NSCP DEFINITION OF TERMS

1 - GENERAL REQUIREMENTS

SECTION 102 - DEFINITIONS BUILDING, EXISTING, is a building erected

prior to the adoption of this code, or one for
For the purpose of this code, certain terms, which a legal building permit has been
phrases, words, and their derivatives shall issued.
be construed as specified in this chapter
and elsewhere in this code where specific BUILDING OFFlCIAL is the officer or other
definitions are provided. Terms, phrases designated authority charged with the
and words used in the singular include the administration and enforcement of this
plural and the plural, the singular. Terms, code, 0r the building official's duly
phrases and words used in the masculine authorized representative.
gender include the feminine and the
feminine, the masculine. LOAD AND RESISTANCE FACTOR
DESIGN (LRFD) METHOD is a method of
The following terms are defined for use in proportioning structural element using load
and resistance factors such that no
this chapter:
applicable limit state is reached when the
ADDITION is an extension or increase in
structure is subjected to all appropriate load
floor area or height of a building or
combinations. The term "LRFD" is used in
structure.
the design of steel and wood structures.
ALLOWABLE STRESS DESIGN is a
STRENGTH DESIGN is a method of
method of proportioning structural elements
proportioning structural elements such that
such that computed stresses produced in
the computed forces produced in the
the elements by the allowable stress load
elements by the factored load combinations
combinations do not exceed specified
do not exceed the factored element
allowable stress (also called working
strength. The term "strength design" is
stress design).
used in the design of concrete and masonry
structures.
ALTER or ALTERATION is any change,
addition or modification in construction or
STRUCTURE is that which is built or
occupancy.
constructed, an edifice or building of any
kind, or any piece of work artificially built up
APPROVED as to materials and types of
or composed of parts joined together in
construction, refers to approval by the
some definite manner.
building official as the result of investigation
and tests conducted by the building official,
STRUCTURAL ENGINEER is a registered
or by reason of accepted principles or tests
Civil Engineer with special qualification in
by recognized authorities, technical or
the practice of Structural Engineering as
scientific organizations.
recognized by the Board of Civil
Engineering of the Professional Regulation
BUILDING is any structure used or intended
Commission.
for supporting or sheltering any use or
occupancy.

SECTION 103 - CLASSIFICATION OF BUILDINGS

Buildings and other structures shall be
classified, based on the nature of
occupancy, according to Table 103-1 for
purposes of applying wind and earthquake
provisions in Chapter 2, and other
provisions. Each building or other structure
shall be assigned to the highest applicable
category.
For buildings or other structures having
multiple independent structural systems,
each independent structural system shall be
assigned to the highest applicable category
based on the occupancy or functions
dependent on the particular independent
structural system.

Table 103-1 – Occupancy Category (See Notes)

OCCUPANCY OCCUPANCY OR FUNCTIONS
CATEGORY OF STRUCTURES

Occupancies having surgery and emergency

treatment areas,
Fire and police stations,
Garages and shelters for emergency
vehicles and emergency aircraft,
Structures and shelters in
emergency preparedness centers,
I. Essential Aviation control towers,
Facilities Structures and equipment in
communication centers and other facilities required for
emergency response,
Standby power-generating equipment for
Category I facilities,
Tanks or other structures containing housing or supporting
water or other fire-suppression material or equipment
required for the protection of Category I, II or III structures.

Occupancies and structures therein housing or supporting toxic

or explosive chemicals or substances,
II. Hazardous Non building structures housing, supporting or containing
Facilities quantities of toxic or explosive substances.

Buildings with an assembly room with an occupant capacity of

1,000 or more,
Educational buildings with a capacity of
300 or more students,
Buildings used for college or adult
III. Special Occupancy education with a capacity of 500 or
Structures more students,
Institutional buildings with 50 or more
incapacitated patients, but not included in Category I,

Mental hospitals, sanitariums. jails, prison and other buildings

where personal liberties of inmates are similarly restrained
All structures with an occupancy 5,000 or more persons,
Structures and equipment in power- generating stations, and
 other public utility facilities not included in Category I or
Category II above and required for continued operation.
IV. Standard Occupancy All structures housing occupancies or having functioned not
Structures listed in Category I, II or III above and Category V below.

V. Miscellaneous Private garages, carports, sheds, agricultural buildings, and

Structures fences over 1.8 meters high.

Notes:

1. Equivalent building classification on the National Building Code of the Philippines and its
Implementing Rules and Regulations.

I. Essential Facilities ------------------------------------- None

II. Hazardous Facilities --------------------------------- Group 6

III. Special Occupancy Structures ------------------ Group C, Group D, Group H, Group I

IV Standard Occupancy Structures ---------------- Group A, Group B Group E, Group F

V. Miscellaneous Structures ------------------------- Group J

2 - MINIMUM DESIGN REQUIREMENTS

SECTION 201 -GENERAL
201.1 SCOPE
This chapter provides minimum design load
requirements for the design of buildings and
other vertical structures. Loads and
appropriate load combinations, which have
been developed, to be used together for
strength design and allowable stress design
are set forth.
201.2 RECOGNIZED STANDARDS
The standards listed below are recognized
standards for wind loads.
1. ASCE 7, Chapter 6, Minimum Design
Loads for Buildings and Other
Structures
2. ANSI EIA/TIA 222-E, Structural
Standards for Steel Antenna Towers
and Antenna Supporting Structures
3. ANSI/NAAMM FP1001, Guide
Specifications for the Design Loads of
Metal Flagpoles
ESSENTIAL FACILITIES are buildings and
SECTION 202 - DEFINITIONS
ACCESS FLOOR SYSTEM is an assembly
consisting of panels mounted on pedestals
to provide an under-floor space for the
installations of mechanical, electrical,
communications or similar systems or to
serve as an air-supply or return-air plenum.
AGRICULTURAL BUILDING is a structure
designed to house farm implements, hay,
grain, poultry, livestock or other horticultural
products. The structure shall not be a place
of human habitation or a place of
employment where agricultural products are
processed, treated, or packaged nor shall it
be a place used by the public.
ALLOWABLE STRESS DESIGN METHOD
is a method of proportioning structural
elements such that computed stresses
produced in the elements by the allowable
stress load combinations do not exceed
specified allowable stress.
ASSEMBLY BUILDING is a building or
portion of a building for the gathering
together of 50 or more persons for such
purposes as deliberation, education,
instruction, worship, entertainment,
amusement, drinking or dining or awaiting
transportation.
AWNING is a shelter supported entirely
from the exterior wall of a building.
BALCONY, EXTERIOR, is an exterior floor
system projecting from a structure and
supported by that structure, with no
additional independent supports.
DEAD LOADS consist of the weight of all
materials and fixed equipment incorporated
into the building or other structure.
DECK is an exterior floor system supported
on at least two opposing sides by an
adjoining structure and/or posts, piers, or
other independent supports.
other structures that are intended to remain
operational in the event of extreme
environmental loading from wind or
earthquakes.
FACTORED LOAD is the product of a load
specified in Sections 204 through 208 and a
load factor. See Section 203.3 for
combinations of factored loads.
Section 203.3 LRFD = structures and all
portions thereof shall resist the most critical
effects from the following combinations of
factor load.
GARAGE is a building or portion thereof in
which motor vehicle containing flammable
or combustible liquids or gas in its tank is
stored, repaired or kept.
GARAGE, PRIVATE, is a building or a
portion of a building, not more than 90 sq.m.
in area, in which only motor vehicles used
by the tenants of the building or buildings on
the premises are kept or stored.
LIMIT STATE is a condition in which a
structure or component Is judged either to
be no longer useful for its Intended function
(serviceability limit state) or to be unsafe
(strength limit state).
LIVE LOADS are those loads produced by
the use and occupancy of the building or
other structure and do not include dead
load, construction load, or environmental
loads such as wind load, snow load, rain
load, earthquake load or floor load.
LOADS are forces or other actions that
result from the weight of all building
materials, occupants and their possessions,
environmental effects, differential
movements, and restrained dimensional
changes. Permanent loads are those loads
in which variations over time are rare or
small magnitude. All other loads are
variable loads.
MARQUEE is a permanent roofed structure
attached to and supported by the building
and projecting over public property.
OCCUPANCY is the purpose for that a
building, or part thereof, is used or intended
to be used.
STRENGTH DESIGN METHOD is a
method of proportioning structural elements
such that the computed forces produced in
the elements by the factored load
combinations do not exceed the factored
element strength. The term "strength
design" is used in the design of concrete
and masonry structures.
WALLS:
BEARING WALL is any wall meeting either
of the following classifications:
1. Any metal or wood stud wall that
supports more than 0.5 kN per linear
meter of superimposed load.
2. Any masonry or concrete wall that
supports more than 1.0 kN per linear
meter superimposed loads, or any such
wall supporting its own weight for more
than one story.
EXTERIOR WALL is any wall or element of
a wall, or any member or group of
members, that defines the exterior
boundaries or courts of a building and that
has a slope of 60 degrees or greater with
the horizontal plane.
NONBEARING WALL is any wall that is not
a bearing wall.
PARAPET WALL is that part of any wall
entirely above the roof line.
RETAINING WALL is a wall designed to
resist the lateral displacement of soil or
other materials.
3 – FOUNDATION & EXCAVATION
SECTION 301 - GENERAL
301.1 SCOPE
This chapter sets forth requirements for
excavations, fills, footings and foundations
for any building or structure.
301.2 QUALITY AND DESIGN
The quality and design of materials used
structurally in excavations, fills, footings and
foundations shall conform to the
requirements specified in Chapters 4, S, 6
and 7.
301.3 ALLOWABLE BEARING
PRESSURES
Allowable stresses and design formulas
provided in this chapter shall be used with
the allowable stress design load
combinations specified in Section 203.4.
SECTION 302-FILLS AND EXCAVATION
302.1 GENERAL
Excavation or fills for buildings or structures
shall be constructed or protected that they
do not endanger life or property. Reference
is made to Section 109 of this code for
requirements governing excavation, grading
and earthwork construction, including fills
and embankments.
CUTS
302.2.2 Slope. The slope of cut surfaces
shall be no steeper than is safe for the
intended use and shall be no steeper than 1
unit vertical in 2 units horizontal (50%
slope), unless a geo-technical engineering
or an engineering geology report, or both,
stating that the site has been investigated
and giving an opinion that a cut at a steeper
slope will be stable and not create a hazard
to public or private property, is submitted
and approved.
302.2.3 Existing footings or foundations,
which may be affected by any excavation,
shall be underpinned adequately or
otherwise protected against settlement and
shall be protected against lateral movement.
302.2.4 Protection of adjoining property.
The requirement for protection of adjacent
property and the depth to which protection
is required shall be defined by prevailing
law. Where not defined by law, the following
shall apply:
1. Any person making or causing an
excavation shall protect the excavation
so that the soil of adjoining property will
not cave in or settle,
2. Before commencing the excavation, the
person making or causing the
excavation to be made shall notify in
writing the owners of adjoining building
not less than 10 days before such
excavation is to be made and that the
adjoining building should be protected.
FILLS
Fills to be used to support the foundation of
any building or structure shall be placed in
accordance in accepted engineering
practice.
No fill or other surcharge loads shall be
placed adjacent to any building or structure
unless such building or structure is capable
of withstanding the additional vertical and
horizontal loads caused by filling or
surcharge.
Fill slopes shall not be constructed on
natural slopes steeper than 1 unit vertical in
2 units horizontal (50% slope).
302.3.2 Preparation of the Ground. The
ground surface shall be prepared to receive
fill by removing vegetation, non complying
fill, top soil and other unsuitable materials,
and by scarifying to provide a bond with the
new fill.
Where the natural slopes are steeper than 1
unit vertical in 5 units horizontal (20%
slopes) and the height is greater than 1.5
meters, the ground surface shall be
prepared by benching into sound bedrock or
other competent materials as determined by
the geo-technical engineer. The bench
under the toe of a fill on a slope steeper
than 1units vertical of 5 units horizontal
(20% slopes) shall be at least 3 meters
wide.

Study sections 302.3.3 –Fill Material

Also the following:

SETBACKS
DRAINAGE AND TERRACING
EROSION CONTROL

4 – CONCRETE
SECTlON 401 - GENERAL The following terms are defined for general
use in this chapter. Specialized definitions
appear in individual sections.
401.1.1 This chapter provides minimum
requirements for the design and ADMIXTURE is material other than water,
construction of structural concrete elements aggregate, or hydraulic cement used as an
ingredient of concrete and added to
of any building or other structure.
concrete before or during its mixing to
modify its properties.
401.1.2 This chapter shall govern in all
matters pertaining to the design,
AGGREGATE is granular material, such as
construction, and material properties of
sand, gravel, crushed stone and iron blast-
structural concrete elements wherever this
furnace slag, and when used with a
chapter is in with requirements contained in
cementing medium forms a hydraulic
other standards referenced in this chapter.
cement concrete or mortar.
401.1.3 For special structures, such as
AGGREGATE, LIGHTWEIGHT is
arches, tanks, reservoirs, bins and silos,
aggregate with a dry, loose weight of 1120
blast-resistant structures, and provisions of
kg/m3 or less.
this chapter shall govern where applicable.
AIR-DRY WEIGHT is the unit weight of a
401.1.4 This chapter does not govern
lightweight concrete specimen cured for
design and installation of portions of
seven days with neither loss nor gain of
concrete piles' and drilled piers embedded
moisture at 15°C to 27’C and dried for 21
in ground except for structures in regions of
days in 50 +,- 7 percent relative humidity at
high risk or assigned to high seismic
23°C +,- 1. 1°C.
performance or categories. See Section
421.9.4 for requirements from concrete piles
ANCHORAGE DEVICE in post-tensioning
drilled piers and caissons in structures in
is a device used to anchor tendons to
region high seismic risk or assigned to high
concrete member; in pre-tensioning, a
seismic performance or design categories.
device used to anchor tendons during
hardening of concrete.
401.1.5 This chapter does not govern
design and construction of soil-supported
ANCHORAGE ZONE in post-tensioned
slabs, unless the slab vertical loads from
members is the portion of the member
other portions of the structure to the soil.
through which the concentrated pre-
stressing force is transferred to the concrete
401.1.6 Concrete On Steel Form Deck
and distributed more uniformly across the
Design and construction of structural
section. Its extent is equal to the largest
concrete slab cast on stay-in-place, non-
dimension of the cross section. For
composite steel other governed by this
intermediate anchorage devices, the
chapter.
anchorage zone includes the disturbed
regions ahead of and behind the anchorage
401.1.7 This chapter does not govern the
devices.
design of concrete slabs cast on stay-in-
place, composite deck. Concrete used in
BASIC MONOSTRAND ANCHORAGE
the construction of such governed by
DEVICE is an anchorage device used with
Sections 401 to 407 of this applicable.
any single strand or a single 16 mm or
smaller diameter bar that satisfies section
SECTION 402 - DEFINITIONS 418.22.1 and the anchorage device
requirements of the Post-Tensioning
Institute's "Specification for Unbonded
Single Strand Tendons".
BASIC MULTISTRAND ANCHORAGE
DEVICE is an anchorage device used with
multiple strands, bars or wires, or single
bars larger than 16 mm diameter, that
satisfies Section 418.22.1 and the bearing
stress and minimum plate stiffness
requirements of AASHTO Bridge
Specifications, Division I, Sections
9.21.7.2.2 through 9.21.7.2.4.
BONDED TENDON is a pre-stressing
tendon that is bonded to concrete either
directly or through grouting.
CEMENTITIOUS MATERIALS are
materials as specified in Section 403 which
have cementing value when used in
concrete either by themselves, such as
portland cement, blended hydraulic cements
and expansive cement, or such materials in
combination with fly ash, raw or other
calcined natural pozzolans, silica fume, or
ground granulated blast-furnace slag.
COLUMN is a member with a ratio of
height-to-least-lateral dimensions of 3 or
greater used primarily to support axial
compressive load.
COMPOSITE CONCRETE FLEXURAL
MEMBERS are concrete flexural members
of pre-cast and cast-in-place concrete
elements, or both, constructed in separate
place but so interconnected that all
elements respond to load as a unit.
COMPRESSION-CONTROLLED SECTION
is a cross section in which the net tensile
strain in the extreme tension at nominal
strength is less than or equal to the
compression-controlled strain limit.
COMPRESSION-CONTROLLED STRAIN
LIMIT is the net tensile strain at balanced
strain conditions. See 410.4.2.
CONCRETE is a mixture of portland cement
or any other hydraulic cement, fine
aggregate, coarse aggregate and water with
or without admixtures.
CONCRETE, SPECIFIED COMPRESSIVE
STRENGTH OF (f'c), is the compressive
strength of concrete in design and
evaluated in accordance with provision of
Section 405, expressed in megapascals
(MPa). Wherever the quantity f’c is under a
radical sign, square root of numerical value
only is intended, and result has units of
megapascals.
CONCRETE STRCTURAL LIGHTWEIGHT,
is to containing lightweight aggregate that
conforms to 403.4 and has an air-dry unit
weight as determined “Test Method for Unit
Weight of Structural Lightweight Concrete”
(ASTM C 567) not exceeding 1840 kg/m3.
In this code, a lightweight concrete without
natural sand is termed 'all-lightweight-
concrete" and lightweight concrete in which
all fine aggregate consists of normal-weight
sand “sand-lightweight concrete."
CONTRACTION JOINT is a formed, sawed,
or tooled in a concrete structure to create a
weakened plane regulate the location of
cracking resulting from the dimensional
change of different parts of the structure.
CURVATURE FRICTION is friction resulting
from bents & curves in the specified
prestressing tendon profile.
DEFORMED REINFORCEMENT is
deformed reinforcing bars, bar and rod
mats, deformed wire, welded smooth wire
fabric and welded deformed wire fabric.
DEVELOPMENT LENGTH is the length of
embedded reinforcement required to
develop the design strength of
reinforcement at a critical section. See
Section 409.4.3.
EFFECTIVE DEPTH OF SECTION (d) is
the distance measured from extreme
compression fiber to centroid of tension
reinforcement.
EFFECTIVE PRESTRESS is the stress
remaining in pre-stressing tendons after all
losses have occurred, excluding effects of
dead load and superimposed load.
EMBEDMENT LENGTH is the length of
embedded reinforcement provided beyond a
critical section.
EXTREME TENSION STEEL is the
reinforcement (prestressed or
nonprestressed) that is the farthest from the
extreme compression fiber.
ISOLATION JOINT is a separation between
adjoining parts of a concrete structure,
usually a vertical plane, at the designed
location such as to interfere least with
performance of the structure, yet such as to
allow relative movement in three directions
and avoid formation of cracks elsewhere in
the concrete and through which all or part of
the bonded reinforcement is interrupted.
JACKING FORCE is the temporary force
exerted by device that introduces tension
into prestressing tendons in prestressed
concrete.
LOAD, DEAD is the dead weight supported
by a member, as defined by Section 204
(without load factors).
LOAD, FACTORED is the load, multiplied
by appropriate load factors, used to
proportion members by the strength design
method of this chapter. See Sections
408.2.1 and 409.3.
LOAD, LIVE is the live load specified by
Section 205 (without load factors).
LOAD, SERVICE is the load specified by
Sections 204 to 207 (without load factors).
MODULUS OF ELASTICITY is the ratio of
normal stress to corresponding strain for
tensile or compressive stresses below
proportional limit of material. See Section
408.6.
NET TENSILE STRAIN is the tensile strain
at nominal strength exclusive of strains due
to effective prestress, creep, shrinkage and
temperature.
PEDESTAL is an upright compression
member with a ratio of unsupported height
to average least lateral dimension not
exceeding of 3.
PLAIN CONCRETE is structural concrete'
with no reinforcement or with less
reinforcement than the minimum amount
specified for reinforced concrete.
PLAIN REINFORCEMENT is reinforcement
that does not conform to definition of
deformed reinforcement.
POST-TENSIONING is a method of pre-
stressing in which tendons are tensioned
after concrete has hardened.
PRECAST CONCRETE is a structural
concrete element cast in other than its final
position in the structure.
PRESTRESSED CONCRETE is structural
concrete in which internal stresses have
been introduced to reduce potential tensile
stresses in concrete resulting from loads.
PRETENSIONING is a method of pre-
stressing in which tendons are tensioned
before concrete is placed.
REINFORCED CONCRETE is structural
concrete reinforced with no less than the
minimum amounts of prestressing tendons
or nonprestressed reinforcement specified
in this chapter.
REINFORCEMENT is material that
conforms to Section 403.5.1, excluding
prestressing tendons unless specifically
included.
RESHORES are shores placed snugly
under a concrete slab or other structural
member after the original forms and shores
have been removed from a larger area, thus
requiring the new slab or structural member
to deflect and support its weight and
existing construction loads applied prior to
installation of the reshores.
SHEETING is a material encasing a
prestressing tendon prevent bonding the
tendon with the surrounding concrete, to
provide corrosion protection, and to contain
the corrosion inhibiting coating.
SHORES are vertical or inclined support
members’ design to carry the weight of the
formwork, concrete and construction loads
above.
SPAN LENGTH. See Section 408.8 = Span
length of members not built integrally with
support shall be considered the clear span
plus depth of member, but need not exceed
distance between centers of supports.
SPECIAL ANCHORAGE DEVICE is an
anchorage device that satisfies Section
418.20.1 and the standardized acceptance
tests of AASHTO "Standard Specifications
for Highway Bridges", Division II, and
Section 10.3.2.3.
SPIRAL REINFORCEMENT is continuously
wound reinforcement in the form of a
cylindrical helix.
SPLITTING TENSILE STRENGTH ( ) is
the tensile strength of concrete determined
in accordance with ASTM C 496 as
described in "Specifications for Lightweight
Aggregate for Structural Concrete" (ASTM
C 330). See Section 405.2.4.
STIRRUP is reinforcement used to resist
shear and torsion stresses in a structural
member; typically bars, wires, or welded
wire fabric (plain or deformed) bent into L, U
or rectangular shapes and located
perpendicular to or at an angle to
longitudinal reinforcement. (The term
"stirrups" is usually applied to lateral
reinforcement in flexural members and the
term "ties" to those in compression
members.) See also "tie."
STRENGTH, DESIGN, is the nominal
strength multiplied by a strength-reduction
factor, ( ). See Section 409.4.
STRENGTH, NOMINAL, is the strength of a
member or cross section calculated in
accordance with provisions and
assumptions of the strength design method
of this chapter before application of any
strength-reduction factors. See Section
409.4.1.
STRENGTH, REQUIRED, is the strength of
a member or cross section required to resist
factored loads or related internal moments
and forces in such combinations as are
stipulated in this chapter. See Section 409
.2.1.
STRESS is the intensity of force per unit
area.
STRUCTURAL CONCRETE is all concrete
used for structural purposes, including plain
and reinforced concrete.
TENDON is a steel element such as wire,
cable, bar, rod or strand, or a bundle of
such elements, used to impart prestress
forces to concrete.
TENSION-CONTROLLED SECTION is a
cross section in which the net tensile strain
in the extreme tension steel at nominal
strength is greater than or equal to 0.005.
TIE is a loop of reinforcing bar or wire
enclosing longitudinal reinforcement. A
continuously wound bar or wire in the form
of a circle, rectangle or other polygon shape
without re-entrant comers is acceptable.
TRANSFER is the act of transferring
stress in pre-stressing from jacks or
pre-tensioning bed to concrete
member.

UNBONDED TENDON is a tendon

that is permanently prevented from
bonding to the concrete after
stressing.

WALL is a member, usually vertical,

used to enclose or lie spaces.

WOBBLE FRICTION in prestressed

concrete, is friction caused by
unintended deviation of prestressing
sheath or from its specified profile.

YIELD STRENGTH is the specified

minimum yield strength or yield point
of reinforcement in megapascals
(MPa). Yield strength or yield point
shall be determined in tension
according to applicable ASTM
standards as modified by Section
403.6 of this code.

5 – STRUCTURAL STEEL
DEFINITION OF TERMS
ALLOWABLE STRESSES that
stress that are prescribed in Section
501 through 514 of this Chapter.
APPLICATION FACTOR A structural components of a building.
multiplier of the value of moment or
deflection in the unbraced length of
an axially loaded member to reflect
the secondary values generated by
the eccentricity of the applied axial
load within the member.
ASPECT RATIO In any rectangular
configuration, the ratio of lengths of
the sides.
BEAM A structural member whose
primary function is to carry loads
transverse to its longitudinal axis.
BEAM-COLUMN A structural
member whose primary function is to
carry loads both transverse and
parallel to its longitudinal axis.
BENT A plane framework of beam
or truss member, which support
loads, and the column, which
support these members.
BIAXIAL BENDING Simultaneous
bending of a member about two
perpendicular axes.
BRACED FRAME A frame in which
the resistance to lateral load or
frame instability is primarily provided by a
diagonal, a K-brace or other auxiliary system of
bracing.
BRITTLE FRACTURE Abrupt cleavage with
little or no prior ductile deformation.
BUCKLING LOAD The load at which a
perfectly straight member under compression
assumes a deflected position.
BUILD-UP MEMBER A member made of
structural metal elements that are welded
bolted or riveted together.
CHEVRON BRACING A form of bracing where
a pair of braces located either above or below a
beam terminates at a single point within the
clear beam span.
CLADDING the exterior covering of the
COLD-FORMED MEMBER Structural members
formed from without the application of heat.
COLUMN A structural member whose primary
function is to loads parallel to its longitudinal
axis.
COLUMN CURVE A curve expressing the
relationship between the column strength and
slenderness ratio.
COMBINED MECHANISM A mechanism
determined by plastic analysis procedures
which combines elementary beam, panel and
joint mechanisms.
COMPACT SECTION Compact sections are
capable of developing fully plastic stress
distribution and possess rotation capacity of
approximately 3 before the onset of local
buckling.
COMPOSITE BEAM A steel beam structurally
connected to a concrete slab so that the beam
and slab respond to loads as a unit. See also
Concrete-encased beam.
COLUMN BEAM A steel column fabricated
from rolled or build-up steel shapes and
encased in structural concrete or
fabricated from steel pipe or tubing
and filled with structural concrete.
CONCRETE-ENCASE BEAM A
beam totally encased in concrete
cast integrally with the slab.
CONNECTION Combination of joints
used to transmit forces between two
or more members. A group of
elements that connect the members
to the joint. Categorized by the type
and amount of force transferred
(moment, shear, end reaction). See
also splices.
CRITICAL LOAD The load at which
bifurcation occurs as determined by
a theoretical stability analysis.
CURVATURE The rotation per unit
length due to bending.
DESIGN STRENGTH Resistance
(force, moment, and stress, as
appropriate) provided by element or
connection; the product of the
nominal strength and the resistance
factor.
DIAGONAL BRACING Inclined
structural members carrying
primarily axial load employed to
enable a structural frame to act as a
truss to resist horizontal loads. A
form of bracing that diagonally
connects joints at different levels.
DIAPHRAGM Floor slab, metal wall
or roof panel possessing a large in-
plane shear stiffness and strength
adequate to transmit horizontal
forces to resisting systems.
DIAPHRAGM ACTION The in-plane
action of a floor system (also roofs
and walls) such that all columns
framing into the floor from above and
below are maintained in their same position
relative to each other.
DOUBLE CURVATURE A bending condition in
which end moments on a member causes the
member to assume an S-shape.
DRIFT Lateral deflection of a building.
DRIFT INDEX The ratio of lateral deflection to
the height of the building.
DUCTILITY FACTORS the ratio of the total
deformation at maximum load to the elastic-limit
deformation.
ECCENTRIC BRACED FRAME (EBF) A
diagonal braced frame in which at least one end
of each bracing member connects to a beam a
short distance from a beam-to-column
connection or from another beam-to-brace
connection.
EFFECTIVE LENGTH The equivalent length
KL used in compression formulas and
determined by a bifurcation analysis.
EFFECTIVE LENGTH K The ratio between the
effective length and the unbraced length of the
member measured between the centers of
gravity of the bracing members.
EFFECTIVE MOMENT OF INERTIA The
moment of inertia of the cross section of a
member that remains elastic when partial
plastification of the cross section takes place,
usually under the combination of residual stress
and applied stress. Also, the moment of inertia
based on effective widths of elements that
buckle locally. Also, the moment of inertia used
in the design of partially composite members.
EFFECTIVE STIFFNESS The stiffness of a
member computed using the effective moment
of inertia of its cross section.
EFFECTIVE WIDTH The reduced width of a
plate or slab which, with an assumed uniform
stress distribution produces the same effect
on the behavior of a structural member as the
actual plate width with its non-uniform stress
distribution.

ELASTIC ANALYSIS Determination
of load effects (force, stress as
appropriate) on members and based
on the assumption that material
disappears on removal of the force
that produced it.
ELASTIC-PERFECTLY PLASTIC A
material which has an idealized
stress strain curve that varies
linearly from the point of and zero-
strain and stress up to the yield point
of the material, and then increases
in strain at the value of the a yield
stress without any further increases
in stress.
EMBEDMENT A sled component
cast in a concrete structure to
transmit externally applied loads to
the friction or any combination
thereof. The embedment may be
fabricated of structural steel plates,
shapes, bars, bolts, pipe, studs, and
concrete reinforcing bars, shear or
any combination thereof.
ENCASED STEEL STRUCTURE, A
steel-framed structure in which I
individual frame members are
completely encased in-place-
concrete.
EULER FORMULA The
mathematical relationship
expressing of the Euler load in terms
of the modulus of elasticity moment
of inertia of the cross section and
length of column.
EULER LOAD The critical load of a
perfectly straight centrally loaded
pin-ended column.
EYEBAR A particular type of pin-
connected tension member of
uniform thickness with forged or
flame cut head of greater than the
body proportioned to provide
approximately equal strength in the head and
body.
FACTORED LOAD The product of the nominal
load and a load.
FASTENER Generic term for welds, bolts,
rivets or other device.
FATIGUE A fracture phenomenon resulting
from a fluctuating stress cycle.
FIRST-ORDER ANALYSIS Analysis based on
first-order deformation in which equilibrium
conditions are formulated on the undeformed
structure.
FLAME-CUT PLATE A plate in which the
longitudinal edges prepared by oxygen cutting
from a large plate.
FLAT WIDTH for a rectangular tube, the
nominal width minus twice outside comer
radius. In absence of knowledge of the comer
radius, the flat width may be taken total section
width minus three times the thickness.
FLEXIBLE CONECTION A connection
permitting a portion but not all, of the simple
beam rotation of a member end.
FLOOR SYSTEM The system of structural
components separating the stories of a building.
FORCE Resultant of distribution of stress over
a prescribed reaction that develops in a
member as a result of load (formerly called total
stress or stress). Generic term signifying axial
loads, bending moment, torque and shears.
FRACTURED TOUGHNESS Measurement of
the ability to absorb energy without fracture.
Generally determined by impact loading of
specimens containing a notch having a
prescribed geometry.
FRAME BUCKLING A condition under which
bifurcation may occur in a frame.
FRAME INSTABILITY A condition under which
a frame deforms with increasing lateral
deflection under a system of
increasing applied monotonic loads
until a maximum value of the load
called the stability limit is reached,
after which the frame will continue to
deflect without further increase in
load.
FULLY COMPOSITE LOAD A
composite beam with sufficient
shear connectors to develop the full
flexural strength of the composite
section.
GIRDER A horizontal member in a
seismic frame. The word beam and
girder maybe used interchangeably.
HIGH-CYCLE FATIQUE Failure
resulting from more than 20,000
applications of cycle stress.
HYBRID BEAM A fabricated steel
beam composed of flanges with a
greater yield strength that that of the
web. Whenever the maximum flange
stress is less than or equal to the
web yield stress the girder is
considered homogeneous.
INCLUSION Nonmetallic material
entrapped in otherwise sound metal.
INCOMPLETE FUSION Lack of
union by melting of filler and base
metal over entire prescribed area.
INELASTIC ACTION Material
deformation that does not disappear
on removal of the force that
produced it.
INSTABILITY A condition reached in
the loading of an element or
structure in which continued
deformation results in decrease of
load-resisting capacity.
JOINT Area where two or more
ends, surfaces, or edges are
attached. The entire assemblage at
the intersections of the members.
Categorized by type of fastener or weld used
and method of force transfer.
K-BRACING system of struts used in a braced
frame in which the pattern of the struts
resembles the letter K, either normal or on its
side. That form of bracing where a pair of
braces located on one side of a column
terminates at a single point within the clear
column height.
LAMELLAR TEARING Separation in highly
restrained base metal caused by through-
thickness strains induced by shrinkage of
adjacent weld metal.
LATERAL BRACING MEMBER A member
utilized individually or as a component of a
lateral bracing system to prevent buckling of
members or elements and/or to resist lateral
loads.
LATERAL (or lateral-torsional) BUCKING
Buckling of a member involving lateral
deflection and twist.
LIMIT STATE A condition in which a structure
or component becomes unfit for service and is
judged either to be no longer useful for its
intended function (serviceability limit state) or to
be unsafe (strength limit state).
LIMIT STATES Limits of structural usefulness,
such as brittle fracture, plastic collapse,
excessive deformation, durability, fatigue,
instability and serviceability.
LINK BEAM The part of a beam in an
eccentrically braced frame, which is designed to
yield shear and/or bending so that buckling of
the bracing members, is prevented.
LOAD FACTOR, A factor that accounts for
unavoidable deviations of the actual load from
the nominal value and uncertainties in the
analysis that transform the load into a load
effect.
LOADS Forces or other actions that arise on
structural system from the weight of all
permanent construction, occupants and their
possession, environmental effects,
differential settlement and restrained
dimensional changes. Permanent
loads are those loads in which
variations in time are rare or of small
magnitude. All other loads are
variable loads. See Nominal loads.
LFRD (Loads and Resistance
Factor Design) A method of
proportioning structural components
(a members, connectors, connecting
elements and assemblages) such
that no applicable limit state is
exceeded when the structure is
subjected to all appropriate load
combinations.
LOCAL BUCKLING the buckling of
a compression element may
precipitate the failure of the whole
member.
LOW-CYCLE FATIQUE Fracture
resulting from a relatively high range
resulting in a relatively small number
has to failure.
LOWER BOUND LOAD A load
computed on the basis of an
assumed equilibrium moment
diagram in which the moments are
not greater than Mp, that is, less
than or at best equal to the true
ultimate load.
MECHANISM an articulated system
able to deform without increase in
load used in the special sense that
the linkage may include real hinges
or plastic hinges, or both.
MECHANISM METHOD A method
of plastic analysis in which
equilibrium between external forces
and internal plastic is calculated
on the basis of an assumed
mechanism. The failure load so
determined is an upper bound.
NOMINAL LOADS The magnitudes
of the loads specified by the applicable code.
NOMINAL STRENGTH The capacity of a
structure or component to resist the effects of
loads, as determined by computations using
specified material strengths and dimensions
and formulas derived from accepted principle of
structural mechanics, or by field tests or
laboratory tests of scaled models, allowing for
modeling effects and differences between
laboratory and field conditions.
NONCOMPACT SECTION Non-compact
sections can develop yield stress in
compression elements before local buckling
occurs, but will not resist inelastic local buckling
at strain levels required for a fully plastic stress
distribution.
P-DELTA EFFECT Secondary effect of column
axial loads and deflection on the moments in
members.
PANELS ZONE the zone in a beam-to-column
connection that transmits moments by a shear
panel.
PARTIALLY COMPOSITE BEAM a composite
beam for which the shear strength of shear
connectors governs the flexural strength.
PLANE FRAME A structural system assumed
for the purpose of analysis and design to be
two-dimensional.
PLASTIC ANALYSIS Determination of load
effects (force, moment, and stress, as
appropriate) on members and connections
based on the assumption of rigid-plastic
behavior, i.e., that equilibrium is satisfied
throughout the structure yield is not exceeding
anywhere. Second order effects may need to
be considered.
PLASTIC DESIGN SECTION The cross section
of a member which can maintain a full plastic
moment through large rotations so that a
mechanism can develop; the section suitable
for plastic design.
PLASTIC HINGE, a yielded zone, which forms
in a structural member when the
plastic moment is attained. The
beam is assumed to rotate as if
hinged, except that it is strained by
the plastic moment Mp.
PLASTIC-LIMIT LOAD, The
maximum load that is attained when
a sufficient number of yield zones
has formed to permit the structure to
deform plasticity without further
increase in load. It is the largest load
a structure will support, when perfect
plasticity is assumed and when such
factors as instability, second-order
effects, strain hardening and fracture
are neglected.
PLASTIC MODULUS, The section
modulus of resistance, to bending of
a completely yielded cross-section. It
is the combined static moment about
the neutral axis of the cross-
sectional areas above and below
that axis.
PLASTIC MOMENT The resisting
moment of a fully yielded cross-
section.
PLASTIC STRAIN the difference
between total strain and elastic
strain.
PLASTIC ZONE the yielded region
of a member.
PLASTIFICATION the process of
successive yielding of fibers in the
cross section of a member as
bending moment is increased.
PLATE GIRDER A built-up structural
beam.
POST BUCKLING STENGTH the
load that can be carried by an
element, member or frame after
buckling.
REDISTRIBUTION OF MOMENT A
process which results in the successive
formation of plastic hinges so that less highly
stressed portions of a structure may carry
increased moments.
REQUIRED STRENGTH Load effect (force,
moment, stress, as appropriate) acting on an
element or connection determined by structural
analysis from the factored loads (using most
appropriate critical load combinations).
RESIDUAL STRESS the stress that remains in
an unloaded member after it has been formed
into a finished product. (Examples of such
stresses include, but are not limited to, those
induced by cold bending, cooling after rolling, or
welding.)
RESISTANCE the capacity of a structure or
component to resist the effects of loads. It is
determined by computations using specified
material strengths, dimensions and formulas
derived from accepted principles of structural
mechanics, or by field tests or laboratory tests
of scaled models, allowing for modeling effects
and differences between laboratory and field
conditions. Resistance is a generic term that
includes both strength and serviceability limit
states.
RESISTANT FACTOR a factor that accounts
for unavoidable deviations of the actual strength
from the nominal value and the manner and
consequences of failure.
RIGID FRAME a structure in which connections
maintain the angular relationship between
beam and column members under load.
ROOT OF THE FLANGE Location on the web
of the corner radius termination point or the toe
of the flange-to-web weld. Measured as the k-
distance from the far side of the flange.
ROTATION CAPACITY The incremental
angular rotation that a given shape can accept
prior to local failure defined as R=(9u/9p)-1.
Where 9u is the overall rotation attained at the
factored load state and 9p is the idealized
rotation corresponding to elastic theory applied
to the case of M = Mp.
SECOND ORDER ANALYSIS
based on second-order
deformations, in which equilibrium
conditions are formulated on the
deformed structure.
SERVICE LOAD expected to be
supported by the structure under
normal usage; often taken as the
nominal load.
SERVICIABILITY LIMIT STATE
Limiting condition affecting the ability
of a structure to preserve its
appearance, maintainability,
durability or the comfort of its
occupants or function of machinery
under normal usage.
SHAPE FACTOR the ratio of the
plastic moment to the yield moment,
or the ratio of the plastic modulus to
the section modulus for a cross-
section.
SHEAR-FRICTION Friction between
the embedment and the concrete
that transmits shear loads. The
relative misplacement in the plane of
the shear load is considered to be
resisted by shear-friction anchors
located perpendicular to the plane of
the shear load.
SHEAR LUGS Plates, welded studs,
bolts and other steel shapes that are
embedded in the concrete and
located transverse to the direction of
the shear force and that transmit
shear loads introduced into the
concrete by local bearing at the
shear lug-concrete interface.
SHEAR WALL A wall that in its own
plane resists shear forces from
applied wind, earthquake or other
loads or provides frame stability.
Also called structural wall.
SIDEWAYS The lateral movement
of a structure under the action of
lateral loads, unsymmetrical vertical
loads or unsymmetrical properties of the
structure.
SIDEWAYS BUCKLING the buckling mode of a
multistory precipitated by the relative lateral
displacements of joints, leading to failure by
sideways of the frame.
SINGLE CURVATURE A deformed shape of a
member having one smooth continuous arc, as
opposed to double curvature, which contains a
reversal.
SLENDER SECTION the cross sections of a
member which will experience local buckling in
the elastic range.
SLENDERNESS RATIO the ratio of the
effective length of a column to the radius of
gyration of the column, both with respect to the
same axis of bending.
SLIP-CRITICAL LOAD A bolt joints in which
the slip resistance of the connection is required.
SPACE FRAME A three-dimensional structural
framework (as contrasted to a plane frame).
SPLICE the connection between two structural
elements joined at their ends to form a single,
longer element.
STABILITY-LIMIT LOAD Maximum
(theoretical) loads a structure can support when
second-order instability effects are included.
STEPPED-COLUMN A column with changes
from one cross section to another occurring at
abrupt points within the length of the column.
STIFFENER A member, usually an angle or
plate, attached to a plate or web of a beam or
girder to distribute load, to transfer shear or to
prevent buckling of the member to which it is
attached.
STIFFNESS The resistance to deformation of a
member or structure measured by the ratio of
the applied force to the corresponding
displacement.

STORY DRIFT the difference in
horizontal deflection at the top and
bottom of a story.
STRAIN HARDENING Phenomenon
wherein ductile steel, after
undergoing considerable
deformation at or just above yield
point, exhibits the capacity to resist
substantially higher loading than that
which caused initial yielding.
STRAIN-HARDENING STRAIN for
structural steels that have a flat
(plastic) region in the stress-strain
relationship, the value of the strain at
the onset of strain hardening.
STRENGTH DESIGN method of
proportioning structural members
using load factors and resistance
factors such that no applicable limit
state is exceeded (also called load
and resistance factor design).
STRENGTH LIMIT STRAIGHT
limiting conditions affecting the
safety of the structure, in which the
ultimate load-carrying capacity is
reached.
STRESS Force per unit area.
STRESS CONCENTRATION
Localized stress considerably higher
than average (even in uniformly
loaded cross sections of uniform
thickness) due to abrupt changes in
geometry or localized loading.
STRONG AXIS The major principal
axis of a cross-section.
STRCTURAL DESIGN DOCS.
Documents prepared by the
designer (plans, design details and
job specifications).
STRUCTURAL SYSTEM An
assemblage of load-carrying
components which are joined
together to provide regular
interaction or interdependence.
STUB COLUMN short compression-test
specimen, long enough for use in measuring
the stress-strain relationship for the complete
cr06s-section but short enough to avoid
buckling as a column in the elastic and
plastic ranges.
SUBASSEMBLAGE a truncated portion of a
structural frame.
SUPPORTED COLUMN a frame which
depends upon adjacent braced or unbraced
frames for resistance to lateral load or frame
instability. (This transfer of load is frequently
provided by the floor or roof system through
diaphragm action or by horizontal cross bracing
in the roof).
TANGENT MODULUS at any given stress
level, the slope of the stress-strain curve of a
material in the inelastic range as determined by
the compression test of a small specimen under
controlled conditions.
TEMPORARY STRUCTURE a general term for
anything that is built or constructed (usually to
carry construction loads) that will eventually be
removed before or after completion of
construction and does not become part of the
permanent structural system.
TENSILE STRENGTH the maximum tensile
stress that a material is capable of sustaining.
TENSION FIELD ACTION the behavior of a
plate girder panel under shear force in which
diagonal tensile stresses develop in the web
and compressive forces develop in the
transverse stiffeners in a manner analogous to
a Pratt truss.
TOE OF THE FILLET Termination point of fillet
weld or of rolled section fillet.
TORQUE-TENSION RELATIONSHIP Term
applied to the wrench torque required producing
specified pre-tension in high-strength bolts.
TURN-OF-NUT METHOD Procedure whereby
the specified pre-tension in high-strength bolts
is controlled by rotation of the wrench a
predetermined 'amount after the nut
has been tightened to a snug fit.
UNBRACED FRAME a frame in
which the resistance to lateral load is
provided by the bending resistance
of frame members and their
connections.
UNBRACED LENGTH distance
between braced points of a member,
measured between the centers of
gravity of the bracing members.
UNDERCUT a notch resulting from
the melting and removal of base
metal at the edge of a weld.
UNIVERSAL-MILL PLATE a plate in
which the longitudinal edges has
been formed by a rolling process
during manufacture. Often
abbreviated as UM plate.
UPPER BOUND LOAD a load
computed on the basis of an
assumed mechanism which will
always be at best equal to or greater
than the true ultimate load.
V-BRACING that form of chevron
bracing that intersects a beam from
above and inverted V-bracing is that
form of chevron bracing that
intersects a beam from below.
VERTICAL BRACING SYSTEM a
system of shear walls, braced
frames or both, extending
throughout one or more floors of a
building.
WARPING TORSION that portions
of the total resistance to torsion that
is provided by resistance to warping
of the cross section.
WEAK AXIS the minor principal
axis of a cross-section.
WEATHERING STEEL A type of
high-strength, low-alloy steel which
can be used in normal environments (not
marine) and outdoor exposures without
protective paint covering. This steel develops
tight adherent rust at a decreasing rate with
respect to time.
WEB BUCKLING the buckling of a web plate.
WEB CRIPPLING the local failure of a web
plate in the immediate vicinity of a concentrated
load or reaction.
WORKING LOAD also called service load.
The actual load assumed to be acting on the
structure.
X-BRACING that form of bracing where a pair
of diagonal braces cross near mid-length of the
bracing members.
YIELD MOMENT in a member subjected to
bending, the moment at which an outer fiber
first attains the yield stress.
YIELD PLATEAU the portion of the stress-
strain curve for uniaxial tension or compression
in which the stress remains essentially constant
during a period of substantially increased strain.
YIELD POINT the first stress in a material at
which an increase in strain occurs without an
increase in stress, the yield point less than the
maximum attainable stress.
YIELD STRENGTH the stress at which a
material exhibits a specified limiting deviation
from the proportionality of stress to strain.
Deviation expressed in terms of strain.
YIELD STRESS Yield point, yield strength or
yield-stress level as defined.
YIELD STRESS LEVEL he average stress
during yielding in the plastic range, the stress
determined in a tension test when the strain
reaches 0.005 mm per mm.

6 - WOOD
SECTION 602 - DEFINITION
The following terms used in this
chapter shall have the meanings
indicated in this section:
BLOCKED DIAPHRAGM is a
diaphragm in which all sheathing
edges not occurring on framing
members are supported on and
connected to blocking.
CONVENTIONAL LIGHT-FRAME
CONSTRUCTION is a type of
construction whose primary
structural elements are formed by a
system of repetitive wood-framing
members.
DIAPHRAGM is a horizontal or
nearly horizontal system acting to
transmit lateral forces to the vertical
resisting elements. When the term
"diaphragm” is used, it includes
horizontal bracing systems.
FIBERBOARD is a fibrous-felted,
homogeneous panel made from
lignocellulosic fibers (usually wood
or crane) having a density of less
than 497 kg/m3 but more than 160
kg/m3.
GLUED BUILT-UP MEMBERS are
structural elements, the sections of
which are composed of built-up
lumber, wood structural panels or wood
structural panels in combination with lumber, all
parts bonded together with adhesive.
GRADE (Lumber), the classification of lumber
in regard to strength and utility in accordance
with the grading rules of an approved lumber
grading agency.
HARDBOARD is a fibrous-felted,
homogeneous panel made from lignocellulosic
fibers consolidated under heat and pressure in
a hot press to a density not less than 497
kg/m3.
NOMINAL SIZE (Lumber), the commercial size
designation of width' and depth, in standard
sawn lumber grades; somewhat larger than the
standard net size of dressed lumber. In
accordance to Philippine National Standards
(PNS).
NORMAL LOADING, a design load that
stressed a member or fastening to the full
allowable stress tabulated in this chapter. This
loading may be applied for approximately 10
years, either continuously or cumulatively, and
90 percent of this load may be applied for the
remainder of the life of the member or
fastening.
PARTICLEBOARD is a manufactured panel
product lifting of particles of wood or
combinations of wood fibers and wood fibers
bonded together with synthetic or other suitable
bonding system by as bonding process, in
accordance with approved nationally
recognized standard.
PLYWOOD is a panel of laminated veneers
conforming to Philippine National standards
(PNS) "Construction and Industrial Plywood"
and UBC Standard 23-3, "Performance for
Wood-based Structural-Use Panels".
ROTATION is the torsional movement of a
diaphragm about a vertical axis.
SUBDIAPHRAGM is a portion of a larger wood
diaphragm designed to anchor and transfer
local forces to primary diaphragm
struts and the main diaphragm.

TREATED WOOD is wood treated

with an approved preservative under
treating and quality control
procedures.

WOOD OF NATURAL
RESISTANCE TO DECAY OR
TERMITES is the heartwood of the
species set forth, corner sapwood is
permitted on 5 percent of the pieces
provided 90 percent or more of the
width of each on which it occurs is
heartwood. Recognized species are:

Decay resistant: Narra, Kamagong,

Dao, Tangile.
Termite resistant: Narra, Kamagong.

WOOD STRUCTURAL PANEL is a

structural panel product composed
primarily of wood and in meeting the
requirements of Philippine National
Standards (PNS).
Wood structural panels include all-
veneer plywood, composite panels
containing a combination of veneer
and wood-base material, and mat-
formed panel such as oriented
stranded board and wafer board.
7-MASONRY
The materials, design, construction and
quality assurance of masonry shall be in
accordance with this chapter.
DESIGN METHODS
Masonry shall comply with the provisions of
one of the following design methods in this
chapter as well as the requirements of
Sections 701 through 705.
 Working Stress Design. Masonry
designed by the working stress design
method shall comply with the provisions
of Sections 706 and 707.
 Strength Design. Masonry designed by
the strength design method shall comply
with the provisions of Sections 706 and
708.
 Empirical Design. Masonry designed
by the empirical design method shall
comply with the provisions Sections
706.1 and 709.
 Glass Masonry. Glass masonry shall
comply with the Provisions of Section
710.
DEFINITIONS
For the purpose of this chapter, certain
terms are defined as lows:
AREAS:
BEDDED AREA is the area of the surface
of masonry, which is in contact with mortar
in plane of the joint.
EFFECTIVE AREA OF REINFORCEMENT
is the cross-sectional area of reinforcement
multiplied by the cosine of the angle
between the reinforcement and the direction
for which effective area is to be determined.
GROSS AREA is the total cross-sectional
area of a lined section.
NET AREA is the gross cross-sectional
area minus the area-ungrouted cores,
notches, cells and unbedded areas. Net
area is the actual surface area of cross
section of masonry.
TRANSFORMED AREA is the equivalent
area of one material to a second based on
the ratio of moduli of elasticity of the first
material to the second.
BOND:
ADHESION BOND is the adhesion between
masonry units and mortar or grout.
REINFORCING BOND is the adhesion
between steel reinforcement and mortar or
grout.
BOND BEAM is a horizontal grouted
element within masonry in which
reinforcement is embedded.
CELL is a void space having a gross cross-
sectional area greater than 967 mm2.
CLEANOUT is an opening to the bottom of
a grout space of sufficient size and spacing
to allow the removal of debris.
COLLAR JOINT is the mortared or grouted
space between wythes of masonry.
COLUMN, REINFORCED, is a vertical
structural member in which both the
reinforcement and masonry resist
compression.
COLUMN, UNREINFORCED, is a vertical
structural member whose horizontal
dimension measured at right angles to the
thickness does not exceed three times the
thickness.
DIMENSIONS:
ACTUAL DIMENSIONS are the measured
dimensions of a designated item. The actual
dimension shall not vary from the specified
dimension by more than amount allowed in
the appropriate standard of quality in
Section 702.
NOMINAL DIMENSIONS of masonry units
are equal to its specified dimensions plus
the thickness of the joint with which the unit
is laid.
SPECIFIED DIMENSIONS are the
dimensions specified for the manufacture or
construction of masonry, masonry units,
joints or any other component of a structure.
GROUT LIFT is an increment of grout
height within the total grout pour.
GROUT POUR is the total height of
masonry wall to be grouted prior to the
erection of additional masonry. A grout pour
will consist of one or more grout lifts.
GROUTED HOLLOW-UNIT MASONRY is
that form of grouted masonry construction in
which certain designated cells of hollow
units are continuously filled with grout.
GROUTED MULTIWYTHE MASONRY is
that form of grouted masonry construction in
which the space between the wythes is
solidly or periodically filled with grout.
JOINTS:
BED JOINT is the mortar joint that is
horizontal at the time masonry units is
placed.
HEAD JOINT is the mortar joint having a
vertical transverse plane.
MASONRY UNIT is brick, tile, stone, glass
block or concrete block conforming to the
requirements specified in Section 702.
HOLLOW-MASONRY UNIT is a masonry
unit whose net cross-sectional areas (solid
area) in any plane parallel to the surface
containing cores, cells or deep frogs is less
than 75 percent of its gross cross-sectional
area measured in the same plane.
SOLID-MASONRY UNIT is a masonry unit
whose net cross-sectional area in any plane
parallel to the surface containing the cores
or cells at least 75 percent of the gross
cross-sectional area measured in the same
plane.
PRISM is an assemblage of masonry units
and mortar with or without grout used as a
test specimen for determining property
masonry.
REINFORCED MASONRY is that form of
masonry construction in which
reinforcement acting in conjunction with
masonry is used to resist forces.
SHELL is the outer portion of a hollow
masonry unit as placed in masonry.
WALLS:
BONDED WALL is a masonry wall in which
two or more wythes are bonded to act as a
structural unit.
CAVITY WALL is a wall containing
continuous air space with a minimum width
of 51 mm and a maximum width of 114 mm
between wythes which are tied with metal
ties.
WALL TIE is a mechanical metal fastener
which connects wythes of masonry to each
other or to other materials.
I
WEB is an interior solid portion of a hollow-
masonry unit as placed in masonry.
WYTHE is the portion of a wall, which is one
masonry unit in thickness. A collar joint is
not considered a wythe.