Documente Academic
Documente Profesional
Documente Cultură
Basic of Physico-Chemical
Waste Water Treatment
1.1- Introduction to Physico-Chemical wastewater treatment
1.2- Unit operation and unit process
1.3- Physical and chemicals characteristics of wastewater
1.4- Microbiological characteristics of wastewater
1
COURSE OUTCOME
3
1.2 Unit Operation and unit
processes
Unit Operation involves only the methods in which
physical forces predominates.
e.g: sedimentation
4
Physical-chemical Treatment
Physical-Chemical
Treatment:
A process applied to
water and wastewater in
which chemical changes
may or may not occur.
Physical Treatment
Process applied to water and wastewater
in which no chemical changes occur.
Examples :
Sedimentation (Clarification)
Screening
Aeration
Filtration
Flotation and Skimming
Degasification
Equalization 5
Physical-chemical Treatment
Chemical Treatment
• Process applied to water and
wastewater in which chemical
changes occur.
• Examples:
Chlorination
Ozonation
Neutralization
Coagulation
Adsorption
Ion Exchange
6
Level of wastewater treatment
• A combination of unit operation and
unit process are form various levels of
treatment. There are known as
pretreatment, primary, secondary and
tertiary treatments.
7
Pretreatment Secondary Tertiary
Secondary
Tertiary
Primary
- Removal of WW - Removal of - Removal of residual SS
constituent e.g rags, grit, biodegradable organic after Secondary treatment
grease etc. with treatment matter by granular filtration or
operation and processes Secondary with nutrient microscreen
Primary removal Advanced Tertiary
- Removal of portion SS - Removal of - Removal of DS and
and organic matter from biodegradable organic suspended material after
WW. matter, SS and nutrient normal biological
Advanced primary treatment
Enhanced removal of SS
and Organic matter.
Accomplish by chemical
addition/ filtration.
Notes: WW (wastewater)
SS (Suspended solid) – Organic, Inorganic
DS (Dissolve solid)
8
Classification of wastewater treatments
Processes
9
Overview of water treatment
process
10
Overview of wastewater
treatment process
Please view Youtube: ‘wastewater treatment plant tour- ‘Flush to finish’ for more understanding on WW treatment
11
Classification and size range of
particle found in wastewater
12
Question to Ponder
Wastewater
nutrients Biodegradable
Where does it come
organic
Contaminants… from….
How does it affect
the living things/
Suspended Refractory Env….
solids organics
Heavy Dissolve
metal
inorganics solid
Pathogens
13
4 categories to describe water
quality
Physical
Related to the quality of water for domestic use.
Associated with the appearance of water
Eg. Color, turbidity, temperature, taste and odor.
Chemical
Sometimes evidenced by their observed reactions (comparative
performance of hard & soft waters in laundering)
Most often, differences are not visible.
Microbiology
Very important in their relation to public health
Significant in modifying the physical and chemical characteristic of
water
Radiological
Considered in areas where there is a possibility that the water may
have come in contact with radioactive substances
Vicky Inderan (JSG),Nur Alwani 14
Ali Bashah (FKK) UiTM, Penang
Physical Characteristic
15
1.3 PHYSICAL CHARACTERISTICS
The most important characteristic of
wastewater
Composed of floating matter, settleable
matter, colloidal matter and matter in solution.
Solids found in wastewater;
Total solids (TS)
Mass remain after evaporation at 103-105oC
Solid Total Suspended Solid (TSS)
17
Continue….
21
22
1.3 CHEMICAL CHARACTERISTICS
The hydrogen-ion concentration is an
important quality parameter of
wastewater.
24
Because nitrogen is an essential building block in the
synthesis of protein, nitrogen data will be required to
evaluate the treatability of wastewater by biological
processes.
25
Phosphorus is also essential to the growth of
algae and other biological organisms.
Phosphorus The organically bound phosphorus is an
important constituent of industrial wastewater
and sludge.
26
Common gases found in untreated WW N 2, O2, CO2
(Surface of WW contact with Atmosphere)
27
Continue….
Major clases ;
a) Nitrates (NO3) -
b) Cyanides (CN)
TOXIC c) Heavy metals constituents;
INORGANIC – arsenics (As), barium (Ba), cadmium (Cd),
SUBSTANCES chromium (Cr), lead (Pb), mercury (Hg),
selenium (Se), and silver (Ag)
- effects – cause poisons ( As and Cr 6+)
- chronic disease (Pb, Cd, and Hg)
28
Continue….
MEASUREMENT OF ORGANIC
SUBSTANCES
The analysis used to measure aggregate organic material may
be divided into 2;
To measure gross conc. of organic substance greater than
1.0 mg/L
To measure trace conc. in the range of 10-12 to 100 mg/L
29
Continue….
Biochemical Oxygen Demand(BOD)
The most widely used parameter of organic pollution
31
Chemical Oxygen Demand(COD)
To measure degree of oxidation/ degradation of
organics using strong chemical agent (dichromate
in an acid solution).
2−
(C a H b Oc ) + Cr2 0 7 + H + ⇒ Cr 3+ + CO2 + H 2 O
(+3)
(+6)
32
Measure difference of amount of K2Cr2O7 before
and after heating using ferrous ammonium sulfate
(FAS) as a reducing agent.
Higher than BOD (because more compounds can
be chemically oxidized than can be biologically
oxidized)
Ratio BOD/COD varies (usually 1.5: 2 for industrial
wastewater containing biodegradable material
(e.g. Food Industry).
For wastewaters with ratios higher than 3, it is
assumed that some oxidizable material in the
sample is not biodegradable.
Nonbiodegradable material sometimes is called
refractory and found mainly in wastewater from
chemical and pulp & paper industries.
33
Differences Between Biochemical Oxygen
Demand and Chemical Oxygen
Demand(COD)
BOD COD
Measures biodegradable Measures biodegradable
organics and non biodegradable
organics
Uses oxidizing Uses a strong chemical
microorganism agent
Affected by toxic Not affected
substance
Affected by temperature Not affected
5 days incubation 2 hrs
Accuracy + 10% Accuracy + 2%
34
Total Organic Carbon(TOC)
To determine total organic carbon in an aqueous
sample.
The test methods for TOC utilize heat & oxygen, ultraviolet
radiation, chemical oxidants, or some combination of these
methods to convert organic carbon to carbon dioxide
which is measured with an infrared analyzer or by other
means.
TOC can be used as a measure of its pollution
characteristics and in some cases, it has been possible to
relate TOC to BOD and COD values.
36
1.4
Microbiological characteristics of
Wastewater
• The environmental engineer must have considerable
knowledge of the
• biological of waste water because it is a very important
characteristics
• factor in wastewater treatment.
• The Engineer should know:-
• 1. The principal groups of microorganisms found in
wastewater.
• 2. The pathogenic organisms.
• 3. Indicator organisms (indicate the – presence of pathogens).
• 4. The methods used to amount the microorganisms.
• 5. The methods to evaluate the toxicity of treated wastewate
37
Main groups of Microorganisms:-
• The main microorganisms of
concern in wastewater treatment
are Bacteria, Fungi, Algae,
Protozoa, Viruses, and pathogenic
microorganisms groups.
38
1. Bacteria
• Types: Spheroid, rod curved rod, spiral,
filamentous. Some important bacteria:-
Bdellovibrio Acinetobacter
40
vi. Nitrosomonas: transform NH4 into NO2-
vii. Nitrobacter: transform NO2- to NO3-
viii. Coliform bacteria:-The most common type is E-Coli or
Echerichia Coli, (indicator for the presence of
pathogens).
E-Coli is measured in (No/100mL)
41
Nitrosomonas Nitrobacter Coliform bacteria
42
2. Fungi:
Important in decomposing organic matter to simple forms.
3. Algae:
Cause eutrophication phenomena. (negative effect)
Useful in oxidation ponds. (positive effect)
Cause taste and problems when decayed. (negative
effect)
4. Protozoa:
Feed on bacteria so they help in the purification of
treated waste water.
Some of them are pathogenic.
43
Fungi Algae Protozoa
44
5. Viruses:
• Viruses are a major hazard to public health. Some
viruses can live as long as
41 days in water and wastewater at 20ºC. They
cause lots of dangerous diseases.
6. Pathogenic organisms:
The main categories of pathogens are:-
Bacteria, Viruses, protozoa, helminthes
45