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PLL FM Transmitter
(PLL) method, making transmission
frequency rock-solid all the time, just
like commercial stations. Using DIP
switches, simply punch in the frequency
Joy Mukherji on which you wish to broadcast, and
you are on the air.
T
thuria
nidhi ka
his is a circuit that offers a chal-
lenge to electronics enthusiasts Circuit and working
and hobbyists—an FM trans- The circuit comprises two units. Unit
mitter that uses readily available com- band in 100kHz steps. The frequency 1 is the RF section of the transmitter,
ponents and covers the FM broadcast drift is controlled by phase-locked-loop shown in Fig. 1, which transmits the
FM signal. Unit 2 is the
A
TP1
PLL control section, shown
R1
B R3 C6 C7 C8 in Fig. 2, which helps in
RFC1* 33K 1n 1000u 1n
47K
25V L2# locking the transmission
frequency. The circuit uses
R8 ANT.
R2 47K L3# phase-lock loop that pro-
100K
S1 C1 C2 vides drift-free transmis-
22p TP2
POWER 470p T1 T2
VC1 sion frequency.
2N2222 2N2222
RFC2*
D1
L4# 50p The RF section is built
MV209 R7 around transistors T1-T4,
C3
CON1 15p
100E
R9 with T1 (2N2222) in Col-
12V L1#
C9 C4 C5 T3 T4
3.3K pitts oscillator configura-
100n R4
33K R5 15p 15p BF199 2N3866A tion. The frequency of the
330E WITH
JACK1 R6
TP0 HEATSINK oscillator is determined by
100E
AUDIO IN C coil L1 and capacitors C1,
D
GND
C2, C3 and C4. Modulating
S1 = ON/OFF SWITCH RFC1*, RFC2* AND L1# − L4# −− FOR DETAILS REFER TEXT
signal, which is in audio
Fig. 1: RF section of the transmitter (Unit 1) range, is fed through Jack1.
D1 is a varactor diode,
Parts List working in reverse-bias mode. Since
Semiconductors: C2 - 470pF ceramic disk
this is an FM transmitter, the devia-
IC1 - SAB6456A 64/256 prescaler C3-C5 - 15pF ceramic disk tion in the frequency of the oscillator
IC2 - 7805 voltage regulator C6, C8 - 1nF ceramic disk
is based on the amount of reverse-bias
IC3 - CD4059 programmable C7, C21 - 1000µF, 25V electrolytic
divide-by-N counter C9, C14, generated by the audio signal. Transis-
IC4 - CD4046 phase-locked-loop C18-C20, C22, tor T2 (2N2222) acts as a buffer that
(PLL) comparator C24 - 100nF ceramic disk
IC5 - CD4060 ripple carry binary C10, C15 - 10µF, 25V electrolytic isolates the oscillator from the rest of
counter/oscillator C11 - 200nF ceramic disk the amplifier chain.
IC6 - TL071 operational amplifier C12 - 400nF ceramic disk
T1, T2, T6 - 2N2222 npn transistor C13 - 220µF, 25V electrolytic Frequency-modulated signal is cou-
T3, T5 - BF199 npn transistor VC1 - 50pF trimmer capacitor pled to driver transistor T3 (BF199) via
T4 - 2N3866A npn transistor Miscellaneous:
D1 - MV209 varactor diode
capacitor C5. R7 is a current-limiting
RFC1 - 50T, 28SWG balun core
LED1 - 5mm LED RFC2 - 25T, 28SWG balun core resistor. Transistor T3 is wired as a
Resistors (all 1/4-watt, ±5% carbon): L1 - 4T, 4mm dia 26SWG Class A amplifier and drives transistor
R1, R8, R19-R31 - 47-kilo-ohm L2 - Broadband transformer
R2, R15 - 100-kilo-ohm 6T primary 26SWG, T4 (2N3866A) via broadband imped-
R3, R4 - 33-kilo-ohm 1T secondary, 20SWG ance matching transformer L2. Power
R5 - 330-ohm L3 - 13T, 8mm dia 26SWG
R6, R7 - 100-ohm air core amplifier operates in Class B mode. Coil
R9 - 3.3-kilo-ohm L4 - 6T, 8mm dia 26 SWG L4 and trimmer capacitor VC1 match
R10 - 18-kilo-ohm air core
R11, R12, R16 - 10-kilo-ohm CON-CON2 - 2-pin terminal connector
transistor T4’s collector to the antenna.
R13 - 220-ohm X TAL1 - 6.4MHz crystal The PLL control section is built
R14 - 2.2-kilo-ohm DIP1-DIP4 - DIP switch around 64/256 prescaler SAB6456A
R17 - 4.7-kilo-ohm S1, S2 - On/off switch
R18 - 1-mega-ohm - Audio input jack (IC1), programmable divide-by-N
VR1 - 100-kilo-ohm preset - Co-axial cable counter CD4059(IC3), phase locked-
Capacitors: - Heat sink for transistor T4
C1, C16, C17 - 22pF, ceramic disk - Wire antenna loop comparator CD4046 (IC4), 14-stage
ripple carry binary counter/oscillator
R12 10K
1
PCP_OUT VDD
16 R15 7
R14 R17
100K TP6
Q4
R11 2 ZENER 15 2.2K 4.7K 16
C12 PC1 V DD 5
10K Q5
400n 3 14 C24
COMP_IN SIG_IN 4
100n 12
Q6
RESET
4 13
1 OS N1 NC 8 VCO_OUT PC2 LED1 6
Q7
IN− 7 C13
2 Vcc+ 5 INH IC4 R2 12 11 IC5
IC6 220u 01 Q8 14
6 CD4046
3 A 6 C1A 11 25V CD4060
IN+ TL071 OUT 5
B R1 T6 R18 Q9 13
4 9
Vcc− OS N2 7 C1B 10 R13 2N2222 1M 00
SF_OUT 15
220E Q10
_
C11 8 Vss VCO_IN
9
C15 10
00 Q12 1
200n R16 X TAL1
10u
1 IC2 3 C14 10K 25V 6.4MHz 2
8 Q13
C10 7805 100n C17 C16 Vss
C23 Q14 3
10u 22p 22p
25V 100n
2
TP4
S2 C22
POWER 100n
R10 TP5
18K
C21 T5
1000u
CON2 BF199
23
24
13
25V
12V
VDD
OUT
L
Kb
VR1
100K
IC3
1
CL
11
CD4059
Ka Vss Kc
12
1
NC Vcc 8
C18
14
J16
J13
J12
J11
J10
J15
J14
J9
J8
J7
J6
J5
J4
J3
J2
J1
100n
2 IC1 QL 7
10
16
17
C
7
15
18
19
20
21
22
3
C1
D C20
SAB6456A
3 6 100n
C2 QH
C19
100n 5
4 VEE MC
TP3
GND R19 R20 R21 R22 R23 R24 R25 R26 R27 R28 R29 R30 R31
4
1
OFF
1
OFF
OFF
ON
ON
ON
6
8
5
8
5
8
5
Fig. 3: Actual-size PCB layout of RF section Fig. 4: Component layout of PCB of RF section