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Finite Element
Analysis
Using ANSYS for
Finite Element
Analysis
A Tutorial for Engineers
Volume I
10 9 8 7 6 5 4 3 2 1
Keywords
List of Figures ix
Preface xi
1 Introduction to Finite Element Analysis 1
1.1 Finite Element Method 1
1.2 Review Topics 15
1.3 General Steps of FEM 26
1.4 The Most Common Finite Element Types 27
1.5 Types of Element Formulation Methods 27
1.6 Derivation of Spring Element Equations Using
Direct Method 28
1.7 Bar Element Formulation Using Direct Method 31
1.8 Examples of Linear FEM 34
1.9 FEA: Modeling, Errors, and Accuracy 48
2 Static Analysis Using ANSYS 53
2.1 Overview of Structural Analysis 53
2.2 Static Analysis Procedure 54
3 Geometric Modeling 65
3.1 Typical Steps Involved in Model Generation
Within ANSYS 65
3.2 Importing Solid Models Created in CAD Systems 66
3.3 Solid Modeling 68
3.4 Tutorial 1: Solid Modeling Using 2D Primitives 69
3.5 Tutorial 2: Solid Modeling Using 3D Primitives 79
viii • Contents
This work could also be very helpful for the students of senior design
(mechanical system design) and (FEA for large deformation problems). In
addition, it could be used for computer sessions of short courses on stress
analysis techniques and finite element analysis offered by the Mechanical
Engineering department.
After giving a brief introduction to the finite element analysis and
modeling, various guided tutorials have been included in this manual.
Several new tutorials have been developed and others adapted from
different sources including ANSYS manuals in two volumes, ANSYS
workshops and Internet resources. Tutorials have been arranged in each
volume according to the flow of the course and cover topics such as
solid modeling using 2D and 3D primitives available in ANSYS, static
structural analysis (truss, beam, 2D and 3D structures), dynamic analysis
(harmonic and modal analysis), and thermal analysis.
Wael A. Altabey, Assistant Professor, Department of Mechanical
Engineering, Faculty of Engineering, Alexandria University, Alexandria
(21544), Egypt. Postdoctoral follow, International Institute for Urban
Systems Engineering, Southeast University, Nanjing, Jiangsu (210096),
China.
Mohammad Noori, Professor, Department of Mechanical Engineering,
California Polytechnic State University, San Luis Obispo, CA 93405,
USA.
E-mail: wael.altabey@gmail.com
mnoori@outlook.com
Chapter 1
Introduction to Finite
Element Analysis
The field of mechanics can be subdivided into three major areas: theo-
retical, applied, and computational. Theoretical mechanics deals with
fundamental laws and principles of mechanics studied for their intrinsic
scientific value. Applied mechanics transfers this theoretical knowledge
to scientific and engineering applications, especially through the con-
struction of mathematical models of physical phenomena. Computational
mechanics solves specific problems by simulation through numerical
methods implemented on digital computers.
One of the most important advances in applied mathematics in the
20th century has been the development of the finite element method as
a general mathematical tool for obtaining approximate solutions to
boundary-value problems. The theory of finite elements draws on almost
every branch of mathematics and can be considered as one of the richest
and most diverse bodies of the current mathematical knowledge.
Physical
problem
Exact solution
Approximate
for approximate
solution for
model
exact model
FEM approach
Figure 1.1. A diagram of the two common branches of the general modeling
solution.
Introduction to Finite Element Analysis • 3
Temperature
max Equivalent
stress
min
max
min
Element Si
1 2
Area of one triangle = Si = R sin qi
2
N
1 2 2p
Area of one circle = ∑Si = R N sin
i =1 2 N
Verification
Mathematical discretization + solution error
model
FEM
Solution
Physical Discrete
Complicated model
problem solution
Verification
solution error
Mathematical
model
Solution
Physical Discrete
Complicated model
problem solution
Verification
solution error
Simulation error = Modeling + Solution error
FEA uses a complex system of points called nodes, which make a grid
called a mesh. Figure 1.6 shows a two-dimensional FE model for a gear
Introduction to Finite Element Analysis • 7
Typical
element
Typical
node
tooth. All nodes and elements lie in the plane of the paper. This mesh
is programmed to contain the material and structural properties, which
define how the structure will react to certain loading conditions. Nodes
are assigned at a certain density throughout the material depending on
the anticipated stress levels of a particular area. Regions that will receive
large amounts of stress usually have a higher node density than those that
experience little or no stress. Points of interest may consist of: fracture
point of previously tested material, fillets, corners, complex detail, and
high-stress areas. The mesh acts like a spider web, in that from each node,
there extends a mesh element to each of the adjacent nodes. This web of
vectors is what carries the material properties to the object creating many
elements (theory).
A wide range of objective functions (variables within the system)
is available for minimization or maximization: mass, volume, tempera-
ture, strain energy, stress strain, force, displacement, velocity, accelera-
tion, synthetic (user-defined). There are multiple loading conditions that
may be applied to a system. Point, pressure, thermal, gravity, and centrif-
ugal static loads, thermal loads from solution of heat transfer analysis,
enforced displacements, heat flux and convection, point, pressure, and
gravity dynamic loads. Each FEA program may come with an element
library or one is constructed over time. Some sample elements are: rod
elements, beam elements, plate or shell or composite elements, shear
panel, solid elements, spring elements, mass elements, rigid elements,
and viscous damping elements. Many FEA programs also are equipped
with the capability to use multiple materials within the structure such as:
8 • Using ANSYS for Finite Element Analysis
• Geometry
• Material model (constitutive model)
• Loading
• Support or boundary conditions
F
Linear
Nonlinear
not induce significant inertia and damping effects. Steady loading and
response conditions are assumed; that is, the loads and the structure’s
response are assumed to vary slowly with respect to time. The kinds of
loading that can be applied in a static analysis include:
1.1.6.4 Harmonic Analysis
1.1.6.5 Spectrum Analysis
Spectrum analysis is one in which the results of a modal analysis are used
with a known spectrum to calculate displacements and stresses in the
model. It is mainly used in place of a time history analysis to determine
the response of structures to random or time-dependent loading condi-
tions such as earthquakes, wind loads, ocean wave loads, jet engine thrust,
rocket motor vibrations, and so on.
1.1.6.7 Nonlinear Analysis
1.1.6.8 Contact Problems
from, and all are nonlinear. Frictional response can be chaotic, making
solution convergence difficult.
In addition to these two difficulties, many contact problems must also
address multi-field effects, such as the conductance of heat and electrical
currents in the areas of contact.
1.1.6.9 Fracture Mechanics
1.1.6.10 Composites
Composite materials have been used in structures for a long time. In recent
times, composite parts have been used extensively in aircraft structures,
automobiles, sporting goods, and many consumer products.
Composite materials are those containing more than one bonded
material, each with different structural properties. The main advantage of
composite materials is the potential for a high ratio of stiffness to weight.
Composites used for typical engineering applications are advanced fiber
or laminated composites, such as fiberglass, glass epoxy, graphite epoxy,
and boron epoxy.
FEA allows you to model composite materials with specialized ele-
ments called layered elements. Once you build your model using these
elements, you can do any structural analysis (including nonlinearities such
as large deflection and stress stiffening).
Introduction to Finite Element Analysis • 13
1.1.6.11 Fatigue
Advantages:
Disadvantages
1.1.8 Areas of Application
1.1.8.1 Structural
• A1 Stress analysis
• A2 Buckling
• A3 Vibration analysis
• A4 …..
1.1.8.2 Nonstructural
• B1 Heat transfer
• B2 Fluid flow
• B3 Distribution of electric or magnetic
• B4 Lubrication
• B5 …..
• A + B1 Thermal analysis
• B1 + B2 Convective flow
• A + B1 + B2 Manufacturing processes
• Mechanical engineering
• Aerospace engineering
• Civil engineering
Introduction to Finite Element Analysis • 15
• Automobile engineering
• Electrical engineering
• Chemical engineering
• Geomechanics
• Biomechanics
1.2 Review Topics
Matrix Algebra
• A matrix is an m × n array of numbers arranged in m rows and n
columns.
• m = n A square matrix.
• m = 1 A row matrix.
• n = 1 A column matrix.
• aij Element of matrix a row i, column j
n
cij = ∑aie � bie
e =1
[aij] = [aji]T
The identity matrix (or unit matrix) is denoted by the symbol [I]:
[a ][ I ] = [ I ][a ] = [a]
1 0 0
[ I ] = 0 1 0
0 0 1
Differentiating a matrix:
d daij
dx
[ a] =
dx
1 a11 a12 x
U= [x y]
a22 y
2 a21
∂U
∂x a a12 x
∂U =
11
a21 a22 y
∂y
Integrating a matrix:
[a ]� dx = ∫a� ij dx
[a ][a ]−1 = [ I ]
To find the inverse of a matrix, first find the determinant of the matrix:
|a| = determinant of the matrix [a]
Next, calculate the cofactors of [a]. Cofactors of [aij] are given by:
cij = (−1)i + j d
Introduction to Finite Element Analysis • 17
Where matrix d is the first minor of [aij] and is matrix [a] with row i and
column j deleted.
Finally, determine the inverse
aij
−1
=
[c ]T
a
1.2.2 Elasticity Equations
y
σy
x
z
τ yx
τ yz xy
τx
τ zy
τzx τxz
σz
T
T = Tx Ty Tz
T
Pi = Px Py Pz
i
Where s x , s y , and s z are normal stresses and txy , t yz , and tzx are shear
stresses. Let us consider equilibrium of the elemental volume shown in
Figure 1.9. First, we get forces on faces by multiplying the stresses by
the corresponding areas. Writing ∑ Fzx = 0, ∑ Fy = 0, and ∑ Fz = 0 and
recognizing dV = dx dy dz, we get the equilibrium equations:
∂s x ∂txy ∂txz
+ + + Fx = 0
∂x ∂y ∂z
∂txy ∂s y ∂t yz
+ + + Fy = 0
∂x ∂y ∂z
∂txz ∂t yz s z
+ + + Fz = 0
∂x ∂y ∂z
y σyy
σyx
σyz σxy
σzy σxx
σzx σxz
x
σzz
1.2.2.2 Strain–Displacement Relationship
∂u ∂u ∂v
ex = gzy = +
∂x ∂y ∂x
∂v ∂u ∂w
ey = gxz = +
∂y ∂z ∂x
∂w ∂w ∂v
ez = g yz = +
∂z ∂y ∂z
In matrix form:
∂
∂x 0 0
∂
ex 0 0
∂y
e
y ∂
e 0 0 u
z = ∂z
v
gxy ∂ ∂
∂y 0 w
∂x
gxz
g ∂ ∂
yz 0
∂z ∂x
0 ∂ ∂
∂z ∂y
1.2.2.3 Stress-Strain Relationships
For linear elastic materials, the stress–strain relations come from the gen-
eralized Hooke’s law. For isotropic materials, the two material properties
are Young’s modulus (or modulus of elasticity) E and Poisson’s ratio ν.
For a three-dimensional case, the state of stress at any point in relation to
the state of strain as follows:
20 • Using ANSYS for Finite Element Analysis
1 − v v v 0 0 0
e
s x v 1 − v v 0 0 0 x
s v v 1 − v 0 0 0 e y
y
s 1 − 2v
z = 0 0 0 0 0 ez
g
txy 2
xy
1 − 2v
t yz 0 0 0 0 0 g yz
2
t
zx 1 − 2v gzx
0 0 0 0 0
2
In matrix notation:
{s} = [ D] {e}
Where [D] is known as a stress–strain matrix or material properties matrix
and is given by:
1 − v v v 0 0 0
v 1− v v 0 0 0
v v 1− v 0 0 0
1 − 2v
E
[ D ] = (1 + v)(1 − 2v) 0 0 0 0 0
2
1 − 2v
0 0 0 0 0
2
1 − 2v
0 0 0 0 0
2
1.2.2.4 Special Cases
One dimension: In one dimension, we have normal stress along the x-axis
and the corresponding normal strain. Stress–strain relations are simply to:
{σx}=[E]{εx}
P P
z
σx = 0
τxz = 0
τzy = 0
(a)
P P
z
εz = 0
γzx = 0
γyz = 0
(b)
s 1 u 0 ex
x
s y = u 1 0 e y
txy 0 0 1 − u gxy
2
s 1 u 0 ex
x
E
s y = u 1 0 e y
(1 + v ) (1 − 2v ) 1 − u gxy
txy 0 0
2
22 • Using ANSYS for Finite Element Analysis
1.2.3.1 Cramer’s Rule
d (i )
xi =
a
Example:
Consider a set of three linear algebraic equations given as follows:
− x1 + 3 x2 − 2 x3
2 x1 − 4 x2 + 2 x3
4 x2 + x3
In matrix form:
−1 3 −2 x1 2
2 −4 2 x = 1
2
0 4 1 x3 3
−1 3 −2
a = 2 −4 2 = ( −1) ( −4 − 8) − (3) ( 2 − 0) + ( −2) (8 − 0) = 12 − 6 − 16 = 10
0 4 1
d (1) 2 3 −2
1 −41
x1 = = 1 −4 2 = = 4.1
a (−10) −10
3 4 1
Introduction to Finite Element Analysis • 23
d ( 2) −1 2 −2
1 −11
x2 = = 2 1 2 = = 1.1
a (−10) −10
0 3 1
d (3) −1 3 2
1 −14
x3 = = 2 −4 1 = = 1.4
a (−10) −10
0 4 3
1.2.3.2 Inversion
[a ]{ x} = {c}
[ I ]{ x} = [a ]−1 {c}
∴ { x} = [ a ] {c}
−1
Example:
−1 3 −2 x1 2
2 −4 2 x = 1
2 using inversion,
0 4 1 x3 3
1.2.3.3 Gaussian Elimination
a11 a1n x1 c1
=
an1 ann xn cn
24 • Using ANSYS for Finite Element Analysis
3. Repeat the process for the remaining rows until we have a triangu-
larized system of equations:
cnn −1
xn = n −1
ann
n
1
xi =
aii
a1, n +1 − ∑ air xr
r = i +1
Example:
2 2 1 x1 9
2 1 0 x = 4
2
1 1 1 x3 6
2 2 1 x1 9
0 −1 −1 x = −5
2
0 0 0.5 x3 1.5
2 2 1 x1 9
0 −1 −1 x = −5
2
0 0 0.5 x3 1.5
x3 =
c3''
=
( 3 2) = 3
a33
''
( 12)
x2 =
( −5 + 3) = 2
−1
26 • Using ANSYS for Finite Element Analysis
x1 =
(9 − 2 ( 2) − 3) = 1
2
There are two general approaches associated with the finite element
method to solve the governing equations: force (or flexibility) method and
displacement (or stiffness) method. The force method uses internal forces
as the unknown of the problem, whereas the displacements are the sys-
tem variable in displacement method. The displacement method is more
desirable because its formulation is simpler for most structural analysis
problems. Furthermore, a vast majority of general-purpose finite element
programs have incorporated the displacement formulation for solving
structural problems. Consequently, only the displacement method will be
used throughout this course.
The basic steps involved in any FEA consist of the following:
Preprocessing phase (build the FE model, loads, and constraints)
To develop the stiffness matrix and equations for two- and three-
dimensional elements, it is much easier to apply a work or energy method.
These are based on variational calculus. The variational method is appli-
cable to problems that can be stated by certain integral expressions such
as the expression for potential energy. The principle of virtual work (using
virtual displacement), the principle of minimum potential energy, and
Castigliano’s theorem are methods frequently used for the purpose of der-
ivation of element equations. The principle of virtual work is applicable
for any material behavior, whereas the principle of minimum potential
energy and Castigliano’s theorem are applicable only to elastic materials.
For the purpose of extending, FEM outside the structural stress anal-
ysis field, a functional (a scalar function of other functions) analogous to
the one to be used with the principle of minimum potential energy is quite
useful in deriving the element stiffness matrix and equations.
xˆ
ƒˆ1x ,dˆ1x ƒˆ2x ,dˆ2x
L
∧ ∧
f 1x k11 k12 d 1x ∧ ∧ ∧
∧ = ⇒ f = k d
f k21 k22 ∧
2x d
2x
k
2
1 ˆx
L
1 k 2
T
T x̂
dˆ1x dˆ2x
1
x y
x2 xy y2
x3 x2 y x y2 y3
x4 x3 y x2 y2 x y3 y4
∧ ∧
u = a1 + a2 x
∧ ∧ a1
u = 1 x
a2
Express u^ as a function of nodal displacements ( d 1x , d 2 x ).
∧ ∧
30 • Using ANSYS for Finite Element Analysis
∧
∴ u = [ N ] d
∧
∧ ∧
x x
Where N1 = 1 − and N 2 =
L L
N1 and N2 are called shape functions or interpolation functions. They
express the shape of the assumed displacements. The sum of all shape
functions at any point within an element should be equal to 1.
N1 = 1 N2 = 0 at node 1
N1 = 0 N2 = 1 at node 2
N1 + N2 = 1
N1 N2 N1 N2
1 2 1 2
1 2
L
L L
In matrix form,
∧ ∧
− k d 1x ∧ ( e) ∧( )
∧ ( e)
e
f 1x k
∧ = ⇒ f = k d
f −k k ∧
2x d 2 x
This vector does not imply a simple summation of the element matrices,
but rather denotes that these element matrices must be assembled properly
satisfying compatibility conditions.
Step 6: Solve for nodal displacements
Displacements are then determined by imposing boundary conditions, such
as support conditions, and solving a system of equations, {F} = [K]{d},
simultaneously.
Step 7: Solve for element forces
Once displacements at each node are known, then substitute back into
element stiffness equations to obtain element nodal forces.
ˆy T
x̂, û
2
L dˆ2x , f̂2x
1
θ
T
x
dˆ1x , fˆ1x
32 • Using ANSYS for Finite Element Analysis
Assumptions:
∧ ∧
• The bar cannot sustain shear force, that is, f 1 y = 0, f 2 y = 0.
• Any effect of transverse displacement is ignored.
• Hooke’s law applies, that is, s x = E e x.
• No intermediate applied loads.
∧ ∧
f 1x k11 k12 d 1x ∧ ∧ ∧
∧ = ⇒ f = k d
f k21 k22 ∧
2x d 2 x
∧ ∧
u = a1 + a2 x
∧ ∧
∧ ∧ d 2 x − d 1x
At x = L u = d 2 x ∴ u ( L) = a1 + a2 ( L) = d 2 x ∴ a1 =
∧ ∧ ∧
L
Substituting values of coefficients:
∧
∧ ∧
∧ ∧ ∧ ∧
∧ d 2 x − d 1x ∧ x ∧ x ∧ x x d 1x
d 2 x = 1 −
∧
∴u = d 1x + x = 1− d 1x +
L L L L L ∧
d 2 x
∧
∴ u = [ N ] d
∧
∧ ∧
x x
Where N1 = 1 − and N 2 =
L L
Step 3: Define the strain/displacement and stress/strain relationships
From the definition of strain, the strain/displacement relationship can be
derived as:
∧ ∧ ∧ ∧
d u d d 1x dN1 dN 2 d 1x 1 1 d 1x
∴ {e} = = [ N1 N2 ] = = − L
dx dx d∧2 x dx dx ∧ L ∧
d 2 x d 2 x
∧
∴ {e} = [ B ] d
In matrix form,
∧ ∧
f 1x AE 1 −1 d 1x ∧ (e ) ∧ (e ) ∧ (e )
= ⇒ f = k d
f∧ L −1 1 d∧2 x
2x
Steps 5 to 7 are same as before.
34 • Using ANSYS for Finite Element Analysis
Example 1
For the structure shown in the figure, determine the nodal displacements,
the forces in each element, and the reactions.
2 3
2
1 1 2 3 15 kN 4 E = 210 GPa
3m A = 3 × 10–4 m2
4 5
2
3m
EA
k= the stiffness of element
L
All elements of the previous figure have the same material and
dimensions.
EA 1 −1
k (1) = k ( 2) = k (3) = k ( 4) = k =
L −1 1
21 −21
k= *10
3
−21 21
K = k1 + k2 + k3 + k4
21 −21 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0
−21 21 0 0 0 0 21 −21 0 0 0 21 0 −21 0 0 21 0 0 −21
K = 10 * 0
3
0 0 0 0 + 0 −21 21 0 0 + 0 0 0 0 0 + 0 0 0 0 0
0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 −21 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0
0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 −21 0 21
0 0 0 0 0 0
Introduction to Finite Element Analysis • 35
21 −21 0 0 0
−21 84 −21 −21 −21
K = 10 * 0
3
−21 21 0 0
0 −21 0 21 0
0 −21 0 0 21
The nodal displacement equations:
{F}=[K ]{d}
F1x d1x
F d
2 x 2 x
F3 x = [ K ] d3 x
F d
4x 4x
F5 x d5 x
F1x 21 −21 0 0 0 0
15000 −21 84 −21 −21 −21 d 2 x
F3 x = 10 * 0 −21 21 0 0
3
0
F
0 −21 0 21 0 0
4x
F5 x 0 −21 0 0 21 0
F4 x = −21*103 * d 2 x (4)
F5 x = −21*103 * d 2 x (5)
f1(x1) = −21*103 * d 2 x
f1(x1) = −3.75 kN
f 2(x2) 3 21 −21 d 2 x
( 2) = 10 *
f3 x −21 21 d3 x = 0
f 2(x2) = 21*103 * d 2 x
f 2(x2) = 3.75 kN
f 2(x2) = 21*103 * d 2 x
f 2(x2) = 3.75 kN
f 2(x2) 3 21 −21 d 2 x
( 2) = 10 *
f5 x −21 21 d5 x = 0
f 2(x2) = 21*103 * d 2 x
f 2(x2) = 3.75 kN
Example 2
Derive a finite element to solve this problem.
1000 lb
60°
3 2
1000 lb
30° 1
3
4
c2 cs −c 2 −cs
cs s2 −cs −s2
=
2
−c −cs c2 cs
− cs −s2 cs s2
c2 cs s2
β1 = 120° 0.25 −0.433 0.75
β2 = 180° 1 0 0
β3 = 210° 0.75 0.433 0.25
Ei Ai
k (i ) =
Li
[ Ri ] i = 1, 2, 3
38 • Using ANSYS for Finite Element Analysis
i =3
[ K ] = ∑k (i ) i = 1, 2, 3
i =1
Example 3
Analyze a thin plate of uniform thickness t = 5 mm using an appropriate
finite element formulated in part (a) and (b). The recommended mesh
for the plate is shown in the figure. Determine the displacement at point
(250, 125) and stresses in the element A only. Use E = 210 GPa and
ʋ = 0.30.
4 3
(4)
(1), A 5
(3) 250 mm
(2)
1 2
500 mm 30°
(a) 40 kN
m=4
(1) j=5
i=1
1
A= bh
2
1
A = ( 250)( 250) = 31250 mm 2
2
t = 5 mm
bi 0 bj 0 bm 0
1
[B] = 2 A 0 gi 0 gj 0 gm
gi bi gj bj gm bm
bm = yi − y j = 0 − 125 = −125
gi = xm − x j = 0 − 250 = −250
g j = xi − xm = 0 − 0 = 0
gm = x j − xi = 250 − 0 = 250
40 • Using ANSYS for Finite Element Analysis
For plane stress, the [D] matrix is conveniently expressed here as:
1 u 0
E
[D] = 2
u 1 0
(1 − u )
1− u
0 0
2
1 0.3 0
210000
[D] = 0 .3 1 0
0.91
0 0 0.35
−125 0 −250
0
−250 −125
1 0.3 0
T 210000 250 0 0
Then, [ B ] [ D ] = 0.3 1 0
62500(0.91) 0 0 250
0 0 0.35
−125 0 250
0 250 −125
Element (2)
m=5
(2)
i=1 j=2
1
A= bh
2
1
A= (500)(125) = 31250 mm2
2
bi = y j − ym = −125
b j = ym − yi = 125
bm = yi − y j = 0
gi = xm − x j = −250
g j = xi − xm = −250
gm = x j − xi = 500
42 • Using ANSYS for Finite Element Analysis
−125 0 125 0 0 0
[ B ] = 62500 0 −250 0 −250 0 500
1
1 0.3 0
[ D ] = 0.91 0.3 1 0
210000
0 0 0.35
−125 0 −250
0 −250 −125
1 0.3 0
210000 125 −250
0
0
Then, [ B ] [ D ] =
T
0.3 1
62500(0.91) 0 −250 125
0 0 0.35
0 0 500
0 500 0
Element (3)
j=3
m=5 (3)
i=2
1
A = bh
2
1
A = ( 250)( 250) = 31250 mm 2
2
b j = ym − yi =125
bm = yi − y j = − 250
gi = xm − x j = − 250
g j = xi − xm = 250
gm = x j − xi = 0
1 0.3 0
210000
[D] = 0 .3 1 0
0.91
0 0 0.35
125 0 −250
0 −250 125
1 0.3 0
210000 125 250
[ B ] [ D ] = 62500(0.91) 0 250 125 0.3 1 0
T 0
0 0 0.35
−250
0 0
0 0 −250
44 • Using ANSYS for Finite Element Analysis
m=4 j=3
(4)
i=5
1
A = bh
2
1
A = (500)(125) = 31250 mm 2
2
bi = y j − ym = 0
b j = ym − yi =125
Introduction to Finite Element Analysis • 45
bm = yi − y j = −125
gi = xm − x j = − 500
g j = xi − xm = 250
gm = x j − xi = 250
0 0 125 0 −125 0
1
[B] = 0 −500 0 250 0 250
62500
−500 0 250 125 250 125
1 0.3 0
[ D ] = 0.91 0.3 1 0
210000
0 0 0.35
0 0 −500
0 −500 0
1 0.3 0
210000 125 250
0
0
Then, [ B ] [ D ] =
T
0.3 1
62500(0.91) 0 250 125
0 0 0.35
−125 0 250
0 250 −125
0 0 −175
−150 −500 0
125 37.5 87.5
∴ [ B ] [ D ] = 3.6923
T
75 250 43.75
−125 −37.5 87.5
75 250 −43.75
0 0 −175
−150 −500 0
0 0 125 0 −125 0
125 87.5
[k ] = (5)(31250)(3.6923) 75 250 43.75 × 62500 0 −500 0 250 0 250
37.5 1
−500 0 250 125 250 125
−125 −37.5 87.5
75 250 −43.75
46 • Using ANSYS for Finite Element Analysis
0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0
0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0
0 0 37500 −20313 −6250 −1563 0 0 −31250 21875
0 0 −20313 67979 1563 −57031 0 0 18750 −10938
0 0 −6250 1563 37500 −20313 0 0 −31250 −21875
( )
k = 9.2308 ∗
3
0 0 −1563 −57031 −20313 67979 0 0 −18750 −10938
0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0
0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0
0 0 −31250 18750 −31250 −18750 0 0 62500 0
0 0 21875 −10938 −21875 −10938 0 0 0 21875
Introduction to Finite Element Analysis • 47
0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0
0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0
0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0
0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0
0 0 0 0 37500 20310 6250 −1560 −43750 −18750
( )
k = 9.2308 ∗
4
0 0 0 0 20310 67979 1560 57030 −221880 −125000
0 0 0 0 6250 1560 37500 −20310 −43750 18750
0 0 0 0 −1560 57030 −20310 67970 21880 −125000
0 0 0 0 −43750 −21880 −43750 21880 87500 0
0 0 0 0 −18750 −125000 18750 −125000 0 250000
[ K ] = 9.2308 ∗
75000 40626 6250 −1560 0 0 −6250 1563 −75000 −40625
40626 135939 1560 57030 0 0 −1563 −57031 −40630 −135938
6250 1560 75000 −40623 −6250 −1563 0 0 −75000 40625
−1560 57030 −40623 135949 1563 −57031 0 0 40630 −135938
0 0 −6250 1563 75000 0 6250 −1560 −75000 −40625
0 0 −1563 −57031 0 135958 1560 57030 −40630 −135938
−6250 −1563 0 0 6250 1560 75000 −40623 −75000 40625
1563 −57031 0 0 −1560 57030 −40623 135939 40630 −135938
−75000 −40630 −75000 40630 −75000 −40630 −75000 40630 243750 0
−40625 −135938 40625 −135938 −40625 −135938 40625 −135938 0 543750
{F} = [K]{d}
R1x 75000 40626 6250 −1560 0 0 −6250 1563 −75000 −40625 0
R
1 y 40626 1359 −1563 −57031 −40630 −135938 0
939 1560 57030 0 0
20000 6250 1560 75000 −40623 −6250 −1563 0 0 −75000 40625 2x
34641 −1560 57030 −40623 135949 1563 −57031 0 0 40630 −135938 2y
R 0 −6250 −1560 −75000 −40625 0
3x 0 1563 75000 0 6250
=
R3 y 0 0 −1563 −57031 0 135958 1560 57030 −40630 −135938 0
R −6250 −1563 0 0 6250 1560 750000 −40623 −75000 40625 0
4x
R4 y 1563 −57031 0 0 −1560 57030 −40623 135939 40630 −135938 0
−75000 −40630 −75000 40630 −75000 −40630 −75000 40630 243750 0
0 5x
−40625 −135938 40625 −135938 −40625 −135938 40625 −135938
0
0 543750 5y
By using MATLAB, we can solve them and the results are as follows:
R1x = − 7.6722 kN , R1 y = 13.675 kN , R1 = 15.680 kN
R3 x = − 13.483 kN , R3 y = − 42.210 kN , R3 = 44.311 kN
R4 x = − 4.4911 kN , R4 y = − 6.1025 kN , R4 = 7.5770 kN
d 2 x = 0.0632 mm, d 2 y = 0.0513 mm
d5 x = 0.0109 mm, d5 y = 0.0081 mm
{s} = [ D ][ B ]{d }
The stress for element A, we then have
d1x
d
1 u 1y
0 b1 0 b5 0 b4 0
E 1 d5 x
{s} = u 1 0 × g1 g5 g4
(1 − u )
0 0 0
2 2A d5 y
1− u g1 b1 g5 b5 g4 b4
0 0 d
2 4x
d 4 y
Substituting numerical values for matrix [D], [B] given by the analysis of
element A and the appropriate part of {d}, we can obtain:
0
0
1 0.3 0 −125 0 250 2 −125 0
210000 × 0 0.0109
{s} = 0 .3 1 0 −250 0 0 0 250
0.0081
0.91( 62500)
0 0 0.35 −250 −125 0 250 250 −125
0
0
s 10.0615
x
s y = 3.0185 Mpa
2.6169
txy
hO
hO + ∆h P
x x, u
LT 4@L = LT
(a) (b)
Figure 1.12. (a) A tapered bar loaded by axial force P, (b) Discretization of the
bar into four uniform two-node elements of equal length.
1.9.2 Discretization Error
Let us now consider the axially tapered bar of Figure 1.4 in more detail
and describe how the FEM implements the mathematical model. We will
assume that a satisfactory mathematical model is based on a state of uniax-
ial stress. An analytical solution is then rather easy, but we pretend not to
know it and ask for an FE solution instead. We discretize the mathematical
model by dividing it into two node elements of constant cross-section, as
shown in Figure 1.4b. Each element has length L, accounts only for a con-
stant uniaxial stress along its length, and has an axial deformation given
by the elementary formula PL/AE. For each element, A may be taken as
constant and equal to the cross-sectional area of the tapered bar at an x
coordinate corresponding to the element center. The displacement of load
P is equal to the sum of the element deformations. Intuitively, we expect
that the exact displacement be approached as more and more elements
are used to span the total length LT. However, even if many elements are
used there is an error, known as discretization error, which exists because
the physical structure and the mathematical model each has infinitely
many degrees of freedom (DOF) (namely, the displacements of infinitely
many points), while the FE model has a finite number of DOF (the axial
displacements of its nodes).
Imagine that we carry out two FEAs, the second time using a more refined
mesh. The second FE model will have lesser discretization error than the
first, and will also represent the geometry better if the physical object has
Introduction to Finite Element Analysis • 51
1.9.3 Numerical Error
After the analyst has introduced modeling error and discretization error, the
computer introduces numerical error by rounding or truncating numbers
as it builds matrices and solves equations. Usually, the numerical error is
small, but some modeling practices can greatly increase it.
FE computer programs have become widely available, easier to use,
and can display results with attractive graphics. Even an inept user can
produce some kind of answer. It is hard to disbelieve FE results because of
the effort needed to get them and the polish of their presentation. But, any
model, good or bad, can produce smooth and colorful stress contours. It
is possible that most FEAs are so flawed that they cannot be trusted. Even
a poor mesh, inappropriate element types, incorrect loads, or improper
supports may produce results that appear reasonable on casual inspection.
200 mm 20 mm
10
3c
2
3c
5 2 9
5
Displacement, mm
7
10
3b 9
10
0 2
7
8 5
1
1 9
7 3b
–5 8
5 8
1
10
–10
0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7
Figure 1.13. Lateral midpoint displacement versus time for a beam loaded by a
pressure pulse. The material is elastic-perfectly plastic. Plots were generated by
various users and various codes [2].
52 • Using ANSYS for Finite Element Analysis
A poor model may have defects that are not removed by refinement of
the mesh.
A responsible user must understand the physical nature of the
problem and the behavior of finite elements well enough to prepare a
suitable model and evaluate the quality of the results. Competence in
using FE for stress analysis does not imply competence in using FE for
(say) magnetic field problems. The engineer who uses the software, not
the software vendor, even if the results are affected by the errors in the
software, takes responsibility for the results produced.
Figure 1.13 is an example of discrepancies that may appear. A pressure
pulse is applied to a straight beam with hinge supports. The loading causes
the material to yield and the beam to vibrate. Analysis seeks to track the lat-
eral displacement of the midpoint as a function of time. The results plotted
come from 10 reputable analysis codes and were obtained by users regarded
as expert. Yet, if any of the curves is correct, we c annot tell which one it is.
Admittedly, the problem is difficult. The results indicate strong sensitivities
of both physical and computational nature. This example reminds us that
any analysis program is based on theory and approximation, and that a user
may push the program beyond its range of validity.
Index
A deformation, 132
addition of matrices, 15 element material properties,
algebraic equation. See linear 126
algebraic equations geometric properties,
ANSYS. See also geometric 125–126
modeling; static analysis listing the stresses, 130–132
model geometry loads, applying, 128–129
analysis type and analysis meshing, 126–127
options, 61–62 saving, 127
applying loads and obtaining solving, 129–130
solution, 61, 62–63 stresses, 133–134
initiate solution, 63 title, giving, 122
load step options, 63 type of element, 125
preprocessing plane problem (wrench)
analysis title, 55 ANSYS solution, 142–146
element real constants, 57–59 geometry, 142
element types, 56–57 loading, 142
jobname, 54–55 material properties, 142
linear material properties, methodology, 142
59–60 assembly design (static analysis)
material properties, 59 ANSYS solution, 154–160
nonlinear material properties, boundary condition, 154
60–61 geometry, 154
units, 55 loading, 154
results, 63–64 material properties, 154
applied mechanics, 1 methodology, 154
area elements, static analysis
plane problem (bracket), B
121–122, 134–141 bar element formulation, 31–33
analysis type, 127 beam elements, static analysis.
Boolean operations, 122–124 See also distributed loads on
constraints, 127–128 beam elements
deflection, 133 analysis type, 113
190 • Index