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T O R S

HYDROGENERATORS
Planning Predictive Maintenance
Using On-Line Partial Discharge Monitoring

D R O GE N E R A
HY
Periodic On-line Partial Discharge
Monitoring of Hydrogenerators

Stator winding insulation problems occur in 40% of all THE DETECTION OF PARTIAL DISCHARGES
hydrogenerators and are one of the principal causes of
forced outages, which result in lost revenues. On-line Partial discharges in degrading high voltage stator
partial discharge monitoring, a proven technique devel- windings give rise to small voltage pulses which
oped by Ontario Hydro and the Canadian Electrical travel through the stator winding. The magnitude
Association in the late 70s, helps to minimize the risks and number of these pulses depends on the degree
of unexpected stator winding failure. Using permanently of insulation deterioration. That is, as the magnitude
installed couplers and a portable instrument, utility plant and number of partial discharge voltage pulses
personnel worldwide have found this method reliable increase, the rate of the electrical insulation
and easy to use. deterioration must also be increasing. The partial
discharge signals are often mixed with electrical
In its 20-year history, the on-line partial discharge test noise from sources such as corona and output bus
has produced results on thousands of hydro- arcing, but are separated for analysis by the PDA-IV
generators. Published case studies by dozens of PDA instrument.
test users have confirmed the following benefits:
WORLDWIDE INDUSTRY ACCEPTANCE OF
• The root causes of stator problems can be identified ON-LINE PD MONITORING
and often repaired at an earlier stage. The partial discharge test has won worldwide accep-
• The monitoring can increase the availability of tance with all major utilities. This general acceptance
generators, and can contribute to the extension of has been achieved because:
the useful life of the unit windings. • The test has been proven effective in thousands of
• Intervals between generator inspection outages can installations, by identifying hydrogenerators which
be increased if the PDA results are good. require maintenance.
• Most stator winding in-service failures can be avoided. • The test equipment is cost-effective.
• The test is performed on-line and requires no
generator shut-down.
• Generator station staff can perform the test with
minimal training.
A User’s Perspective:
“By combining on-line monitoring and a diminished schedule of off-line testing, the
1 Westside Drive, Unit 2
utility has switched from time-based to a condition-based procedure for allocating
Toronto, Ontario, Canada M9C 1B2 resources for testing and maintenance…, the maintenance staff can discern more
Telephone: 416-620-5600
Fax: 416-620-1995
thoroughly the condition of the insulation and what, if any, repairs or changes in
E-mail: marketing@irispower.com operating procedures need to be done to increase the lifespan of the unit.”
URL: www.irispower.com
PDA-IV
TM

PERIODIC ON-LINE PARTIAL DISCHARGE PERIODIC ON-LINE PARTIAL THE PDA-IV TEST PROCEDURE
MONITORING OF HYDROGENERATORS DISCHARGE MONITORING With the generator operating under normal service
conditions, the operator connects the PDA-IV
Hydrogenerator Testing
PDA-IV: The Standard for On-Line Partial instrument to a coupler termination box and to a
Discharge Monitoring HOW THE PDA-IV MEASURES AND portable computer running the Iris software. The
ANALYSES PARTIAL DISCHARGES The 80pF capacitors block the 50/60Hz power
magnitude, phase position and number of partial
frequency voltage allowing high frequency fast rise-
• The test enables predictive maintenance on hydro- The PDA-IV test has been designed to monitor partial discharge pulses detected at each coupler are then
time voltage pulses (which are caused by partial
generator stator windings, resulting in the increased discharges during normal generator operation, i.e. recorded and can be viewed immediately, or stored
discharges in the winding) to pass through. Couplers
availability and extension of operating life. under normal electrical, mechanical, thermal and for a subsequent analysis. The results presented to
are normally installed in a “differential” configuration.
• The technique was introduced more than two environmental operating stresses. The readings are the user include:
For example, in a winding with two parallel circuits per
decades ago and has since been used on over not affected by external interference (or noise) such • Graphs depicting the nature and severity of
phase, two couplers are installed on each phase as
2000 hydrogenerators to identify deteriorated stator as power system corona, output bus arcing or other particular insulation aging mechanisms.
shown in Figure 1. The lengths of coaxial cables
windings. common noise sources. The tests are typically • Trend curves highlighting the progression of these
between the couplers and the termination box are
• The method is non-destructive and based on sound performed semi-annually and take about 30 minutes mechanisms over time.
trimmed so that noise pulses originating outside the
scientific and empirical principles. per generator. • Statistical values which can be compared with
machine arrive at the two instrument inputs
• Recommended by manufacturers and industry historical databases for similar generators.
simultaneously. Partial discharge pulses originating in
standards such as the IEEE std. 1434-2000.
PDA COUPLERS the winding arrive at the two instrument inputs at In most cases, the assessment of the condition of
The PDA-IV instrument is used in conjunction with the different times. Consequently, the system can the stator winding insulation, based on the on-line
The monitoring technique is based on the application
80pF, high voltage capacitors, permanently installed automatically distinguish between noise and winding partial discharge measurement, can be performed
of 80pF capacitive couplers, resulting in a high
at specific locations on the stator winding. Normally, partial discharge. independently by the user after a short training
frequency measurement range and a favorable
Iris supplies the compact capacitive couplers made course. Iris can also assist the user with result inter-
signal-to-noise (S/N) ratio. This enables the auto-
of high quality mica, encapsulated in a specifically pretation using its unique database of over 20,000
matic separation and recording of both partial
formulated epoxy compound. These are certified to be results, collected over a decade on generators of all
discharges and noise, so that test results can be
makes and sizes.
easily interpreted. discharge free at twice the operating voltage and are
resistant to surface tracking. Each coupler is delivered
“Differential” Coupler Configuration For Hydrogenerators
The most common method of monitoring hydro- with an individual test certificate confirming that it has
exceeded the requirements of IEEE/ANSI C37.20.2. Noise
generators involves using a portable instrument with
multiple sets of permanently installed capacitive Typical Phase
couplers. The instrument is controlled by means of a If required, Iris can also supply the “cable-type” 80pF
computer and includes WindowsTM– based control and couplers, commonly used prior to the late 80s.
data display software.
C1 C2
PD
Alternatively, continuous monitoring systems are
available from Iris. They can be integrated with Extra
plant SCADA and facilitate remote monitoring. Co-Axial
Cable
C2

Parallel 1 Parallel 2
C1
PDA Couplers
Termination PDA - IV
Figure 1 Box

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