k0,s ↔ ∆‡ Gs◦ ) and in the gas phase (k0,g ↔ ∆‡ Gg◦ ).
I We want to figure out how the two rate constants are related.
Gas-phase vs solution-phase rate constants (continued)
∆‡ G ◦s
A(sol) + B(sol) −−−−→ TS(sol)
x
−∆solv G ◦ (A)−∆solv G ◦ (B)y
∆ G ◦ (TS)
solv
∆‡ Gg◦
A(g) + B(g) −−−−→ TS(g)
I From
∆‡ Gs◦
kB T
k0,s = exp −
c ◦h RT
and
we get
!
∆‡ Gg◦ ∆‡ ∆solv G ◦
kB T
k0,s = ◦ exp − exp −
c h RT RT
∆‡ ∆solv G ◦
= k0,g exp −
RT
Gas-phase vs solution-phase rate constants (continued)
∆‡ ∆solv G ◦
k0,s = k0,g exp −
RT
TS better solvated than reactants: ∆‡ ∆solv G ◦ < 0
In this case, the argument of the exponential
involving this solvation term is positive and
k0,s > k0,g .
Reactants better solvated than TS: ∆‡ ∆solv G ◦ > 0
We then have the exponential of a negative value, so
k0,s < k0,g .
Gas-phase vs solution-phase rate constants (continued)