Prof. S.

Ben-Yaakov , DC-DC Converters [4- 1]

Forward and Flyback

(Converters with isolation)
4.1 Transfer of DC current via transformer
4.2 Forward
4.2.1 Voltage transfer function
4.2.2 Magnetization inductance problem
4.2.3 Transformer reset
4.2.4 Reset of forward
4.3 Coupled inductors
4.4 Flyback
4.4.1 Voltage transfer function
4.4.2 Flyback with multiple outputs
4.4.3 Characteristics of Flyback

Prof. S. Ben-Yaakov , DC-DC Converters [4- 2]

Is transfer of DC current possible?

s1
1:n Vo s2
Vin t
S1 S2
Io RL
Io Vin ⋅ n
RL
t

1
 Prof. S. Ben-Yaakov , DC-DC Converters [4- 3]

Replacing S2 by a Diode

S1 1:n D Vo
Vin
Io RL

Prof. S. Ben-Yaakov , DC-DC Converters [4- 4]

Forward Converter
L
1:n Vo
Vin
D1 IL C IR
D2 IC R

S T

Forward :
z T is a transformer
z Output section: Buck
z Buck derived

2
 Prof. S. Ben-Yaakov , DC-DC Converters [4- 5]

Voltage transfer function

S
L
1:n D1 VX Vo
Vin ON ON
IL C IR t
V2
D2 IC R Ts
V2 Vin ⋅ n
S
t
VX V2 − VD1

At steady state, over one switching cycle: t

VL = 0;
S + ≈ (nVin − Vo ) ⋅ t on ; Vo
S+ + S− = 0 ⇒ = nDon
S − ≈ ( − Vo ) ⋅ t off ; Vin

Prof. S. Ben-Yaakov , DC-DC Converters [4- 6]

Magnetization Inductance Problem

Vin 1:n

Lm

ideal
S

VLm
Vin
t

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 Prof. S. Ben-Yaakov , DC-DC Converters [4- 7]

Transformer Reset

Vin VL Vin
toff
t
Lm ton

Vin
S VL
Vreset
t
ton
( Vreset − Vin )

VinDon = ( Vreset − Vin )Doff

Prof. S. Ben-Yaakov , DC-DC Converters [4- 8]

Applying a Reset Winding

Vin
n1 n2 ON
IL OFF
Vin

n Lm1
S Vreset 3 Vreset

V V
Reset Requirements Doff reset ≥ in Don
n3 n1

4
 Prof. S. Ben-Yaakov , DC-DC Converters [4- 9]

Applying same source

Vin
n1 n2

n
S Vreset 3

Vin V n3 Don
Doff > in Don <
n3 n1 n1 Doff

Prof. S. Ben-Yaakov , DC-DC Converters [4- 10]

Assignment

Vin
n1 n2

n3
S Vreset

Given: 0.1<Don<0.7
What will be the voltage stress on S?

5
 Prof. S. Ben-Yaakov , DC-DC Converters [4- 11]

Reset of Forward
D1 L

Vin IL C IR
n1
D3 D2
n2 IC R

n3
S
Calculation of n3

z Calculation can be done by looking

at any of the windings n1, n2, n3

Prof. S. Ben-Yaakov , DC-DC Converters [4- 12]

Fundamental requirement:
Vn1 Vin
S1 S1=S2
n2 toff t
L m n1
ton S2
Vin
n1 1
ILm n3
n3 t

Vn1 Vin
v winding = o S1
toff
t
ton S
2
z Example: Looking at n1 ILm
2
t

6
 Prof. S. Ben-Yaakov , DC-DC Converters [4- 13]

VT
Vn1 Vin
S1=S2 n1
S1
toff t VinDoff ≥ VinDon
n3
ton S2
Vin
n1 1
ILm n3
t Doff
n3 ≤ n1
Don
Vn1 Vin
S1
toff Doff
t n3 ≤ n1
ton S
2
1 − Doff
ILm
2
t

Prof. S. Ben-Yaakov , DC-DC Converters [4- 14]

VT
Voltage on switch when “off”

n1
Vs = Vin + Vin Vn1 Vin
n3 Doff t
Don
Don max n1
Vs = Vin [1 + ] Vin
1 − Don max n3

7
 Prof. S. Ben-Yaakov , DC-DC Converters [4- 15]

Reset winding
I1 I2 L

Vin D1 IL C IR
n1
D3
n2 D2 IC R
Switch Current
I2 Ipk
n1
n= ton
n3 n2 toff t
S
TS
I1 n Ipk
z primary current is a reflection
n2 Ipk t
of I2 plus Im off t

Prof. S. Ben-Yaakov , DC-DC Converters [4- 16]

Taking into account Lm

I2 L
Vin ILm
n1 D1
ILm C
D3 R t
Lm n2 D2
I2n

t
n3
S IS I2n+ILm

8
 Prof. S. Ben-Yaakov , DC-DC Converters [4- 17]

Reset Current
n1 Don n1 Don
= Vreset = Vin = Vin
n3 1 − Don n3 1 − Don

Question 1: How does In3 look ? In3 Ipk?

t
toff
Question 2: If Dmax=0.3 TS
2.1 Calculate n1/n3
2.2 Find maximum voltage on switch

Prof. S. Ben-Yaakov , DC-DC Converters [4- 18]

Coupled inductor

n1
L1
L1

L2
n2 L2

2
L1  n1 
= 
L 2  n2 

9
 Prof. S. Ben-Yaakov , DC-DC Converters [4- 19]

Current in a Winding CAN be Interrupted !

S1
t
S2

S1 1:1 S2

V1 I1 I2 V2

Prof. S. Ben-Yaakov , DC-DC Converters [4- 20]

Energy stored in core

(not in wires)
S1
t S1 1:1 S2
S2
V1 I1 I2 V2
t
I1
V1 Ipk 1
L
At transition
t
tS Ipk1 = Ipk 2
I2 Ipk 2 V2
L N1 Ipk1 = N2 Ipk 2
t
tS

10
 Prof. S. Ben-Yaakov , DC-DC Converters [4- 21]

Coupled windings
S1 1:n S2 S1

V1 I1 I2 V2
L
S2 t

Problem: Leakage inductance t

I1
(will be discussed later) V1 Ipk 1
L
t
Ipk1 ⋅ 1 = Ipk 2 ⋅ n tS
I2 Ipk 2
V2
Ipk 2
Ipk1 = n2L
t
n
tS

Prof. S. Ben-Yaakov , DC-DC Converters [4- 22]

Diode replace a switch 1:n S2

V10 = n ⋅ V1 V1 V10 V2

S1 1:n
1
V20 = V2
n V1 V20 V2
(negative voltage)

S1 1:n

V1

11
 Prof. S. Ben-Yaakov , DC-DC Converters [4- 23]

Buck Boost
S D
Vo
Vin C R
L

Polarity Reversal

VinDon + VoDoff = 0

Vo D
= − on
Vin Doff

Prof. S. Ben-Yaakov , DC-DC Converters [4- 24]

Flyback
S D
Vo
Vin C R
L Buck Boost

S D
Vo Isolated Back-Boost
Vin C R Flyback

12
 Prof. S. Ben-Yaakov , DC-DC Converters [4- 25]

Flyback converter
1:n D1 Vo
Vin
C R

1:n Vo 1:n Vo
Vin Vin
Vo C R
C R I
n
nVin
ton toff
S S
Vo
Vin
n

Prof. S. Ben-Yaakov , DC-DC Converters [4- 26]

Voltage transfer function

The average voltage method

1:n D1 Vo Voltage across primary

Vin
C R
V1 V1 -V
in
toff
S t
ton Vo
n
Ts
Vo
Vin ⋅ t on = ⋅ t off
n
V Vo D
Vin ⋅ Don = o ⋅ Doff = n on
n Vin Doff

13
 Prof. S. Ben-Yaakov , DC-DC Converters [4- 27]

Voltage transfer function

The ∆I method
n1 n2 D1 Vo
Vin ton
L1 I2 C R t
Ts
L2
I1 I1
∆I1
S n2 t
I2
n1 ∆I1
Vin V t
n1∆I1 = n2 ∆I2 n1 t on = n2 o t off ;
L1 L2
2
n2 L1 Vo t on Don n2  n1  Vo Don Vo n2 Don
= =   = =
n1 L 2 Vin t off Doff n1  n2  Vin Doff Vin n1 Doff

Prof. S. Ben-Yaakov , DC-DC Converters [4- 28]

Flyback with multiple outputs

Vin Vo1
D1
n1 C1 R1

Vo2
D2
R2
n2 C2
S

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 Prof. S. Ben-Yaakov , DC-DC Converters [4- 29]

Flyback
ton toff
n1 n1
Vin Vin Vo1
Vo1

R1 C1 R1
C1

n2 n2
Vo2 Vo2
C2
C2 R2
R2

n1Vo1 = n2 Vo2

Prof. S. Ben-Yaakov , DC-DC Converters [4- 30]

Characteristics of Flyback

z Isolation
z Step-up or Step-down
z Discontinuous current at input and
output (Buck-Boost Derived)
z Multiple outputs (economical)

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 Prof. S. Ben-Yaakov , DC-DC Converters [4- 31]

Exercise
10meg
R4

D1
out
Dbreak
L1 L2
V1 {L1} C1 RL
{Vin} {L1*(n*n)}
220u {Load}
out_gnd IC = 6
drain

S1 K K1
0 gate + K_Linear PA RA M E T E RS :
+
- - COUPLING = 1 n = 0.5
L1 = l1 Vin = 12
V1 = 0 V2 Sbreak L2 = l2 L1 = 300u
V2 = 15 Load = 10
TD = 0
TR = 0.01u 0
TF = 0.01u
PW = 10u
PER = 20u
0

z Find by simulation Llkg and Lm of the magnetic body if k=.9

z Calculate Ap of magnetic element

16