Sunteți pe pagina 1din 130

Modern

Quantum Mechanics
SolutionsManual
'
1. 1. Sakurai
μte , University of California, LO$ Ang<les

San Fu Tuan , Editor


Universily of Hawaii, Manoa

:码:
THE BENJAMIN/C ~咀NGS 二:.;l! LISHING C。如IPANY.INC.
Menlo P町 k , Califomia" Readi 吨 , Ma且achuse tts
Don Mills , Ontario ' Wokingham , U.K.' Amsterdam 'Sydney
Singapore" Tokyo" Mexico City" Bogota. Santiago" 5an Juan
,

,
,

;i:1223;:utfJ4247;;JZJ;1143nzchTTH AdV鹏cd 800. Pmgram.


P

:1211:否231!iJ;;::133713:罚;53535::肌e
J:;111::::r口;;;工':BIJ:43τJ:工1 in 11回 Unilcd Sl&t国
工 SBN 0-8053-75~2_3

4 5 6 7 MQ 95949392
,


Contents

1 Fundamental Concepts 1
2 Quantum Oynami臼 18
3η1eory of Angular Momentum 45
4 Symmetry in Quantum Mechanics 63
5 Approximation Methods 69
6 ldentical Particles 104
7 Scattering Theory 1ω
Chap丘.E....!

1. [A5.C :J J" ABCD - CDAB ‘ ABCD + ACBO - ACBO - ACDB + ACDB + CAD8 _ CA0 8 _
CDAB & A{C , 8) D - AC{D , 8} + (C.A}D8 _ C{D , A}B.

2. (a):< "" a O + l:a 1σ l' cr(X ) "" 2a


O
because tr(ot) a O. Next evaluaεe
X
tr (o k ) .. t.(t atOkσt) ~ i a 1 Zô = 2ak
1k
( where we have uscd
cr { c j ) ={
E ( -将
+ = zeaj ) .
σ

-筐

))
σ j oi
σ

σ
4&
E
i j UHence a Ok- E
E( van}
o
z
, ak


与 ε 言 (CkX) .

(b) 40 - ~(Xll + X 2Z )' 时1立le a k can be exp11c1tly evaluatcd from ~ "" ~ ~L{O~X)
w1th . X" (XijJ and i.j -1. 2. Th e result is a~. 与 (X+XLahi k
1 - ~\412? ÅZ1J , a 2 -.~( -X2 1 +
X12 ). &nd &3 - ~(Xll - X ) .
22
3.
JI t-- 、、

aa
••
σ. .σa ,τa +σa
zx
x x -y-y ~z -z
+1a
"'
detfZ.2}· · lZl2.

~ ~ thout 1055 of general三 tr. choose n ~long pos1t1ve z -d 1rect1on , t hen


-.
exp(主 10. 叫 12) • ! 003 . /2 ! iσz Sin @/2.and U BH defined u be B 圭
COSφ 12 + 1sinφ /2, then

/禽 ,、
í 4"z: B B
1 . (a
. x 吐'-y'
'..> -8< \
exp <ieJ/Z}2. Zexp(- zcz@/2} •,
飞 (a v +1 a,,>♂ 2 -a B飞/
、, z /
a飞"" CO S ~/2 + s1n 2 ./2 • 1 , [臼p( 1σzf /2);;, ã
2
S i:l. ce det x
ex < J Z> l z+ z 2 'a 2 zh ac eA -a
4
z,
eAo {a

A E
z a + a } a
x v' - - s et e M R a at i S


2 Modern Oua~cu lD问 echanics - 501u 巳 ioo .9

.i.nva 言 iant unåe 乞 s p, eciCied operat::.cn . Next \,/ e note

r---t\
'z'x
aa
~噜 ­

o .a"
a,


L
y


/ljltk
c se

+一­
ac a a i
szn PAV


x y

Z
.

lJJi
{ a i a >{
-asi ne )

d、


S AV
x y

hence a; 胃飞, a;zaxc。叫 +avsi叫 a.'. ~ 2..COS 9 - a 51叫Th is 15 a


Y 、 y y
counter-elockwise rota 巳扎。刘 about z-axis through angle , 10 ~-y piane.

4. (2) Not e 口 {XY}=i ,吐'[口 |a' 〉 -a' 二"吨 I jx I a"叫 ' /Y/ a '> (巧

closure prop 盯 ty) 胃 afa" 〈aHlYla-NU!x|a~(byEerrangeMnt}=

ip ,〈叫叫 a">. Slnce a" 18 a dummy su血 t10n 'Vll:'叫鱼 1 rel ã. bcl a" 盟扎

h(!rlC ,- ζ r O于) • tr(ÏX)

(b) 叫口)飞 '[a飞,让, [ [ (盯户户 la"> - <Z ‘ l 盯 \a"> - <Xta' 1'[la">

萄 <yt x飞 'Ia">. Th erefore (口户"廿x t •


c }(
T+ es
a bki
ef nvf - (E
El--> .
azo [f(A)j2
r、.

Am ,,『鸣,‘
}号
χ

‘- (1 .;. if (A) -ι去丛 +......>I a.>


l f - +
、,

• .>/0.> .. exp(if(a)] Iα>. ....heτe ye


­

assume that A!a> - a \a >. Th erefore exp(1f(A)j _

texp(if(a)lic><a/. 由 ere closure prop町 ty of the c。即工 ete se~


Q

{la>} has been used.


- , 1a Ea < a' ,>

( +X } ex
丰宁

( d> a'

Ea
禽·

'WA

( } +X
T』a

• '
仙WV

巾V

,‘
X

x
,
,、

> >
a a
z

〈Pla· 〉 -i ,〈主"I a' 呵'[言'> - <;"1 主'> .

5 . ( a> |U <S|-5 · i " la' >< a'ia>< Bla~ <a Hlzi-5"la'Ha" lx

(<<1 I I 巳> <a" i B>*). Hence la><BI • {<a (1)! a.><a (j }!S>*J. 业町e
问。dern Quantum Mechan1cs _ SOlu tion~ J
xb si n
r ei
e( sd -s
nzd eM
s LE r el k E i sl


b a cl


qua-
s2 he-
cx1/j) i
-2 aa--z i


crl

,、
x+eLe e-


E

n
、,
‘, / a -
-‘
+>
>
s .

uan
,,-


-Ka


>
+

'i

、,
Hence

/ - -
-- as

&胃
+-
''j'ttt ++
ee

,、〈

,、,‘


>>

c , ,< a
、〉


禽 、,
b\

,,:l
ll

飞IIJ
10j£
ot-
Ua·
-49 -A
E
at--art

(l

川Jp
ij
叫 l叫

e nb
AA LE
aa>>
t-
v

--。
、,

4 a+ jl
〉、,

、,.
E z Th en盯~11zed st ate vector 11> +


Hence A/ iþ> ‘ ( 1 1而 [aAl i >+


a j /j>J \Jnere 气 a j are rea1 J"! umbers if A :ls Hermitiar飞 buεfor a~ :;. a
• J
c1ea r1y r.h.s. 1s a Stat
ate vect町 d1stinct fr阳/ ~ >. However under tne
condit l on tha t 11> ~nd Ij> 一一'
-主旦旦旦旦 ( Le. 气 -aJ· 叫. then A/ :Þ> ,.
0[(1月)(1 1) + IJ>)) -01 ." ond 1.> 盯 11 >+ Ij> 1s a1so an e1genket of
At
-
a] 'I" eE E f la } an d A - > l ,
、,

E
、,

a a a

' 白阳 Since 2 . u - a' > lE > is a


produc t 。v e r a11 eí genva1ue~ . and 1(;> ., r. !al>< '1 !I
f a · l a < a l Z> auSE
th町ez。 re sa=isEY EeU吨 ')/ç> - O. Hence g, (A-a ' ) is the null
。 pe t" ator.

(b)a心咎33)|ah-aHja ,专注斗 /a '> - /a' >.

Hence 咐
6 I tξ〉 气"心~.' 住3主i2
虱占九
♀轧)1<> -川la' 叫〈
><
。 pe
盯roιε。盯言 tnc t" efore projeCts out of ket /(> , its
/a ' > CO l:l ponent.
(c) Lct A = Sz ' th四~, (Sz"-a ') - (Sz - ~/2)(Sz + 'á/2)' He ~ce 凹 id e ntly

a , ll~~/2 (Sz - al) I ~> - O. Th ia ve rifies (a) above. For 巳 ase (b)

Io' e havε 飞 a{ SZ甜 /2)/ 币,飞 '-{SZ-MJZ)/M aad s z · 回 /2( \ +><在\ - \ -> X

<- 1) wh!le ke t I ~> - 1+><+ 1(> + j - >< - It>. ñenc e e+lt> - <+!(>\+> aod

e 1p · < - l p| - > and e.aze the pmjerti。怠。perators of 1(> to I!>

states.

8. Th e orthonormali 叮 prop 町叮 is 忡忡·叫叶 . 1. 叫呻- <- \ 忡. o.

Hence us1ng the expliclt representat10na of S1 in ter田。 f l1near

combinatlons of bra-ket products. ve obta1n by elementary calculat1o~


z/
[S c l z 1
‘ • s • f un 9 } 6 & j - .
A { ]
u鼻

j k k an
"

,a
• j
b
ε


E



4A

,£
d d


9 · L e z n BRXL+nyj+azk , then nx-sinsc。8钮. ny • ÐL~ß8ina t DZ -

c。sgad Z-4ESUSCOSS Sx+SusauαSy + cosß sz' 且 $0 due to


<0町 leteaes8 prop町町 o f the ket space Is.~;忡. -\忡+叫叶 wnere- lal
2
+

Ibl
2
_ 1 (no rmalizat1on). τt飞盯 efore the relation 吉 .ñls.'; ;+> •
(~ /2) \吉 .n;+> [tak1.吨 advantage of explic1t repres~ntat10n8 S~ - ~(忡 x
叫+\斗〈+|), Sy 鹰号叶><-1 + 1-> 叶\) .飞- ~(\+叫- \••!) J
leads to :-

(s1nßcose - ia 1n Bs1na)b 斗I- cosßa-. ( l a)

(sinBcosa + 1 s1 nßsina)a - cosß b • b (1时

间 eth町 w1th the normz11zat1~n con比如n 1_1


2
+ Ibl
2
- 1. ve f10d
16 _' _ ,_ .__ 19
,
a • cos(S/2 ) e~~a and b • sin (S/2)e ~~b. Fr~ equatioa (1&) ve have

• .嘿£手.…
- cos B)
(l
严〈归
e i (e b-

\s .ñ;柏- eo&(ß/2> 1+> + .1o (ß/2).1o\斗·


"'"
Mode~ Quantu~ Mechan 立 C$ - $01ut10ns 5

10. H' .<1 1叫 1 - 12><21 + 11><21 + 12><11). Let 11> • (~) . 12> 事 m

<11 • (1.0) .nd <21 胃 (0 , 1 ). H can be expllc1t 均盯 ltt e. n uslng


z
use r p-r dH z(x-

回 ll

u
ue-- a
s- E


g


ll

II/
a

Th ee 立 genvalues &nd c。 τrespondlng elgenkets a=e ob tained fr。因


,..飞

(H - λl)X '" 0 IJhere X-I >- 1 are eigenvecto 宫 s and λaτe corτesponding
、-2/
eigenva~ues dete r哩立 ned from secular equatlon det (H - ÀI) - O. τ'h is leads

mλ-24 川 2. (!Iï - 1)x , he


1
l
。of X 四
\01 e have .x .. /ï'(言言) Th U5 elgenvectors and eigenvalues 3re
1

11> + (12 - 1) 12>


1. > • lïa
1 ,也 (2 - 12) • À-

11> - (12 + l)li>


|ψ2> • J'2(2 + 12) , λ ,. -lîa

11. Revrlte H as H ‘与 ("11 + "22)( 11> <1!' + 12><21) +与 ("11 - "22) (11) ' x

叫- 12><21) +自 12(1 1 叫 1 + 12叫 1 ) .由ere the.吐四目。 pe.rator terms on

r.h.s. b e. have l~ke 1. Sz' and Sxτespectlvely. Not~ that ~(Hl1 + H22 ) 1s

si:lply t !": i! "c e. nter of gravity" of the t \ol O levels. 8ecause the ldentity

。 pe rator 1 remains t he same under any change of basls , we.立 gnore the

~(Rll + H ) term for the 国ment. C。回pare nov w1th the sp 1n ~ problem
22

[probl"em 9 ab叫·言.ñ • ~ n.(I+><-1 + 1-叫 1) + ~ "/-11+> x

如 1 +1 1 刊 1) + ~ ".(1+叫 -1 斗|】·白e analogy 18: (1(/2)飞.. R12 •


lny 噜 o (叫) . ~nZ • , ,, (H -H ) .
22
臼5 。 one of εh. 凹盯叩
g盯y eig

+ s1n时f阻
ω612)

η2刀) 问
I 2'
阶 ~山巾
hc盯z目e 2ιa叩
na1问吨。叩
uus tM。 umn- lh(
归川
n飞~,x【J/nz) , is given by s a uJI 二生1- ..1.
(H.,. -?: ... ..)
11 "22'
Th e oth e.:,凹町 gy eigenket can be 町 itten do~ oy the orthogonali:y 臼 quirerne nr.

(or by l~tting e.&+叶 as -s i:'1 (S/Z) Iυ+ ∞ , (8/2) 1 ν Th e en盯 &Y .工 ge:walues can

be obtained by diagonaliz!ng

( 叫叫川
",H l川1-

"12 -'1 (H飞11- H 22)汀 1
But they can a150 be obtained by comparing with the spin ~ pτ。 blem:

( n } z + ( - n > z unz/ 4 A' e i g e n va l u e umn/ 2 -


un
u'苔

z z ,
",‘

2 _. 2 与
50 by analogy the elgeovalue 10 our case 1s (1( (H -H )- + H ì2r ~. Y' e tD'I丛 st s t 立 11
U 22

add to this the center of gravity energy. !h e final answcr 1s


2 . ..2 ,1t
,,(民 11+H 22) 主[与 (H
Ú -H 22 ) - + H;:2 1
'
~he 吉 e 主 1s the an~logue of parallel (antl- patallel) spin direction 怠。 o. for
HH
.{

{ uH +nnz'"} k( } 12
1Z
.饵

e ei 8env a l uez a r



22
ε

n 1l ·41
"12 ., O. ".Jεget S- 0 or 押· ‘

a very reasonable 玄 esult. (<22


//)>
cs

,,tl


snYY


.. --i n( ve/

11j
UR-

·n ·n +> an G, ·n••+> • c s < / 2) +


噜S

•• • 2)

HeE e + = ,.
n

、,

、,

'2. ? >

吨-

i
,‘

1. (1 飞
15 easily seen that the eigen~et of S_ belonging t。但 1genvaluc +秘 12. 1s 动雪 I ~
X L 飞" ,1
Th us ωpro叫山 of getting 刊12 when Sx 1s measured is f~~ω)(:2221)i2
l+siny ~. y . y.{O 1\ (cos (y/2 n _ )\
=丘俨江. (ωb
叫) 气
<5 x> - ~(阳
∞。 s~. sir
c 叫r

zdx 〉 -dJ-H/4 - tM/ 的 sln-y


2 "2 ,, ,,, 2 ,,, 2 .. (税/的
.., 2". cos-y.
2 An sve r s are entirely reason-

ahle for y - O. 宵 (pa ra11el and anti- parallel t o 02) , and for y -~/2 (a10n& OX) •

• •

hdern Quantum Mechan1cs - Solutions )

tJ. Choosing rhe Sz diagonal bas1s. the f 立 rst measurement corie~ponds to the opera-

<or 时+) - 1+><+1. n回 second measurement 1s e~pτessed by the op盯目。 r M(+ 向


I +.,an A(
li+C ana-2 |> {l

∞++

m
μ
f828E /+ --
?
2-s |$> eZ eEI

11c
he
w-ns
zzs ··s+ ssc
Bns) +>-i i{ 8 2} +
S |-h ee-
w-}

+。+
+。,
$82 0 8

{1
、, E { >/ ( E}+ - 2

、,
<
or -s -

n
S g

-n

· /
l ++

87
M
> }82

今,
>
:| <|

飞,­
<-

s
.。
2 l


s‘ n < 2>

+
n

、,
-
·

、,
> <

,、
l
< > <

Th e flnal measurecent corresponds to the operator M( •.. 1- ><-\. and 出 e total

四asurewt:nt 飞"阿 ( - )M(+;ô)K(+) • 1->< -I{cos 2 (ß/2) 1+叫 1 + co今咛 (1+比 1 +


| -H+ !) +un2{ 的) 1-川 j >I+><+j • COs~叫:l-H+ 卜Th e lnte叫 ty of 阳 f1nal

sz z-M/Z beam-when Ehe sz-M/2beaa SEArvivuzg Ehe firsz measuremenEis n。 Eaa·

2
11zed to un1ty , 1s thus cos~(3/2)s1n~(ßI2) • (s1n 的 14. To 曰"且 ze sz·-WZ

ii031 beam , set B -π 12. i.e. along OX. and intensl:y 1s ~.

14 . (a)τhe eigenva1ues and e 立 genvectors of JxJ matr 1x representatlon

(0 1 0 飞 ,
A • (lllï) 1 0 1 I 1
\0 1 01
1 x. 、

四n be obtaioed by 叫 ving det(A - :\1) - 0 and normalbed elgenvectors x -1 xïJ


、 X.I

2 2 2
~here [A- AIJx ~ 0 and Xi+xi +x j - 1. Th e elgenvalues are +1 , O. -1 and the

and the
)
correspond 三 ng eigenvectors are respectively
μ问 -U

\」 llJ
、、飞

/1 卜 ll

101 lJI
,,,

:

BEt-EJ
FEEt飞

l/
i叫‘

L窄
t、

There zsn。 degeneracy .{b}These are Ehe aigenvalues and eigenveczozs 。 E JXS

悦A fo r a sp 正 n 1 part 立cle.

15. Yes! 肘。 of uses comp1eten四川。 rthononnality .of {! a ' • b' 叶. hence

IAJlaa-3·a心"|a'·. 仙也
but (AB-BA)!a'.b'> - (a 'b'-b'a' )\a' , b' > - O. hence {A.B} - O. An alternative

'
- u , P s s ab i e b az c aus e


.。
a ,b

<l a' . b' 叶 fo ~ a c omplete ort~onormal set. ~四 [ A.Bl! o.> .. 0 bec ause ( A~ J) lla'.b'>

-0. b'..!t 51:"1臼! o.> 1~ ar bit ra~y. (A.Bl .. 0 mus t hold as an 2E e王1:~O二 ~qt..!..2.r; ic::l.

16. {A ,的·且 +BA :. O. Th is lc p l三e s t. h a. t. <a叫 {A .Bl!.'> -妇"!A1l !a'> +叫'! BA! ,, ' >

.. (a"+a') <a" !B! a'> .. O. In gene=al a"+.1.' ,. O. 50 <a"IBla'> must vaoish fo'!' a " _

.1.' ð3 well as a~ 1 &'. hence lt 18 n。εpos s lble to bave a s立multaneous e1genket

。 f A and B. Th e "trivial" ' case 扭曲回 aU+a' .. o. 白白〈矿 '1&14 ' > ; 0 necess 町 ily.

and s1multaneous eigeaket o f A and S vould appear to be poss 立 bl e . But not e:

AJa ' , b'>" a'la ' .b'>. 温 \a'.b':>" b 'la ' , b' > 噜〈且+BA) 1_' , b'>- 归 'γ+ b 'a' > 1.1' .b'>

.. O. Henc 巳 a' .. o. O~ b' .. O. or .1.' .. b' .. O. Th us nontrivial sicul t aneotls e l-

genkeε5 are posslble but at the cosεthat the e1genvalues of oae or the ot r. er

(o r both) of operators A and B are zero .

17. 如 deg四eracy i~pl ies In> define d by 叫 v-znlu h 旦豆豆豆. 1.-e. only one ener盯

eigenstate vhen En is given. Now (A1oH) -。噜[气; Bl I 前 - - 0 or H(~ln叶回

~ E n{A11n 叶 1.e. 气 In> is a n energy eigenke t v1由 e1genvalue Eu- The non-d eg-

cneracy ass咀ption 由四 implies ^"t ln> 19 propor t1 o na. l to In>. v 1z." ~!n>- a1! u>

and likevise ~In> - a2In>~ 8ut νe ~re giv四 chat [~.~1 r o. hecee 气":1 !0> 币

A2~!n> 町 a1221 o.> ", &2&1 忡 . and this 妇c1early 埠。"拈1e. hence ener盯 cigén­

s:ates are. in general. degenerat~ . No te hovever 由 18 pr∞ f fa l1. 1f ..!o> - 0

tMAzln > - 0 } · h r E -22Ih 川 (r). Lx a~d Lz bo由∞mm.te 咄h H 皿d {Lx.L.1

r o. 四剧目盯 eige~t.teø are u&ually deg回回 ate (2t+l fol~ degenera cy). Th e

except10a i5 for S-state (1- 0. M.- 0)


1.
vhere L_ln.!-Q .a.-O> - 0 , bence the re need
1;'"1.

no t be degencracy 10 this case.

18. (.) τhi s is solved in (1.4.56) and (1.4.57) of text. Ba s!cally ve set l -

- <ß la>! 咱 !e> . 1n .. (句!+ l 飞 ß! 】 .(!~> +λl e叶辛 O. and ohta1n Seh咀口 inequa.lity
Mod~rn guantum Mechan1c3 - SolutloQ! 9

句 1. > 咱 18>' ~ 1 句 16>1 2 •


(b) 白. g 阻四 a11zed uncertainty re1at1on (1.ι59) 10 2.
<(òA) 川性的>
... _ _ 2~_ .2
).1 <cU.ð B> 1"

由盯~ 4ccordl c. g to (1. 4 . ,6 3) I 咱A68>12 .川< [A.8J>12 + "1 叫ð.A ,ð.!}> 12 • Frcu
(1. 4.50) v e k.o.OW'由at 6.A - A -咕> and ðB - B - <B> and 6.A la> • ÀðBI 肘 a..:a -.a 1ven.

An el 国enta叮 calcula t10u leads to (A.!) - [ðA.ðB] , henc~ 句 1 [1 ,川 1 0> • <.1 翼

[ðA, .8JI.> 阴山alðBðBla> - À<olð Bð Bla>. Ch o咄咄川 to be purely 1=&g又n.ary;


叫 [A , 8Jla> • -2μα1 (AB)2Ia> 由 u. "1 叫 [A.811ρ1 2 • laI 2 1<.I (..)21 叫 2 1t 1s

41so ev1dent 出 at fo川Úõ1ag1na叮句 I {6.A.ð. B} 10.> • O. therefore fr帽。 .4.63) aud

εhe recogn1t10n 出 at 句 1 (AA)2 Ia ><01(A8)2 1ρ • lal 2 1 电 l 仙的 21 0.>1 2 , ve h.ave 叫U4-


l1 ty 立n th~ general1zed uncerta!nty relat10u (1. .59) • ‘
(c) S1nce ðx - x - <x>. ve. may expres !I <x' Il!.x la> a:J Idx n 龟 '!J."><x"! ðX1 肘 ­

Idx"ô(x'-x") x" <x叫时 - Idx'



dx"吨'6 (山") <x><
叫 x"l怜.> 巾
wh.
畸m

e 臼e 12.Onulμ1zatloll <x'lx
阳凸">
x" •
画叫峙
(x
旷臼咀
川'
x'

Idx" <句旷叫
川.叮Ix川x"
x' 川"叮.
才IA崎P叫
圳la> 皿d d

<电♂川"叮.吁
x'叫I川! p l eU
> • 4;LzfJ."J.J叫哀
〈<X川"叮咆.才
x"
电 U 10>ι>. BeQce 圳苯
<x'
叫.寸lμ
t 问&句P川l巾a> • Id臼x"叽
6呻
(x'-x'
x (•H-441H>;£
f. qdd
叫"叮.才|忡
e旧> - <叩甲
P俨〉叮Iω
d {山.
旷叫"叮'才i忡
d
句 ρ. 【2>d 2)-'<,町[主s>x" _豆巳王!l-1 扭曲ve lntegra1 forms for 叫叫由
• 4<1 2
臼 d' <x 'l ðp 10.>. We f 1nd

龟 I 16x 10.> _ A<x'!6pI 0.>

由ere ^.. _21d 届咀扭吨 1<>.叮回回b町·


2

ω1 1: 1& clear 出&<电 |szle·;";. 电 l 户flsJUM--lF岳阳 la'>12钮'lsxlh


咄町e {!&'>} 15 • c。呻lete aet of b... ket8. 51nce 飞- ~(忡忡 1+ 1 刊 1). u :l-
~2
den向飞-
2
~ ( 1忡忡 1+1-><-1). Tak. 10> -忡由四件ls:l 忡 _ .2/4 and 叶 lsJ忡
- O. Th erefore
2. ._2. ,_ ,. 2 ..2
忡 ltasJl 忡·件|s;1#-Hlsxl#-Mfa.

ι60 fro lC. 勺'号忡忡|+l-H+|}·H have s;-ftl+叫1+1-忡忡. heDce lt :can

be reaωY !l hoyc that 叫 s;l#-hM 件 Is 1 1忡- O. Therefore 叫〈乌


x 、】

y
, .- "、..‘",_ , ,j . .J
x .'1"
- .j,1'\;) .
'z
ana C!lUS <+1 .,

lsx , syll+> -iM < +l5zl+> z iM2/2.The genetdlued uncertauty relazimis therc-

[0τe vcrifled for the e~uality case.

川 frOD iñ;+> .. c曰:| +〉 +eusmi l J 让川 OW'5 f盯 8 曾宵 12 and a =0 ve havc

I Sx i +> • ~与 <1+> + 1 叶 Sünple cal叫川。nS lead t。咱x ,+lsx|SJ〉 ZMand


飞 ,+i s:lsx 川,. )(2;4. t阳ehH~+| 叫}2lsr-0·A川 [Sx.Syl .. i þ( Sz'

hence 气汁 Is儿川胃 o and ~+i 叫flsxmSJltasy)2|SJ〉胃 "1 飞叫 x


[SX , sy]l sx ,+〉 |4.b。zhsides 。f generalized unceruinty reluim be三ng zero.

[Note 叫 11山飞 ;+Isλ 川. h<叫叫 )[~(:+><+I-I 川 1 )J~以|叫 ->)-Oif


咽 use systematically orthonormality cond 仕 1 0115 <:t l:!:> • 1 . 吃 1:;:> .O.J
20. T(!ke the n盯回 lized line盯四mbinatlon I > 2 01+> + (1_0 2 ) 与ρI-> ,W'here a 1s real
-e l -z
muμ

el es, 1ωf| 〉 -12[1-4gZ(h2)X


叮泸
ac ds
no ns
aA e}me n t a ce
a- cl 1{ iz d-
1}
α1'

〈、

a1
u2t- gg
l'

1
. n)
02 ven
2
a d ,‘ ( E i
E
n

>


y - Th e product

< 1ω s f | > < !ω


叫 卢
f2 lh> • 山}山叫4 叫}卢2 s10 2 削
?吕导;主f 叫2 (1_(12 2 Bω}
Maxlrnu1D. nrr 5山 6 is 呻四 B .π14 , and r.h.υ.5. be町c∞o,…恤m阳县[口l叫 2 (l_a 2 ) 户
J2 二, ls

clear that 0
2
-与 ls a 固立ni~um. and the maximum value )(4 /16 i5 玄eached whcn α2.
o, 。 rez2·1. 日鱼nce the linéar 'c。但bi:'lation I that 阻aximlzes uncertainty p=oduct

b ei宵 14 1 _ > or ! I+>. Th a~ !\+>曲目 not violate uncertalnty r e. latlon has oee r.

proved 立 n Prob1em 19(a) above. For the itr/41


e""I"J 斗c. ase. \O 'e note that the phas c. fac-
1霄 14
tor e""'''' cance1s out in the sca1ar product. and <-Isxl-> ..← |Syl-〉亩 o while

← IS~I 斗 E ← ls;l 斗霉的4 · Again h|[SJy]| 叶鹰← |iHSJLE 叫 Mmz412/2 ·


Hence explicitly we have < - 1(ASx)Zl - N-|(asy}21 • -MG/16·k! • |[Sx , sy]| - > |2 ,

aga 立 n no violatlon.
己坐立坠旦旦tUll Keehaft1e~ - Solutlon!.. 11

2 1. Th1.s 15 the riltid vall pOUnt 1a 电) 1".,-" .<f1m cr. :s lon.al. box" >. c. f. (A.2.3) &nd

(A.2.4) of Append 1.x A. Th e' va...c ,: " 1. 005 &nd e:ner盯 elgeu.t&tes are tE(X) •
2 2_ 2.. 2
在Ta sin(nrxl 叫 0 -1 .2.3...... . ~ .~ ""E1 '"'y'"' 12m.... 0-1 1a sro四d It&te u>l are

tbe excited atatea. Next Dote th


{ ax ) z " z 2, 2 ,,. 2

句.
< x • "'

响V'
,

、,
,‘
,、

,、

、,

、,
<


- < >


)(a 2 ..l 2
咄町巳 P "EEZMd p - 4 a HJ
k

~' "r rlg1 c! vall pote c. t 1.a l. Ye h&ve

_2. ~ ,..
- ; 6- x.sln'"'(nwx/ι
2... _ 2 ,. _2_1_2'___1_". _ .._2 , 1
, 2·[E-zzz1··[lARlfza 冒 l
1 • ..... 2 2

ψ-i t ninzhnfaHX· 巳 E
2. 2.a 、 n霄x tdzz
p h E Lgant--{-M3 J h h(-r】 dx-EZ{叫

,a , nlnh , )(3 守'


p> - : l-
õ ---,
a1 n(':':"一)c:_).:.. ;
a I '$.cb ‘ "")dJt • 0 •

22a222162 2
τherefore the uocertain 叮归。duct ~ : .. ).><(ðp)'"'> • j {1/6 - l/0'_'];2(U吨-
~2 .. .2
ï ((n~)"/6 - 1]; for ground state ~-~ , for ex~ted atatea 0>1.

As :s ume that the lce plek 15 equ1va~ 、 王 to • lU.U poiA t • attac:hed.症。. 11ght ro-!

。 f leog 由 L 出e 。由 er ead of vh1ch j.; :.:t l a.nc ed. oa. • f 1xe d. bard.阻 rfa.ce. For

阻all aogle 8 departure of p 1e k frc~ ‘民 1caJ..由e <0叫回盹...U=1s国:'d, S/d r.


2.2. • . 2
60

·吨 8L. aDd 301ut1on 8(t) - ae伍π~ι信1L < The 回白白白叮 re.lat1且"


Z咱咀出虹毒 La - (.崎)L. 句. l.o<!伽 ' 4t • r.π(.-1>】Loa-‘'IL(.-b) 1s ðxA p - _/2
(best ve can do and r钱al1%ed f。τc~ ..,;.,' _'U: pack.e t). 宵。、, ðxA p • .'2 imp1立aas az.
b- + 3 ,'写
./(22[ gL>J~). Th. d1 町 10c国.e nt . ,: L" t. er t~ t U a1.a1ll:1%ed. b,. aaldag •

扭d b .3 5mall •• pos.1ble. 臼 set 反 ! ,~I(2)O[&L311i). b - 0 (actuall,. irrele-

V <ï. at f。军 E 阳 之Tg> • D 1splac 四nt b\.. ~,;, .:: ~ a.ot 1c: eable 由四 8 bec帽e. . .. l.a军 ge &5

eE -dloot2。 .we have ez-ueτ 寸 30d t &k1n g for def 1n1teneS3 • -

+hl (2,.[ gL平) .γ 研[ 1n9 f 咆lu a 33}1·UML-10 恒. '11


-
100 矶时
& - 980 cm/sec 2 • ve hav. tf - J. ‘·‘ N: ~u.al.ly t h.1a uumber 18 ve 可1ns ens 让如e

-
.
一一 -
t。回 a r.d 9 f • For any re 2. sonable valuc , ....e get tf '" 3 sec
23. ( 3 ) Th e characteristic equation dc~{B-^Il • O. leads to (λ_b)2(λ+b) z O. Hence

,. 主 b a nd λ-b 立s a two-f old degenerate e 立 s envalue.

(b ) Straigh t f orJard ma t. rix t!tU 1tlp11c .lt. ion givcs

础 '(aiirDZBA he… -。 8}

~ C) Th e eigenvectors 归艳阳 kets) of B. together 吐出 {A , B} A O. yield Simu l tan-


Let A be e - enval u OE

良M
eou5 elgenvectors. of A ' and B. L - a n d c r r s poadi aS



ehp S

a

e igenvεctors are
111
II u.
-1 II 1
i I ~ I
U - I U 21. ~here Bu--
A u
i - i •1 2•3
\U51
7。rLEb-we have bul-bul.1bu1·bul
1 .....1. u'"'2 - UU3. and
",
itzl-ul.
4 1\'" "''''2 - UJ ' 口1。。se
I.. noose
u
U l•z
1 ,1U2:1- 1
U)
1
- 0 than

Ja(i)'|b

For the dcgenerate λ2吨. we have 叫·叫 .nd 斗·斗 But Jmube 。zzhg­
pnaL Mul , hence 4·ohmEomwe c h m u i · 0 · 4 · L uia1 . and the
normalized

2 1.1?' 1 .•. /0\ /0\


U 篝 N 斗)-~~<l 2片113> ). wh.r. 12> - 11) .nd 13> - ( .) )
\1' \01 \11

For nondegenerateλ3 - -b , aga1n u


J must be orthogona1 to u 1 and u 2 , t. herefore

ui - 0 and relation iu~ - -u; can be satisfied by ch。叫n;uiEl , uiz-1·b


gether withftormalizat1on we have

3
u- -
1 ( ?,
~It~)" ~~<I 2 >-1 13叶·

In 飞hls 1
new set u (1-1 , 2 , 3) , evidently Au1.au1 , Au 2 • _au 2 , Au 3 • _au 3 , and there
旦旦且旦旦旦旦血旦" 主主坦坦S. 1)

i s E UW Eo i d d e ener a c y r c e i gen J al u a -a

,。
uw E per at r A


24. (叫 The cot~tion matrL~ [c.f. (3 . 2 . ~4)J actlng 00 a t. wo - c:omponent spino r can be
Wr l. tt~ :1 as 叫 I - iZ AUZl z i c斗 -iE-A Hn; F r c l c k wi se z ca z i o n ab


UE


X- ól :<1 S thr。咱 - w/2 . we n3Ve 6 _ _训, hence expl-42 . ae/21 · Lfl+iO)·
ωIf ....e t. r.ln山m fro回 base kets 10 Sz repr叫叭。n to eιKJ;E s as

base ka ES , 4 · e rozaEe by angle ,?/Zab。u E x- axis .sz is trans f。rmed intoy

iu/ 疗) (山λ 〈叫}川ox3··1f01


飞 1 01
[ TE
za
hh
sncz
az
na
bssz
eEea
em bo
nE n E l ng ch aR
yn i f 't c > } sv'

s basi s h i l e rh i ' }


uu
LS S b as i s
z '
n o i -L
s

sz c' E·
c • b' sz

c b ‘, < b

b
.1
> < ><
b b c

、,
25. Clven <h' I Áh,"、, -丰
- .... ;~IU , .~ rea~. Take another basis (Ic~). then Ic ' > .. ~, Ib'><btlc'>.

h阳ceflAl 川( 6 ' <c" 川 . 1)A( 6 ' ,<b" 1 叫川·山吨 '/b' 二b" / c."> lI{

<b' /A/b">. It 15 no t. necessary that <c ' Ib' > a nd 也"Ic"> be rea l. Take the S

and Sz C…。E P?bl勺 4 above.


Eo z s and k ' > 21 1/JE1
Here Ib'> .. (~) .. I 忡 whUe
,、
Ib" > • m- 1 二
\ 11
IC'> -liíh) • 1 牛 +>由 ue EOE Sylc~- LijZ)·| 牛二 Henc: e
旬 ' / b'> ‘ 1/1言胃<c: " I b' 勺 bu t. <c:叮 b " > 匍i/ σ.々言.叫.'
/ 阳I ,"
'‘(.;Io~are 】孟Lrnaginal艺~y •
26. Fro lD. problerns 9 and 队 ~e have Is ;+> _
x
~~(I 叫,η , 1.e. Q. 0, 8 a~/2 in
Is .ñ; 村.
Now |Sx;J c。rrHpondstoaxis d quantizauonin che - x direcum-
12 uu - --
'''E

+ 12UU
飞 311J

1 . e . 0. -π.8 -在 12 , hence Is :_> z ( >


L唁

LeE U 22
12
、,

be Eh e
、,

• crans-
'h-
'、-
、'a

E。 ruazjLon matrix between sz d iag。nal basas and sx diagonal bas 止 s , 1.e.


(
八 川J
,,a

ss
,,,,,,‘‘飞、

+-
-1
、、

"unu
••• 22 +- ‘ U
lIJ
、,、,

NU


,aEE‘

xx 12 1Z
-at'

E
、,

HHW
』,
-‘-、


~hile U21 ü
than ev1den t1y U11 - U12 ‘ 1/ 12 • 1/12 and
22 萄 吐 112. Take. 15,;忡

-

" -~. .一~一
1. M0" 巳‘ U \,/ U4U I"U.III n巳巳n4C4ca - Solut1on5

• " 11 1 忡 +U12 | -'-i〈a|sx :H | ρWMle lst-〉 -u21l 忡+ "22 1 叶 • ~均 i sz; 斗 jb>


v i t h a.b - ~ .- . Ta~e 由 e gen町a1hnU -E|bh)Nafz}l , zh aa v l p - E lbtr > X

'. ( 叶 I ~> . Id四 tify I ~> or Ib> vi由 Ib (宫入 ""d 句{叶 Ir> ..,1白电 1 sx;忡。军 〈bl sxi-h
H seaEhaEU can 1Rdedoe expuud as U -ElddNJE >|·

归 ) Ka tr 1x elem四巳吨'才町的 lv 〉 -1 · 均,,! f( A) 1 旷 H.·ib'?-L fh' 7 咐'1 a. '> < a' J b ' >
O
27.

vhere 吨 '!b~> (l 1kewiae <b"la' 吟 14 an elelllent of 由e transfo r:a t1oQ Ða口.1x fr ollli

the . ' bas 1s to the b' baa1s. (b) The matr 1x el阻uzd"lEG)lF 〉 ·fdz'F(? 可 x

d"lFH言'\;'>. No t.e. thaCζ'1;'> .. (1/(2刊13/2IeiF尘 1'1. 由扭扭pli.e.aζ1.at


<p" !F(;) Ip'> .. (Í/ (2叫)3]/d言 'F(言'7·itE'-2··}-2·/M.
suppme F{b u spheric41y 町'mlII.etr1c .. y(吟. than (choos 1ng %-四 13ι。ag F'-2")

号"1 咔】|言" -品fl _i1 d(町的 (r'2川{川旷 C四@川

uh eze q·IF--E"! . Integrate out the cos9 立ntegrat10n 00 r.h.s. ve have

号'" F(r) Ip t > ..斗-.?-~- r' s!n(qr'/';.)F(苦'陆'


2'1'j4; -q -

28. (3】 Ix , F(p_)L~


<l x <l Y
e1 -一-一~
ai 3P...
x
3x. 3F
:~ :~
ctp_ax'
-'x
but.
.._.. dx/3p_
- - ' - I "x - O. ----- [x.
-. henee ~-.-罗 (p x )1 c1 - 3F/ 3P x'
~ rx".c

。 ) Nov I叉, KPJIq《 -UKJ 〈PJ14'hence

k-EHip um1 QK ·iHZ-EP


-.. 3px <1PJIH)"-a up 〈ip 叫白·
(c) Oalog (b). ve have

怡,町 ( iPx.'M ) ]Ix 与. -a 町 (1P x •,ø)lx与.


He o. ce xexp(句JJM7lx'h upUPzaf则 xlx'> - -4阻p(iPx.tå) \x'>. and 由四ce

军[皿p(ipx"~) Ix'>] 回住 '-a) (町( 1P x" 白 Ix' > }. Th 1a elgenva~e 叫咀t. lon lmpli四

出atupUPXUM〉 lx · 〉也 an eigenstata of coordinate op町at町 x. \11t h ∞ rresjload­

in g elgenvalue (x'-a).

29. ( 8) \l e as sume 出矶时band FG〉咀 n be expressed aa a power serles

G< Z) z a pnp'pa. 罗{主}


n ,钮, J.-om..tl" 1 1"' j I"k. -J. 且bmAxk-

一-
抖。 ~er~~~uo Mechanlcs - Solutlons 15
l ak
An elementary c~lculatl oQ ylelds [X
t. • np'AGRPnL paj
1 '1'J'k'
n III p f u e IXd -
L ABC}
-- .
- PS -ARL a-J

ι

X n-1 111. L
, A}BC + ^(xi , B)C + (AlI )[x 1, C]) ··niHX 1 XRL. 叶飞ete the re-
(x
1
and
-J 飞 ii!
la 巳豆。 n.5 hips
[x

neA
.P l . a up aaLl
an d [ RV
aA x l
aaA
• -n出:-lmbe us 句 pr()ved by

cathe ::::La clcal 立 ndu c: tio a.. Using EMMduhm hr cd) and E(2}wegHaE 。nce
.
n ac/ 3 PeA- aad
噜p.

[ x c< } ] aAu
i ['1"(主)J - -i}(ar /;b民立·
( b} [ x z 21 2 ,‘]
.
[ x p pl
. [
IXZJIp+p[ 翼2.pl • but f言。固 (a ) P X • -21驰x. .。 (1;2 "J 2
,
霄,

, ,
也叶

I x z nv2]

呻 zl

22 dnp+l
4&- 2·a2·zp 2 ·PEa
}EX-
-z
X

'21N τhe classlcal P.B. Zωz 18 evalu a. t e. d vla


k-k

22

2·A
ZP
izp

x -AM pZ.. 4xp.


X

c Slnce 10 the c: lasalcal 1 1mlt (x_ p >


pq

蝇,‘

• 2xp , W' e have


x : cl

{a}[xrT <t}1 . 1~aTω .


. 气T(!) • (b) Notlng that <X > .叩|气 1.> 由町e la> 1s a general state k e. t.
i
take 口presslon 也 IT (1)[气, T(1)J 1.> .叫 Tt (!)L 1T (i:) 1.> ~
t
Li" ~ut \l e".110te that

句 1 rt (!)[吨 .T(!))I a> ·句 1 TtxiTIρ' 也|俨TX11 时. hen c: e

<l足>
1- tran-, l a也 .d
- <X.> -1' an d. thereforeζ> translated - <主> + r
l' +. 1..

[主,γ(~')J -dz-OEZTfd·} .. dx' + T(d主·}Zaad [;IT(~')) - 0 or pT(~')


G立veo

-TfdZ·}2. ve 8tudy 咽|俨(~');T(ch') la>. substltu t1. ng a..s ve dld 1.n probl四 30.
We f1ndζ〉 zzaslaud. 句 Irt (.h') (d;' + T(.h'泛】 i 醉. N帽 rt (di ' ) -1+ 立主-42' ,

hen c. e T气~')~I • d!' to f1rst order 却 &mall qu.ant1叮~'. •


Be c. ce <x>
tranal a. t ed.

-dz'+dh UMng ZT(dZ'}·T <dZ')F. wefiad 〈PZHashud" 电 ITt(~t)pT(d~'μ


1 0.>画句 IT气d言')TtdZ·)Flv" 句 Ipl.> . ‘Fh H
""..‘古rp> translated.-<ll-rz
x
,./ 2 z}
of 旬 '!a> .τ斗咽刷出'
A
Ose • we flud by elementary caleulatlo。
d '"." Z
. i X• 2 t < x-
l‘
S 自3

2._ .2..
3..3 •I }
机 , la>- 气t
忡 俨(1
τ 仙阳町叩此

1k-x'
叫-咀
k-x
叫叫萃
.-x'l
川甘呐
t '/d
川川叫
时的
/d内
dd, 勺}
22)exp
\,

3x' x' ~- 1

- x'''' /2 d'''). …(~_.<x' I4>>


‘.霄

- 1 • ..2
-.::-τ[-k--
d"霄". - ,
12
d"
2ik::r; ' . . 2 ,. 4~
~一+萃 ..../d...]exp(1kx'
d2
2._ .2 .
_ I H__' - x'.12d")

J
飞 .- - - --句 - ,", UL"' I.J.. O Il 3

ωψ - LF句 I X' > { -吨, J<x' l a>dx' 古 C叫(-桨 "ï山 ik-x 叫x'
The od d te t1rl of
川 egrand vanishes . 时 巾 -IMKMJlt町{吨 , 2 /d 2)dX' 2< 坦二
2 夺,咱吨 d 霄‘
‘ )( k. Li k e: wi se
". f " <.αIx' ,旷吨 ' I n>dY' . ,+0:_ 1_1 . ' ,, 2. êI"'
v
叩,
J^ ~p <X "j et>dX' • ~<.alx' 叫-~')瓦, 1 句 '! a> 白,
鸣m

ping odd terms 10 integrand.


( b ) 叩 lα〉 da 2 2 2
ja.. =百俨叩[- (川的 d 剧]. Th e ex阳 tation value 中 us ing momen:u
spac e wav e EU n--
etf-
nc S EhP el
-L

es-mw-
。因〈

ng
牛?"

< p> > P< > dp d_


‘ ζ写 L.p exPI Etp-MK}2dz/M2ldp.

Change vazMleu qap-ML we have 〈V·{UMACfVMKNXP[-qVMI 此时


dropping the odd integration cor. tribut 立。n

<p> • (d/)(ð~))(k ()(w与/d) • ~k.


Similarlv
2 相... ?
< p hf. 【d/玩宵哩)p<exp[ -(p-~k)2d2 /~2Jdp

and
changh?variable mq-HK {hence p2·q2+ZqMK+MV)-
we hav e.
'"> _ 1 ..l 1'1_~' ,+-.. 2
p-> - (dl回育组)2.(q +2MKq+玩 2k 2 )exp[_q 2 d 2 /M 2 Jdq

跑 (d /M户>l M 3 1言/2d 3 + Wl言 W 2 k 2 /dl • M2/1d 2 + W2k2 •

33 . (a) T。何时 (i) 句 'lxlQ> -吨 , <p '!肘, 1町 us note that

<p'lxlp 川> - f<p' ! xlxl><x'l~啊 >dx'


• 111 (2 霄)() Jfdx'x'e- ix '. (p '-p")/)(
• fX' 叩 ' lx'><x'[P">dx'
,

he…
nc臼e ;7p扩叫'寸、咽
Ixl
叫咐!p"> - 叫咛;Lp .Je {内 "). 缸 Ex呻pr臼e臼S8 n 阳 〈叩p'丁w
咽I|忡
川|肘
xl • Id 内 '丁市呐
Ixl
叫Ip'
Idp' 叫飞ì p Ö (P '-们〈叩
I 圳
ψ川
r
P旷叮.才IQ>
.. 疆 咛p , <p'!a>

• •
刊。d~['n Qu a nturu H~ch.nics _ SoluCi。 ns 17

fO[' (ii~ we pc['for~ .n analogous proc~dure. ~['ite

咱 IXl o.> • fdp' 咕 Ip'><p'I.1 毡, -fdp-ealp-HMEJP'la〉


.、 dp' r I

Efdp-vpe)Mip--e(PP} ·

川 c。阳叫叫
ld盯 郎阳。… U!U 叫山叫
ei 8胆e町
伊r阳
1
con、 sider the keζl
Jp' .::> • exp[ 1x EI川 !p'>. h thls • mo lJlentul!I eigenket and 1f
ye s ha E 4 $ he v al u e ' ..
uw
ε s e e eh s l ec'
u
-a

τ


per a Ee


th p- t han

nd {p. 町叫{ …
p / p' ,.:>..
)l •

exp(1x:::;K归)p'/p'" + =exp(lx.:1刷 /p'"


p(exp(ix.:/K J) /p'" _
咄叫
-i}( a叫(归阳
e町x叫
(exp( 1x .:1川 P

- (p' + E)exp(lx三IÞI) jp'> 萄 (p' + ::)!p' ,=>


+ {P. exp叫(lx~引1M川) 川J JI、p'

UHen e-g
p --- -s e LS n k eE OE JP'"--
、,

P u i zh e gen v al u e ' + ---


p a nd pe r a c z e x p f ,


/ un]


A x

『-­
t l ons.

-- -‘ -二 ----田-~幽-旬~ "'-'-‘--咽--- - …
E _ "咽圃'
生旦旦 r 2
1. Ham il..onian H ..ω5 , τhe Heisenberg equations of 宫lO cion are:

SJ [ lfiH)[ 飞. HJ ..ωI i)O (Sx' Szl .. -wSy

5y ' ( 1/i~)[5y' Hl • (./i~)[5y' 5 z 1 • +W 5x


5 • O.
z
Hence Syx + i5"y = -w Svy + iw$yX e illl(Sx+1S./)
-- -'-X -- '/' and
- - Sx
-x - iS"y ..帽ωS y -iwS"
x
主 iωt
- .ω(S" - i5 ,,) . x主立 5..!
Y'.. 50 (5 y<c 国 ($_=15..)
'-x ..__ e-"'-'" and wt! have f1 nally S ~( t) -
-- y't 蝇。

S ,, {O)COS川'几 (0) 51""此, S__Y(的. S..( 口 )<O'wt + S.(0)51nwt , S_(t) - 5.(0).


x '1 - - y
2. Th e Ramiltonian 1s obvlously not Herm1tlan . Phystca.l1y , the particle can g。

from state 2 to statεbut not from state t to state 2. Because H 1s not He~-

lti~n the t1me evolutlon operator 1s not unitary. Slnce unltarlty 1s 工mportant

for probability conservation. ve suspect that probability conservation 1s


violated.

10 illust 言 ate this point . set "11 .. "22 .. 0 for simplicity. For the t 1me
l 幻毡
evolution operator we. get , as usua1. U(t , to -o) - ~= O -itH / l< N)" whe 乞 e U 18 ac-

M山 not un主 tary. ßut H2 -古 \1> <2\1> <2\ ‘ O. h凹ce H n 驾 o f盯 n > 1.

This aeans that U(t.to.O). 1 - (1tH 1Z I)()!1> <21 even fo 乞 a 二坠旦二豆豆 1nt町­

va1. Now the most general 1n1t1a1 state 1s c !1> + c21z 飞 At a later t1me.四
1
have [1 - (itH 1Z 1白 \1> <2\)(< 1\1> + <2\2叶. <1\1> + <2\2> - (itHI2/~lc2\1> ,

Hence the probability for be1ng found 1n 11> 1s !c 1 -(1tH I白 c212 and the pro- 1Z
-tt zz -2
t- -
- lluR Bl
」阳皿+

bl 112 y-E rE
be Elpz |c
2z
>| cz zzE2 cl
oc al az
z bc 12i-
vd ie
sn
du

b
ac lt 1c
aEl n
ut 4 s2l uc KHeIF P+ ·01 ER

n
ee

‘ Z/
l ,, 2
+ l

(
' g ez a l -

2 uR
l

uu
Z

、J

R l
2

and 1n fact <α . t_::>O Iα t _..O> 讲〈αt_-O; t la. t_.O; t>. SQ. Pτ。 bablliey con-
。目。 o

servation 15 v101a ted!

). At t1 0e t • O. n -由a ♀+叫 z. and 吉 -lz, andZA-l(叫 CJc。 ssσzl .


τhe e.igen叫ue equation at t .. 0 吉-L|V-llv wheτ e. I~> - (~) leads to
18

- 一一一 一一一 …
blodern Quantum 1>lechanics ~ Solut 土。ns 1Q


7
一呼
acosS + bsinS - a. and a n。军国 lized eigenstate of form

飞、ttlI/
.,,
a,
'A''-‘

(1)

』H
a‘



The Ha o.二lεonLanH· -2S -目.
'.‘‘ E ·{gsUB/2)OZB is EhaE under c。nsidezaEi。n.

(
(a) Th e. time de ç. endence of
fl
',lJ{ t ) 1s governed by Hl 1þ> ... 主革 a/at l~ ' or
{)
(}

、、
{]
(} AB

aAR


1.
t

i .. 3/ at
‘ 't
ω

,,,,
( 2)
,,

J
J

.....heτeω= gS~BB/2 ~. Th is leads t o t .....o equat10ns -1wA(ω. a/at[A(t)J and

+1ωB(t) - a/at [8(t)} . thus A(C) - A(O)e -1ω t __~ n l _ \ _


._~ and B(t) -
nl^ '
B(O) e'.~~ .
+1ωt
Compare v ith

(1) above . .....e have

中 (t) • (
[ (l+cosB)' /2ï.]
与与 e4ω:+1wt) (3)
[ s1nB /2与(l+cosß)与 J.+1ωt

Next we express !~( t )> 1n th巳 Isx;~> basis as ollsx.忡 +α2 1 .x 川 where Isx 川
I • _ -1ωt 飞
1 " ,, 1"-
are given 叫 1101tl y by (1. 4 : 17的回d "1 • 7 2 (1, 1) +1w t) • ( 1/12)A. -~' + I_
, ι -1ωE 、、,
I Ae
(l iI川 e i4认A 叫
、 De /

.....e have wr 立 tten A(Q) - A and 8(0) - B). Heoce probability of f1nd 1ng the elec-
2 .~ 2 , __ , _2 缸~t , - 21ω ε
c. ron 臼 Sx = ~/2 st ate 1s o~ol • ~{A 吨+础 (e---- + e -'--)J - ~(1+ s1nßcos2wt)
(
。叫lν

,,‘1oAB
nu { t
EE
、 1t'''
,,lt

um-
UE等

<E} > { Aa* <t ) *


B ( E} > ( A* ( t } R <E>
< ) sx • ( ) • .. +
山V
-

巾uv
、,

< <

S

-飞

-q,
"‘

X U


B食〈 ε)A(t)) • (~/2)s1nBco.2ωt.

(c) 1n c.aseω84 , Jg
1-1 z 与 and < s >
-
0; 1n case (11)α*α
1-1 胃'1(l+ cos2w t)
= cos 2ωtwhile 〈 SX 〉响.. )I. (cos 2ω t -与) . These answers are em1nently sens1ble

since for 8 需
o n 1s a100g the z-axis. hence there 1s e~ual probabl11ty of be 1ng

found in I 与+〉 {LLBFl} and 阳 lvd{L a-eFz 〉 -both beug 与. 'i et < Sx >
20 Hodero Çu antum Xcchanics - Solut1oQS

• 0 3S the classical analogue ~uld ~‘ 150 be reasonab14巳 for an electrott pointed

'P 且叫sehthe z41recum-hra. , IZ <i.e.a along 。x}.M Me:α


1 - 1,
and < &x > • ~/2 a 吉 c ellt1rely 古 easonable in ttrms of init 1al state requirements.

4. First ~ork out x(t) a~d p(t) in the Helsenberg plcture. Evldent17 f -(lfi~ ) ( 文.

p 2 /Z囚 1 - p!= . ac.d 品 -(l/~)!p. p2 /2m] - O. 50 p(t) - p(O) 皿d 15 1nde~endent of


,
t ú>注.叶飞 ile x(t) x(O) + (p(O)/~)t. Hence (x(t). x(O)J - (t/m)[ 抖的,以O)J
-
- 1现 tl 回·
5. (8. xJ - (p 2 /2m + V(x). xJ
-
-~?/m . 由 erefore ((n.xl. x) - _~2/m. Take the
町 eetat10n value of ((H 卢 1. x] v.r.t. a D. energy e1ge 血 t ïa飞回 have

龟 "1 I!xx l a">-2吨 "1 由 la">+<a"I x:xH I. 与_ _..21m. (1)


_Use next Hla"> - Ea"la"> .and 叫 'IH E. ,,<.a "1
- 3 • (1) becomes

Ea" 旬 "1 xx I a">-2< ,a" Ix Hx I a" >7 Eau<a" I~ I a"> -


_'f( 2/= (2.)

。 =-EaJa"IEia 与+ <a"! xHx !a"> - ({2 12m: (2b)

Nov using closure property ,四 have 龟 "I xl!巾 ~-2· 时 Ixala' )ooC a'lxjalf )o -

L Ea· 叫 '\xla '>也 -lxla~·E, Ea-ha"lxlah|?and 姐 "1=1 户气 i.<a"lxja'> 句 !Ixla").

-L| 叫 '1 x 1. •> 1 • Equ.ation (2b) bee,。回 S


2

5·ida叫 xiahlz(Ea·-EaJEH2/Zm. (J>

6. LLt H .言212 m + V( 白. and ve e。呻 uted-F.E1 through the follo~ing stepS a

[玄.~, H] - [lt. 言. p1 /2m + V(~)J - (1/2m)( 主 -F-221+[ 主·言 -V主 )J - (1/2 田) 1:j

(X 1P
1' PjPjJ + t 1
(x 1P
1' (X )J -
V (112m)
1:j 1 1 j j 'j
(x [P .P P J + [气·勺 Jp1>+

t1 (气 (p 1 ' V( 宜) J + (气 . V(主 )JP 1 ) • (112m)


1:j
(x
1 , P j P j Jp 1
+ t x (P • V(主) J
1 1 1

~ (1/2~】 1: j ([气 "jJ'j ' 1 + Pj( 气 'Pj J. 1 ) + t


1 气 [,1' V(主)] • (112m)
1:j
(国 Ó1J'jPi

ιPJ (1阳月 )P1) t 1 气 (-ll(, V /3 x 1) -四[言 2 1m


-
+ 主.审V(主)]. Hence <[主·言,民 J> •

z

:~.., : I~rn Quant 四 Mecnanics ~ Solutions 21

., _... .... ..
· 叫 hFt 》 /m - 〈主 .qy( 王 )> J • 1~ d/dt <x'p> (u 51吨 Heisenberg 叫uat10n of motlon

;o r x.p). Tha con~~ t1on for quantum 皿 chan1cal anal吨u e of the. vir i al theorem

rp > a 0.i.e.zhe expecEaum value 。 fZ;for a SEat豆。nary state 15


-噜
LS d /d E <

二 nèependent of t.

To compute <(6x) ~ )
2 - . 2. -
<x~> <x> ~
2 • f1rst no te that state ke t 1s fixed 10 t he
7

~eisenbe r g p i cc ure , hence <x(t)> 篝 <t-O\x( 巳) \ 巳属。> A 0 be~ause <x(O)> • 叩 (0)> 回

o and x( t ) • x(O) + (p(O)/.m) 巳 from problem 4 a bove . Next we compute

[x(t) ]2 萄 [x(0) ]2 + (t/m)[x(O)p(O)+p(O)x(O)] + ( t 2 /m2) [p(0)]2.

Because <x(O)> =叩 (0)> • O. hence ðx D x (O) - <x(O)> : x(O) 时lile t. p - P(0) -

<p(Q) > ~ p(Q) . f r om problem 18(b) of Cha p ter 1 , the m ini皿J.m uncerζa1nty wave

packet s~ ~ ~s fies x (O)[t-O> -λp(O山,胁咄mλ1s a p町ely i.magin町 number.

It i5 then ev1dent that <(x(O)p(O) ~ p ( O)x(O))> - (11 λ)<x(O)x(O)> + (1/λ 勺 <x 2 (O)>
s < ( A } 2> . zc Z 2 2
.


Em > + { t / E ) ,< t •

噜,‘
x E <U { x ( nuv) ) ( P{ n } ] E > • 向u


,、
,、

、,

• 0 VA


E E
E

2/_2 , ~(._\2_ _ ..,...., 2_ 1\1 2.2"._2..1. ..\ 2


<(^x) 飞.。 +{thk{ap) 〉 POE 〈 (ax) 〉 po;十 (~"t'/4m 叫 ;x)飞 -0)'
.J...
th1s agrees

with expansion of wave packet c a lculated using vave mechan1cs.

8. (0) H - \0 ' 巾矿\ + \0" 巾 a 'l _ c5 (0 1) as 1s ev1dent sinc~ <a' [H[a'> _


\ 1 01
姐 II!H [a l1 > ,. 0 , vhile 钮 ' [H[ a"> 畸 <B" [H[ a ' > ..ιNo" 叫。〉帽 E[*> and the secu-

1ar equat10n 1s det [日- Ell • 0 , 1.e. E • t c5 are the 出町 gy e1genvalues. Th e


(AB) }

c zr esD- n-d ( v 1t
、"

Ka s sat 1 s Ev
g e4 e" .k •

d
'。

惆a

, v>


(~~) (~)-!6( 刀, and iAl Z+ lBl Zal 〈mmM1叫


Obvic叫Y~2 (i) f町 E - 刊 and LLi)E町 E 事 -6 are app叩1ate 叩nket 50

lut1ons.

ωAs a funct10n of t 阳回盯1te \~仰


~ 2 ~lodern Quant U1fl Mechanics • So lutions

s (~口õ G斗O)(~叫呻(归 t吵
I\ B ( 巳 )ν
'j

-,._, -- \ S(t
叶) /

Thus A(C) ‘-(秘 /õ)2 d Z A (t)/dt Z a.d B(ε) • - (~I 占 )Zd 2 B( 巳 )/dt 2 , <,'.: λ{ 巳) = Ál cosωE

+ A2sin~t , B(t) s B1cos川+ B2 sinwt are the simple harmonic ~二~".l tions ....ithωz

6/~. It is evidenc that [a'> 骂 |ψ(c=o);> =(~)henCe ^l '" 1 ,::'."''' and f:o l:l

m皿11叫0. B2 = 1, A2 • O. 50 I 时小 z(22:)
(c) We need to evalua t e [<a" ! 、, (巳 )>[2 ....here <a叮皿 (0 , 1). Evi~~~cly probability
15 sin 2ω t.
(o-
lo =/ 2-
、 IJ

<d) mLn e Haa l • 6 J f r a sp i n ka svdsce m E • .nenp- e 4v{ E) >

''ν

E n L a n un


x

· (;::::)descu臼 the evolut100 of a spin町 in time. init 坦 11y 10 s t:. ate (~)

and h四ceanugenszau 。 f Jzzjoz·

9. (a) Let the normalized energy eigenke r. s be written as [E> • lR><R[E> ~ IL><LIE>.

:\'oW HJ E> 撞 EIE> the立时。四川 IL><RI + IR >< LI) I E> • EIE> or 6(IL><R\E> + \R><L::>)

葛 E(!R><R!E> + IL><L[E>). Due to the line 盯 inòependence of l L> and IR> • ....e

have 6<RjE> = E<L I E> and 6<LIE> ~ E<R I~>. ~o.... due to norma1ization conòit1on

\<R\E>12 +1<L \E>12 回 1 , ....e have 6 2 - E2 or 6 -主 E (these define the c....o level

system 向envalu臼). Take 6 m +E. aod <RIE> '"叫 E〉 21/J2.thaz l+E> -32{ l h
+ jL> ); for 6 - -E , take <RjE> '" - <L!E> - 1//2 and I-E> - ~2( IR> -\L>~.

(b) Suppose at t""O, !α>. \R><R\α> + lL><Lla> =


\n . t-to~O>. The evolution of
t1
-n'u H{
LZ t l
/+
URV
-1-74 |> iE ----n
E oe
a

t e EE
〉。

-r ·rFroQ part (a)


a

>
。、,

st .3. te vecto r 1α , to~O; t> i5 such ')


- e 2
'41

=九 < I +E> + I-E>) and


E
、,

M -
we have IR>

e-iHt/\<\ o.>胃 e-iHt/~(<R\ o.>IR> +<L\a>\L>)

=;24l …-iHt/现(\+叫 -E叶 +}24|g〉 e-1肚/~(\+E> - I-时 (1)

But e -让ltl~ ,平iL>


.........' .. I!E> t/K , 主 E> , hence
• e ' ...........! fr。因 (1) we h
>bJern Quantum Mechanics _ Solutions 23

lo , t。吨 t> ;;. e-iKt/ rl. ja> • ~2<RJ a.> (e- ";,t" t / )( \ + e:>相比叫 -E>)
( 2)
+}24 | 肘{产 t/KI+E> _ei6t /Kr_的·

Rearrange τh.s . of (2) "back to t he {!R>.\L>} basis , ~e have

I c:.. to"口 t> 叫 <R Ia. >cos6 cJ y. - 扫 L [ a. >sin6t/l{) IR>


(3)
+( <L.!a>cos6t/K - i<RI a. >sinó t: / )() t L>

( c ) Suppose at tzO , I a.""" í R> 'J ith certa1nty , than fr。因()) ~e have <L \ a> =0
a nd <R\ a.> c 1 (norma11 zat1on). We need the develoP Qe ot of IL> as a function of
t1坦 . th1s c。口 esponds to 忡, t。吨,口- cos ð. t/K]R> - isin6t/ ;I. [L> and <L ! a.t。事0; t;.

... -isin õ, t/\'(. Th e transi t1cn probabilit:; 1s j<L1Q ,与 -0; 口 1 2 • Sin2~tn

(d) 10 t~e Schr8dinge r p1cture the base kets JR> 3nd IL> 归国 1n sta t: 1ona叮四"

ti啤 and the state vector obeys i~ 6/at\a , t。吨; t > • HI α .t020 ; t>. Wri te

| α , 飞:.:0; 口 aα, ( t)IR>+ 气 (t) I L> and using H • 6(IL川 R/+ ! R> <L ! ). the SChr 8d1nger
equat10n leads to coupled equations i~do.R(t)/~~ • 6a (t) and i阳气 (t)/dt - 60 (t)
L R

~here CR(t ) ~ <Rl o., to~; t> and 气【 t) - <LI 毡 .to.O; t>. ~olutions of the coupled
equations c an be obtau回d by .not1ng t ha t d2/dt2[OR , L(t)]+ (6 2 /K2) "R, L( t) _ 0 ,
hence

气 (t) cAcos6 t/ M +BsinA t/ 弱. QR{t) -C cos ð. t/K +Ds inA t/K {的

At t - 0 1 肘- <Rlo>I.> + <Llo>IL> - a.(O)IR> +气 (o)IL> , hence 0.(0) - c 四

<RJ0.> and 气 (0) - A - <LIωNe且 the norma11zat10 n condit1on at t. with to =O


句. to =0 ;ε [ o. .to.O; t> • 1 g1ve

co s 2 õ, t/孤+ (<Rl a >*D + O*<Rja> +叫川 B + B飞L\ o.> ) cosðt/M s in6 tf)(
2
+ (101 + IB i 2 )sin 26t/ K • 1. (5 )

Solut1。口。 f (5) 1s poss1ble w1th 0 - -1<Lla> and B - -i<RIα> , h四ce (的 fo言

气( t) 四d . .( t) g1v臼址、e <oefficients of IL> and 1.> in (3) of (b) ,

(e) Th e l ~ck of a~rm1t1c1叮 here 19 臼础 as 且 problem 2 , replacing H • B12 11><2 1


24 川。 dern Quant UJll Mcch~. "ics - Solut 二。 ns

by H • 6!L><R!. we find again Hn ~ 0 for n>l , a~d U(t.to~O) .1 四 it6/~ \ L> 吨|

even fc:: a 鸟坠旦王坦 interval. The ini t. ial st4te is 叫时 IR> + <LI~>IL>; ~t

a lat盯 tlme. t ....e h a. ve (1 - it. 6/ 'f.. !L><R!)(<R! C1 >!R>+ <LIρ\L叶. henee ~robabil扛y

for bei吨 founri in \L> 1s \<LJc> - (此时的 <R\.>\2 a只rl i~ \ R> 1s \ <R \ 0> \ 2 , but
|叫的噜 ( 1t^ /K)<R\ .>\2 + \<R\.>\2 乔 14lg〉 lz+|4lul2.Thus pmbability cm-

servatlon is vio lated.

10 . H - p2/2m + ~也~2x2 for the one dimensional simple har四IOn!c os c:. illa乞0言·

(a) 1n t.be 旦e立 senbeτg pic ture. the operators X 8nd p obey the Heisenberg equa :io~s

of oo'1on: dp/dt - (1/1K)[p , 目 J - -皿 2 x , dx/dt - (l/ iK)[~, P. J • p/m. rn1s 10-

plies X ,.吨)2X 3.nd p -二、。 2p ....ith ti"飞e 1n1t1a1 condi tions x(的撞 xo a :l d p(的- Po
x (的- po/m and 趴 0) ~ -mw 2x o . The solutions are x(t) - xoc。副t +怜。 /rrt.;) sin叫,

以 t) - Pocos川崎皿lXOSintllt whlch give H _ p2( 的 12... + .,剧与气功 spi/ZE+ 坦坦24 ,

i. e . H 1s t1田 independen t.. Dyn 阻ical variables x and p are 主主主三旦旦单旦 t 10

the Heisenbe=ó p1cture. At t - O. the Heisenberg and Schr8dinger p1cture3

coincide. thus ~(O) ~ X sω - ~。但 1th xS(t) - xS(O)) .nd PH(O) - PS(O) - p。

(\lith PS(t) = PS(O)) and we note th e. time-ind e. pendenee of dyna皿.1cal variables

"
in the Schrod1nger pieture.

rne relationship between the Heisenberg 皿 d Schr8ding怠吉 pictures 1s X-n (t) •


扭 t/Þ__
xse -出 t l现四 t/~_ _-1l! t/~
-~~, ,. 'J ith X '-' Xo and P
Rω - e.....' "PSe '-'''U' with Ps - po' Us1ng
s
(2 .3.48) - (2.3.50) , one knows ~ω-xoc。剧 t 叫 Po!mw )sinwt . A:i. s。

eiEEUMp。e434UM a p。 +{itJM)[ 骂, PoJ + (12t2/2!~2}{日,阳, p o ]]


+ (13t3 /J !~3)[曰, [H , [H , pol]] +. _ p __ (t 2ω 2)p_ -t皿1l 2 x...+巳3 血必4VKn+ .
u 言.,.- v ... 一丁了一

由盯e we have used {阻. xo1 .. -叫pol田, [H , pol - l~mw2xo' Th1s i哼 11es that

PH(t) ~ Pocoswt -且成。 s 1nw t.

(b) At t吨, the g四eral state vectors for both plctures 町e equal: !a>~ z la>s ~
h d ern Qu ant\HIl Mechan lc 3 - Solut1ons 25

1 0 , ε -0> . e . g. la .t咱> - t o. <=-n (O) 10.>. At t t' O. !a.t> 凰. \a , t-O> .. tncn(O)!c> 1 .e.

t 1.;;:.t! 1nd ependec. t ,由 11e la.t>s .. e 四 t fl( 1 叫中.. tu c n ( o) e- 1w (时: 巳 In> and h

thu .5 t~ de pendcllL G/ c have ueed R .. 'j(~(阳电)由ich 15 t u.e-i:a.d町扭曲目扭

b。 εh piccu res). Ye caa re臼 sc la.t>s ae la , t>s .. r n cn(t) !n> with cn ( t) -

cn(O) e- i~(时气) t Al.5,O note 1lI a /3 tla.t>s .. B\a.t>S 时吐出扫 the S c.hdSdiager 叫ua­
t10n f c: the S lZhrtld .toger state vector. 坐坐坐旦"n (t) c皿 be det e rm1n ed 10 the
I_ " .~ I^ ,- _ -W ( a-咆)t
tvo p lctu:: es b)' (时 C
n (t) -也 10:.
_
t> S .. cu (0)
_
e - - \...
4J ~. the SchrBd 1n g町 picture

叫,h base kets 10> t 1me lad即回d四~. and (b) c nω - < n . t l a.t> a 叫 1.-1l!t/~ 10 , " .
.. cn(O ) e: -i(ol( c.均} 气 the Rei.5e~~erg plcturc v1出 base kets In , t> .. e:iH t /)(!n> vhl c. b

are t 1Þe-d e pendent ,

11. f or a ooe-d imensiooal S回归国ntial H .. p2!2m + ~ ~~2. hence 主- (lÎ1~)[x , HJ 飞

p/m. an d p .. ( 1 凡的 [p , HJ - (1儿别(m. 2 / 2) [p.x2J _ (m.2/2~)[_2 瑞x] .. -四 2x. Bence

二 +ω 2x .. 0 , acd solut1on 13 x ( t) - Ac。且,ε+ Es1ωt. At t吨,叫 0) - A 叶1.ile 元 ( t) -

·ι笔。 S~ε+&l cosw t leads to 圭 (0) - ~ and thus p(O) .国IlS.. 1"hus 扭 the He 1aenberg

plc ture x(t) ..叫的 00....怎+ (p(O)/皿) s i.J:XIl t ..

Our atate vector !a>气-l p a fl{ ! o> at t -o i for t>O ve b.ave 1tl出. 1!出国berg
p1cture <x(t)> ..句 Ix(的 10>. We note that
e句 (O)./~x(O).-句 (O).!K _ .1p(0)afl(([叫的 ..-1p(0)a !K J + .-1p(0 ) a/~x(0) 】
- x(O) + _.
由 u..句 (0)./~p(0)e-1P(0)a !K _ p(O). Hence

句 (t)> -句 !x(t)l a> _ <0Ie1p.fl(x(t)~-1p.!K 10>


·呻 !.1 P (0) 叫刘0)0阳时p (O)1皿)81且也 J .-1pa/~ 1 0> ,

S 1noe <O! x(O)!O> - <o!p(O)lo> • O. 田。bta扭 for <x (t)> .. a∞ωL

12 , (a)τhe vave funetiou 坦 probl臼 11 taua fotm 咽 'I a> - <x'le-lpa!~ l o>. Since

elpa!~ lÄ l > • \x'-a>(h四ee <x 'le-lpa~ • <x'-al). 四 have <x' l a> • <x'-aIO>.
Henc i;口'.:;> ..卢浮町[巾 '-a〉 2/bi1·
J
J

f
、、

\
( b)τ~e g.ound state ~ave funct l on is
' ke , 220 xz

ν‘
n x -o ex pI 1

,、


u> a



The probability of f i nrling ! a> 1n the ;round state i5
2 1.._ 2
P = J 句 !x'><x'!O>dx'-(l/山。 }ζe叩 l-{{XLa) 」, 2}/24l dx'=e-a nx。
P 1s time independent and hcn ce does not change f0 1: t>O.
13. (a) From the given information , we can vrite

(1)
- i而百万(/n+1In+1 > -lñ ln-1叶.

h田曲目 a1so that ata • N ~here N is number op町ator 3nd Nln> • ~ I n> 由 ile

<mln> ""õ t:!:l' 四町 efore 咱 Ixln> .马尼盯EE(JESE-pl+在zreR.n+l) , likewtsε

咱 Ipln> - (~i/2)12盯mw( 布在6 石e vl). c。即utation of 咽 l{x , p}ln> 胃


.0+1 m.
叫 x刮肚+ <m l pxln> is obt且ned by using (1) and 叫 x -得π;;;;;(品m- l[ +1"..1< m+ 1 1)

as ~ell as <m!p- - 1昂"",)言(/m+1<肿l! - I:;<m-l !) {sign change co皿 s from complex

conjuga:. 二。 n when passing tO dual space}. The . calculation 1s then straight -

f。凹町& " l:ead1气 g t。咱 i{x , p)ln> - - iK(/n("..1)6 m+1.n_1- 布古有Tem-1.Ml)· hr

咱 Ix 2 ln> = <mlxxln、. try evaluate the scalar product 咱 Ix and xl 旧. the ans '!Jcr

i5 <mlx 2 In> - (~/2mw){ 而忘立了6 m, n-2


_ ,+(2肘1)δ
. ,_... -, -m.n+苟言育T古言了Ô_ n.?}' 阻 .n+ :l
Likewise

切 1p2!n> = <m !p p !n> and we evaluate the scal町 product 咱 Ip and p!n>. t. he

…町 15 咽|内〉写 -EF{ 而可6叫,严叫 eM+币市古矶时2) •


(的 Viria 1 theorem states <.p"21酣- <主刁V> . hence 1n one dimen手ion we have 叩 2/~>
,,~
- <xdv/dx>. For the SHO , H - pLf2m + V(x) m p 三 12m ~ mw~x: theref。τe xdv/ðx .,
,,~ .• 2_2

阳2x 2 • 阳 <p2f卧 'iq|dlM· 年 2平.+1) • MtaI (n~). ....hile 咄咄萨笛阳 2<x 2 >
-…2飞4
·盎二 (20+1) = Y.w(响) .τh 盯 efore the v1rial the盯 em is verified.
ha -L p x' / "-P) -H‘e aph x ' / un h enc e l
"民

( a) x' 0· ' . ( Z un) e p x <z p x g>


E
、,

<

,、

< > z
Moée rn Qu antum Mect飞anl口- $olutions 27

= fd叉'叩, Ixl x 与句 '!a>../dx' 旷叩 '!x· 〉性 ' I a>. Note that explicitly 四 have

i~ 1/ ,p'[( 2.~)-~e-iP'x'l町. x' 叩 I\X';'. Hence <p'\x \a> -/dx' i~a /3 p' (<p ' lx'><x'la>)
篇 i;(a /a p I 叩 ' I a> where .we assume 巳 hat differentiation and integrat ion can be
interchanged .

(b) For H • ?2/2m + ~阳2)(2. the s t; atp. vector I >S satisfies in Schr8d 且ger
Pl. Cture

(p 2/ 2-s. +与阳 2x 2 ) 1 >s - 1~a/atl >s • (1)

In the 回国 n tum representation. 'W e have

呼 'l(p2/ 2m + ~ mw 2x 2 ) 1 气- 1xa/at <p'l >s (2)


~r.d thus

5卢i 〈P'i's+ 与恤2(_x 2 a 2 /ap'


wher e in (3) we have used identity 叩 '1=1 >s • 1Ka/ap' 吁 'Ix\ >s _ _K 2 a 2 川 '1 ~
øp 1" ..
For the SHO prob lem there 1s a complete sy回回 try between x and p. So che
_p2/2p~
en町盯 eigenfunctlons in 四 mentum sp ace must be of the form e 。飞 (p/po)

up to normalization (po ;得iiLi) in analo目 with e _x2/玛 Hn(x/x o 】 (x o -而司


in posit1on spac~.

15. From (2.3 .45a). we have x(t) ... x(O)cosωt + (p(O)/mw)s 1nw t , and x( 巳 )x(O ) -
[x (0) 12co~t + (p(O)x(O)/mw)sinwt. Simplc har~n1c oscillator (SHO) ground

state 1s f~om (2.3.30) <x'lo> - (11向23 町( - ~(x'l'o)2J. '0 -而""" • 白白


C( 巳) - <Olx(t)x(O)[O>
- [[<ol.'><x'I((x(O)) 飞。sωt + (p(O)x(O l/皿,) s 扭叫 11 7.." ><x" 10> 岖 I dx"

= [吨 \ x'>咽 I IO>x , 2coswt dx I + ( iDJJJtl皿归。 \p(O)x(O) \ω.

The term <o\p(O)x(O)\o> vanishes (c .f . prob lem .13 w1th ~吨吨。 r by 且p l1 c1t

evaluι~o n 1n !x'> representat1。时. Hence C(t) 15 g1v四 by

C(t) - cosωtl(x , 2/巾。〉町 ( - (x , /x o )2J 缸 I _ (~/2~ ) coswt.


28 Hodern Qu antu~ MechaniC8 - Solutl0QS

16 . ω Le t lia u. r comb !J::..a tion be 10.> - alO> + bl l>. Th en ψ- (户。\+b *<1\) 均 \0>

+b\l斗。r x • ~*a<OlxIO> + a*b~Olxll> +俨 a<llxIO> + b 1t b<llxl l>. Fro l:i p:::olello


*.
13 四 have 叫 xjn> .与矶7EJam-vfJZE飞0+1)' henceψ· 节和L
-岔

子而1 m:..J orψ 寸明/!lIW {a*b+"山 V1thout 105S of generality cnocse a.b t。

be real aod tlorca11zed such that a 2+b 2 • 1. th四 <x> • {2'Mrt!lJJali丐2 Max!且lm

。 f <x> 白白白qu 1r es å<x>/da • 0 or a .吐 112 aod 1 l.k.,,!皿 b - +1 /12. H国c.

∞固立- "硕7~ and up to a eommon phase I 俨 32{| 仙|川·

(b) Tb e s:ete vector 1n Schr8d 1nger representat10n evo1ves íor t>O as I~.to; t>

- u 仇,艺。)le.z。〉由自e U(E.z。〉 -eeH 〈zmt。)/M andH-pZ/2·+ 与国 2:12 :1 s 1ncl.乞·


Tak 1ng t。呻, ve hav e. lo.t> _ -1H t!}(" 口
e-~~f"(1 ,, _ .1
>+11>)1/2 , but s 1nee
pendent of t 主""'.

{!n>} are.剧目盯 eigenkets vith 四町盯 e1genvalues En -胁,(时性),"" 盯住. \0ρ

_ (e-~t /2 Io> + e-31~t!2! 工叶 II~ as the s~ate vector for t>O 臼 the Sc.hrél<i ing町

p1eture.

(1) I~ the Schr8d 1nger p1e:.ure

〈α.<\:\..<> _ "(e L.</2<O\ 句3;w t/2<1\ )x(e-L.<12\0>+电-3 ;w t/21 l> )

- " (<O\x\ 口响-L. t呻 \x\1>+e 1wt <lix\0>+<1\x\1>)


- " (e-如t 与占百)"", + .;w t "{2~)",,,】- "l2ït)"",∞且L
p( 口'-
(11) 10 出e. '8:e1ac-ab町, pict町. \肘- (\0叫时的.呻川军 (O)co~t+ 唁Ls出-

henee … 句 \x(t) 1.> - ,,(…叫叫0)\0> +唔!.,olp(o) 10> + 叫c。阳阳H


叫叫。叫川
i

+ 唔L
与问叫咐
Ip以川州叫〈伺阴
0创叫}川i问1>+ ∞~t<~!州 \0> + 唔!.,llp(o)

唔"- <1\ 以Ol\ l>}. Th e evalu.a tio !l of 叫叫0) 1m> and <c! 削 1 m.> have b白内

!o p robl~m 13. aod g1ve for 句!叫巳)\.> - <x (t)>a - ~Ií盯;tWC.O S41. t ~S 1n (1) .

(c> We eval\且M 叫6x)2飞 in the Sehr8d1oger p1eture for def 1n1t~oess. 2ere
2_ _ __2
< (6.x) "">回 <x"'> - <x>- ,
~!odern Quanturn Mechan:cs Solutions 29

‘"巳h 'x 、 a 咛丘币 l~ fro :n (b) • Asain ~Q.t!X2!3 , t> - ~('01<2Io、坦-1.-"t 、 01<2 11>
吨 ir..,;t:、 l i x2 :o>+<tlx 2 l1 叶 Use ag <ã in t h.e
for 咱 lx 2 [n> from proble o. express 立。 n
z
x nu l UA 2 1 Z
13 , i. e.
nuv

,、

、,
> <D X 2 nu

'I
司~/"阳,

,、
到 12 rtt.J • < L X

、,
a
• o. There-

、,
E

fore <x
,、

w
> . 句 .tlx /a.t> =与 (2~/叫 • M/~. .nd
2

< ( ~x) 2> z 昔(1吨。山川


17. tf \.;e ork 1n
W'
时le Schd1dinger p 立 cture , than
ik
< n e x nu
-14(X}JKXψ。 (x)dx
、,

vu

where ψ。 (x) E
【阳/训}气 exp[ -llL;Jx 2 /2WJ. Z O
First note fr c_ / :oblem 13 thac < O X
'OIe

、,
- Kl 2 皿h exp[ -k 2 '01χ2IO>12J H-4

U
< ox
therefore

」户 」
三 ..p[-k 2U4 "", 1. wEeaxciei (
lx
Ea yA

C
<
U
(阳/柑 )\ZO 正b-m』 2/Mdx , t his b

t
z
h



can be ~valuated by not1ng
U
• 疗 la e (02 -4 ac)/4 a. e
句J

(=/ r.~) ~(~. /""")与 .-k K/4且=


Hence 2
V

写民

ex p [ 2 Z /2
'民

AU
X
,、

<
U>

-
咱,‘

18. (a) Take .I~> ex p[ an

-K
/ 2]
a exp(λa+] 10> • ex pI
ai。 (λn/ n! }(.t)nlo川
- I
A Z/ 2 1
{af } + k
I(i;可了(n-"2) 二丁才τ衷于 In吨, hence { a > l > z
but ~. koo.... that n>

内u

在:/k>
.nd a(a-;')kjo>_ 布丁 .Ik> -ÆiiZ了 Ik- l>.
Th us |λ.-1λ1 2 12 n~lλnlñlñT ln_l~ .
2/ 2
n'

aA

"F
s e
na-- λn+l( 布在/I(n+订了)In>. 8ut (n+l )!/(n+l) -n: ,

ho丘。 e
ZA
I-ASz-
/e nz- - lz
8 zh
/ 0
a · Ee
尸凡〉
lA
+eλ

2E
甸raA

• AJ/as
{2 )>
, pn'tl-
A

.1λ 〉 -5
v+e nb2 AEa
-ne ntl
/O r > n>
、,

eiAτ

A
,、

nlt
0l
n OA (1)

-
Th o r.h.s .
t
n- '-
a

( Aa-T } a/ n
o

'ι­

a
。E ( 1)
Y/

E
B

A 2
ti

aZ/|m/ 布了 -
A

B
H. ence ..,ith >
- we
、,

have indeed aJλ> - , 1λ> with


λ in general a coøplex number. For normalization ve find
< A A>
. JAlZ〈OlefaeλJ|
i l
口>_ o- I~12<oOle
l λ飞? \nl
d J lv/ 石丁
.- 1λ |Z〈管 (2)
li。 EEJRJRJ(λ飞户Im.! In>
but amJn> . 布 (n. 1 汇士士百-ori-1了 !n-I:1>. hen c:. e (2) contr1bu 吃 es QY orthonormal1ty
O. z
states only when n- m • O• i. e.
A> • - A Z
443;二;JmhaJ|ZJ|4. 1·
nv


,、
A
-E <

rr. ~ re fore !À> is a normalized conerent 6tate.

(b) 叫As :2〉 回 <x 2 > _ <x>2 '. :Z: ..布π;(a甘于). 'W hen! .. 1).> 吨 Ih and <l jat .. <:i.l l.~
s。何, • <À I~ I Þ "布π""(<11 (a+山 1 1>) "报乃;;;(λ+内. and <x>2 .(~/~) 以 2+
).*2+2λλ禽) " (K/2剧)(λ+沪)2. Nov x 2 " ~ " (~/2皿)[.t2+.~..t+.tal " (~/2四)[.t 2
+a +2a与+11.hence 〈x2〉·〈Wbd)[fZ+λ2+21*1+11
2
• (~/2刷)[(沪'H)2+l 1. L1k.叫se
叩, 2 " -(~"",/2) [λ 气λ1 2 aDd <p<' " (K阳/2)[1-('*_1)21. u31ng p " 1~言(a T_a).
lle..o.ce 叫.6p)2> ..叩2, _叩>2. b/2 and 叫"户> - ~/2mw ~nd < (.6x)2川 (6p) 2," K2/ 4.
(c) Wr1t. IÀ'" .-1λ|ZAJ。的研!旧 "3。 ωIn> • hence f(n) .. e- I l.户口(瓷) .
τherefor. If (n)1
2
" .-1λl21λ! 2n /n ! &nd 1s a Poisso~ d1stribu吐。n
P(λ. .0) .. e-'"
一 、. '
λ'Oju!. 由e l: eν_ 1À12 •
2
Nov r(n+l) -比 hence If(n)1 2 " e-! λ 1 1 川 2n tr (n+l). Th e cax 1=u= value i3 ob-

ta :!..ned by nc: t坦g th~t 1nl fω1


2
- -1λ1 2 + nln{ 1λ1 2 J- 1川肿。 .M43沪、 1 f(叫 1 2
2 •
.. lnlll~- :n1nr(n'吐) :' .0 . Th e !.:l tt町叫uation deflnes ncax vhere fo艺 lar g乞 L
.!... 1nr (叫) ~ ~~ n. Rer. ce n曰. _ 1>.1 2 •
h 恤"

-ipt/~
(d) The 臼8n31&t1。民。perator e -Ivhere p 1s 阻四川咀呻臼ator 四d 1 just the
d16placeoent dis~t1 ce. ean be r~τit. ten as
ripUH.JG可ιa}-e473h;447苟'aa-KJ} 刷刷 [at , al
..4〈42〉 hJmMAl-ZGmJ4GmJ-d弘阜G市'a.t -t,ç;)市a
"'" e e /- e 4 执. •

Note e-t.;;;;;J王ila 1o > _ 1 0气 because a !O:' 徊 。. 扭曲M


-1pl/~r"_
,
10> .._ e.-1λ1
2
/2 >..t ,
-1"1 ,. e"'" 10> , ....here λ· 庄币;;m:-

(Ye have used he乞?Etka ident1Ey eA+B-eA.ERe-与 (A.BJ. true for any pair of oper~-

tors A and B 汇 haεc。回:DUt. e vith {A.8]. c: .f. 1.. .J. Clauber. Phys. Re'守. 84. 39 9
(1 951) . J
p~o de t'n t;(Uantu Ul Mechan 主 C9 - Solutlon. 31

19. \l e k.n ov that ra主 ··:1· 1 and [斗气1·la:-a-1·o tua四 040山atot" s are 1nde-

pendeot). then {Jz , J.]


~2 1 _ t _ t t t _t t t t
ï la+a+a+&_ - a_a_a+a_ - &+a_a+a+ +气‘ a ' a ) ..
++
a a++ ,‘

句,
M2 ,??? +,,+ . ? 才P ‘ e ··&·

UR-匀-
.

-
~ (.:a , 4: _ a'a .:a
2 、+-+-+‘-----+--
a:. <a , a : - 1)
-+--、+-+
a a ' . : a >I •
-, + -_-_-+Q_
<a a
+ aa-a
. .


tLt_ _ )(2 ,,_ _t , , " , t )(2 舍


_a ~)a~a_ - ~ ((a_.a~l + 1)a~a_ - ~ ( 2)a~a_ .. KJ+ , suilady[JZ'1·4JJ

aad32·J; + J ; + J : - J J . - H J z + J : i s such tM[324] ·ν-Jz-MJ:+ J:


2 .3
- JzJ+J_ + ){J; - J; .. [J+J_ , 1 z ] .. (.T+ , J% ]J_ + J+ P _.Jzl .. -)(J+J_ + l< J+J_ - O.

2 _ "2.+. t K2 , . t . + . . ~2
EXHautly JJ--HJZ+JZ.M aJ,气气 'Efa+~-a-aJ+E(aLaJ+飞-
宁 宁 t t t t ,_ ~2_t_ I ~ , _ t_ , w.~宁 宁 K2 . t t
a+a+a-a--ama-a+a++ama, a"aj-M aFa+<l+a-aj-E(a+a+ - a-aJ+E <a+a+a+ae
+ + + t • _ ~2. +专+. • . ~2 t
- 2飞a+a~a_ + a~a_a:a_) .. ~ a~a+(l饵,飞+』 aJJ+E a,a,(l均 a.:,a._, -

K2 + , + .. + K 2 宁宁
~ a~a+(a~a++a .:,a_) + ~ (a~a++ a:8_)(1 +与 a:a_) - ~ N(a~a+/2 . + 1 + a~a_/2) ..
K2... +
RE
喇4


M t UN/ ,-

+ }•
、‘

20. ln the r @g lou x>O. • obeys the 回国 diff@reut1a1 equat10Q aa the tvo-a1ded har-

!:lO oi c: 08 C: 立llator; however. the 001 , acceptable aolu t1oas are . thoae 巳,hat van1ah

at tbe or1g 1n. Therefore , tbe e1genvalue3 ' a~e those of the ord1nary .harmoalc

。 5 0 立~ l a. to 1=' belong 1n& .'.tb .vave fun c. c1aas of odd. par1cy. Nov the par i. ty of the

S回 o ....av.皇军ullct1 0'0s &.工 teraaξ.5 v1乞.h in c: reasing n , atar t. 1ng 田~th an even-par1ty

grcuad .巳~te. Beace ,

E - (4叶剑 v.../2 - (4肘3lK在瓦12 v1 th u呻 .1.2.. • • • • •

( a) Cround. state ener gy -揣在Tml 2 for 0. -0.

(bl FroQ. (2 小 31). <x'11> • ~l ..告飞仇 '-x~ ~, )(l/.~~lexp[ 句 (x' IXol 2 1

(vhere 飞呈 IKI=). H但由 +1 - (21在过12.")x ,即 [~(x '/xo)21 and <xζ­

W牛气) l~ 山碍[巾 '/xol2J<Ix' - (2r (51叫


坝。 . . r、 qu a~t.\!ft ~~三c.'t\ an.\..巳古 - 飞。飞飞飞\..,比毛
"
1 1.
它ne. s.olut.~on t.o 飞.'t\e. 1j)aτtic:.le. t't町~d bet....." t\\e ü~l.~吨n \~I'I旦也!l.t.M\,ì
~n(X) - ^n sin (nwx/L). n .. 1.2.3..... 比凶;c.w吨
N。回.
P(x , ε)dx. 1.(x.t)12dx is "
~ t ne probabl1!ty that

:乙::工工:乙:::1:;二;二乙:::;::;;二
the P a. rtl c: le Gescrl~

~ - 1 v 1a normalizat1on.

刀、e elgenvalues correspond 1ag 旬 'nfx}aze En -a2JH2J221,2.a


~nd hy the expanslon POstulate • 1 1 2.J~

o(x , t) - 6 cn.-1Ent/ä.n(x).
th. 叫?u。?:哩11t咄 Cn 13 thea g1ven by
、. {, ψ~(x).(x , O)dx _ ,L
hachn4叫"町 hdd〉 J Aadnfnwub叫 -wpo
pr。bab£lZE£es aEe p·lp12 , , , en -o fEOTEeve23 .zhereE。re r
lcal·IA jde-e 飞 r e laCl
• 0' "o.odd' and (2) reads (" .,,</
ψ(x , t) _ _ t ... ~__ __ . ., .. - • ---....'" l us l r. g ( 3))
A~均[吐(0. '1' 2川)~t/2mJ 叫O"/L) (-l)于
2
nLodd

22:二二二fznomii时飞川川·耐江叫denc of a)
(‘

叫uauoah f42JZa}dzefdxZ J

C
-Z<Q
噜 n
、"
13 bOUad
We bave
State 四4!rgy). Ia tegr4t e. above-vJ{X}…句(1.
町u.aUon fr咽 -c toe.....E>O henet
"吨. ~o.d lel
-MffdW也- ~. , .
2m .-r'~IX.t - d~/dxl 、
幅'x-- c J - VO.CO) .. O.
FO t" =< " 0.
, (1)

气亚.: 2
T..... 2
ìi d- */dX .I\, .. - Eψ

"1εh bound solut1oQ9 ~(X>O) .. A ( 2}

:1元;1工:;?"J;I::飞::77:"乙::;二二p[+(2叫2点
Th is 1& 副…
山u川叫叫'"叫
叫n'1帕川.川…叫时: 叫E
。 ouad Sts t: es iI

-
飞、、-

、~电『 幅

-
一飞

→-飞-、飞
一『 飞
问。 der~ Quantum Mechanics Solutions 33

expecced.

Usina the resulc of P 言。 blem 22 , 'W here 2mE /~2 • ~2m2/~4 1n our notat1on , we h a. ve

非 (x . t-O) -Aexp[ "时 Ixll~2 1. τhe nor 国 li z.a tion is then 2A


2
l exp(-灿, !~2 1 缸·
2 rtl 2 Cl.i.] - 1 and hence A -
1 or 2A"(}{"!2 (mλ/~2)" Fr。也 (2.5. 7) and ( 2.5.1 6) • we have

ψ(x . t> O) . . .1 dx' 1þ (x' .O)K(x ,扩川

z (m>J~2卢(囚 /2rri~t) 与-z exp[-m^!x'I/~2Jexp[i(x-x , )2m/2~c]dx'


where we have used 中 (x' , O) . (mÁ n 2 )"=p[_皿 Ix'I/~21.

(a)
0- Àx

class1cally al1 0wed class1cally forb1dden (V > E)


(E > V)
E •
自农、、- turn1ng po1nt E .. ÀX
1

τhεene艺 gy spectr~ 15 cont 1nuous. As1de from normal 主 zat1on , the wave funct 止。 ns

are; -

Classically alloved reg 立。 n: 气- e


主 (主/孤) ,x I2m(τπ寸缸'
(E - ÀX) 飞

c::'assically forb1dden reg1on: 一


-(1/~) ,
X 占百忘 I-E)dx'
(ÀX- E) ‘

Th ese express 尘。 ns are not va!id near xiix 1 .. En. (c!ass1cal turn1ng p。立 nt) • The

sketch of energy eigenfunct10n specified by E looks as f0110w


··i··t·g·--aa--ltge--

h1gh1y 当 amped fo :, large x

/

.
」一.....--J
faster oscillat1。也

X
1 - E/À (classieal turning point)
F -_.. 川 、_''''''lC$ - !:io lutions

(h) The ~st important cha r. ge is that the energy spectτum 15 now èiscrete. and

t be 'J ave functions are:

I 11
\
Regλ 。 n II:
l {:;:}(t 产而(E-Àx' )dx 1)
(E-λx)~

25. τhe electron 1s confined to the lnte 艺 工 o r of a hollow c yli~d艺 1ca1 shell. where

using cylindrical coo~dinates (ρ , 8. z) t he b 。町、 dary conditions are: -

协 (Oa , 8 , Z) .. 1þ (ρb , 8 , z) 鲤 ψ(ø.a . 0) 圃Iþ (o , e.L) .. 0

(a) Inside the cylindrical shell. the Schr8dlnger equatlon 1n cylindrical coorcl-

inates reads

- 4;是啡+告会2 +斗争 J - Eψ- -IEI. (00叫…ι


Uslng 巳 he 也e thod of sepa r ation of variables ψ. R(ø)Q(6)Z(z) and
1ma.~~-im6"r_az , _ _-QZ
:þ (p , 9.z) ·{AJm(KP)+SNm{KP))(Ce +De }(Ee+ze

are the energy eigenfunctions where m is an integer (to þ rese艺 ve s ingle-valued

的. IC =: ~可可布萨.叫..,ith x ""即. R(x) .. AJm(X) + BN~(x) 曰 tlsfies

Bes5el equ 2. tion

43+L
dx L 旦 + (叫 Ix 2 )R
X dx
- 0

Impose nex t the boundary condlt10ns; V(o . e , O) • 0 imp11es E--F , hence 7. (z) 写

E(eQZ_é - CZ ) _ 2Esinhaz. Noyψwill mt vaush at z ' L udless a is complex-

50 UTite a = ik and Z(Z) ~ 2Eisinkz. thence Z(L) • 0 1f and on1y if kL -且 π( 且

15 non zero integer) . Sin ce a 2 <O, K 15 a1 50 imaginar y. Van1shing of solut1on

at 0 2 Oa and P = Pb leads t。

AJ_(Kp_)+ BN_(KO_)
- --tn. '--a' - O.
!l1 '-~3'
AJ~民 (KP
' -0
---[11
lo.. ') + - 8N m-.
_ (KO 、)
Þ - 0
、 lodern QlL 3ntum :>-Icchan i. cs - SOlutions
"
.nd ~li:nina 巳 LRSA/8wa have Jzu(KOb)Ngn〈KOa} -Na{KPb}Jrn(K£ a)ao NOU g2·-氏2

.. _ ;.2π2!L 2 = ~2 + 2m 1 E j! 币 2 therefore E 桓 (~2/2m.)[κ2 + (2 叮 2 /t 2J . I( we Io: rite

0( '"'龟,俑, t~i t! n th root of che trans巳 endentalε~uation Jm( k~~P k)~_(k__~~ ) -


m' ~n . b' m' mnra

N 司机 :mob 〉 Jm{ 民ma a} · 0 , t han the enezgy can be wri EEen as

E 毒(到 2/ 2m .)[k王+ (i.:t ! L) 2 1 t t :a 1 , 2.3.


~;:-. n ..皿 、 tn- 0 , 1.2..

(:,) 10 t~, e f 二 cld free re~ 止。 n betueen ~a< ~<P b of cylindr1ca1 shell. ue can have

casa (U ab。vg wuh I . • . o and 〈·£瓦事 )2/2m ψ • Eψ • or the gauge-invaτian 巳

f orm (w1t;1 $ ... 0) 拉tF -F}~··E扩 , ψ ' 骂 e+ ie 州、 and A ~ Vf (with VxA ~ 3

= 0). 50 to find solution with field coupling terms (Ã,口), we find the solution

ψ ..., ith
+ie f/Kc , where
A '" 0 and theo multip1y by Fhase factor e'.........'...... f( 玄. t)

f rd?·.Z (? ' ·E}.LeE us choose a gaugE1n which A=A·0.Aa z(G/p)SwiEh E


z p •

a constant.τhen dr' ... o 'd6' eô and ~,7:. _"


__~ f(r.t) D
, 6_' "'''1_'
f~ø'de'G/pl
.1
•_..." __.1
G6. and .,~. 1 _leSC/}(c

~ow G can be determined using Stoke's theorem that !(VxA ) . dS - !c Ã.d! where C

1s a c10sed contour lns1de cyl1ndr1ca1 shell. We have Bρ?霄. 2霄C. and hence

"" e h: B 叫剧 C,I. '" ..1 Sð ," ( 1)

立 B8
It 立s eviden t that the solut1onψ 雹 (by symmetry) 15 of form 牛'事 R(p)e- --Q(') Z ( z ).

Exce? t for "._, 16' 时.


Q( 肘- e......"Q( the forms of R(o) and Z(z) are the same as 1n pðr t

(a) of problem b~t with a dlffcrent separation constant for R(ρ). Now Q"( e) +

mZQ(8}= 口. hence ~"(') " - 2i B~' + (m 2 _ B2) 可- O. The separaced eq u8c 1on for R

and ~ re a. ès
l dz;2iSdo z z z
且 d (pdR/dρ) +置二号"""瓷+ p ' (k-+2mE /K") • O.
R dp - Q de"' Q QC

Again as 臼 part (a) we have K2 • 2meE/~2 - k 2 _ 2meE/~2 _ 1 2 霄 2/ L 2 or 盯1t 1吨


2 2_2
aKun w1th y-aa - a , we have

~= [k~_
E • 2me '-yn + (1w /L)2J
t. ~~ ~...._ _t h
m盯 e Ky n 15 cne n'-" root of tran5c 四dental equa t1 0n

J, { p } <-K p } ""y t k y ) J, tk )

·比
nu


ynp a
S

ρ
y n huv Y y n a

、M
Y n vl

{NY--J-Y E 。zy aot a : in Easeτ). Note because y depend5 on 8 (hence B). the

energy eigenvalues are lnfluenced by 'B even though the electron ne.....er "touches"

the magnetlc f1eld.

( c) Th e ground stat包 of B-O case 15

E
100


w 让
1 t 与。1 P bρ)NO (k
h JO(k
由 与 01Pρ a) - . NO.( !t.与
0俨 1 ρbρ)JO(k
与OlPρa)' whl1e for B ; 0

'-EEM+
....grou o.d - 2mel....yn
霄2/L2J
vhere ~ 15 not necessar11y an tntege苦 Ho‘.;tever 1f we 宫 equire t he g 艺。 und state

éner gy to be unchanged 1n t he presence of B, then

1" 2 - m2 - 8 2 • 0, tl民主nteger. and

坦- eB中 2~c 叫:E-k跚巾,


~here N• 全回- 0 ,主 1 ,主 2 , ::3 ,. .... ó

26 . • • exp[i5(x , t )/~J and 蓝


回2 2
- 1~'~1 址. where H a -石ãi2+ 阿三).
, Th us
2' ,,_ ,
- (~'/2m)[
r ... iøS ,, ~ . ....."
ð~_("~:ψ)J ..uiêlS ,
+V(x)ψ-iH[tfψ] vhich s1昭 l 1f 1es t。
øX ~ \II. ø味?悦 't'

~2. ,, 25 . . .135. .135. . • . .. . i'5


-2E[ 盯xzψ+ (百EJ{而王)ψJ + V(x)ψ- i~[衍言. J • (1)

l
If 11t:!.刮-+- 010 回国 sense , ωreduces t。五('5 /a x). + V(对. - aS/êl t and th i s

15 the Ram.山叶Jacobl 叩ation. For V(x) • 0 we bave im( 臼 1 >x )2 _ _阳 at 四d

se ~k a solution cf separ由le fcr~ S(x , t) - X(叫+ T(t). 白ea 主('X/'X)2 _


-町 lø~ - a(a con5tan的. 50 T(t) - -a t + coost 四d X(x) • 12am x + const. Hence

.(x , t) • exp [ i( 范 om x 咱:) 1现 1. a plane vave vave fcnct10n. Ou r procedure w。此s


2_.. 2
because S 三s 11ne arly dependen乞 00 x (1.e. a~ s/ax. • 0).

27 . Froal (2 .4 斗的, zhe nu7(2.0· 〈-iH/2叫"哼. - (苦,*}, 1.and the v的e funct10n

-
hdern Quantum Mechanics - Solutions 37

for a hydro~en 3tom is 亨 'V 叫m 〈aJ with YUM)zcusp:ztc叫 eimH.


t ~-t ~-t

In s ? he r i calζ。 。 τdinates:


3-3
. r 一-
;J r •- er" ael
号 1
-一 +与否在百'.
1 ,
henc e J '" (飞 l r:trsin 6)! 唱, 12~~. and thus J vanishes for 0, 匾 。. For ~! ; O. j>O

U 飞 〉O a nd I < O itmad- 川、 ere 1>0 maans tnat r h~~ζhe same direction as 与

(i. e. i n t he direction of increas 立ngφ) while )<0 roeans that j has εhe opposite
direction to e)(i.ι1n the direction of decreasing ,).
28 . From (2.5 . 川 'Je hav~ 协川 x 1 .t-:)) _击工 dp'exp(正叫二的 -乓铲丛] .
Th e exp c ~ e nt can be written after completion of the sqιare as the followlng

巧毒。L {PJ-4迁户) .飞司。2.[ p' -吨ffitlZ+ 指引5


Th en yith E;' - p' -m (x" -x' )!( t-t o )' d;;' - dp' , we have

川 ;xho) z 古护e町
x叼P 喘均2U1u
J.句邮阳叫
」 e呻叫呻削[川
-1

=命叼嗤迁母?2l哺[嗤击尝吃屯;2}]户与 z 听ttEo)}kexp喘均21
hence \oI e have establlshed (2 . 5.16) , The three d1mensional genera11%aε 立 00 15

evidently
与 A 吨
K (言"ζ;2· , E。) • {2lf)(扣丐}}叫 [im(i"-i')' /2){(t - t o )}
3 ',t ' z 27
噜x

- ex p[ BEa ] Et
'x

nv> Ea
x K( (
.
气d

句,

A
M

?& z - Th e probab1lity

29 • 1c/ a
d

e。

P <Ea T} zexp l-BEa , l/Z , hence the gz。 und SEata eaergy(c f. <l-4.6} ]

1 lZ
U ZEB EaJ(Ea ,) =1· Ea-UPI-aEa , ]/Z· -z 言百·

E。τa parti c1 e 且 a one dlmenslonal box (vith periodlc boundary ∞ ndlti。时,也'

at俨k. 击句, hence z s iw 叫 (-SE. ,] ~ (山甜)1 时,在]dp -如)Ze-p2S/2句,


R(LhH}Ce-pZS/ZBdp. Let uZ z pZS/2钮, p • 12'Jl /8 u. dp - .;军Tß du ,由四 z -
>S Hode r n Qu ant um Hec ha丛丛主主与且旦旦

(L I叫 ) {2.16 b-ex p [ -u 2Jdu - (L/.~) /ï;]ß 1>/2 - ( õl盯在7言百The gro~d s tate


eoer gy for a particle 10 a one d1mensio n.a l "b。以 '10

-i 苦- -币拮E百户也IK) 1ii] 2. 同)84/Z-m.


,
(Note 10 th町modynamics S - 1/ 7 , henc e. ground atate 四H 盯 - kT/2. an entirely

r easonable result).

30 . 阳alogous to (2.5.26】 f。r EG'·.z 泣'卢。) I v e. expeet

d·. 叶,七 -1·3··l 户叫"叫


-E , φ'1-叩 (-iHt!J' 1Ia'><a'!e呻 t+i.ntol孤]lE~-4"Alp-v­
Por a free pa艺也 1cle. H • p2/2m. bence

号,..E lF"VEiJ"lup[- 岳王]la'><a'l 町[印刷 J Ip'>.


31. (.)η\e classical Lagrangi四 for a SHO 19 L -与币2 _ ~ ~2%2. Tb e ~las9ical
act10n 1s 5(t.t o ) • .; t."
~~dt (与 .d
2 ·与国 22
x'). For a fi n1 te t1më 1nterval 6 t -

t Q - t n-~电皿d åx - -x_-x_
n -n- "J.' we have 5(n.n-1) = Òt o 号,l-{(x__x__,
• 0.
)2/6t2 唱2tE254J2}
t1-.L- 2

,引{可Xa-1〉 Z-Jtx--k}2AZ}· 区四ee


6t
5(n.n-1μ 号{且-"n_l)2 _ w2x~.t) (1>
At

由町e t盯田。f 盯 der 6.:r.J:J. t and (恒}2at have beea neglected.

(b) Th.口 a1151t100 a呻 l1tude obtaioed from (1 > is

< xnt n 1 X-n_l、-f34污百K6 t 曰p[iS(n.n-l) /K J

=研而τexp{暂且主44.A:Af] (2)

rrcm ( 2.5.18) and (2.5.26 、

qstnlxn-Ltn-lh k(飞 f tn ;x n _ 1 f t n _ 1 )
(3)
- r.;;;市市百...t) 町[{ io", /2~.坦 (~At)}{(x!+x~_1)e08(叫。 -ka飞_1 )J •

Up to ordeτ(6 川.四 have sin(ω川军 ωaz.tx;何ιl)COS(叫。- 2~xl1_1 ;;:


fx ‘,-
n i J ‘ { ( x +x2
uv

吨,‘
n

言川二t士万吨s
b - J / 2j 2t 2

ω
E
ù .L
--~
so '"d cerm ú{ Ord 39
Qe r- ðXðt because {,, 2伞.2
2
(x 2+y2 '7
n xn ‘ 1 )ιε~/2 r "Z . 2 '‘:1-1) /2 .. )C Z
"n <1 t Thu ~n -[(x +,...
e us f3J becom, . , n -'-xn ‘ 1) /2 1è. x
1iI1Plies
i n aeer eem V
川川 nUj气

k
Y飞
叫叫.吐
n- i
e c Z Eh

f J
LH

叩啊ff
芳3
如劫[川
(x ‘咱x
吨,‘

,2
"'il ' '''n 飞 - 1) ""/6 r:. -t" 气 2 ,
32 . 1'he S::h ;.r 1 - ...._
n ll- r:. JI
、 ;.rl nger acc~on princio7 ~

crolnS[or r:: olC

grangian L

ô< x .., c 1...


I
Z""Z X1 r:. 1 > • (i/jO<x~ ,.. J ,, ~2 dc lx E
2 t 2 Iô {
'』

To obtain ,~ -... ~ "l!;


l l b-
町、.'l.2t2 I Xltl>.1et Ô<r ~ I 气
= f ,‘/ uanJ e
"2 、2JX1tl> x, c2 16hw l
1n gOing frOQ lniε1al. stace y ~ ,- 21 x l t l > hw -ner e

ω
21 Ls aet i on
叶te r e q l LI E。 final SEa r

Tmh
= AE
6 ,
d」二之〈: 之2::;L
:二二二
乙 l;:二:: ;E
ω

2i r

n --21 叫2 ‘2'\ 飞
t 1 > and thu$ ô1no .. r
x
J俨

evap 可2 、 2 1 "1 t >


1
A
"nι

14
e CL
r res

p nd i n

h叩

g" ev'n
,。

-i ! a ex r e fl >
n俨

ss
l
R

UF
‘ n

SA
r
E

2 x cl f c f
X E
,、

Z
、,

- pi n ke?‘ s t e n
'4
x2 c
zl --N ( 19 73J

,、

E
I Z> • '
E出

VA

-- n e ci pa ex p[ { ,,unj s21]

S
as sac ai 142 i
c of f J i
、,

cx E - s s u ck" t on

2 2 VA i cl > hwd i l
a- as un 'a ,, (2)

be a A
' S l
-
mp r can-c , -‘
τ‘

ELHe pr o b

nl y g ·b 1
--t ud e

r zh se v 4 ER 4
y amp
ε

cube bec

‘z

nw eeB a r ‘ ed
X t
-l and x t
2 e nc'-‘ si ag t LH
p-a t k" s wh 44c h '4 ,‘ n a na r r
币a

? as

- e el asa44c l hu
cescri ~ ... _.. a a ·h
. on chue

SGa;二::::::::1:;二:;;::;:::了二;:::;二::;:::::::::::::;
ε

nug

EkHeE h -d

an • t o

h
,

,~O Mo dern Quantum Mech <,.niS_s - Solutions

(C E 1 te
F i n KH
e{ --l 9·
n· 7 3)) 63
6/
)E

sω- x


P

r

3-a
+B


(3)

l. nceω21
Since \IJ .. satisfies (3) , wh1ch ar1ses from a var1at1on of the final st 息 te

(and is similar t 。巳 he Schr~dln&er picture) , it i9 ~e9n tha 巳 the eorrespondance

limit ofω21 is S. i.e. the proL~bi1ity amp1itude (1) approaches the conside~a_

t10n of a11 possib1e paths as 1n the Feynman path 1ntegra1 case (2) . Th us in

t he classlcal limit , (1) and (2) become equal provided th町 both a re modulated

by 巳 he factor l/N (N • tota1 numbe艺。 f individual steps in going f 玄。 111 X.t


1"1
x^t^'
2~2J

i ( +p /

噜艺
噜主

e 1H言 • t). ~
'hzh


4&( ut > d-n )


噜r

a e t .ne pl an e av e < ) where


bE

mA
仙隘,

' e e

MW z z

33.
+
p2 /2皿 _ ~2k2/2m.
电' 由伽 ~ ~
A150 云事 vt , hence ~(r.t) - p -r /* -~r/v. Let us examine aga 主2

F1g. 2.5 of text. 11ke before the gravity-induced phase change associated vith

AB and a150 with CD are present , but the effects cancel a~ we cc 空p .e.re the t tJ o

alteτnazive paths.Hence we are c。ncernedwiEh t he phasechangesa 。 BD and aeAC'

and the1r difference. Because we are concerned ~it h a t1me-indepen~~~t potential


~,

the sum of the k1netic energy and potent1al energy 1s constant ,主 .e. p- /2 m + t:l gz

= E. but the d1fference in he1ght be t~een 1eve1 BD and level AC imp11es a s11ght

diff 町四四 in F,
due to ~ d 立 fference. Al ong AC. Ó'AC - PACtl/~ - ω 且 1fvAC ~hile along ôD Ó'ôD -

PHDt1/K - ~tl!vBD' ~he~~ P AC 电町且 • PBD 嚣酣BD·and [from J/ZE+ 吨z; - const]
,
we have
与 z
v - (21 叫[阳AC/Z- 吨且 2sinõ 1-".
so

Th e accu皿 lation of phase d山 erence is 忡. låo BD - åoACI= I~t 山BD飞c ll -

=(mzg且 112~ 51n6)/*2 where PAC • mv


AC
• ~I齐·
34. (al To ver 1fy (2 .6 .2日, 1. e. (ITi , IT j J - (1~elcl 气jkBk' 回∞国出at TI 1 • P 1.-f!A1 !c

• •

' -…回酬. '
p~odern QU4ntum Mεehanl~8 - SOlut1ons 41

n.J • P.-~t!c
'J -"j' - wh
- -- 立---
le '1.J -E L m d E-M.
and P. 4
1 'x 1. J Ex pllclt calculat10D of

[飞 '~jJ • [P 1- eA 1 /c. Pj- eAJ/cJ • [P1 , PJJ .. [P1.-eAJ/cJ .. [-eA 1/c.PjJ .. [-<A 1/c.

4λj/cl • - e(Pi 'Åj/c l - e[Å1/c.Pjl. Froc problem 29 of Ch apteτ1 ve b ...ve (P1'

F( x)) . -1阳 F/ax • heoce settlng F 三 A 〈2)vehave [日,月


1 l'.'j'1 • (1~./c) ,气
,~,.-. ....1~lj~ 恤k

h vedEy(2.6.27} , Uth E ·(E-eIK}2+ 叫. let U3 oote that from (2.6.22)


ve have d/dz-dd/c)/白. heoee 占/dz2·idAE·;4/dt)·hw 布dt •

如12.al-hence 町 11cltly dp/dt - -~Q. +笃卢'A) _.- dÃ


dt .., and _.,/dt
-- • .A/'t .. t百(A.Rl
1)(1
~. ......

d伽-

• "9.1: d;/dt +山 't. Th us ~t(p-eÃ/c) • -."9, ..严去-b-F-I GMzf 丢 M



去(Fdch-A+32)+:"2/dE X (草动). By 8ymQe trlzat100 th1s'c3n be

町 itten as 由此. o[Ê ..是叫/dt x 吉- i x d;/dt }} and h臼c. (2.6.27)

(1)) 40 verify 3 讪 t +苦 .J • 0 (the ∞ntinul叮叫叫扣0) \11由 1·i 叫内,) -

tz ZldM吐出 ean be vr1tten as j -也向植树J1·tzZl , |2.ut mmrk

lu Coul。由 gauge 审 'A - 0 (because of gauge lnvar1ance 出1s 18 00 105S of g町、町a..l-

1:y).. ve f 1nd

亨 .j .龙山的)-.(审2,*)J _是〈川句+苦,·.宜的· (1)

Th ls can be s 1mp l1fled furtber by us 1ng the t 1me-dependent Schr Hd1nger equat立。u

叫3ε- (会2, ..主呈阳川?去z川.1 ∞


-1~,川军 -d 市2ψ. - ie且(A'V) 户占1 ♂+的 (l)
2m
Zm =e 1_2_2
2.m:l~

Fro~ (2) and (3) ve may eliainate V咛2. _ 0(V2俨) 1u (1). 白色 result 13

口. -旷问 /at 川旷/H〉E-3z〈山) • -,ρ /a t.

35 . T~ke Ho - p2/2m 叫 ω. then R - (p -eA /c)2/2m + ω. Now (p-eà /c)2 - pz - r2t. p


Modern Quant Ul'!l. Mechanics • So lutior ,',:;.

zz
+ e-c +AA2.. an d t h at +A .


a自由. + ue n ce

P
气 p.Aj can be ~r1tten as

+a"
噜盯
. +p.
噜A
> +p . .

咿B

A噜

噜B

@.
'立
'P
'M·( {

E
)

e


X

ωi
一句,‘
uhile A: 2 ..以吉x~)2 .. ~ S2(x 2+y 2) 10th凹 ue choose B to be an unifor回国 gnet1c field
along ♀ -dfmdoL hug in C阳10mb gauge 革.1.. .. O. we have
2.2 年
ρB L~ . e'B 久 2
日 ‘ 民。-在f+ 瓦~(x"+y") •

Henc e we are led to the correct expression for the interaction of the orbital mag-

netlc mO四川 (e/2mc)L 吐出 the mag~e t ic fleld 8. Th ere 1s a1so the 旦旦主旦主

Zeeman effect contributlon.proportional to B2(x 2+y2) 1n H wn i ch contributes t。

t he "d 1a阻gne t. ic susceptlbili ty U X appearing a s an 四町 gy shift • ~ xs2.


ie~
36. (的 [p--且
x x Ic.-.P..-时
y Y'Ic}
-. .. - :[p_.
c" x Ay]+z[Py'AX]·τ~(a Ay /ax - ak /ay) • ,
1eHB/c-Hence [Ex , RYl-ieHBfc.
hh
tea
t tn
e[
a·R [
eA'x -x R(
'JU
π1

' V -t

(b) Fr。因 xun ieKS/c. lt is suggestlve that we define X ..


,‘
CR / eB
' n -
冒』

g
v' J like [x.pJ .叫). Th e Ha皿 ltonl白白四 reads

日 ZRX/Za+ny/2E+Pz/2m-nx/2E+e B X/2ac+pz/22a
2..2v2 ,., __2 -'-- .2 (1)

vhere p.. 1s s ame as II because


z z
^..z - O. Compa re Eq.(l) ‘~ich che one -d imen sional

simple harmonic osci11a 乞。 r

2 2
日 SHO - p''/2m +阳 x. /2 (2)

for which we Mow Eaahh均). So evidently the substltutio~ω+1 eB I /mc. we

immediately get the energy eigenvalues of (1). (Note: IIx and X satisfy the same

co~tation relations as p and x for 出e harmor山 millM。r FmblemJ We gust

still add trans1atlonal klnetic energy 1n the z-dlrectlon. Th e eigenvalues of

~MLze c。山… So the f叫 anHHis EKAJKZ/ZaJtF叫,


where n - 0.1.2........
Modern Quantum Mechanics 句 Solutions 43

J7

@ .sc~.. ,‘

"
...、 c( ':.f....'.......... 户吁;-}
... ①

Consider the paths ( and ( . and the t ....。阳ve fun c: t1 ons Tþ, at d er e

巾V
2 hwhu

亘- O. Then ψ2·ei~l Since by symezzyhl2·| 飞 1 2 f町 E 宵。.牛


Zf E ls tumed

。n 1n a r egi0n (drawn above) of length 1 , t he neutrons vill cross the above


l e R g h L n a El me TA
esl v en by
ε

'1 - t/r and p .. m1. /T .; '(,. /i吃.

Therefore T - ~t~/X. and 1s the time 10 ....hi c: h the external B-f立eld 15 actiog on
the part!.clε.
No.... let us f oc: us our attentloQ on pa th ( the Hamiltonian 1s
2/ 2 f
hh •
a. r za, zc ze••1 as

o

t

H 蜀
2
p / 2m + g u z-b -

H

'Ru

a
n f or r eg on

....here ~- -e~/2mc.

NoW' ψ2b i5 related to ~2a via t he time evolut!。口。p~ra. tor viz: w__ ..ρ-址iT/~巾
'2b'ψ2a
Fur 山

ex p[ i "" t / uEnl ex pp[ 1 / uM '


巾"

n]
2d z

" ?
n

2a'

wh盯 e t 15 the time of trans1t along ( f rom 2b to 2d. Notlng that p2/ ~
2m
"千~2. ve 山 exp 叫川. exp[ - (1T/圳的 2mit 2 +叩22}] 白。。sesext E
- Bez {and zeBK1d ζhat T - m息交/Yt). t.r e f1 nd

e-itt·τ I~ - iφ
• ....here ~ - 1/2l + gn~ azBmt贺/~2 ,
and
-i ua / un i @
'
ε

Ehv e c e
2d z
2a
(1)
A C na ng uu l:

u 山
B t
,‘ mw i lhz

阳、v

叫坚啕 ur
d2
u stB l ur-L

p
AU-L41o ‘‘ nuu


n HVq4

-b
Amv

, lu

UJ喝

,、‘
lz

队u

、、J
、J
For 阳 ch ① We see

ψld '"' e- iH,。 ε IW.-1H O T/K他


where 内 ,
'1.

frolD λ二二::::1:; 二e:: 二:2:;;1;::::::;二?


( 2)

no "effect"
。n Phase i
2宵JAB n region za cozbJ-theref。re 二 _ . 、 ..e.

,. 8 I1 ra息'可IK2
an d wJL
L Eh l l - l e I MRn,,z
μ

mc - we ha ve l an"li - ( 3}
A. wmc ,,l e l ee , 2


,
n -
aq

,
坠旦旦 r 1

1. The se叫ar equ ac ion 1s d叫γλ I) • O. where e1 genfunCtion .p ,. (~) satisfies


叫叫 i。因问-^I)~ • O. Roots of … 1ar 叩a tlon are 主 1 , hence (a ,,-U] ~ .. 0

leadsf。响- -1( >叶1} , ysfth-u.Als。 km mmlbatimie hMlslz

+ lal ' - 1 . hence ~+ _ 址U (f盯叫 ) ond 0_' Ui)(f盯 ÀC-l). Sow s _

.,Kσy and we know zMV+a WZ 飞 (and γ-··M/zii The genera l sitL-

t10n 1s rep~esented by an 出ctron 1n sp 1r飞萄 s tate (:), hence the p rob叫1t y t h


el町 U。阳n 叫 l口1 be fOl.l 时
nd 阳
1 n .飞+W
叫立 E由h elgenvalue 刊/Z Wien Sw i s m medis

|飞 |sy|(;)〉 lz , 12如 2 1 叩 B|Z-ih21m{Ji]


叫~) 13 noræallzed.
_ +aAa
..
噜 σ-a

2 ( a- - }+
( as
4

(a) Wrlte U a s U
4

--9

1;. :)-1 • A(At)-l , than UU t C A(At)-lA-1At



t , - 1. t - -+2
4+ ,‘ i k e u se ?p
El

.A(AA')~"A'
"'}险- • E-ner e f
』+

T』
"u
Ea

HU
xe

喻企
HM s u ni t a E v'


44

I
a
‘毛 J

a 2 。
E

- +- -a
a'E

+l
ai aa
32i aa
aA-
-
、、ltJ

NO W S nce A a2a ? ,,
a+
a - aAl

and AA ao
- aa


3a
'E,

23- we h ave

1+
,目E


i
E.、、.

l
a

IJ
· a 1
,E

3

2

‘B

det A - det A宁. a!+a~-!-牛 ajwMK fm2 阳川的 -l}-dec A?dezd 飞- 1,


扛 1s evl臼 nt t hat de旷飞葛川 e 旷)
-ω:+aF牛牛Th us det U ...
deE[A(fyl]-de tA det(川 )-l l , Ehezef 。 re U is unimdulaL z

(b) 51nc. AA 捕归:+牛牛牛 1 -α1


t
s 町'阳 find
、飞lttjJ
A(A宁干
) -1 Aβ2勺/ α
山 f a: 啕斗忏州|山阳:引1 2 +210 ,、 2a
a a-
2-2 a a4
+啡

L

U - • •
、‘

αt 、-
- 20 i
2

a3
z

- 2a_a 句+
,.

21. a. ‘ ‘
a

\

、 uι
。 4
cpa t 3 3-A
rez
ata
n-a
Eid iE
z
e WG -
hu3
a 75
3c· ndE
}@-2
.. -
。,

-0 a-- O)
,、

12}/
wes L-
3

zn a2
nAM-- ·- aA'a xx fa z'

na a/aa oz
8

A屿'

sz i nv'
EA'a
E/at
,α

aaza
nrp-
。-

。‘

-/
E- zo 'a
@-z

a .
aet-

i
S
-n

噜a

l
n

'
tA

τ‘

,,
啡,‘

45
句。 n。 dern Quantum Hechanics - 501uti 。、 s

3. The ∞c。叫:J?led 宫ro叩pr臼e臼町


s.e町nt .a. ti扫cn has: /11> _ I 叩 . 1 山 -iu|+斗+斗叶 . I l-l>=:
1- ->. and 100> - ~4(1+→- 1 叫 Whilezl-22 ·tzi之}儿 We are interested
川巳 M fLZMi 。 n 。 f
spin the syszeagbea by xir)xf}hen 四 1n the • contri-
bu t10n 町三 s!ng from 110> and 100>. 50 ~e are !nterested in the p1ece ~f Ha m1 1t-
。 ni .a. n

ma(:;:11::: ::11:::)a(::;1c 工艺)


Th e eigenv~lue 叫 uation is
(日忡跑队 where E
_ sat1sfies 叫协 Ell ~ O. We have
E 主. - ~(AK 与主与 {(AK,2)2+4(.BK/mc)2]~
_
W2 (l平 2/cos9). where tanB ~ 2eB/m叫比
,,tt

、-J'+
xvd

-H飞 lllJ

r "
‘ r ee-ze-z
hes
t'''11飞1
由剧

-

' en ar
l uru
e+ sezs mz-

m 、飞llIJ
e

1'''ta--飞
eaaE 1
ud es-

-dn
nzale
v

q·n · l ze d

ιd
e4 en v ect r s

n
eh&

。宫

e。


‘、

sn ,‘

"
巾uv

f

hV


e
i

-z

(a) 10 the c: ase A-喻。. eB/mc: p 0 we e. 霄 12. h


…飞 ·(;jZ)EM +=


have

+e Bil/mc: and ψ. (11 在飞,forE_--.BU


' - -\-l/fï/
国 C. 日。 wever t he sp1n fun c: tion of sys-

zm is x?飞fAand |刊每各 |lb+;与 100> 咄 1 c:h c: orr臼ponds to 飞\l ith E+


+唱eB~/mc ~s the respective eigenvect o r and eigenv a1ue.
-
川 In
飞 c?se eum 时'叫. 飞- (~) f町气
_
l.i' e have •-0. Hence 2
+AK /4
and
' - - u lj for E-·· 旷儿 Our spin fu 叫。 nl 吟-
~~ (i) 15 not th 盯
fore an eigenve c: tor c: orresponding to
a definite energy eigenvalue. The expect-
ation value can be c: omputed by noting
that <+-!HI 4[<IßIH l l0> + <ooIHllo> •> -
+吐 o lHloo> + <001 日 100汀 _ _ _
,
-
~K'.
2
[AK /4 3AK'/4]
4.cho 。 se? EEpresentati 。a in WhichZ2
, and sz aze diag 。 na1.s 。 zzls , m〉·
s(s +l)旷 |s , vand sz|SA〉 -mH|s
,即 Using ladd 町叩盯 ations 5 , S +iS • S a
- 于
x Y'
Sx-iSy where S 主 Is .~> • [s(s+I)-m( m: l)] 与 /s. m!: l>. 盹 have for s D 1 (sp!n 1 par-

一 - "
旦坐立业旦旦TD Mech a. nfr ., _ ....._.
-._-~... 主4旦旦坦.!!! 47

{):111;二把
飞〈
s.c a i
甸 的) •
l v r
e as
f巧μ[OJ (X) where (Ol 1s t he null 阳tr1x.
Th 1s ~esult 1s 内y‘
nabl e , s nce s a
L

,



qu a nE .Lcv i s c
, nsi der eA wi ch"


sx


ns Eead E s qu a n i za c 1 a


ax i s


ne Heisenberg equation Mmum is dE/dt·j 队 E]·


Subs titut巳 E andHinE。

::;1::::;二;二:::;;jff::::15;工;::f;21:]h
!中1 2 , K1 ) 寸卢川} …时…
e叫叫[K仪内
1 K乌2) .叫 f口…崎盯……
f旬怡。町r…….
………
町………。盯……
ror ..川…川俨..惆…
.. "

旦叫主芷旦坦旦王兑坐剧主与剖呈
ρ) 盹…
阳h1.
阳. ve叫叫叫[以咛
a凹 K4;川) -门叫 1甜M叭2μ 内 K飞3川}叩川
,,z3 { w K } s d va /
u拥
aA


l• . l d t '" !2...二 1 , { 3''')" "'11
ι

2- } ' a nd si m--ar I y
飞d

VA

uq
V
A
dK ,,,dut
写d

2Lr= 2") Z
dK) f d C

… Th e

;;j:::Ji::;1;: :;工
: 了:::工日
:r:1!: : : : : : :工 工:r:工J: : : : : : : ::士;:J: 士: 士工刀
止J二: 工;: :r
r
::: 止:;:二 工:工:;:d1:::::
工 :乙了:工:;E二J;:J:二二工二
e二J:ζ:J:了三巳
:L
;J:了士立与
4丁;L二
L:L
ι 飞q;ι
:λ i

6:E:;二:::::;:::;::::γ::;77::::;;工:{::工工:
-1. i
Obv1ously 飞 ω·eiGlE , uy fe)
- ei G3 '
FU
e ZE "" < J
a
- an a- E
a n -u r ep r eseac
ε

infaucesaaal mtaEions amud x , y , z axes respectively.In zerzs 。E Euler ang-


noa ern Quantum Hechanics - So1ut1ons

G.e
i Z /3 /
uaz


,,‘ F
3


4,

ε
IP 41 = en
-A3i azz Fhw


ai
EG
te
rd n' &

,.、
ea e

ε2
, etc. vhere ve häVe used (3 .3.19).


xi Ex-

FU

C
E
n • a E
1n terms of Tay10r ser1es 1n U v ( ε ) u..( , ) -u ..(ε)U . ( ,)
x- y y
2
• u z (c ~) - 1. and compa~e coeff1c~ents of c~ on both s1Jes . We have [G1 ,G21 ~

iC 3 , and s1fD ila立 1y [G 2 , C3 J • iG 1 and [G 3 , G1 J • iG 2 , t.e. [Gi , GjJ • 1'ijkGk'


e
CO:lpa re 吐出 c o a:mutatlon relatlo r. s for J. viz:- [J~ , ‘J~1
...-. \"'1 j' • i j( (.~~l.:I.' 飞.te
.".tj 民..k
!1nd

J.I孤.
G,i • .1

-1
) .飞 ar e unrotated operators 叶-ila U AKIJ aze 。pezaurs undHmzatim-h fAKU

•r ~iAt is the connectlng 叫ua 吐。 n between unrotated operators and operators

ob tained ~Zte r rotation. The opera toτs aftεr rotatlon are just c~mbination s of

unrota ted opera:。白 ·vzm flAKU-Ai-E RKaAyue 。Main foz 四口 ix ele~el". ts


咽 1 A{ ln>' i RU叫 At1n>. But th1s 1s the 回国 as vect盯口 an!>f町mum v i ' i

飞山. hence 咱 1 A.. ln> 口ansf 。由 l1ke a vector.

8. Ye are given that O(~)(a.ß.Y) 1s such that <c. f. (3.3.21))

I1_e -1(a竹)
-.- .../2 cos~‘6 -e
-1 归 -y)12.S ,1. .
n雾
6 \1
(与 )
V' " (a , 8 , y) • t .1(叫 ~ni
l2
eiM >~ s i m j
21 (1)

but th1s 1s equivalent to ( c.f. (3.2.45))

(与) , _~ _^' - e
f+.fc。s1.in siaE
~(a.n)9 _ I ---2
Mxhny} 由;飞
白 (0;6) 2'.......'... - 1 (2)
\(-1o x飞)由; 回 si+12sini/
z 己'
"
S1nce 0" -:1'L.:
〈与
c。口 e spond ir飞 g to rotat!oQ about s 。阻 axis n through art angle e'. (0; 的

1s equivalent to V(~)(a.ß. 忡. ve have Tr V(~)(ñ;6) - Tr 甘(~)(a.B.y). thence


(a+γ 】 -lr___S___<α+γ) 、
2cosj - 2cO~ïcO~亏丛 。r e
-
2cos -[COS~Co~
亏ιl

9. (a) A general state 1n sp1n ~町 st 四 can be wr1tten as (su1tably non国 11zed)

• cos~eiQ/21+>
时 -msze
la> + S1n ~e-ic/2 l4.
lH+sinze

mea 〈 Sx〉鹏句 isJg 〉 -l 叫( 1+阿 -1 + 1-叫 )I<<>'~[c。今也气 l 句hieie~|1| 。


M。 dern Quant um Hechanics - Solution5 49

~rcos~e'""iQ/2si n~p-iQ /2 + <:in~", +ia/2,.. "..~...+iQ/2. ~


12I c。SEe sLn EE +SLnEecosf 1·ESXnscosgSUU 盯 ly "S >

~cosB and 气〉 = -i山 Bsina . If Ye knoy 咕J' 气:> ve can obtain ß and C二 50_
Hovever tQ know t he 5ign of sina and h~nce Specifyαye need :0 know sign

(< SV > )but n。 E Ehe mAgnZELAdeof <S >.


' r a b、 y

(0) Let p ... ~ c d) be the density lIla口k u zhesz basu . he ensmble average

of an oper ~t or 0 1s [0] • Tr[pO}. We have

[Sx ] - i 町(::)(:;)1·!{HC} (1)

[5 y l • ~ Tr [ (~ ~) (~-~)I _号{← (2)

[5zlsl h[(::)(;1)]z :{• d) (3)


and the no~a11zac10n condit i on is:

Tr p g 1 or (a+d) - 1 .
(的
Solving Eqs. (1)-(4) , ye obtain for elements of the density matr 1x

叫[1+(5zJ/~ J. b- ~([5xl -i( SyJJ. c' ~((Sxl性 [5 y JJ. 白与[叫 5z1 盹


10. (a) Take (3.4.8) at time t , εhe density Operatorρ(t) r eads

7
p(t) - i y~la~ , t ><α tI
-1 1 " "1王. " I

1n the Schr8dinger p1cture 101 , t> B U(t ; t >/a .t >' then


O 1 O
p \c ) -

i wiU( 川。) /αi J。〉〈giA。 !u+(Lto}aU{EA)(Z w l g-t 〉〈α1)
... v 0 . - O"i-i l -i'''o~'''''1''''o !J

u' (t.to) ... U(ε , to)p(ε。 )UT(t.C )


O
U(C. C o )ρ(to〉UT 〈z , t。〉U{ 汇 .t o )ρ 〈 c。〉U?fc , E。〉 - U{EAo〉 ρ2(t )口?(L to}-
(b) p2(c) •

Ac 叩 ~e have a pure ensemble (hence idempct ent (3.4 川) i. e . 山 t_) "" p(t_).
O
But p气 时 -uh-z。MKJJKA。)aHE〉 and is almM回归tent hence we ha ve a
pu r e ensemble at time t also ,

11. From ( 3.4.9) we see 由at the density 四口1x of an 四 semble of sp1n 1 systems has
form
"。..口1 (}-..J antu r.l况echat、 ics - Solu t. 1ons

( bde

、、
abc ce't

ttJJ
p =

集合
*

'Io' here a , d.f are real , and b.c.e complex. i. e. 9 inrlependen t. variables. Hc l.-Ie....er

sinceτr p • 1 (3.4.11) , νe have a +å+f - 1. and only 8 independ e~t parameteτs

are needed to charac::erlze the density 1'I1atrlx. l f we knoy [5χJl , [sy].!szJ]'u

need f 王凹
ve mo。 艺 e independe nt 阳
q ua町nti巳::ie臼s. Th ey are: [5_5..J
Y'
, [5..5_
. Y
1. [5_5..1, [52 ),
nY. Y. , [Sj
i l h t e [ S XSJ V L and [S. zs x lMy mt be real-tmHV盯 the extra co~rli-
~. .

Ph y s 4 c a 1 v [ s 1 '- e
(over 3) are not independ 町、 t of [5 J , [5 ), [5 ,'. .

吨I4

ε
t 主 ons x, y•z
x y
related to meas~remenr ~f . dipole moæents of the par t. icles and to completely char-

acter 工 ze a spin 1 system ....e need the fi'-.' e components of the quadrupole tenso ::,

12 . Rot~ted state 1s given by


ZYZ/ un2 }
/ dn { J, } 2
URlj , m叮;, '" (1 -
i J E
41·
' Ezj >
ε

Probability amplitude for belng found in the original state 立 s

<J , m 叮 \URlj , m胃 j>

We IUU 且 evaluate 巾 e
叫 呻
χ pe
町 ctat
叩口
t 1山

2 . .2
....e have.J~ '"' -~ ( J:+J~-J
+. .L J -J
-+-_ J , J.
-_-+J' Evident1y
_. _ --"~-J
<J.y. >~j ,m=
_ _~j . 0 and from (3 .5.39) and

(3.5.40) <(Jy)2>j , m_j • ~<j , m=jIJ+J_lj.m-j> • 2j~2/4. 5。


< jaEll t
UY lt 3d m- R12 -
j

2/.,.,J.2 /.\_2
,
m

.每

>
'b +.

(2j~LI2现 4)c "

b
Hen e e p r
1< j-mEj lUR|j , 因.j>12 = 1 司与jc2.

er e


A1tern ë. t 正ve s01u t10n:

Calculate Ehe pr。babu £ qampliude hr being f。undin ptaces 。 zher than j 町·

τ。 order c(1n the amp11tude) only muj-l state gets populated. URlj , m~j>-

Ij , m-户 - (il的 Jyc!j , m- j > - !j.m-j> - ~~ljlj.m-j - l>. Th e probab 山 ty fcr being

found 1n the or1ginal state 15 五星丘主主 by c~j/2.


z 50 the answ町 (for our pro-

blettl) is 1 - ε2 j 12.

13 . Looking at the matrlx elements we have


Modern Qu antum Hechanics - So lutions 51

1....j J tn -- {C~c~
(G..C.l._ -G ~C.l._ - (C
~...l-j - j-l'ln
~ )._(C.)_
"-l'tm' _ - (G~)ø_(C.)
-j' mn '-j'lm'-l 阳、

-孤zleE
1tm"jmn
a gε 1 " _ ~2[
-j!m-1mn I ••
巳 ε·εε
l"mU"mnj 时且皿i

=到 2 [( 66·861-{66·6631
"Yin 且j 立 j-1n " "-jn Yt1 -jl-tn
Z HZ(66·66}-HZEε""
-1n-j1'
i且 jn•. -k1j-k .2. n ilh:.:..(-lK e::,._..>
-'.-ijk' -.....kL \l

.,. (G ,.)
.. iKc:ijk'- \c. 'ln.

η飞 erefore , G.l ,. ........ijk-k


[G:i'-jJ iKc , : I.G ,.. Let 1,1 S find the unlta 叮阻口 ix ~h lch tran s f o ~s
+ vhere U 19 made up of the eigenvect ors
G to J vith J diagonal , than J - U'CiU
1 1 3 1
~f G . Th e explicit f 。同。 f C) (f rom (G 1")1k "" -1)1 εwhere - j and k are the
3 1 jk ...."1jk
roY and column ind1ces) 1s
飞 lIJ

010100000
,,
t4

nu L dn
、、、

3 Z

and the eigenvalues and eigenvectors are obtalned from equatlon (飞-λ1)飞" 0

yhereλ15 a root of !C -ÀI! "" O. Th e eigenvalues and 町 thonormal eigenvectors


3
can be readily seen to be
/ 0\ • /1\ • /-1\
叫飞 "l U; '"吨,飞 "~~ l~); λ24, 1·i与 \U
Hcn ce

uzikli if)
<l:".é this 旧\ita ry matrix tran5forms the Cartes 1an space representation of the an-

gu l a r momen t咀。p町at町. 1.e. 吉. to 1巳 s sph町tdbads repzasmutUhI{14)·

Since the C's and J' s satisfy the sa岛e Lie algeb言 a (and they both form a g言。 up ) ,

they are just d1fferen t representations of the rotat10n group (1rred1,1cible).

Th erefore , the J's and Gts are related v 1a a rotatian 1n the group space.η吐,

finl t e rotatlon can be o bτalned from compounding the 1n fini军 es 1mal rotaε100

守+亨+玉6φx审 (or ê ..吉 +ae vZ〉.


52 Mcd ,更=-r.. Ctl a n t um 将e ch ~nics - Solution3

2 .2 .2
l' . ( 3 ) J+J_ • (J y + 1J )(Jlf- 1. J ) - J: + lJyV J xy -1J xy J yV + J: x + J~y -1(J_
-y - J: .1, .-J ,.J_>
-~-x- y -y"'X

- "'t 2 .2 舍2 .2
j 、r - 立J 【豆K ) - j- - J- + KJ.. 50 舍2
j- - J- .2 + J . J • KJ
z z- z :z z. +- %

(b) We have on the one hand <jmIJ+J_ljQ> • Ic_12. vhile us1~Z J+J_ • j2_J:+~J
..,.. - 7. %

ve have - on the c由町 hand <l"IJ+JJl"'- (J(J吐)唱2句).2. So loJ2. [j(J吐) -


2 .
也+
.., 2
"JK- • (J相)(j 咽H)K- ,皿d by c: onv四 t10n \l e cho。盹 0_ • IU也rc.叶1) K.

Th U6 JJ j '" • oJj ,"-l> (町 JJjz-cJj-Fl}·

15. h盯ite the v~ve funet10n 1n 叩he~ical eoordinate8 , 1.e. 以主) • rf( r)(sineo。吗?
sin 9s ir呻+ Jcos9).

(a) Slnce Yl1 • sln6e-


1. T v
,立 1-1
_ ~"_iCl _-1~
- sln6e
v _ ___.. .......,_ _!i.
Y • eos9. vhile e--? • cos+ 主 1310...
10
仕主 9 ev1de:\ t. thatψ 〈27is an dsedumtiosaEZZ 吐出且. 1.
(b) Le t U9 vτite
1.~ -1~ , , .1. . -1~
sin9cos' + sin6sinφ+3cose-sineiLT一立+血~二L-i+3cme
2 2 1 ' --- ...
• ( 4. /3户( (l-1)Yll"言 - (l+ 1)y 1 _1 / 1ï + 3Y 10 ) .、 (1)
白e probabl11ty fo r the part1cle to be found 1n the 飞- 0 state 1s 91 仔吐吐) •

91 工1··po · s iEila3rly the pzr。babzliltiea fozr pazt主。 1e to be f ound 1n εhe state

回t • 1 1s ,P1 - 1/11 , an4 1n state m且. -1 1s P-1 - 1/11.

(c) Th e proc企d ure for f 1nd1ng the potent 1al V(r) 18 flrat to subat1tute the 盲目也

f ,且 et10n loto Schr8dlnger 叫且 tlon , and 由国 use the fa咄咄 at 由.e va.ve fun c:t.1.on
+2 .+
1s the eig四 functlon of k~. Now 0町'但) • R(r)F(8 ,.), vhile th. Sehr8ding四

2 ,_ ~_2
叫且巳 10n 1. (-~-/2a) 9-V + V(r)ψ- E ,. 10 apherlc a1 c∞rd 1nates

2. 1 a , _2~1þ... • 1 ~ 1 3 ,_.._..õI+... -' 1 _jl~吵,


r'a ‘
vv-r- 〈 EZX}+-z[一;-A:_(S 1n眨JF)+-7TιL
3r' , rL's 1n aaa~--~ae' . s1n2&~φZ

• [生
, 2aR,
1. a:_(r-::) 1( t +l )R(r)
主主ι止三号且.!.]F(e..) (2 )
ar~- ëlr ' ....2

....here 如〈川、Je have used (3.6.28) and 巳 he fa吐出.a t F (e..) 109 a linear ccmbi血'

tion of spheri~a1 harmonlcs (c.f. (1)). Bence for 1- 1. the Schr 8d1nger 归国 t­

ion leads tO 兰[iz 仨〈嗖}'izRI + 咔)a(r) • ER(r). 四d therefo四

a
,_.... - • ~一. -. .- '. '. ' .牛 、 . , -_ .. ... . 、


' 4
Modern Qu antum Mechanics - Solutions 53

2. 2 ~2 1 d
2
V(r) g E - ~'/mr
+EE 言R dr 2 仕的 (J)

toa haLxULy· 四 have LXZULJL, }and Lya 哇飞-L_ ) , a.nd fr四川 .39)
and (3.5.40) L.11. 时·飞件,但) 11. " , 1> • ~{立(1+ 1)-m( ,d) J 与 It. m:tl>, Hence <L..> 墨
3民

刊叫马 (L++LJlzm 〉 s o since 4 叫 1m'> • 6 田,. Similarly 〈 LY 〉 E 叫 MILyllm> • O.

Now 〈〉,叫~(气,L++L+L_+L入+ L_ L_> ! lm>. But L乒 _1 1m> ~ c _ ( l , m) x

c+(l , m-1)11m> and L_L+11rn> - C+( 卑,叫 c_(~. m+1)ltm> whi1e 吐 m ! t.+L+11OO> -

也 IL_LJ 1M> 冒 o since states of different m va1ues are 。川咿Ml.Hence <>


• ~<阳 \L+L_ + L_L+I .tm> .. ldc..(t .m) 飞 ( L.m-l) + c+( 觅 ' 也 )c_(1. m+ l)) .址: (1 叫+
., 1i 2 1i 2 ')句
c: (2.叫}目 ~(1( 奸 1) -m ( a- 1)+1(1+1)-m(叶川 a
i{ £(奸。 -m‘}. SMlady <
L;> -

4E i -k(L+L+-M--U++UJ| aa〉 'k4mlι,+L_'飞Lj|W -4: 〉.


S 叫山 ss1cal 1nterpretat1on: We knov that t2ltm> -仇(叫 11时·中 1m>
,- ' } ? . , .,
龟,‘

q
a dn m Am> ...?
Thus 4~-z{Hl}r and < L;> a mY.In the classical c 。 rzep
噜2 _2 _2 _2
p 。由 nce L zLX+ 与+ L; expresses 1tse1f 坦白 rms of the correspond1ng 町 .c­

tation values. and indeed <L~> + <L~> + <L~>


z
.. ~~2(1(1+1) 唱 2) + ,,~2(1(1 +l)咱 2)
y
+m2 币 2 • 1(1+1)~2 • <L2>_

Since (c.f. (3.6 .13)) L.! .. -iKe!1. '[!i ~A -


--a8 cote;~]!
----a 四d ve may deduce as usua1
,.
that YL 1_(8 , φ 〉 geHJZJZZEE Erom L Yte , φ) .. O.
,号+-"...
(a) Apply L to Y
与 .lt gives
YL 1. (8. 的‘
J.s:. _1室
e-ie[ -12-{eHAS瓦b - <0<6(1/2).1./2;;苍白
a6
- 1φ 12r." _ ",,-~
(51n6] "cosa

ωFrom 0 震←告- co t 士气-与旧) ~ we 叫 ve for 飞 A( 叫 10 form 飞4


~ e-
-~1./2
~/4f(a) and e qua~1on.
obtain solut10n for f(e) from def1n1ng differential

白回 aaswez is y ge-Hfz
〈 sine 〉」2.
与.与
Co 町 a ring (a) and (b ) lead to concradictory results. So this 1s another 町'

f 町。 ~bital angular moment


guxcnt agains t half integer t
飞""-
s, 20 ♂e 罚、Qu .n缸~ Me c: han1c s - Solutions

18. Fr。巳 (3 .6.46) ::.nd (3.6.48) , \l e h a. ve


l z' z'( R>

,、

、,


>
。 (R) 1 1 ,卧 -i, 11 ,哩 '> < l.m'jO(R) 11',111. " t.

."
".

z
)0

~he言 e m • 0 initially. So t he p 宫。 b.bility f。言 fú叫 k咱 18 given hy


{3 u6le
b ><

5


(c.f.
-:

zh
70
s ?b

,、
of

品,。
何U
nu- >- ι ,*、
gy -p
l 队的川、~ (e-s , t-o) 1".

af
a RAU U A>


1


Fr。回

吨,­
the probabU立仨 ies are
2A ~ ,2 3..2...2.
3-a a
si B
=.'.0: 气 (3eo8~8 -1)~; a'-全 1: ~eos-Bs 位\-S; 也"全 2: n -

It is easy to eheek that t; h.e total probabU1 叮 ( summed over m') 1$ unity ~S

expecced.
t t
19. Rere K.'+ -= "+"- _..- K - -+--
a:a and a.a nenee 1n the Schv1nge艺 s c: he1ZlC!

飞l 飞, 0_> - I~tl++白百芦7lnJ1.aJP. 民J 飞.!l_>- 斥+nJ 飞吐.e._-l> . (l)


n+• a > A'
Le t j • (n..:句 _).'2 and m - (n+-n_)/2 , and 1j ,也,> • Th.n (1) can b e 苦←


W'!' 1tten as
<2}
飞 Ij.m> .苟言否百右-m+l)lj+l , m> , 飞 !j.m> -汽3石灭I司7 1j-1 ,=>

1.e. 哀
+,
i:. s:re t b e raiaiog and lc~e军 ing operatora !。艺 3 . (!t-,-+n )/2
"
..m ere
c++n_ c。τresponds to the total n w:lb er of SP Úl lt "pa营 tielea". Th e nolIVεa豆叶ún.

回口1% elem四 ts of ~主a.re fr咀 (2)

<j'.ntl 飞 Ij .酣·而石在南=ZE761·.1+les·-U
( )


J
<j • .四 '1飞 1 j , m> "罚3石只3石7飞 '.j_ 1 6.' ,tI •

20. We are to add angular 田'自由a-' jl - 1 and j2 - 1 to fo t"ID ~ - 2.1 .0 st ates. Ex-

preS9 a11 nine {j.四} elgenkets 扭乞町田。 f 1jlj2' 气与>. The s iJ!rp les t state!:

a 玄 e jl- l. 四 1"全 1 ; j2-1 . m2-d , 1.e. 1j-2.....2> " 1++> and 11kev1se Ij- 2. m- 2> •
Using the ladder operator method ve have J_ - J _ EB J _ and (setting j( •
1 2
1 for eonven1ence) frmt (3.5.40> J-1 j.时·死F石穴j -m+l)lj. m-l>. s。毛 1j"2 ,,2>

" I4 lj-2 ,.,.l> - (J 1 _ 由 J2_)ljl"1.j2-1: "1"1'=2"1> " 121 肿〉 + 121 刊h 1. e.

, ' 回
"

L 吊-.::.:.

刊。 dern Quantum Hechanics _ So1ution! 55

/ j 吨, mba iul 仲+ /叫·


îl~( lo+> + !+O>)} '" …♂ :- f J: m: = 气 /护川.
j-
山山
ι 叭
s臼
叫川
。υJι
叫_ lj =2 ,I1J-O>- 布伺创


j护"'2 , m=
l j a 2Bn叫> - h</ 叫 0叫 ·

气。
Fo7; ;;;?eγγ;
了 「「-吐飞
γγ1:Yγ2:ffs
且叩εta盯阳
tee臼s , 1et
盯…
E川us re γ ze that 川
I 1川1>…=叮-/阳
…〉川吁叫+崎叫b叫| 吨咿…〉川飞
』 w叭l川叫…
c由灿h 川n叫 1za
tiοøn / a / "+ Ibl' • 1. 5立nce <21/11> s 0 by orthogona11ty , ~e have a+b ., O. Choos-

l. ng our phase c。川、 tion ~e 阳叫 te


to be rea1 , 111> • h(/刊> - 1 0+叶. Apply-
Jng 时 J "" J j,_ e J 2_ 阳t 。 t:了e ω
阳。叫 r臼
1 叶- + > ) and sim
旧且ila
盯E ly |l-l > ' 2坦 <: 0-> - /-0>).

Finally 回国y write I j=O~maO> 撞 1+-.> ... R. J

no ,".o 11z.tion 1'1 2 + 131 2 + / γlz gl 丰 + 6/00> + v/ 叶飞 白白 rmine a , ð , y by


T ! Y 1- "" 1 and 0川。gona l1 ty to /j 吐, m=O> and I ja2. m~O> .
ChO osing 0 , 6 , 1 to be real we have Ij-O.m-O> 回头 <I+-> - 100> + / →叶 t

?hullOJ-m Td o-151)tM41ω) .叮-IO(0-0.6 , .-0)lj.'> •

<j叫阿 R) Ij的 where V{R叩m z i , 可;1*(叫;) (from (川O . 22a)) and tec刚­
Z 吨 EM Jzba firHrmk t … r with q- O. 1.e. T61~ we have

KJγ叭。(R) /川 i ι 巾 ' |P+(R}JzljmMRJhab


• mL j /<jm/V(Rl/jm ' >1 2m.
. m, l a r l Jv
<1)
々ω

s i nc e n1,v q
Z

n c nE r Z ut es• we h av e

.。

z

;〈jdlEJJ;1 飞Pljm E 〉 ztja·l p;;) 气R}Jzl 灿


- (4 11'川+1)桂宇间, ~ -o) 巳.饵, cos6 . ( 2)

50 f立nally fr。回 (1) and (2). we havε

JJ 也!(的 1 2皿· 阻 ' c时·


r
、,,

R 。}
h ec k
FL' j • , 'J .52) ( ) R
'饲4

e ha ve Er
'地

EV
i'

E { cs
‘ hw
d sn
-28- S10
ns E
。立

' |lk

SJ
BItttBa

SE Fo r t:I.' ..与 c8 se.


z C
1l
aF
:。 dern Quanculll Hechanics_~ SO! :.J ti。ηs

l·h-s. 。EmakJj +{甘 sJ; 缸 1恒。s8 .川 .5. of (3); f盯 m' = _!


l. h.5 . of (3) _与 h 咛),←问 '8 吁 C3se ,
cog E·-与cos6 • r.h.s. of (3).
(b) From (J .5.51 ) ,吐出 ~=l , ~e note d~!~(8) _叫阻 ' 1~-íBJul-{_、 "
.-、 '1 J 町". NO \.l

mijld
J
叭的
'm'-"
lZzJJN 叫-山,
lJI je
. m" -j 田、 Jm' --~yljm >< jml 旷
、 ylj 毡'>

J-iSJ2
J 如扩叫'吁| e y川J九吨; 1j",时町叫

H<Jm叫1.卢山
18川
B阳J~
讪讪
y川l巾υjm' >- <如扩叫.才leζJ
严.吐咀
18创
~J
鑫 <J 囚 ' IO(R) 争气的 !jm'>
(4)
If \.I e examine the rotat1叫 mPMLes 。E J:u町g the 叩herical (irτ础c←
ble) censor language , ....e find J2 每 1(32+y{ 川、 here j2 i
{ 2 ) E o z s a Scalar under r。 ta­
um and Y。 is a sphedcal teas。roEMnkL Hence P(R}JZ白t(及) .. ~j2 +
j护白叫{
r _m2 ,,{ (j)/ ,, ~!2 1.._ __ 2.
Ida -mfa〉 1=3j 〈问 +i kd-2 〈jmEloj?;YFlj嚣'>.
1
mija (5)

1n the 1ast term on r .h.s. of (5) , only k'-O contr1butes 四d p(Z)zik坐丛川


。o 2
(fr。回 (J.6 .53) , (J.5.50) , and (3.5.51)). Hence

Jrldif;叫 2=jj(j+1}+j〈jm·|oj;) 叫_j2) 1仙


4♀士})_3 _ 2. . m 2__
ι亏~亏 in"6 +丘吉- (3 cos~6
, , - 1)

22ωwe have Jy z 赶(J+ - 叭 th四 using (3.5.41) ....e derive 叩l1v


时Jyhu· 生[仍可m(m+l)<川·阶而市市平川. 111-1> J
and therefore for m ~n ,{
or IU and m' ="+1 , 0 , - 1 and j 霄R1 one finds th~ matrix formε。r
<J-1 ,;,' IJylj 吐,因> as depi.: t .e d in (3.5.54).

川 Unlü.e the j吨 case-KMmly[Jfj 引 1 2 15 坦旦出旦 of 1 and J {j -l)


and in fau ve have {Jy时肿1 • (υJ川-白叫
n时d (υ
气J~v

阳 itive integers. By expans10n of the exponent1a1 e 巧i/Hin mvep …~


吐 Jysm " 〈 -iJy旦旦ih - 1{-iJ aJM2 卧1 --. ..-- -_.唱"'..... "' ..
E d。 1): 1。斗却需

'
- 一二
坦坦L坦旦旦且也足丘之主坦出旦 57
- 1 + fVHJ22 丘眨n(_1 户 ..
J 1l -1 (2Q)! - -1 (J.jK 】营企的‘勺 _1\ 1D:
- 1 - fJyJ2~

::1:二:::工工工叫 trQcaω1.. 川4). 1a… eXponec_


I句 o.B
d(;-I)(B) • .-1J.BIK
-Y--- -s 1a S/'τ- 戈旦H
T •

61nBI I2 ..._...J!>
--...""
2 •-
-81n13/ ,.宫
.!-CO".B
z 81nBlrz .<主05B
wh1ch 1. (3.5.57). 2 -
23.
j~j , <0 2 13 2γ 2/;""><如 l J;/jlm'n'><jfmtnt'

:::::ι:2生苟且';;;二mJ;τ::272::IJ
24;2:;二:;二::TftJTs
ωS1nc:e B 叫回国阳3Ut"e町 hmqJ丁;4:;;2[;;LJ::;
ζ二二三二 -){/2. lñe sa叩…. f飞 bec: ause there 18 no preferred

(b) Nov B mea8urea s


2. • M/2. (1) S1ac. '._ +

:王王三
fi二.J古i二王王王
c31Il
EI:i
二:王三
二z?1: 。=i2Eε:
for slx - H/2 and -K/2.
/r.> _ /玉ι->叮J a. 11l .(ω3.9.3均) y1e1d 叫u.l probabil1t!es

25.
( l +c osS

2号)创-创
q
LI
!;. d(l!v (1) _
啊, vq ,·与 I rz.1nB

~ 1-c05S
(1)
-" ι "" 恒 t n l.J uan 巳 um Mechanics - Solut1ons

Relo,' ri 巳 e r.n.s. 1n terms of (V~.V_..V_J. 'W c have


元 y z
lq
EqA {q}' l' - cosavx/JZ-ivy/JZ-sina
v > .

,、

-5in8 V._ + ccs t1 .v ( 2)
'‘ Z

c。sg vJdm 川..1 在+ 51n8 V 11言,


, z
But a r o t atlo n through a~31e B about
ytus1erds u vx+V; , vxCOSS+V , sins -
v'y v - v wv-zs
zc S
B

牛'


y z WW aE··4
n ap


X -
Ther白白俨\叫叫)闭·二;二。5ß V

-iV).在- s1nB V ..IIï.. V~l) I V' ,. - sins V ... V ,....., Q .._..1 ..(1) I
=v;24na vx+VZC时 -and v-a(vt 叮 )/12
:::
-‘ =
X

c。savJ JZ-iVJJE+Sine v J d . h u s the r hJ-d{2}indeed gives E-h-s - of

(1) W' hich are just the expe.ctations from the transformatlon pr ope r 巳 1es of V
x , y ,%
undeτrOCat 立。 ns about the y-axls.

26 归) Let us take (3 .1川)Where xj:1)and z;:2〉 aHirRd叫ble s阳山 E…臼

。f rank Kl and k 2 叫 ect叫y . Then 俨a il iJNWKNkpx;?) 守}


1s a sph erical (1rreduc立ble) tenso艺。 f rank k. For our p宫。blem Kl • k - k - 1.
2
hence
-L
{l >
• 5- ET.. {q+
ll(ql
lz)
、JHU

1 } 1(-
、,

ql-2 111
lvU) -
v
噜A

q.

q.

q lk ;
2- )
< tI
晶写

>
2{
(1)
ll
. i-z{ "u(1 -) )
l
,、。

} l}
,、。

ll 1} 11] ) fl
,ι

(。

,飞- 141·
,、

FrOm (1) ,
wv

, 、
HUV
、.

e have )
于 --

'W
- , "v "u wv

.
and f)-L 叫

r~i) -.1..
• ~( -(Ux-iUv)V,
X y' Z + (V_
"x -iV..)U_J
_.yJ....z

tQ)·
o 各 (U_V.. z~'-x'y
- U. ' .J .v ,
w
y x (2)
Tl{l)
EK{-(UX+iU)V+(Vx+iV)U
• x'-'y' - z l
Y' Z
(b) For k ., k • 1.. k 2. .....e have
1 2
-,
T(Z >z E E
q 41:qlq2|11:2q> U(l)v{l}
Ql.Q2 --"1~21.~'~~~~ql ~q2 (3)

.. ... , .. . _ ".. _- -一- …


i

二一 →
回 -一--- ..-
'
b dern Qu antu回 Hechanic3 - S ol uti。 ns 59

Froaa (儿 uehdti;).u::〉 UY.τ::)· 各〈u::飞l}+4~fih , T;2}-


iwii}v;i}+ 川;~;l)+ 叫:)v:?}·42}· 七〈叮f)+ f)vrhand 42)

- o~~)v~~ }.
+1 ' +1' Ia te t"1ll5 of U aod Vx.y.:
~- ---- -- - x , y ,: ---
\l e h a..v e

( 2) . L". ~.., ," ~.., .(2>


τ-z" 与 (Ux-auy)(Vx-ivy} , t-l-k[(Ux-iuy}vz+UZ{Vx-ivy〕 l.

钢 〈 Z 〉 .1 (的
‘。二22[-〈UX-LUJWJ四y}+ 址:zvz-tUJ四y}{vx-凹y) ],
‘."
τjZ〉
J.
-4[ 〈U+四.)V_
-. . x Y. z + U.(V_+川
z.. x Y.) ], T~凡,,- (U_
- -:t.. +1U..)(Vx
. X _.y"
..+i V>
_.v'

(Re c.a rk: (3) b 血llar to 号 "zizJ比 "1"2111; 2m叮1~2 I盯町he r1ca.l ha~
。 Q !C S )

27. (a ) According <0 (3.10.31) , the 旧 gner-Eckart theor阻 for our proble事 where

( 1) _~ 1. , _....1_\
主1 -+在 (tiy}and
__.t
at>(l)
a - z EOZUEhree cO呻 OQeats of a õpheric al tens 。 ε 。 f

z an k du--
'A• r eaa
s
- ..• ' l -atq
.. )

, •E • 4!;;:;Q!n:l'm 与 <n'1' I IR(1) I ln 1>

、,

< -h E
(1)
ffi丁了

由町e 由 e IIdouble bar" 国臼1:1: el e:l皿.0 t 1.s 1.odepe a.d阻缸。 f = and . ' . Sinee

< 11 ;同 111;1'='> - 0 unle.a =' - m+q and l' .ll~ll , L , .theref ore
<
• •
n • •••• '
1>l
a{q

n .L .m> - 0 uclesa m' -叫时阜, -1 叫, 1.

Fur由 ermore. 由四\la are deal间由~ • central force pot ent坦.1. tbe In.l.时

are e1geuseaeee of Up (pari叮呻町ator). Reoce Oplu. 1 , m户·←1)110 , 1 卢,> ac4

up-1_(1)~
X
.. .(1) 皿.d we b&ve -<0 ' .1.'.1Zl 'IR"-'
UP-4

l t> (l) ,_ • _.... _ , ,, 1 , ,, 1...._. ., _11
!n.l. a> - (-1)-(-1) 句 ·.YA'l

R( I ) lu , 1 ,时町 1+!" - odd . 臼:b ine w1由 C1ebseh-Gordan øe1ectiOQ rule fro~ (1).
we bave

dJ·A·lRil}l 叭时- O. unl.ess Q.'叫, l' - 11!11. (2)

Ag a 1n, fro 1Zl (l) , ve ha、 e

<n' ,I.' .旦旦?马丰王〉 〈息1 !::D., , 主1! 1l :1' 1II,'>


(3>
< 2·-a·.zil RjIIla-LBZ; <11;"2 , 0\11 抖'吨'>

时lere t I .:n r
sat1sfy selection ru1.
(2).
(b) :.ï se nO \l ....ave fuoc:1onψ(Z}
• RDt(r) 叮 (8 , t).
s - z' , 'l 1 | We have

,、 ιZ

、,
,、
• za z>

'民

·


. 二

3
- IR \.\'.(.' (叶 Yfib-@JIRjroiRdr)亏(8 ,*)

而万 rRLgt巾\£fY)drfcayt:气轧机;.。"'φ)~(.,.) •
t.t-:! ' • <‘ •az{ =


.J

禽息
(, •
(4)
] .ar


d

'

'誓
• thao

、J
‘ Q ' D. .1'! ..


a' • .‘' • ' l a l)
{的X'eads <us!.ng
(3 .7.73))

r飞
a
,、
a, . "

·也

、,
E

q
(4</3) 亏T;
τ正 'n ,且, {(2轩1)3/4'(2卑 '+l)<U;∞ 1 1l ;!'o> }
〈且 ;=ql 且' m '> • r 3. J2轩1) 与.
-n'0.1'1百 l'+i卢叫 1;00/11;1'0><11 ;呵 !1 ' m '> •
时 t' (5)
- 0 , 1f t- l '
vhere q ·主工. O. \l e have thus
the select10n rule
〈川 'Jlf}l M卧·。叫S8 11'
• ...呵. t' • 1-"11
vh1ch 1s 1de nt1ca工 (6)
to p&rt (a) •
Also note frotll
。) ve have at oace 出e rat10
equality (3) vhere . 11主11 , "1' • =1主1.
28.
" II!. Z' .. 1!I: 2.

如~i王三宁边• 由阻ce
(.) From (3.10.1 7) +0
, y-4.
z 2 2

甸,‘

+-
可 -1 〈ZZ卢 <•‘

wv
-吨 ,
}r

叫‘,

15 •
51皿.1 1arly. by 唁1. -兰、如 J;.:!:1y)t 2.. ;, 1
f y -9·
‘,‘
‘ 8霄,→,-一
r-
Ve have xz .. b} · J.":
Y2·}r‘,
...
4!l d aga!.tt
2
-

2
、u

y v e .aave
uw
y / '4 } :z{ Y22 2} 4‘,
+' -2
{

..2>
w
。。

. "" t e
2

飞4

a
r‘ fm
, ,‘•


E AU
z

are COmpone r: ts ef
a spher1cal
(irreducible) t~na。吉。 E 军 anlc 2.
{的 q zHe . 1·F3l 〈 hz-rZ】!。小Dl'""j>.
F1rst Qot e that Y~ .. ES户驻马fi
叩 lr2 )
」 ..同"

Q. e<a ,j .jl 在百万 r 2y;I. , j , j~.


....e have
Nov 叩 ply the W1guer-Ec弘rt thec~em (3.10.31) ,

Q .. c'.兰主}hj2;jO/)2;jj><.] 11 r 2飞 fnb
在了?τ ‘••
(1)
By the S .a. !lU!
tokeo use of ~-E theoreæ 011 ~<n i _rj , _2 2L ,. n ~
2 2 , _-2 。叫 .j. tIl"仅 _7 ) 1 叫叫:> - e(芫)x
句, j ,恒'
{Y2+Y2}!α 小m.-j> leads to
M。 dern QuantulIl Hechan1.çs - Solu t1 o11' 61

8 霄气 ,
叫古百ï+l)) 'l<JZ;jzljZ;j.. ,叫j 11 内zlloJ>+<j2;j- 2 Ij2;j.. , ><.j I l. rZY , II'j>)
(2)
-e18矿写在J +l) <j Z; J -21j 2;J..' 川.J Ilr 2 Yzll'护-
Sub3titute.句Jllr 2y211.j' of (1) 坦国〈2}·H hve.

Hα , J ,民 '1 (xZ_y2) I. , j , -j> -(11 占)[导主主旦丘斗豆二


}l刁苟市苟步":')g , (3)

Io expression for 8 ve reC02D盒'与


句 句 1ut.' ve recogni扭曲at sx-kts++S.+{ 气, s.})and 51·
__ •
1

-~(5; + 5: - (5+ , S.J) 叫丁 h S主 -v臼y 且d (S+ , S.J - 2(吉2.sP- ms ,

Rint.·τdmz[(挝〉。比{si+shz(吉,2 凸 1 +(马}且兰主:坦主三 l
,,~ '" 4
+(主导人S:J
..-‘

内-d

生d
AV
·τ去币2{~((生)" • (ay-'"
32

噜S
tU(S:+S2)
6X- - ..

Us1ng 9
2
,. 0 , ve can vr正 te
uuc.·A{ < -EZ} +Btsi+sf}
(1)

叶飞ere A .. -:--:-主且?节 raZAJ22、


右 (s-l )Î!2 飞 ι,JH J 。 andB· 百司为EZ{{3·JKK·
• • - --壁q <,.2
A',,ay2) } .


From (1) we note 由at Bint • acts on 8tates of def 1n1te Is.=> 咄盯e 5-3/2 as
folìovs: ‘

B扭E. lm·A{3s:- 吉2) 1 即+ B(5! + S:) 1_

·叫2isv- 呼ZMUMh叫..1)(s+a+2) ~21.,<>+2>


+ B" ( s+m)(s--(m-l)) 【S悟·υ 归-(...2)) ~21..~2> ,
(2)
10 the t:l.~' - 3/2.-1/2 and 1/2 , -3/2 bas 1s,由e aatr 1% R • us1ug (2)
MP

1Il.1Il' -

El 1nt

us mo
ah且 -o

i- bJ.k
'-r、、

u n EeZ
伊.

as
。 jau


''- n
d

z

E ~. ,
<3)
o 0
o 0 2138 3A
~~ agonali2ing each blocK of (3) ,‘Je see t. hat )...现 2 u 主 (12S 2 + 9A2)~ ~2 are the
energy elgenvalues for both m.m' - 3/2. - 1/2 旦 d 白,由'因 1/2 , - 3/2 basis. rhe

:;
eigenst ates 1~1\ can be detcrmined for each 2x2 ma口 ix block as
飞毡'2'

ft

飞叶jz
巧 4

飞叶

2 53

t
、飞
2

、、 11
33

,,EFa t 、

飞、
归ih 、
IR
gg An ae 12

h
UAA


A

飞't''

t
z 门
A

i'
A

lJ
e
i au

i
2

刁 (的


''

'
'
Hence for m ,阻'回 3/2. - 1/2 we have Q2/cl E (À! - 3 的 /2 I)a. while for m, m … 3/2 ,
1/2 1J e have Q2'αl 军队 主+ 3A)/2 I3s. 白、e energy eigens tates are

iλJ-2J3叫 3/2.3 /'2> + (X 主 -3A)! 3/2.-1/2> (Sa)

IX .> - 2 I3 s!3/2. - 3/2> + (儿+ 3的 !3/2. +1 /2> (5",,)

Note from (5a) and (Sb). there ~xists a two-fold degeneracy , namely the 言 e exis~:>

t.lJO sta te s corresponding to each value ofλ(λ-'- and λ) •

', \ ~ t c.., '- J


,

, ... ‘'
'i J - ' 久"

1Ji'A .c 、ι -
'.、
.) V\φ: .- ,. , i2..
}
,
ι人 1ι 、,


...… ….. …自
(a) Assu Q.e c. hes e pa rc. icles can be dist 立 ngulshed. " 1n other wor d s they are non-

identl cal par t1cles. Since the t h ree particle5 do not 1nteract. 50 the Kam1 1t-
K2 ,2 币 2噜Z K2~2
。 nian opera t.盯饵- -主导 1 -言t' ï- 运飞+ V(1.2.3) can b~ separated , t. hus the
3
enezgy fo z pazticle i is Efi}·(M2, 2/2mL2)E
jõil n2wheza
"ij ........... n"ij ar e n。n·ZEr。 inze­

如 anc the total energy for the s… 15E_E(1)吨叭EO). 在:j尸Jij


Obvi ous1y t he lovest energy state 1s the state with 311 ind1ces n~~ - 1. and
1J
2
9 n. :r 2 豆芒...,., 2.... ,....
1" 寸mL 2 • Th e second lowest en町gy 叫 11 be E2 .气主2(2"+过二ιι二J) "τ m!.2
.L'\ 12)( 2;r 2
8 ti:nes

~ 6 n. 2 n 2 / mL 2 • The t川 lowest … gy v111 be E3 二" 仙山毕 ... .+1)


-垃2
7 t imes

15币 2 ;r 212mL 2 .

旦旦旦旦旦旦旦 Fo乞白白盯 E ,
1 ve have on1y 旦旦旦 spat ia l wave function , bεc ause

a11 indices are 1. For ene r gy E , ve have 9 spatlal wave fun ctlons. Th e reaSOQ
2
is that the n lne lndlces (n~~)
ij' wl 由 ...
.....,.... 1 ..J
.j - 1 2.3 are such that each of 白白 has
... . ...

an equal chance to be 2 , while otners equal to 1. 50 the number of d1s t1nct


o.
poss抽山ties u (9d甘丁-
- 1)!1! 9.
... Evidently for ..)
........._L....... .T ......... E) ve
..... have (9-在言- 36 dlstl o. ct
"CL"'~ (9-2)"!2:

spa t.正 a1 wave functions. 1n addl~10n we h ave 23 - 8 sp 1n wave functions. t hey


are I 忡忡 . 1 +←>.1+呻> .1• > .1 斗件 .I-+-飞|→~. and 1---> . So in shorc f has
1
àege neracy lxS - 8 , E2 has degeneracy 9x8 - 72 , vhl1e E3 has degeoeracy 36x8 -

288 .

(b) For four non-iden tical spin-与 partlcles sys cem. we have t o tal energy E -
}(2...2 雪 3 2 . th
丘一::r-2 J I; , " ..~, n 时"l e re i refers to the i ,, ' L part1cle vhlle j refers to the three
"剖:."'" i益 1 J"l "1J

dicenslonal space index. Th erefore E - 12~2霄 2/2mL 2 " 6.2~2ImL2 aQd aga臼 <he
1
E • 15~与 2/2mL 2 aQd 吐\e number of
degeneracy for spatial wave functlon 1s 1.
2
12 !
d istinct spatlal wave funct1四 "在立叮叮 _,.,' ..E)"_ ",,
"12".
2_21_T 2
9~ 宵 I mL"'" , end 由. m..-

6)
64 Hod~rn QuancuQ Hechanic~ - Soluc1ons

12!
ber of d!stlnet s9at lal vave functlon is 古汇苟古丁- 66. At thc saoe ti~e ~e

have 2 4 - 16 spln Yav~ functions I 忡忡:> .I++-•> . 1忡叶飞 i 忡-->, etc. Hence the

three lovest energy level , have degeneracles 16xl - 16 for E1' 16x12 - 192 for

[2' and 16x66 • 1056 for E30

2.ω T-a:中(~) - +(~+d). Td.T-a:ψ{2)· 以;.;t咀}and TZTZJ(2}·TE中(日, )吨 (~.';h ,

.0 (T-a:吁, J 以b-0· Since 以) 1s arbltra叮, we hav8 (Tèt斗 t 1 • O. 在町


coczmute.

(b) V(ô.ó) d。但s noC c.orm皿 te \1 1th 0 怡 '.t ' ). Th is 1s easily seeu by tak 1r. g the

case ñ i , ñ' - Y vhere ve kn刨出 e rotation around x-ax 归 do臼 not co:a:::u te

vith the rotation around y-axis.

(c) Ta 8nd n do
...
not ∞回国. n V(叶 "ψ(-x) 咄 110 Tèt叫(X) -ψ(-x-..d) •
+- -+ … on tho 础盯

hand.TZHa. ,也主}由11e ETZMZ)-MJJ} ¢ TZ R@ 〈主). Hence (n , Ta] ~ O.

(d) n口 (å ,.)以主) - nψ(2· 〉 -KJ·} 由ezez·.pd.-)主 On the oth町h.and.

。(击, @)EMZ)-D 〈吕, +)ψ(-主)·, {-2 ·}. So rr白 (d..) ,向 - V(6. ωnψ(Z)and dace ,由

1s arbitrarγ. vo havo [n.O(ñ.. ,) - o. 四町∞m血.

3. (A , Bl- 脑+RA - O. Suppose 1t 1a pOS8由 10. 由aa there ex1scs la'.b'> sucb 由at

且 ja' , b'> - -BAI.:b'> 四 a'b' - -b l .' ,由ua a' - 0 or b' - O. :If A 民 E and B •
n. 出租 {p , n} • 0 (beeause n ,+司'
‘ pIt - -p] , he: nee 回回ntum e1genscate 1s usua11y

。oc p.r1ty e1genarate , except f。誓言 t _ 0 sta te.

4. From (3.7.64) ve know that

I ♂.....y平均 e..八 ,
yj-凶.·. -L , l h l (1)
1 (21+1)叫 I~ ~(e..)J

(a) F。τ 伊 0 , only j~~ (upper sign) is poss1ble , so from (1) ve have

vj ........... _ ...L '- {1' (2)


.100 (4 宵 }τ \ OJ

..
Hodern Quantuæ Mechanics - Solutlons 65

(b)

22 市与(~) .击〉与 (ιx::%)ETiz产 (:1:斗


r(;::::;二)
(3)

~here we recal1 Yî .. (31 圳唁4___" __... 1 ,., u._ ,1:I_.._,, _i~


cos9 atld Yî .. -(31 叫 slne e~v.
", ""_ __ __.
Ccmpare ,, 1
~1th Vi'

如 (1) , we see that m must be 1:1, 1 must be 1. Take 10w町 sign 1n (1) hence j ..

1-与. 1-与=与 50 (3) become5 J 、


( -11丐.... y~ \

E口E吐叶
击)与 0) 叫川
-叮r 叫巧崎雨 U
护画…
叫宫
-r
Con山山n: A阳 t from -言. we get 寸 EWith z changed t 时~ 1>>1) and j.m both
unchangcd from Eq.(2).

(c)τhe re削lt obtalned 10 (b) 臼 not surpr1sing: 吉.主 15 scalar (spherlca1 t e n-


s 。艺。 f rank 0 > under rotation , hence by Wlgner-Eckart theorem lt cannot change

j and m. But under space invers10n 吉 -21s 。dd.so 吉.主 connects even par1ty

with odd 9ar1ty , and we note 1-0 and 1-1 have oppos 立 te parlty.

$.p 1s invar1ant under rotat1ons but cha吨es s1gn under par1ty. 50 1t 1s pseudo-

scalar. Now since ó 3 (主) 1s scal町, 50 the 皿 t1re V 15 pseudoscalar. Th1s 国.ns
V IDUst connect 鬼。 dd with t even but cannot chaoge j ,因 Frotl1 e1e 国 nta言y f1 r5t
uE- eiE
-n4
en-yEe4z
n t'hi
w'」En

r AUer pe rc
tn Z +AB
a
LBS j
2 as--

言·品


。:

Jj V-n Ej
-- EZ
m币

>

, ,

(l)

where t' - 1:1 (note hovev町 låll ~2 1s tmposs 抽 1e becaU5e j must remaio the

same) and II: \吨, j'-j. It 1s 国 ra d1fflcult to evaluate <O'.~' , j' ,血 '!V!n , L , j ,即­

The wave functlon for In , 1 , j ,~ can be 町ittea aa R Y1·2均, m vhere y~.m 15


nl j' 1
the spin angu1ar function and f。τ10... Z. R__ ~ has no depetlJl.e nce on j. So
n l1

句', t'.jt J 毡 'IVln , l , j ,即 bec。国S

一 →一 ~ 一
66 Kodern Qu antum Hechanics - Solutions

• ~jd3x R_. t'J


.. . ,.
, (r)ρ:
. , .t 叫'全与, m [6 (3)山'5- (-币""(-i~苦 ).;;6(3)(主) J

R (r) V{""."m (2)


ntj

...here ( -刊古) 1n the seconð term of (2) ope[ates on the wðve fun ct10n to th~ left .
(3)
Because of 6'.'(x) function , the matrlx el 鱼gentvanish-s unless Rn T 且 'j , (t) or

R_. ,(艺)
n 2. j"'" 1s ..finite at th~
..... ........ ...... or lgin.
........ "".....e....... Th is i国p
...~y......'"...""'..
l1l: s that ....e
W ,"
ust haveoo; S1. or
I!l
"'....;:,.. H"'VV.. P1• for
""~ I.~

In .t.j , m> to obta 1n non-van1sh1ng con 口 ibutl t1 ns to C_' '' 'J'_I


n '1' 1 ' m
+中~ ~

6. (a) Th e plane wave 缸 '{Z,。 -ei (P - x/匾咱的. hence 泸 {2 , -oa CLb-x/阳~t) 军


立 (-22/H叫 t)
and 15 a plane ....ave ....ith momentum dircc 乞 10n rev eτsed (-p).

ωF艺om (3 .2 .52) ....ith ~町. t..I e have x+向·叫/2 e-


1y 2
/ (~) +51n6/2 e+
1y 2
/ (iJ

中且) -∞ss/2 e
iy 2
/ (~) +血的 e4讪(~). thus 叫xh『osi 占 (:1)(;)
+山jJ号(~ -~)(n - c叶占 m 咽峙'号(节· But by expliclt calculation

(吉吕)(-1σAtA} 〉·〈-H/川 -1σzxka) 〕 whem2·"/川 . Hence x _ <击)- -叫x:(且)

i5 the tfJ。已。 mponent eigen5pinor ' vith the sp1n d1rect1on reversed.

7. (a) is proved 1n (4.4.59) and (4 . 4.60) o! text. (b) Th e wave funct10n of a pla~e

wave 12.Z/M
e.~'^/~ can be complex w1thout v101at1ng t1me rev e古 s3l 1nvariance , because

!t 1s 坐旦旦旦旦旦v1 th e
-ie-2/H
~,
.牛二 +一· 啡 。 命
8. In momentum space I 肘. fd ..l p' 忡'川 p' 10.> here
;"r 句 ' Ia> • ~句') 1s the momentum

space vave function f町 I~>. Apply e to !a> (us1ng 91言'〉 '!J' 叶..,e have

。 |α〉 ·fd3P ' iJ' 〉〈2·lu*afd3P'lE" 〈-2'1 u* ,


咄盯 e <-p' Iα>* 19 the momentum space wave function for elc>. s。♂(卒') 15 the

monenzua space wave fuactzi。 a Eott the time reversed state .-··
3
4· ·
- i '.x 'P
山 rnat1ve cethod: Th e 回…咀M
…咀町且血e … f飞u

叫宫n

咄四 c∞。即lex
曰x ∞c 叫。叫时咿u
时d. bec
m
皂眈
巳凹。啤咀叫*咱
<p'ην
刊)-川.叫[ (击)1Ji 川χJ.\.二主川'喻飞川叫叩@俨川*♂'). rnus

…一一--
r1oo~rn ‘,J U .l nεU ::I ..1 o;! cn J.fI:.....: 二~ ..J o.J~ ~ .. ‘ ,., > .,

回国 ntum Sp~ce w~ve functlon for time rev.~3ed state 。金 (-p') is


J ,立 p'.x 'I'/.
φ(-p') "(言百)3/2 (f d"'x' e ψ{扩))

由 er巳俨〈萃') 15 the pos1t10n space vave !unct1on for t1me rever3ed ~t~te .

9. (叶Le c G be .the t1me reveru1 operator than Iρ-O(R)IJ ,缸> behaves under t1me
-lJ.ñe ,孤 .时- ec......
reversa1 as follovs: ela> - eO(R)lj.m> - ee-.~.ng/~lj -lJ ,阳/到 -L ,
.....'...e-...elj. 时-

But e h - 1 . J and e Changes 1+-1.therefore {e.町的 1 .~ 0 a.n d ....e have 61 0.> ..

eO(R)IJ , m> - 0(&)6IJ ,时- (-l)mv(的iJ, -时,由ere ve have used (4.4.78).

(b) Cons 1d町 the 田 trix element <j. 唱 '1 eo(的 1 J .即_ <J.-,, 'I(-1)"。但) 1J .-卧·

(-1) 与马!, -du. M 〈j.4|@ωO(R时) 1υJ ,酣 .A岳,,川〈忖


<jJ.-
.. *叫(j) _.m' 金(j)
E" <-l)md • .-a'l""。..
. m.. , m
〈町. (-1)- D_~J~(时
tþ .. m a150 (rclIle曲时@∞nt a. 1ns ∞町 l口

conjugat1on). Comp 盯 1ng the tvo expresslons for <j ,-m'忡。(的 Ij .m> , ve have

(-1)句:iiJR〕 ·t-1户'口;11i〈R} 町(-俨田'213JP-o;ifi(R}·

(C}Eos part <aiwe have e!e· 〈-umptR}|j.唱,> - 0(&)6IJ. ,.,. but 1


2
- (-日,
2
hence D 仅)6 IJ. 酣- D(&) (12")IJ.-m> or eIJ. m> - 1 "IJ.-" , .

坐坐坐主: Th e above d1scuss1oQ 1a for j 1nteger. F町 j-句 !llteg町四 nee <l to p宫。.

ceed. 吐出 (4 , ι73) v1由 n .. +1 to obta 1a cons1stency v1 tb (4.4.72a).

10. Under t1皿 Hvsmal E 噜 -2. ZeE. zhen [R ,。 1 • o 豆呻11es 扭var1allce under tioe

reversal. Le t 10.> be all energy ~1g四k.e õ:. th回回 1.>吨叫<<>-四 1 0.>. Rence 91 0.> 1s

a150 au e1genket of R 吐出 s皿 energy as I a>. By the non degellerate 4SSU哼 t10n

ve bave ela> - I~> - e 16 1a> vhere 6 1$ real. Consider 句 It l .> - <~Iete-ll~> -


-<~I Li总 ·-e-ie句 |tls〉e16.·句 Itlci~. Hence 句 ILI.>- 0 ,

If飞{主) - <主 1 <<> -ιfaqzANMlu. £fa 〈Elu, Fu〈叶飞fmpzdr)YTfe-H­

vhere ve have used (3.6.22) and (3.6.2刀. than <主 IGI<<> _ .16ζ1 0.> a. nd thU3 飞 tb

-e-16ζlL-
,- e-ae♂ tbECH E F 气 r)( r:'仰,的
T a ...... "'-'T"
l 食『气H[ET-tr)(-umy?"·
1-;0且 "'1;m- 1111....-....
l m....-....:t -t 材l
,
r - - -‘...... ...... 画

-Jie[.Em E? "(时←l俨y~(e..)]. where ve have useå (3.6.38).


甲"崎 ..~-w
C。呻町e t he
c. oefficlen 1: o fτite.~) f町t.he tvo fo 1:'tll3 of 飞{b we have
四 -1 6
pa ,a tz) · <-l> a ya.-也仅)

1 1. Rami lton 1an f or a apin-one system i$ 皿 -ASZ+Bfsx-sy).


z . _..Z .Z
Th ls problem 131 aimi-

lar to problem 29 1n Chapter 3. Bere

、‘,,,,,
nunu

内》《
喃自矗υ
'''tt 飞
mti:)γ 叫:if). 'a un
'

u'--

z
-

《nu
sx - <
U

• f A 0 8 飞
H- ~‘ I 0 0 0 I
l B 0 AJ
Th e 'block' 固自1x th a. t nee臼t. o be d1agon.al扫 ed 15 of form.(fA
i ~). 8.' 趾

臼 叫臼 01g
a 胆 阻
e E

va l ues of H are E -现~Z(A


缸主B剖). 0 and the eigenvectors 盯e (10" terms of .1 1$ .5
扫 \ 1. 1> + \1.-川 . ~~(\1.1> - \1.-1斗 and 11 , 0>.
. 叶 .
AS$ WQIl that H 18 Hen1lÍ t1an than A.B are rul. and eHe-1- - A9
.._S e.-1.. _-1 +
"'es e-'"
-lA~ _-1 ~~ ^-二 -l~ .,_, 2 + 8[(-5_)" - (-s.)"J - H.
• •
8[e5..e-'es.e-' - Gs..e -州 -s.)"
y -es_e
y 'J r X' y nence Ra:d 1t-
。4皿 is 扭四r 1ant under t1皿 revl!1:' sal. S扭巳. fr.. (4.4.78) e\j.酣- (-l)"'\j. 啡,

~ have 叶以 μ.1> + \1.-的 1· .-L(!1·b+ll·-川. e[ 扭 \1.1> - \1.-1均 1 -


+如 11.1>-1 川吟. eI1 , 0> ." 11 , 0>.

一一
一-一一
一-_........':.- -,-...,......... .. .....,...- - -
旦旦旦L二
1. (a.) Th e first ord町 (0 口 ection 15 via (5.1.)7) just 吨 !bx\O> • O. Th e second

。 rder correct 立。 n for the eneτgy is ((.f. (5.1.42) and (5.1.43))

I> E. _ E I'nlox坠丘. _ b 2E I~比旦12


ñ En - E0 ñ 二-
n 0

由盯a En· 〔 n+与}如 Now 句 Ixlo> .布πiW6 n1 , 50 óE • _b 2 ( /KπEE)2/(ErE。}E

_b 2 /2也, 2 iεthe energy shift ~ and the energy of the ground state bec。臼es E (。).
2..2
Wω+ I> E • ~Kω - b"/2国.

叩 WM -e

'b
tL
e ddEm zxbfbe
n+e io
h zi
hu% 扫言

e c c-xe+
•••aza r E b·
"U

l
Z}anb
ee
sd


}巳


.‘

。巾
r t
n

S

p
a
2Eω
2Eb

(
2
收 22


(h )u

山町''­

仙也
xq
-

卜,,

VR
2+
JI

= z u cepd t

a

v


ι

2 .2
- ~-
言.dx 吨+悟。 [r x
d ψ2 _ , 2 'L/_..2 , 21~ _ ~(O)
· 归/皿 n 中- E'-''''

that is
2 .2
'毛去'~2 + ~2x , 2. • (E(o) + i, 2/2ωh
Th is 立 9 again a SHO equatlon with E' •
, _ ..,E\~I
(0) . ...2 / .._ 2
+ b-/2恤ù -. Fo r lowest energy value
(0) _ L \l.. 2 ')_.. 2
E' 霍 ~~ω ,. hence E'v , = l-J.)(ω \,./
- b~/2cw~ whlch 1s exac t1y the same as the peτturba -

t100 result 1n (a).

2. From (5.1.44) w1th k ++ n andλ 噜"8. 'W' e have


'!" 1_ (0) 、"
Ik> • Ik(O)η4 元己占了+
k Q

Us1nst 。艺 thonormal1tv of !k(O)>


Ik'v ,> &nd In(o)
&nd 10

〈山
I~'"
a1+gZELKι一+
~ ' O n ;o k 吨。〈叫 2

and

凶已与:
l<klk>12
• 1 -住在中2 刊的
69
'"
J. Solvin& 由aSctrEdingezquum for the unperturbed system. V f! can eas11y f1nd

the energy e1genfunct1ona. Th ey aτe +c ./ïπ在兀 shm/L aimy/LS244王_1ιz


1.. - -- L--" L

"卢
(1)
E 。 τground atate , and ;.;i the f1r3t

L
c.T. clted at a. te. 50 obvi剧!5l y tl四旦旦旦旦。 rder eig四 fUD.ct1on for th. 应坐豆豆 8t&te

13 jU5 叫 C -zsd王'S~
L"'...... L"'- L. • wlth tbe flrst 。τder energy shifr of <11 À町 1 1> •
Zf
çL ç.L t2
4
À 町 s 1n"'1I' x/L sin 叮儿也 dy - ~L". 立 .e. åE
【。〉 • ATU a"
, - For the first

e.x cited state , there 18 deger. eraey and the perturbation 10 genl皇宫a1 1 1f t the de-

generacy. ~e need to construct th 巳 perturbatlon ~tr 1x by evaluatlng


-L
(e>
v· l 1l
>
r

4). .L.L . 2 . 2_ .. . . . . _2

町V

ψ

e

>

·& ~î b~~~ xyslnL~x/L s1n"2'W y/L dxdy - ~λf


<-l
>l 3
(e
吨,‘,品

|
v'
·去(,L{ "'1 5 吨dpgdFsdfdxdy ·i;九山&

仇v

、,

<
e
田曹

>
ll

,、
由山 by s ym:m e 町呻 ::}lvliGL. 呻 ;;}lvl| ,;:}〉 aud 呻 231 川〈:}〉 • < ‘,

e
l "· l 21
}
,、

.
由V

>
s。 the perturbatloQ matrix 18
e

'le

,,, &5
za
霄,句
tu-

AM儿咱

tl
A ‘‘ -

/ eo

.
Ou"go n.al i.%1ng å vi 由 deEU-fu - 0 and
μLW

<
τ‘,‘句'』,‘
、A

<A A 3

-E
川/


内U

<
e

由 ere ...2 +. .2
b" (normali%&tlou) ,回 gec • • 1/12, b -主1/ /ï and
- 1
2 1. 4刊 5/81
>lL - f - - -
• -- -_- 0- \
6' - "4石、\. 4.5J , ..1 ,
飞雪 _4 18lj

Hence ene 军 gy shifu for the first exc1ted state are


4_ .5 , . ____2
〈霄+鸣 181)>L
-一一--,--一;
4冒
0.28λL- and
句pt= 0.2 2l.L2

~ 1th correspond1ng zeroth order energy e1geofunct1oQs

电"、-- _. --..... 一←
…••
"。 dern ou四 tum Hechan1cs - 501ut10n. 1l

;zih呵4年 +UJ芒,叫1MdSz iIs呵ddfL dFgdfl

res pec t1ve1y.

(a) State vector ~or 四盯盯 eigeustate 1. character1zed by In~ , D 飞&lld vave func-
.,." -1
E 立。巳孟 s give r. by l_ (x)ψ"(y)where ' (x}aad 命 n (y) 4re 1nd1v1dually vave func-
Ily '.' ' D玄~
tions for OQe d~ensi。也al SHO. Tb e eaecgy for the 15。也言。pic t~o d~eus1onal 05-

cillator 1s just the sum of the energles for one d~10Qal oscillators , i.e.

E
"x"y
筐 ~(n... +与+ nv
" X Y
+ ~). Th e three loyest-lying states are (U_ , D_) - (口 .0) ,

(1 , 0) , (0 , 1) with energies ~. 2~. 划的 respectively. Ev1dently the first ex-

c1ted states are d。 ubly dege c. 1呈 rate.

(h) Th e f1rst order energy sh1ft 1s clearly zero for tbe g艺。und sεate (0.0) ,

s 1n ce 吨 .0 ! 町 !O.O> • 0 beoau.e in <O!x!O> (..d <0!11 0>> nx(D ) æust change by one
y
unit. F盯 the f1rst excited st 拭目四 use 出e formalism of 主E旦旦旦 perturb .a­

t10n 白白叮 by d立吨。 na1 1%三ng V - 6 a:r,.,2町 1. 出e (1 ,0) 缸u! (0 , 1) b.sis

. "6)1.o~ ~)

and hence behaves like G • By s &me De thod •• problea 3 above. ve get zeroth or-
x
d町 e町盯 e,ig时ets ~(llo>+101>) v1出 Atu. 栩如皿d 仨 110> -1 0叫回th å (1)

- - ~ð~. $0 to 剧皿rúe 四 bave gr~ stat e. 10. 0> vi. th energy E - 1bs (no

firs t. ord曰 ahift) and f1rs t.四出ed a t.atea 主巾阳 10时叫出 E .阳川)I.o .ad

L 〈 llOFlO叫"由 E " (2-6/2) )1.0.


2
{dMJdJ}/2+ 阳zxy· 号-{ (1刊)(向)2/2 + 【Hh-yf/儿Let us rota-

te coo~dinates by 45 ,由an X 三(><句)//2


0
, Y 王 (x-yν /2. S。

"-pph+piJh+zdm〉 ]JAMI-zt川 1y2/2

and 1s effectively again a 剧。 d 1meus1onal SHO v1由 . Teplaeed by ~w 坦 tl\e


7z H 。 dern Quantu tll. He' char吐 C5 - Solu 军 10n5

口. Y ) 叮 stC tll.. The I! xact en e: r 盯 for d、e ground ~t~te is ~~ω 在+ó +驯ω巧τ6 •
~~ + 0( 6 2 ) . Th ere 15 ther e fore no chang l! 1n en盯盯1! on1y tertns 1 工neilr 1n 6

are kept. The exact energy for (n . n ) - (1 , 0) 15 ~~'l+ó (l吨) + '1'11.&1在工百与·


x y
Hω ( 2+6 / 2) + 0 ( 6 ); s1rn1101r1y for (n_.".J • (0.1). by lett1ng Ó 噜 -6 , ve have
2
X' Y
2. _. . 2.
exact energy ~~ ( 2-6/2) + O( 矿). Ignoring 0(6-) coutr1buζ10n9. the results a乞 e

t he s a me a. s in (b).
2 2
4 2 ,.... ,.., 2 2
5. Th e Hamllton 1a n for d回 sys'::em 15 H • H_ + '1c国 x • p:/2m + , (1+<) 阳r.- I hen c. e

vkoz4lvlb· 叫与0D/,.&I 2x 2 1o> c 叫 x 2 IO> . 2


So our task 1s to evaluate <k !x jO>

盯 4·SU四 (rolll (2. 3.24 川圈,而Zh+J} 咄em a md J sathfy alm·

c_\n-l> and at l n> - c+\n+l>. 出 en xlo> - .fl.π;;;;;-(-10>'" .tl 。叶·而π;;;;11> 呻立 1.


x2 lo,.(凉π~ ) 2(a + ilt)jl> _ c1lo> + c !2>.
Z
$0 Vko • <k\x2jO> • c1ó ko + C2 6k1 "

aad 。nly v。。 and vz。 are yalevaaz z。 SUE discussion.ExplicjLE evaluati。n 。 E CL

.nd <2 (r.m.mb.ridg th.t (.tl !ïl jl> • 12> from (2.3.21 门. ve hav e: c 1 \E 正12mω­
<2 - ~12/2四·白us v。。 -kmZ〈olJiO〉 -clmZ/Z 去c斗·巾/4. 回d va。·
2
2 _1 21__ 2 ,.. lh'ï clmd
- ~cmw~< 2 ! XLlo> • C 2 C四川 "1主主丁一回 dω1212.

6. Co nGlder our symmetric reetangular d阳 ble-‘Jell poteut 1al. &8 dlvlded ioto three

t' egions: (1) 吨-b<x<-a; (II) -叫时:+3; and (I It) a<x句+b. ~e have che sy回国白 k

states U (X】, M12{ksk相喃)}. U


1 u (叶- Bcos~♂. UU1 (X) .-A.s.in(ks(x.-a斗】) •
'
and .antisy回回 trle states Vr(X) • Cs1n(ka(~白+的). Yn(X) - DSlnh l( a x ', V1II(X) •
M
t
z
+Csin 〈kah-a-b 〉 3.AlloE 由 1ch s&tlsfy Schr8d 1n ger's 叫 ua~o r. s and the appro- t
-
pr 1a te boundary conditions. t
ks· 币亏萨, ka dR市·飞·币丐主FR.~-4丐ZFEZ
叶飞 ere because ve assume V. >> E_.E_. 民_1( Ka也 ching solu 乞立。 ns and derl-
。 &.'s. s ::::c.
a
vazives aEeach b。undazy we have AS£nkab-Bc。 shka, cainkab·-asiz由1(& and

v
判。 dern Ouan t. um 规 ec hanics - Soluc1onS 7J

AKsc 。 sksba-BRs LEEtE〈 a.ckacaskab·+DKc。 shka.τherefore ~e have the eigenvalue

conditions

tanksb/ks·-c 。 thka/r.Eankab/ka z-tanhka/sc. (1)

Since V 日 Ea , s -Hexpect the en盯盯 l evels to be approximate ly those of a


par t. icle 10 a box (one d 豆 ~ensional. w1t h 1nf 1n 1 t. e walls) 10 reg10ns (1) and

(UI) .
uuenc e c an k b ca n ( + -
a- s • a n a -a
E -K b
, an -e ( l } ca n
= -

、J

ε
a s


a- s a• s
be re ....-r itten as
( b w) / k
s •
c t h a/ ,K {k b - >/ k - t an -n a/
o

( 2)
κ


s h
a a
vh K -

From (川崎 have ks ,. b+c古zz , ka ‘ 百古可IC • and the lowest ly1ng st …


口 Es zAFb·422{忱叫Hfdm2and Ea a 时12m '" ~飞2(Mtankah}-2/23
u 2 _2 俑
So 6E ,., E - E =号b2((l+ t时HKb}4- (h ch叫 d ) -2 } 〈hMEM mezhod
a S

used her~. actually illustrates the sy田uetr1c double well potential d1scussed 10

口lapte r 4. section 2).

7. Here V= -ez ! 剖, and the perturbed ground state ket 11.0. 胁 I and unp町 turbed

ground state ke t 11.0 , 0> 1n the !n .t.m> notation are re1~ted by

11 .0 , 0> ' - l l·0 , 0〉 +z lEI( -e ) 句 .t.ml z l l.0.0>ln .t.m>


E~......
nLm 100 -- ""n1m
E

wh e~e E100 and E


ntm are unperturbed energ1es (actually 1ndependent of m). Take

expecta tlon value of c z

{〈1·0 .o l+JVMl吉lr - … 1 ; 1 n\ 卑'矿 〉444lkz 〈 |1 .0·0〉 +E


100 - "0' 立 'm' n 且E

-eIE俨叫zilbl 山}· -zezni囚 |旦乎与旦':"' 1吉\ ,阳,lll"'O 1n our case) ω


100 -nlm ".."" "100-"'n!m
~heτe we have used the fact that <lOOlzllOO> ~ O.ι50 from (5. 1. 6 刀, (5 . 1. 67 ) ,

and (5.1.68) we have for the energy sh1ft of che ground state c。由puted to second

。 rder
)4 问 o dern Qu a:-. t u 田 Kechanics - Solutions

ze z EE :LEE
ElEO EEEit
----nuw
E-
z-m


a --'1α 1 Ê12. -

-n
n


o - ( 2)

He a ce froQ (1) • we have induced dlpole ~oment alÊI. 叶、 ere a 1. the saoe Q ~h1ch

.1. ppears 1n 6 - 4αIÊI2 of (2) •

8. (. ) <n-2.t-l.m-O!xln-2.t-O. 回-0> .. O. because x 1s rank 1 tensor (k:.l. q 篇主 1)


and
ll
1 1 -whe v-
b e. haves ‘
Y
1 --A
- $0 m value 皿1St change.

E
-


( b) <n-2 , t-1 , m吨 Ip , ln-2. 息-O , m-O> - 0 , s i nc e nrz Z MH
ve get < pz> 1m/~ x

…z
( E210-E200) 句吨 . 1-l , ~olzln~2.t-O.m"胁, but E
210 - E200 .. 0 by "acclder飞 tal de-
generacy" (2. 2p deg e. nera c. y).

(c) From (3.7.64). we note that

yj-~'"雪, 7/22
1-4

hence <L
z
如' 〈而7冒)23M + (在7可') 2岖' (28/9)K.

(Al ternat1ve method: U.e < LZ> -mH· < SZ> UZth sza 主m)( /(2 t+1) (c. f. (5.3.31))
for j . 且主与.)

1 <e'} <e+}
(d ) To evaluate 4 扭 g1H.a-ol{SZ-sz 】 I tr!p1et ,a-O>. firs t: note
,
〈e『〉 fe+}l
fsz-sz > 1triplet-E-0> · 〈sf14J}】拉 It>._1气..+ 1+ 飞_11 飞,,J
14♂

• ("M - (-'1)的各 (\1> ._Ih é飞 +


GdR} } < ie .‘ +}
、,

、,
( (-句,M) e e
• -u-l i r
UEZ
••
、,

>
e ac
+ lμ0_ 11 >.+1 - ~1. 1ng1.t....oλ

soqhglu.a-ol 〈 SZ-sz
1/..{e-> (e+> t
〉 lu 句 let ,111. -0> - \(. ,
( e) Cround sta 也 e of H molecule: For '"h o lDO pol a. r" b 1nd1ng. the space par t. 13 sy-
2
"".t 言 1c , hence spla part 1s 1n slnglet sεate. Th us
4S zE 2l 22 3-4
e企d
噜Ab

噜e

-,总

。"

1 z •
f .
.穹

} un
- - "'2' (31的 M 2 _
、,

<
.
缸艳


..m or

一 二 -一
子fodern Qu antum Mechanic$ ~ Soluti。 ns 7S

9 ;二;;二:;工工
:U ... +l. Th. c叮yp阳e ??f nm
mn !?…
。 an叫is由hi扫ng V- 阳 E口rix
川 巳e1er
, 1 • >r卢旦斗玉号?二尘旦乌-2u
山飞
~飞
4峙φe岳句阳江叫
iÓ飞s山 28旷忡
i"d口 fA:l Ar
b e cu ee n m z A'l c - - an-d m l E - r espe c zi v

mA
ms +


a
1 v' uue nc e p-e r t

2
- uz-b a Ei


n


oaζrix
、、··l

000
00I
,,『'4t

-00
" 2
飞、

'j'
'

a d ev .L
‘ d en t l y hE
π

c E ‘'rec E
ε

z r
ιh

b zAue r ener y e


ε

enst a es Eh a E ia na ' L z e

e。


e。
牟孟


Ehe
du

,。

perturbat 工。 n is
lE[
ka n .l a +1 2 -n
, zz l ' l
-,、

l

、,

z >

( 1)

ang飞llar dependence are spherical harmonics.


(b) Ue are dealing w1th states whose

Under time revers止咛噜 YTa 卜1)飞了, hence eln.tal.m_!l> '" -/n ,叫,也握手1>.
Th erefore (1) evident1y go 1nto itse1f (up 1: 0 a phase factor or s1gn) under
t l.me reversal.

lO . Th is problem 15 rather s三m11ar 1: 0 prob1em 3 above w1th L replaced by a. For (a)

the Ham11ton1an of the un阳 UEbed syszmb u.wheze g aMZ亨2


0 百E+V , and by
us1ng the method of separat 忌。n of var1ab1es , we can easily f!nd the energy eigen-
values and eigenfunct 尘。 DS
2_2
E • ~冒 2. 2
n ‘ ïmaz(n; + n;). 飞 (x.y) - Sin(nx.x/a}sin(ny可1.)
(1)

~here nx' ny are non-tero integers. Th us the three lowest St8tes correspond t。
nxznyzlinx斗, ny=land nxa1.nyzk and nxa2·nyz2 四spectively . and from (1) we
have El -MZZJ Z 霄X J
霄 emauzhwlhJ)a(2/ahhz(丁)s10.(皂) and nondeg四盯 ate. E~ '"
的 2 /2 t:la 2 叫出 ψ 2(x.y) .叫叫于) sin(号}町…叫

←二 十 牛 二 -
76 问。dern Quantuø Hechanics - Solutions

t ..,o fold deg…HeJ3·MJMZwic川3 川=叫 Hn(ZFJSin(于) 削


an叫d non
degen、 eraεe.

?F盯 (1) the first 叫叫y s山叫. <n/v1I n > • l<n/xy/n> 鸳 l. henc~
the en町盯 shift 1s 且旦旦~ 1n ^. 1n othervords proportional to À. For (1斗 6E
- 4 | hyl3 > - tia dZλ xs三山zpysinZ(22Z)dxdy
- Maz. me energy Shifts f:r
degenerate state EZ
are given from pr讪m3as aEjl)-0.ma2and 叫 2)=
l
O.Z2Àa • ..,hl1e that
fOr non问eaerate El £S AE1·lgAa2.o 2日 a2. 。二) The 町
-
er pov' e v e‘ d 4 agr s E

E u nP t u r edu l evel s { pu }
I&

-

-。


a nA per t u ‘D e.d eve I S z +AQ E
E'n


n
n n E
look as f0110....s:
E·3• E 2
, '~'•• 3 + nv 2 5A a

一二
-C
E
3

-

E
2

E

,
E.-
1 -L-_____…--
,

unperturbed levels
perturbed level s
11.
(a) 白le energy ε10町、values El and EZ are found from secular equation
4
。 1‘

r
霄"

A
A

<

4
À6 EOZE - - 0
m

z
Ewn il
he

rez
E li- l

12 ·0· '4 e--i· hz


'2a2 n-Pt
·dpuea
·i gaf ut t

e2
en
n-d cu
ts
n-neA np
a
-a

alA -t

isJEll

.
ti

Iz--、,,,,,

• • 2(
由V

-npu
B叶川

,R
。 l
仇V

8 4v es E al
ε-

.,
ae

'/
由V

2 +
A

AU
1
u

,
'仇,


m
剖,

。 l

2
II
lt 、

with El.2 as g!veQ above. Note a1so that thia problem 1s complete工y analogous

M 盯。blem 11 of Chapt町 1 , if we 田ke EMMSUtuum E:H H11·E;H H22·

-- ~
"。dern Qu antum Hechanlcs _ SoluClono 77

‘~ al~ernatlve ~ay ~1.2 nor~11zed


and
10
+- H12 •
( Hence an to parametr1ze 1n form

,,,ι't‘
828-2

、、,
cs
sn



ns

a
巾,

t,
Z
L

咐,
2

tt'''
i ....here ß -

tt

C


(b) For H as given ,
) -(
,,,E

EO0E OM
AO
""


λ

EEEgt''
l

" • v
,Ett、



2

h R nc e "'11 - "uv' 2z = nv, s E‘ ‘ s E


er ener
,v s .h
Ju
ni F t s v an1s .hn ue
'军
‘孟


τ

@。

‘ i n
u E i n d ep endent p e ..
EU:rbaEZ。n Eheory ,2 anduem』SE g。 t。 secondm。rder·Hare second 。rdez shLEts are
a
2}
{l vl ,,‘ 2 2
A a f2
2) l-EIEl
ZR
-
v- 。

z
A
?二『



a
D- 'hA

-r
",
À"'â'"
。 Z

EO -E。 E E E
z

1 2 E~-E~
2-.

But the exact energy solutlon fo言 λ/ó/ <</E? _ε。 I 1.


1 "'21

El.2 =啡主吐出阳 43ι 卢. [Er + ).2,,21 咛中


·(E:-E;}rlE?-λ 于I (E?-E。】
~,t. .- • --1 "'2'
~n agreement ....ich p 盯 tu

A

ωNo.... 5Upp。自习、 E; 三 E O • Then H .叫1 斗 +λó(~ ~)


\0 1} T^O\1 口 J' Slncεthe pe
盯rt阳urb-
a且tio
叫。阳D t 巳 rm 扫i. 阳
prro。呻p 。盯rt山阳1 阳t 。 ο飞x , we MOW faghEa阳y that tbe eigenfunct10ns are
t h" s e o,,
- x••

σl

.t., ll

, 41

','t
ett

-
itj
1t
巾uy

-
4ψι

, a -BEE-- W • t h El + AA" - E

E

咱4
』,

AAU
,』

‘‘ Z -

J

Note ,129:+@;. 飞·@:-@:, h-lhe町 comb1nat1ons of degenerate 阳 tes.


From (叶, we have if E:-E: ‘ th臼 El.2 -内.6
"1. -尸)咄 lcb
EO• 2nd
2 agrees
飞 1/
with (c).

12. Us1ng the secular equatlon


method. we diagona11ze t he
perturbed Hamil ton1an ma-
78 问。 dern Çu antum Hechanics - Solutions

tru to obta 立n the exact energy eigenvalues. The secular e~uatlon 艺e2ds
(El-λ)((E 1 -')(E 2 -λ) - lbI 2 ) + a((λ-E1)a*) - 0

EVidently E~ '"'λ1s onp 町、 1".. 、 A惆丰~ _.-

』牛,川、- -、-牟、U"'υu. anα cne other two solutions are root~旦毛 n俨 、 2

i;
(飞
El 叭
( l 211+-- 1 . 、 "1 -ι2) -2
ku『官』

' .
hu he r e we h av ssu eA | a , l ‘ ,‘

ε
2 El
b E


-
3·Ln

mM na4m
ZO

e-
ni neas
ea

afz

ct---
oa
n'lrE uz

-d
em
rE r tE
h l 5n

OF

萨』
n/ ZZ

vd

r
14


n+--

t

吨,‘

AU
、J


,。
E

、J

a
hence energy levels are E1+6 1 , E1+6 2 • and E +6 respectively. Th e non-d egenera te
2 3
second order perturbation results are unjustlfled because degenε宫 acy 1s aot re-
moved to first order.

Use degenerate perturbationεhe。ry i la G。ttfded(1966){See P-397 , f。r de-

tai1s). We have here a dege::u皇宫ate two level subspace (E cwice and E?). hence
1
ε 。 second order 1n degenerate pe
盯 口tu
r 川
A

_ f talM
(66 - _~ 1
- E b E}' 住τ|
:)(6
1 --2ι1 -2 úl -&'2
r _ 12. r. 12
~.e. 6 1 • O. 6 _ ~主」二注丘上. which agrees 叫 th the
2 1-EZexact s。 luti。nab。ve wt1erewe

had El 毒 λ(~ith 6 1 - 0) , and λ+ 富 E 1 + (laI2+lbI2)!(E1-E2) 霸 El + 6 , ac least

1n the approximat1on I 叫, Ib: << IE2 -E1 1.


2 •
Hamllto!旧n HZF/2回 -eZ/r+e口. eεz pe立 turbation
13.
The is where 15 the potent-

1a1. 1n terms of the 2~ and 2P与 levels of hydrogen , our Ham11ton1臼 can be re四
pr es enzed asz
S2
ls
,,It ‘、、

+< z-
f--

< S| S> +
霄M

eE
,。

EZ
R <sle<zlp> \
P (1)
E~
>

+<pletzlp>
hw-h
hu e e 'e i s E.h
he LaE s h ,1 E sz p2
.。

& t • an.d

• E az e t hue u np e-‘ t ur b edu en e r eei es f 2$ and



4



yodern QUantuM 问 echanics - Solu[lons 79

sl
ezc LVO
pp e- E ,As|
-hIe il
dp -
ie
n {< z aEae--s lss t--
2

‘0 k yu- vz pas
,‘ mc y scel
r

-5

ζ­
eE ip
E| l-o

。,巴

口曲
nr' )va-
ea AE

hL
-hv

。、,
CE rz-aE
ub2· taso

,、

εa
a
-v

、,


B-4
nv e il e El z , jz
、,


S e


>

,、
> <

c
B
HHV

S
I
i r. g (3 . 7.64) , we have <sJeC%Jp> _叩 !eczJs> - ;lJeca for c -均 Hence (1) be-
O
s27

11
,,,t

cOllles 6o
EJ E+ -OE
epz
Ea

叫lt//

,'

H
,i
,'、

-+ e a (2)
t、、

IUe dLag。nalLze(Z)t。。bcain e48envalues A, where we recognize EhaE Es z EP Z


2 -2
E2' t r. ls gives

.\ • E 2 刊 /2 主 ((6/2)2 + 3. 2ι;lh{

The energy sh 立 ft from the mean E +ó 12 1s 主 ((6/2) 2+3. 2ε 2a~J~.
2 Hence 6E~s - -6E
--p
• (( 6 川 2+3λ
亏 l 与言 i(l + 6λ2 牛 6 2 1 f 町 eca o 叫 . and (ω2)2+3ι241 与王
IJ.εa (l
。 +~ u"ot e f z eE a < 6 t h e s k"i Et f r S2
+

,、
-一2"ττ} for eεa >>ó.

码也
xu


。 mu

4 句 eε'0

is quadratic inε , While foreEa 。》 6Ehe d。 minanEshiE Eis lineaZLnε.


Wh ereas paricy res 口 icts <sleEzls>
- <pleεzlp> - 0 , time reversa1 invarlance
。f our Hamiltonlan places no similar restriction. Nevertheless (巳.f. (4.4.84))
LE iap 。 ses the reszr £ction that expeczau 。n value < 2 > {hencE < P as a special
case) vanlshes when taken with respect to eigenstates of j.m. For example !j , m>
of our probl 四 need mt be pazity eagenkHLand c。uld be csls旷+ cplp 矿. yet
_
lt rema 扣 s true that 斗 .m!xlj. 即. 0 under tlme reversal lnvariance
i.e . no
electric dlpole moment.

l4·LeE Eheelecuic EHld be in z-dkecum-i.e.2·EE-s 。 the p。 zentialiSEX·


pressed as V " " •
- +ec.r reεcosÐ. Assumlng c 1s small. we can use perturbation
theory. The wave functlons for n r 3 are
~nt 臼觅. n - 3. t
-
O~1~2 , obvlously
<Jl t12. I V I 3t 'mi> 曝
< R3t 1r1R 3 卑,叫:zicoseiyi:ι Now <Y
i!-, cosÐ l -C:,i>叫田园,咛 1 1C 时 豆豆句

|P:户. ....h :!. 可曰:占 区[ (盆 ' - lm~l+ 旧〉+l+{ 且 '+|ail)PEA-ll-thus 〈 YFc 。 dlyz; 》
"‘回』南、.... ...

6 { [z m'z + -- Xua z + [ t + m'al 6



mzm'eL +l za l
]
. $0 macrix elements vanish un-
less !l!
t.-m! 且 ..1 '+1 1=1'-1 , and ue have
-1 ' 。r
non-va r.孟 shin& matr 丰 x e1ecent:<; 32l v

,、
311> , <32 -1 IvI31 -1 >. <320 Iv l 310>. 3l i v 321> 31 1 v - '

,、
<JIO!V! 320> , , < 32 > 31


,、
v I300>. <300I v I3 10>. As a first step t h ese non v a n i shui n8
let us calcu 1a εe at r i x


v m.z


rememberlng t aE
ph =R Y
ele !l!ents , w er e
h

巾V


nz


w
EI Z is given by (A.5.6) a n.q Rnz( )

Z

L -FS

by (A.6 . 3) . Straigh~foLWard evaluatlon l e~ds


to
< 32l "v 3'4l > =< 31 -
321> , 2 V 3 1 - > 3 l V 3 2
飞 - - . -- -• 27E a e/ 2

,、
E

、,
o
<32 01 V1310> '<31o lvI320>. -913ca e

nvom
3( 3 '40> •

-2E
V
ll
<3101v13∞〉 E <
-9 /6r: a e.

Dlagonallzlng the (9'9) IJ-mat r ix


(2 mt +l) ‘ 9) • e have the



loI mat艺 ix equa-
t1。民 (wi t h eigenvalues
A- e ca r ) £

r oroooaODO
ooroooboo
00ooaooor000
ooboooroc
oooaoooro
0000oocor
0000

AAAAAAAAA
-23456789
00000000

roo
言。

z 。
(1 )
oao
000

= 27 / 2. 3 z azl 2 [ z · 2 Z
'W' here a b • 9 币, C • 916. and secular equat10n i s r [ r I .
τ
b C
2 2
'比4

T E ( LO +c )
o .

主 e. r -O . r - :t s. Substitute r-O 10to Eq. (1) g1ves A~=A/æAF=A


7 8 2 "4 "6- 1"L , zA
-n
=0. A..J......""9
b+ cA O. no information on A.1 .......
snd .....5
A s。 for r-O , we can choose three
combinatio r. s for Al'
'3' A5' A9 Th ey are A -1. A立 . 。 (1样 1) • i. e. ψA ,, "'1 A
1
..
••
322' n5 i
• 0 (时 5) • i. e.
ψ"
32-2' n i - 0 {尘世 3.9). A
3 1ïT5. 9 • -{Í万, 1. e. (12万"320 -
A .
在7τψ
300) . Here our oo tatlon is A.l '. .• •• •• .• A
nS correspond t 。 也 .2. m皇-2.1 , 0 , -1._ 2; A6'
A7,. A8 cor respond

Fo r r- O. 6E-O .
z。

'W' ave
1-1 , EZZ1 , o, -l , A

funct 豆。 ns
, corresponds
are !Þ 322'ψ32·2·J3773, 320- 在 / 3中 300'
t。 t-O , mt-O. τ。 s um:m.a rize:

( 2)
••
Forτ -a-27/2 .
2 7e a /
- we have z

ε

1. e. ,- fr。回 Eq.(l) , 1. -0 ,

A5胃口, A..3 = n7-


A ~" n
A^=O
9 and

••
1


‘•
吉'


Modern QUantuU1 Mεchan 立 cs - Solution. 81

icheτA~2 - -n
-A , - 11
.I'~. A , -A
1î. n4- 吨。
n S- v _.r A~-A~-O.
~2-o6-v. A,- -n8
"4- -An - 1/12 i.e

'-
6
-212
{( }-

L毛仁唁
-1


33

0'也
22
1·ll
3l

3
{
r-a. 6E 3 21eca o /2; vave funct10ns (3)
}


1

uv
For r'莓 -a - -21/2. 1.e.λ. - 27eEa~/2.

we f 幻、 d froa Eq.(l) A,1 -AcoO. A~-A~.
..5 -. "'3- 0>)

Åc9 ". 0- --.-


and eL:ler A~-A,--l/
---.._- ..2 ..6
布. Å...-A

,,
6
-O- or A..-A
_a "2 "6c.. ""O. A , -Ao-l/ ,信. 1.e
". ..4-.....8

;与忡321忖3U)
rs-a. 6E - -21eca_/2; wave functions (, (4)
回头 fψ32-1+ψ31-1)

Fina11y. for r-!(b 2 +c 2 产 - ::91审 1.e.λ". !9 Igecs_. we 且nd J.


A., ""A~-A,,=A,:aA,
5 2 4 6"
-0> -0> 0> -0>

AS""O. For r-+91冒. "'-1/ 布. A)- -1/ 径. A9 =1 / 1J. i. e.

r_+(b 2坦叭 ðE-+州E飞! wave f飞皿t10n is (如泣。-扣丑。+争~3∞


(5)

and for r'"斗 19. "'-1/ 布. A)-l/ 径t ^9-1/ 巧 1.e.

2 2 与 z
p司 (0 何 r' I àE--9'geca o ; wave function 1s [挠'320+ r内 10+ j屿∞]

(6)
叫t>-+ -+ -+
15. F。古 electrlc dlpo1e V - -~_.E where u_e ". uσ
e Th e Coulomb f1eld of tbe nucleus

叫 oe 盯 itten as: E - -主rdVjdr


e- C. . C - C叫。U1b potenc坦lL
(V_ NmZ-E 国y oe 四-
E 山 as22.2·[ 飞(川y)何 (x+圳何JfrEW沪[在{飞Y;1叮-YF何zyi1·ReE臼
there are se1ecε10n rules governing wblch macrix elemencs of V are non-zεro.

O
For ðm.-O the matrix elemenεS of Y: are needed. Th ese vsnish unless ð 且事全 1. For

aZEE- 主 1. ðt 15 a1so 立1. Th is 立s


1
expected s1nct旦 r
. 1s a vect。宫。 perator and conn-

ects states of d1fferent parity. Th e radial contribucion 15 proport1onal to


• ZrR 2
- - -RmnaRn'
d一

i ' dr AUUZ
nz
rAUV SR
- One may ver1fy chac for 1-1'
F,。

s

-d

R -L -
L -主 1. this

integral vanlshes for n -n'.


82 H。dern Quantum Hechanics _ Solutions

Th e g r u n d s t a
-
a h as n 3 ( d e g ene'E ac v 2 9)
f

M川
e


, ‘ , n • . Bu t f r m t h
e ab v e


an ug


.WA n u ch a E nuw ch er ef or e E h e e r f e C ES E z-n


s pe t b r u r az i on v


n Eh e ene r y -

,。
-E V el s

:::二::二:;;:二工;了工 ε ; : 工 丁τ:
e: :;:;工 n:::n; d

the foll 。ν
叫in吨g 町
e xp 艺阳ε ssion for <3slvl4句p > i s u u e f 。r a t z o z z-
z
也 lvl4~zzo E{EETrR30(叫 1 (r)dr句气。owiσZll吨〉
z-34·R3内ldr(号)与-rγ1才}与(z?)与COS8X {才)气。s叫cos8)邮
- (乏}今 γ'3仇 1 dr 胃(兰)φ 与 " •
$0 the second (lowest) order shif t in th. 3. st.t. of na would h. (using (5.2.18 ) )

lI_ ,. -u..ZI.. 2)
3s ( 亏7产卢主句)/尸(E时嚣
n -3
_3 - 讪
E 时胃叫也
n-
Where En .-zzme&/zM2n2.

16. (a) Th 1s 18 the Central forc e problem


A s u su a - - oc spherically symmetr1c '"三th po~ential V(r).
et }
z • c u( r ) / r wh ez e { r } s t i f i
a S e S Eene u sua 'A r adu l -
巾WT

a sch r MUdi nger


eq~ation and u(r) satisfies (c.f. (A . S.8))

- W'"2 d'u
.2
2m drZ + V(r)u "" Eu 衍。 r l~O S-states).
(1)
Multiply (1) by u' ; du/dr , we have
4
-且fLf {uf ?2dr
+ 凹uVu) EZd-d
{E 2
1 dV 2 .. u >
zmzdr -E EEtA
(2)
Integratc (2) from 0 to ~ on both sides. ve have
,
M2 , z
- ~m(u , )LI 。叶 (uVu)
a · .1_ -~户的 2dr B EJl.
、~ '0 -b dr- ‘,"。
(3)
BU E '& i m u( r } z nu
- a ndu l u u { r ) .. t tnev‘ -z oze ( 3 } g i ves
内U

,也

,
r 噜。
z-m 军-

dE
.。

u v-r
'饵
I 。

nu

{的

t

- - .. - -嘈
-
抖。 d~rn Qu ancu皿 Mechan1cs - Soluε £。 ns 83

f:。因 u(r) ..言 ~( r)/c l we get ul(r) • ~(τ)/c +霄,'(叶 /e. where ~c - the right hand
61de !unct1oDS are vell behaved and must van孟 sh &s r_ . Th us (也) glves
,, 2
丁主71>(0) 1< • 芸7 {, - . r'(dV/dr)O
, •
气 z)dE L
.苟言ë7γEE〉
and therefore

|圳的 1
2
• (击2><叫ρ
(5)

(b)hzzhe hydrogen aEOBV(0·-J/z aad Eor thegz。und acazeffzomU6·7))Me

have R10 (p) -ωrz) 口气由町e p - 2巾。 and a


o
- K2/m e 2 18 the Bo hr radlus
e
(c. f.川川飞。 ω· 叫/2· 叫 2/=.2) 川 _ 2e 3 øt 3/2 . and

<dV/dr> _ e 2 4宵r iz Aio叫 r -坦;二l.-e -ø dr ._
u

目d 3 ω. ve have 咄
。 /do-8J/a:. 白 erefore
击2叫 V/d.r>
s1nce d I" -

smEZO
Z
z z -
a-M
z- - 4/ a30
宵 " a

.
句,‘

e / un a
. zeu ce
,句

{ > t 5} -

R z el aEea- a

i s ve .‘ 1E edu

内U



A

For the 由 r c. e d 1me n.s1ooal- harmon1c osc 1llat 町 V(r】.. ~kr2. che groun.d etate
1s ox.Oy -U z.O. and 旧ve fumuon··z
。 fdYJY}Z。 "}ismch that
xoh)ZN。Eo{mN4Jx2·TOMENo窟。(叮〕 e--ezy2.z fz}-N E
。 。 。但 z)e~2.2
由 UE N ·{d 户卢
。 alld a • (盹1-;'叭 SO IHO) 1
2
- s!中的, vhlle

4附 r> - N! -1.'扭扭:〈叫中叮}中E 〉 tkIF2九句dz.


k 四川 .5) ve see 出 .t a
_
。 ω-1 , hence lm|2·4. 咄山〈 dVMP·N:rkx
2 2 _
确二
r 2. '1 -""~_~
r 叩叶·唁6 (4.) 与VPfdz· 牛4>)哇 w '4 中叫 2/m~ Th us (-击加
<d 附 r> • N~ for 出 e dime D. 5iona~ osc山a. tor
w 10(0)1 2
three 18otrop1c barmonlc
31so.

(a) Rotate the syste~ 1u 5uch & vay that


tbe :'-ax1s 15 &long tbe =ag~e注 ic. f1 ùd
84 "odern Quantum Heehanics - Solutions

盲,四川 have .丘2+(8


2
H 刊 2)与L;νhere in che y- z. plane the angle e bet'oI een

。z and OZ'is 81ven by tane-cfE3·we then have eigenkets l1.m' > wizh dgenv •
lues

E • A1 (1+1)~2 + (S2+c 2 ) 与血'~


{l)
.....here
, (1)
" V('/2 , 8 , O)ll , m> "m'!1 1 且,时口圃 I (Tf /2. 日 , 0) .
""εn B >> C, '-'e treat
喻,

::;二;;二:J::::;;:::了:;::::::1::;;::
ively . Hence to second order in perturbatio~
(2). ,, 2.._..~._..
咄 2 叫 1+1)+BmiI. +吐, 'f.
JlE| 且,卧 +CZ-J
? !.., ' _ 'I.lð . . ,2
,坦与丑剧ι旦二
;-m zf 。 }-Ef
LRZii 丰 -Ei7: 缸'
( 2]

Use next Ly 国告 (L+-L_) and ω.41) t (2) becomes

(2) _,, 2. , . ."' . _.. _2


E '~~ • AK't(t+l) + BmK + C~~m/2B.
(3)
From the exact solution (1). we may expand foτB >> C to get
咆 _2
E " A1(1+1)~‘+ Bo' 咀+江悦 m' + .
2ß {的

Hence 1n this approximat1on (B >> C). the second -o rder perturbed en盯盯(3) 'e-

produces the exact so!ution f。吉思'奇也.

(b) We cons1der 句 ' UEim;lolMmzms〉 Where o ·322.J ,可N'ot(! that the opera-
tor 0 is sp1n-1ndepend啤nt , hence amszm;-ms·o-hw322J~oc。Je"川、叶,

'
hence 叫 :Ei| 号 1< 咛 must sati均 6m t - 飞, -mt.- 如町 ~t~

E
O. and +2. Howeve =
,
4
1611 1 because of parity conse凹at10n. 坠""'"町 6m~ - m! m z- O. O~. ••

1
---~l --$ '''8 ""s v. Lll:l l ~l '

4
"ma-0.tsa'‘ 0 ,全 2. (Ac t ual1y we have a1so the constra1nt 且+卑 1). 2.)


Cons1d盯咄t 0 .可·now yie{Hiy户, Y;2 雷 (piy)2.Jnce yi - Y;2 但町­

t
I ~ ..2 ..-2"
<t. lm~I(Y;-Y;~)ltmt> satisf1es 6m
50
1. - 2 . - 2 ;ð t.-主 1 rema1n$ forbidden by paτ1 叮
r
tt

conservat1on , hence 6 1. -0. 全 2. S旦旦22 Ams-mtzs=0 . amaa22 , M·o-2Z (Z刊 ')2) •

Rema~ks: Th e above select10n rules are d 立 ffeτent from those for cipol~ rad1~-
L
tt4
q
t
Modern Qu an~um Mechani~s - Solucion! 8S

E 尘。 n. vt、 ictzzequiztaz---oahs阜 -O.!l. 61-0.!1 . vhich 1s not surpris 1n g s 立nce for


2 2
lnstance 3%--r- relates to quadn币。 le rad 1a t1on.

18. Th e perturbat10n B皿ilmaiAafaee{5.3.25) 〉 is e Z.AIhec


Z.... 2 2..2 ,~_2.__2..."
2
B <x+?}fsaec.
由eze H have used AX-45y.AY· 与sx.AZ·omd MEEd 由 at the perturb&t1on

15 S? 1o ladepeoden 巳 (heace okay to ignore sp 1n). So ve must evaluate <苯2.γ2 ,

for the ground state. Now by symoe町 42〉 -jJ》 because4· 从·


2. 2. 2 2
<z:-> and <x-+γ+ 2:->蝇 <r->. So the inteeτal to be evaluated rela~1ve to t be

pund-suu 。 E hydmgea azomishf 〈1/H。 }e


3 , .-2r/o.。 2 2. 4.
ztdE-23(aJZ 〉气!
...5 • Re c. ce

2. 2 2 . . . .
e-B-a- 4 .4.3.2 2.22
- --一言。-一-一-(2/3)
m_c- 8.2.2.2.2.2
- "-…-<>
4m c ‘
e e
2 2.. 2
缸咀 X·-e a。 /ZEec.the aegaE1va ugahbecause the induced d1p。 1-za。Eeachas

。 PPo3ite slgn for d1amagnet1am.

19. In 汇 h!s problem , ve vork out 军 he quadrat1c Zeemao effect ~th \he belp of vector

potential 1. .必x; for un丘。回国guet1c field 吉. S_e. (ve not1ce 吉.弘Z}.us­


。.

1ng the Lo rent= gauge 苦.t • o. 由四cP.11 - -1日 .Á - 0 or Ã. p - P.Ã for part1cle

臼Matu2. TTAa I-2·kdxh-2·d-24·k吉.t - ~'_L..


。 z
12_ ~(t二百. (t.-;) -
,,[古平 adZ}21· 姐:(XZ句2) .时也e total Ramil toDian w1l1 be

-去{F-F)2. 丢2 去去JeZB:〈占2}/SEecZ-4
E
. -eB_ .
. . ‘
2. 2
e-B: ~ 2_. 2
吐出 the pe rturbat10n term V - ì;ocL: + ãm-g 2 (r-S 1n-S). For zero angular 国 mea.-
• •
Z咀!-。但-sta:e) ,四 have E ,。, L z -0.·sdia 由 13 simple casc , f町 aa atom.1c
electron :4l the 0-1 sround atate of an atou vi吐、 ato=.1c number z. the cnergy

chan ge: vU l be
(1) _ , 2τ r+l~'___a"._2 ~_ ~3 ~-2Zr/a_ , _2ft2_Z_~_2ð/Ø_ _2
a z - I d·.f d 〈c。"也 r o: r寸 e ---'-o ( e 飞E 血 e/s_.c.)
Z'=1-0 1) 。

- [ωlυ/(阳
2e2sb2232
2Z)川1.τ专含 z← [ω1/μ{口2Z
-‘毡益-
-
刽川)川l
86 抖。 d~rn Quantum Xechan1cs ~ Solution3

1n vh1ch 才Ee-IAftsec1S EEte electzon c。mpt。n wavelength and aoaE142/see21s tke

Bo hr atoa1c raå1u5 and a - e2/~c = 1/137 is the fine atructure constant. Th~
above iaugral vas carried 。ut hy using rdEENe节、川 10肿1

Now for the helium ato~ the result vould be tv1ce that we obtained for an at-
omic elec 口。n !n (1) v1th effect!ve atom1c uumber Z .-2-5/16 _ 1.7:
6 E.~1)
"'"H e. c:....O
_'" 1 , 3.2
- "'" -τ-去 .~I
, __3_2
;: 23.7实 B
_..
""' . ....t - V (2Z):.!ι'-0Iz'1.7 - --"-'"0 (2)

F町。ne mole of hellum the ener盯 Change u v4:1aazo 咄U N。 =M川 0 23

=01e (the Avogadro's number). Th us t he magnet1e .usc~ptibility per mole of he-


l1um , XHe , 18 go1ng to be

N 6 E.(1) " -'目


。气feAY04L +xz-ZN
ne. 1ZI -U
^He B 富 23.H
....o-.......#...e.
~"ne-o "(3)
1
Expzessedkumsd a。 {auuc unitE , mhave 飞回 7.2973xl0- 3
气,由四
XRe··1·lohu194/ 四 k=-1·Mhlo-6J/ 田 10.
(的
Th e e :::=p er1皿 enta1τesult 19 -1. 88 页10-6ca3/tm1e 叶\1eh 立3 10 fa1r ly good agrce晴
ment w1tb our per t. urbation .c alculation.
C一

3632
c

a- -am
吨,‘

un
也可
+一缸
WA

,。
-明
俑,‘


e--

2 口. e ,,.
·品

a -

『@,
le


-去zrknz也兰问) +号:〈 Z〉 i·e-2kx2 M
a
t
a
4飞
-2 8x
dx
., 2
where the t e.I'!i2
-为 (-26) io n~erator i~ the contrlbut~oo fr~ the first èeriv~- u
a
tive at F O - h E -M282/Za+ 剧2/482.and
aUM-oizplieszdaIh-mZ/283 a
2 ~2 a
· o 。 r 84·MJJZLBencetb M 国国 IïX
• tl...t _1~ -'-- fi , _ ){wfi
也坦 "iTz iiir +τz一 -hfy7Z+ d s?一
时、 ere 0<ω 12) 19 the t =ue ~ãer盯·
M。dern Quantum Mechanics _ 501utions 87

The 叫uauon dZWdxZ +{λ- /x/). be 町Hεen -d 21þ/dx 2


21. • 0 can a5
叫 x/ 归忡 and
hence 1s 1ike Schr~èinger equat!on Hψ·λtþ .., ith K2/2m • 1. l.e 巳 us set c. "'1 and
Worry about normalization later , than

-1 for O<x<α
dψ/dx '"' { ,1; "2 ,,., .....2 . ( d / dx }

由uv
, _rd~ ~/dx "" dx ( /
v d vx }

巾中
d
+1 for 唱勺归。-, XZ E A
x 2 -E

… ce d
叶圳l忡v
2... 2

!
阳盼〉 = 2r bx d h hJ/3 • Ther出 re from (5.4.2) , we have
,
A1s。

λ 需乓叫出二 a 兰兰兰丛Z E3 , α
〈中 V K3/3-52 宁 4
(1)

日…27;/h·:/;讪S 川}问+
J/4xJ....' ~ + 2x3~/J/4 • 1.081. So th e
" • 0 …. 24山. 2 x3 1 / 3 , and λ 〈
ueλ~st be 10wer than 1.081 which is
not bad c. oopa red t。 εxact va1ue 1.019 for such a crude trial funct 主on . NOte

m口.a lizat i.on ofψ 15 taken care of via <, I~> 1n denom1nator of (1).
22 He z e v{ E> . F x c s E - a a ed wa s et =- { PM M -" •

)/
.
ω

F』

•r E <5
. .1 7}

10 n



s ee t haE
嘈牟

uwe
I

Co (t) 富 1 up to first order. while

C1 (t) 萄 ( -1 1咛。 r 吐 !x lhhJ[ e i川' + ' e-iw t' ]d t'


l ifω 一句 ) t_ 1 _1(ω -ω)t (1)
-(F^/2~) 叫 xjo>[e 0 1 .二 o 1,
vω"')
。,
气(, . , ...,
飞也60·ω 、 a

Let us c。由pu汇e x 1n the Schr~d1nger p1cture , than


illl t 2
飞.. (<Oje o / +千 1 /.31wot/2)x(lo>.飞的 +Clih4ω。t叫
• ci(t) 吐 lxlpeu。 t+VE) 叫 xlue-HJ

a 喝}川巾川

11<吐叫
<11
1斗Ix叫巾咿川
l阳o肿灿叫〉叫12f 川。:)与
:r;?ωVot 咱
JJ1hω。J巳 + 川凡
JJ(飞。啕叫)tεγeJJ

归 产-1wω。JE - 产
JJ
i阳ω飞。

飞。 -
咱叫}
ω
+ c.c. (comp lex conjugate)
(2)
Where we have used {L)and the cmsEancyof F。 iaazdvhg at <Z}·Sincedlx|0 >
• (X/2mω。〉气 (2) beCOIil四
88 Modern Qu antum Mechanlcs - Solut1ons

咐5··:。(巴斗二户占 (3)
ω。 ·ω

Th 1s 15 more 町 1ess vhat you 四pect class1cally. Asωzωn' CO$ωt -∞阳 t =

_ ",}t 山:ε 2
2
" "t2(斗唱气 thus 飞 =?it2. TmatinrFJaas εclMJcal
un1form accelerat10n a. <x飞.. ~at2 is the class1cal .r~et11ir飞ear mot1on sta:t-

ing from 乞est , hovever procedure breaks dovn for ω 宫 ω。.


23 . (a) For a force F(t) .. F。但
e -tl τ
we have -d V/dx" POe-~/l , heoce v. -?OXe-t/t .
-tl τ ,

(0)
Again f rom (5 . 6 . l 7) , c。〈 E 〉町 1. and ω 豆。主 (E -E 】 I~ " ω. wh_i le
/1
1 O
l} --T7
t
d-
r 、,‘

t e
,‘

ωt
<t } •• ( J
{ /
fo[ E- t- |> E
·
c ) } T
unun
iaL -51 ' "10n,
句­

't.
e/

、〉

<


1 l Ai

F
m7 - E
-

T <
τ

四、


(1)
Rence
''
吨&

)
{-
E

τ
'-
{ E) |
'品

, E

‘,‘
-Z -m+
eE
-A』

zr

,·四咆,‘
呈/

c
s
ω-


2, ,,. MW ( 2}
- ω

句,‘

E
dn,‘


、,
τ

Note c: hat as t • _.俨{叶 1 2 1s 1.ndepend回 t of t. Th ls 1& reas。时


for 6ufflclently large t. the perturbatlon 1. DO longer on.

(h)τake (5.6.17) again. ve see to flrst orde苦 tbe uth exc1ted state 13
(1) ,~,
CE(t)·{-UH}4e
_ .. ~J ."..t W t'
novn。{川 dt' (3)

由ere 飞。三 (En-Eo) (K. and n~2. However V no 仪 1) vould conta1n multlp11cat1ve

factor <n!x!O> 咄 lch vanlshes !or n~ . . Nevertt回le811 for 句, \x\n>" ,ii(万;(Iã&n' .n-1

dzreu . 肿1 ) ' we know that 叫 x\ 1> .rz(U :z...l" 由Ue 叫 xlo> ..布π;;;~ Th u8 to

&econd order ,
' "'
勺。

<2} •A ..
' 2,‘ E
-( •) e E
ε

E

ω

c2 {t } • { i / dn) .aGE e < >



,。

·也

U--

u 2 nu E

. (4)
电L

gives a non-vanlshing contr1bution. since V and V


21 10
ar , noo-vanlsh1ng (ω21 • •

( E 2 -E 1 )1的Thus there is a f 1n1te probabllity to find 出ε 。s.eillator 10 1ts •

second 四 e1ted state E2 , an4 出 e argu回 nt can be pur sue4 to ev四 h1gh町町der •
••
••
刊。 ~~rn Quantum Hechan1C5 - Solut 立。ns 89

terms and corre5ponding highe 艺。 rder exc 正 ted 5tates


{{
6/yfo
i}C
) an
v e(a-

h
-e

v
24. Th e 1n1c1a1 5tate 15 10> , 50 from -L
E }E /d

世­
(0) ,., : 6__
, , c~-'(
.(1) 时 un
,L n •
uu- { x E } nu> d t e fl }
n


<


c~~'(c) -
n。

~ext we note that


,‘ n u" <x - E} Ae
E/ En x 2 0>

> Z

( 2)
and from (2.3.2叶. we have
2
x 10> 理与 (~I阳) (a+at)(a+at>]O>. Since ajO> ~ 0,

.t IO > • j1> , .11; • 10> , .tI 1 > -121 岛 , Ehus J|0〉 -N/2阳) (10) +1王1 2> J , a~d
th盯eEore 叫 x2|OM 仰12叫 [6nJAd·we secEMU n , c 盯 n .,. 2. c~l) (t)
。 E(l)vanishes because 〈nlx210〉 Vaushes 立 n (2). On1y t he fo11owing coeffl-

d … are re1evant to our 也C叫 10n: 俨 -1. c. iO)."O. 俨·←川 bt(~ /2阳}反
-tl/t~ _. iA, -tl τ
. .. ï~ (e ~,. lh (\ih1ch for t !t叫, g川Hcjl) 革 4τ 12时, cil)z

( -i/~)忐,勺巳cxp[-豆叶E俨

After a long t 幻ne durat10n of perturbatlon. the state becomes [see (5.5.4)

and (5.6.1))

1.> - [1 - LA, /2m.) 产的|胁,兰阜叮叮也叫 2> 。〉

(Remark: h 主 gher ordc 玄 term5


2 .3
likεA-. A ) . . . ... are ign。τod. ) $0 the probabi11ty
for the system to be transmitted to the second eχcited 5tate 15

P , - --,国LT寸 /IN|4+EJι?一~l (4)


2m.w.(11 俨+阳‘)/ 4m‘ J ‘a:.4 101'' (阳 "+11 τ ")

Th ere 1s 00 probabi1ity f 町口 an5it1on to other states such as 11>.13> ,..

25. rillLU
、,凶
fl

EC
λcosωt I
R E
... H + V(t)
E E~叶1

s

2 J

ωLet us 盯1<0 11> 每(~) and 12> • (~). A gen叫 state 13

!α. t> - c 1 (问p[-izih川 11> + c 2 (叫p[4;的 t/lll 12>

J
90 Hodern Quantum Mechanics - Sclutions

wich c1 ( O) - 1. and c (O) - Q. NoY t his problem 巳 an be solved exactly , but we


2
3ce told to proceed via time -d ependent perçurbati。只 theor",. Take (5.6.1 7)

(5.6.19) of text , we have (for n~2)

俨 ω=-iλit 凹p(iW21 t' 1cos叫 I dt '

·(,UH)ALZ 与 [exp( i[ W
21制 1t ' + e T. ~(i{~21 -w Jt')ldt'

- >..1. .e1(ω21怕只/ 2 (ω21且旦旦~ eiω21叫 t{2 sin (ω212注丛1 •


sin
• (丁)[- (ω21制)tω21 叫

Now Ic~叫 ο\ 2 is che 口 ansition probabili叮 ....hich be c. omes

I叫c4俨
;i川ì(tωEο川) 〈ω21卡JJ) 2 (ω21-ω) - (W 21

(0) ;-(0\ 1'1. we see thatω 主ω. 0 ....ould correspond co vanish-


(b) Since ω21 '" (E~OJ - E~u.') I瓢. ....e see ~na~ w21

同 den叫咀cors perturbation 叫 ression


1
in our (or !Ci }(C}\2

a breakdo~~ of the app r oxi血a巳 ion scheme .

26. Perturba tion potent立a1 'added 1s -F (t)x . Th e g言。uad State eneztBY Eos-LSMωand the

first exci:ed state has eQ叫y E 1 事 'f{w(l~) where 飞oz i〈El叩凡阳皿


(5.6.1 7), ....e have
喝川'庐

♂) (画) -叫 i/~l年叫巾 L了卡寸dc ( 1/ 肘子 1 \_ \0>1 .
• (1)
1 wτ+ 巳

Since 凶 >0. ve
Th e integ言 a1
r may be evaluated using complex varl able theo ~y .
from semi- 4
close contour io uppeτhalf
t-plane ( lm (t)>O) vieh 00 contribution
'
residues , con- t
circle ns Itl • ~.τhe pole
at'-t=+i 'l: gives thro 吨 h the merhod of
,
-- . 布在6n '
, n+L 〕
2
ω
τ

( / 1
r .Dut i n I Since <1 \x \O> - zπ ;nw(1ñ"飞 t .0-1 +
ε


、孔

&

点π"'" E 。 τ0..0. i飞' 吐. ....e have pu 口 ing everythi 吨


toge 巳 her

(2)
cih叶 -i ztd7E石 tpJτ. 2_2
a
-n E t
- n ea E u a-d e Ea·- r S e c i t eAU st at e i s
14叭 el\2 =到sjM

-bei

p r ba-b l i t vd f r
KM


A
t
A
4

1
4
q
t
衍。 dern Quantum Mechanics - $olutions 91

"Cha11enge for experts". Yes , it 豆 s reasonable. If the perturbacion 主S

tur~ed on very slo.ly , and then turned off v~ry s1ow1y (as 1n theτ 》 l case}.
ω

the osc111ator can be visualizεd to be 1n the ground state a11 the εlme. Th1s

is becJuse the on1y effect of the applied force (un!form 1n space) is just a

very f 飞。w change 10 the equil 正brium point of the oscillator ö at each instant of

ti~e. you can 501ve the time-豆豆E旦旦旦主 5ch:-ödi吨盯 equation for the ground
state

This proble皿 can a1$0 be attacked semiclassical1y . The act10n integral ~pdq

(related to (n刊,)向 15 "adiabatlcally 1nvar三ant" .切11s means that there 1s n。

sudden quantum jump as 100g as the externa1 para臼eters change VC:-y slowly.

27.ωAgain from (5.6.17) , c(l)( 叶 • (-i /~)f~<fIV( 川 11>.1勺 i(t' - to)dt'. ðnd using


FA ac E C.na E -
aQ( x C E )
z
1·c /
d{ x c t } h
, we av e
'
{l } A-c
- (c '
t

c ( E) ‘ ( i / un) d x< E i >


r''

6 <x / c

ω
AUE FJ
E ) E
X> < x 立
> e FAeA-


·

写 (4/Hdtk〈巾川xlhiω f1X /C e飞 1 t 。
I

un1rl terest1ng phase factor

as t。噜『, and ??T-sopzobauity for fhdingsyst四 1n state If> 1s given

by Ic 川}|2·i35lb;{X}uih〉 Jd
(b) ó (,• ct) pulse ~an be regarded as superposition of harmon1c perturbat10n of
r iux/c-iωε
orm e----. -e --- w1tt、 w>O (absorption) as we11 &3 ω<0 (em1ssion). Our result

1n (a) showsεha~ the [ravel11ng pul 革 e can g1ve Up energy 就ω . E -E ", 50 [hat
f "1 1

[he partic1e get5 exc1ted to state If>.τhe form of !c(1)1 2 shows that on1y that

part of the ha宫monlc perturbat10n \1 1th the "right" frequency 19 re1evant. just

as expected fmm energy c。nseWHim-N。te that the spaceuteZEal IJu k x


f-1

e L.lf1 15 1dent立cal to the case where on1y one frequency c。呻。巳etlt ("monochro c.a-
92 Hodcro Quan t.飞血 Mechanic$ - Solutlons

tlc ..., .;.ve'" i~ presen t..

28. To flr8 t. order 19 +2s transltlon 15 forbldden since the Þa tr 1x ele~ent of per 乞 ur­

batlon 15 <2001%1100> • 0 by parlty. Llke..., lse. s扭ee z 1s proportlonal 臼 a 叩h-

erical tens。言。 f rank 1 , the on1y 19 + 2p 臼 ansltlon vhlch 1$ allo \ led . to :hls

(flrst) order. 1s when 6m - O.

With pczential energy V E-eE。ze'dT E。r p0·we heve f。 E 吐回。nly non van i.9h-
ing transitlon amplitude 18 (see (5.6.17))
t l } <t }
• .{ t -< z .,.nu z n o ef - 1 ,,, > t •

ω
. <1>

τ
c 1/ un] e E rb d t

飞‘

、,
>

Th erefore to thls firs 汇。 rder ..., e have selectioarule ð 且. 1. 6. m ‘ O. By s i.mple

integra:lon , (1) can be re盯 it t. en as


< >{ > ‘-- .. -
1/!f!!!
EEp"- i 222nu- z-i(>- E1 1τ
ω :} lm ·- 2 -- LZ
忖n­

《U甲
《U 』句‘

TA-
-&}ω

ω-
c t
-2
(2)
+

Fτ。~ (2) we have probabili乞y


2_2
10ω( 川,斗。 i旦牛国24[h-ZEI飞 2e- tl τ (c叫。 J • (3)
n 飞ω 叫,11 τJ

A! ter a 10'O g t 1me t >>τ(ess e.n t 1a lly 8et t 司.. _). ve h a.ve
2- 2 目- _. ,.… .2
1 0 叫 .)1 2 -斗。早早半哩f
~< (ω~ + 1 .1 τ<)
(4)

矗『晶咽·····咽············『
由ere <叫 zllob·hfMcosa74·Add:moss飞。可·旦旦 a。 and ω·
3-
2. 2
( E~_-E ,_)/~ - 3e~/8a 辑 (vith 3_"" 孤 /me") •
2p -1.
,
29. First ve observe that

es - 〈 +Zi)+dl+ 吉卢
噜·U

夺$

2 1/4 for ~言 ip1et


z
·R


'&
{

2~2 -3/4 for single~

Therefore eigenke~s of a are triplεt and 8 缸咱 let , and eigenvalues are


E · { A f 。 τtriplet
‘ -36 for siDgle~


F~odern Quantu~ Mechanic5 - Sol utions 93

(a) A t 叫 !+斗 ·iwl -P+|0·如} ~h盯e 11 , 0> 15 a tr1p le t ~O State 叫 1 0 , 0>


i. 5 a sin!;let 5toil te. For a later t 豆...

!匀,口. ~~(ll , O > .-16t /~ + IO , O> .+316t/~)

....here 1' , 0> • ~~<I+叫 '叫 and 10 ,如 -i坦( 1 +->- 1 刊 s。


1<← 10: 口 1 2 -垃 le-i6t/~ + e316t/n12 .与+ ~C?(4 ^, /的
!←+1α ,口 |2zkl e-iAE/MEe3aacJHlza 与·与cos(46t/~) (1)

and obviously 1 巾 |α ; 叫 2 _1<一 10: 口 |2·0.


(b) Use f1rsc order perturbat10n theory

• C;:)(t). ( - 1/~)6t<+-1斗2 Sl.S21+->dt' ,心)(巳 ) . 咛)it叶|生和吉l'吉2 1←此'


由盯e we note 山c ← |a j叭, 01 +名叫 1 '叫"各4.o l -isgdJ|and 且皿卜
larly for the dual 町

(1) , . . 16
斗':';:' (川 • 丁舌泸五句{旧川)/仪2 川.撞 喃吐

4山
12z句6C咐圳
1 HιNo
川。盯川
t臼e 由
t hat

川t 俨
c {αωlυ
叫}(t) • 占cT)
♂丘 {ω
tο) • 口川be叩臼 吉门吉
--宁+ -----~ -- ...1....2
connec ts on1y st ates o f the same m va1ues.
tot.

pt。bab111Ey for l+> blNiaUHl z .l+&2z2/H2.this does 旦旦 quite agree


w1 th exact tr eatmen t because c l:) int町 fering vith ♂ a1so g如田 AZcZtem.
2.2...2 . . . 2 2
Pr obab ility f or 1-+> is 46-t-/W- which agrees 吐出叩ct treatment up to 0 怡) .
Note expans 止。囚。 f exact results from (1) g1ves
句 2. 2
|← lu〉 |zEl-i 电舌. 1 叶i 叫>1 2 a 与- ~(1 -且与〉 ( 2)
•• 2~ ‘

Hence val1dlty of f1rst ord盯 perturbation the。叮 for I+-> 18 nev町 sat.isfied.

for 1-+> va l1d1 町 18 quest10nable wheQ t >> ~/å siQce lovest 町der 町ans10n 且

(2) gives a poor a pproximat1on to the exact an四er .


‘, lJ
四认

5H bz
J

30 ( a>
rrlμr

四 ol凶

112
) Eo aa ot dau
ayz "lz
?,、‘

lEpi



(

nel ave
、"

.'c
-5
a 立


、、‘
fl

Hm­

e
1‘

.
tta

322''

'

-C
t飞

e
,,,,

(1)
~,夺 n。 dern Qu antum Hechanles - Solutiol:s

vhereω21 - ~12 - (E 2-E 1 )/M. Try for a sol飞.:ti町、。 f fo t"m

(:;)-(:12224) ( 2)

into (1). ve have upoa s 1mp lifieation

i(ω-龟'... )
21" 2.. + å - i(ω咱21) ""主_ _1
--T--ll d a22 IL
一-亏一 -2 ‘ Z" .1if a
1 ( 3)

It 13 straighcfo凹'ard to see fro1D (3) that


a1· - [ VS2/ UR
''- +
fu『d)Z
-三1" ] a~ ;
·a
Z E [ VS2/ URZ + ,山川 、 2
4 • ,- "'21' 1a.,
(的
4 ‘
Eence for lnstance

az~{:;:}[(γ2f~2 ... (ω咆2l )2f4)~tl


s ce c ,-( 0c (5)
)2
·-E.‘.
皿归

nu w·c
H 咱

-t fs
-b

ef
vt
a) i 22
on
r }/
,、
阻,‘

t } 4·
句,‘

Z
句,‘

} 2/
电企


[ u·" + < 咱 ! }
γ

a哼
21

ε
m
(6 )
Ag a1n from (1). ve have alnce C (O) _ 1. that iKè~1
1
L z l t-o EγRence

'2(t)
.划内2ι )2f41与e-i(叫2l)t气也{Ij; 伫421kt} (7)
21 " '''J 也

and
., , .2 ,..2
lc?(0|z.(γ f~ ) ..._2" -2 ,,, 2 } 2/ - -WA-t }
,马

Z'-' 1.. 2 ''!l 2 , " .2Ls1n-{ (y "/lf'+(ω 咱 2


电』.

I
(y. fH')+(ω"""'21) 勺4 (8)

-y

EZ < >

·c i

·『
V
' t
21 t c --ace

e

、n

av e

uw
2 e e h"
l -


.

'1 - (iKfy)ei(w咱21}EJF 42

目甸
' "
(9 )
2nd using (7) it 1s ea凶y
to ver1fy that
,

I'l( 叶 1
2 ._
1 - 1'2(t)1 2
•.
vith 1'2(t)1 2 g1v.. by
(8).
(1 0)
m
a
(b) Perturbatlon approach.
leεus use (5.6.17) , than -
•v
.•
.•
3

:-tOGern QU õl ntum 凯 p. ch an 立 cs - Solut1ons 95

1}
(, -,归 -ω )t
t E) = - 1 , .t -i ( 凶 -"' ... . )ζ' {yl 到 )[e -,- -21'-- 11
--、
(丁)丁 b e 2l d 巳'. ( 11 )
{ω-ω 】
21

.rd
]
( E}
,-

(12)
、­

Z
( ) t haE Y

Com1J a re wi.th e x: ac t 苦 esulc (8) , sea 1n denom 立 natoT (a::. ....ell .s


-

~e

2
tne
'" t~ 已 radical sign) 's missing 1n the perturbation expression. 民。 weve 言 ,

.s 10n& JS , ~ -,-,咱, 1 )>2l'r! 1 抓 , the pe rturhat ion r esult 1s justif1able. Wh e nωE

E r c - we -na va c
tl
l)
I.:~ l) ;1


<.n exc eed uni ty ev en with small y. As l 写 o
‘" ' Z
l) z ( ) 2
(l
. -

LM cl el
E
F』

(s ince 。) , s。 1.

lf ζhe perturbation potent 电 .1 V 豆s constan c. in 汇豆 ce , then the second tenn 1n Eq

(5.6.36) :.I ill 坠e rapidly oscillatlng and g 三ves no contribut1on E。 the transltion

probability

HO 'Jeve r , if the perturbation 1s assumed to be slovly time-dependent. l. e. v


:'1;:
~V 巴, ....here n 1s 5mal1 , che rapid osc11 1at ing te玄1n does give SOQe non-vanishing

g ro....s linearly 1n t1me: 'W ith


nt
V..,Ve .''-.
contribu tion. ~ h 立 ch (5.6 .36) becomes
2) E• i E + nt
ω
r 、

( > ,ωt二'+r'l C' dt e


F'

c -1. 2 dt 'e.-n mi

4 ::n

=
n

ty)A VnmVSL ,

1ω t+2nt
V __V_~ "t.....I_iωε'+2 r'1 t'
(i/)\) 1;
i.i
__~ m 叫
一---一_&
.l -dt'e~-ni-
-- -
...,- - C' __ C' 气古古
E_-E~-2inM
-A vnm,v'mi
,~ E -E . - in狐
m L
"→ 百守主n~

= Em m m
v v i=z-n- t E illl_ t+2 f'J t
-EH}• + 守晏7马丽
c --ni- '."- -
E-m-E--a
m 二

- EL
J
(1)
-

(… 二

n En - Ei - 21 n)\

-

!"'"h en n-o{) , t he fi~st term above (in (1)) 1s exactly the fi~st term in (5.6.36 ) •

On ::he other hand , th e second tenn has a coef f1 cient


1ωE
e--ni- - 1
1b (i/~) t (2)
一 -,
叫萨

E - E
ω川呻 n
2) 2
,、

c ( } as a quadratic dependence
,. k"

~n 二 <h linear 立n t1m.e when ω ,+口. Th at


a

n王
96 归。dern Qu antac Me chan1cs _ Solutions

on t i me 1$ n E -
-G S EU zbi ng f c f - ( RJ


2 6) a nd sub s e
-set

z

quen E .G I S S 10 21 He nc e a

飞,
n n van i s .hui ng c n z4 -0 ci

‘ u on E h-c
-

ε
E t r a n s t 4 n p r b ab i l i t

4&


,v i.r r m t h e se c nd


em in


t
(5.6 .36) 15 realizable since the ε。 εal tranSltlon rate
r 1哈扭{巳 ) is åef ined t o be
r 1-n ω - izql 俨 l 气
(3)
32. Ou r Hamilton1an 立s
"h +v 4s
曰"

' a
. 2 + ( e•/ ec} ( e l z . s2z}
AA

噜币。
6


'4

ne un+l (1)
呻忡

f ouz er t Lel
pl sue
at· I- 臼
记。

du'
C - UH4 ne
唱+­

-
1 :· ma
al

。〉〉
n3JTJ
e -
l沪
-10

> -l
rL'i

i
F >> >
(tr1p1et)
1出口

J· JF (2 )

(s1nglet) .

:;uTfturbed 町、町gy levels must be determ1叫叫 th IL • A言 Z- 5[ (Zd 、 2


1·s21·hence H。41.o 鹰号2[2-3/←3/4J 中 .0 届2 全1.; 1 2 z l γ
[协口←…

4
-→
灿讯川
3ν仲川

讥4←川.→3 叫 .斗-芋甲轨乎伊
2飞珍〈: …
(0) _ .,, 2
E气1 =剧/凡4 (仅ε叫 l町且阳刮

Uεu巳时) .俨 雹 -圳2勺14 (.叫1巾
0 t stat
町eι O

Now it is evident fromωEM~-sdr-oand ~「z)ψ;,l z 叫, 口 '


z-ner eic‘ r a E hue ,‘i z s t zduer en e -

z gvd ev e

t s a e z ez
噜牛

s ·b4464
. Because zhe r k e e E

E E

电a
l
?。f V 叭臼 degeneratc s t拭目 are al1 叫叫. therc 19 no 阳川叫。盹毗
pr b1阻叩叫
a呻b阳
US l. ng non-d臼e吨B胆e凹ne盯τ臼aεte 阳
p e盯z口
r t\飞町
lrbat10n 由e回。叮 10 this caSê. We next co町 ute the first t
r .d
d eE c r E ec E4

-n

ns t t e uR Pezt uzbe-g t t l l

s a es - ‘r r om < ±l

sl z s nu
仙u
e

z <U l > a we s ee
v


句,‘

that there 1s 00 mix 1ng of the 5 z =主 1 states with the Sz - 0 states. Uslng
( 5.1.538). the mixing betveen th
tncwos2·o States azre givea by

问:·丘旦旦兰,时·《 lvl 中
glOJ_ E~o) ‘ _(0γ寸言 {的
1 E~'-' - E 二

v "。
。 l

hwh E re
。。
协V

巾uv

< > eB n.
-~吨 ~IS
e l'lz -hl 中,在世. Hence us 1ng (3) , we have
e ‘- ,,

司'

问。 dern Quan t: u国 Mechanics - Solu t: ions 97
e

。 1
。 o eB)( , • ,"., 2 a nd

ιv
.s~: = '~'~ :..一 (-I/A~") ( 5)
ιm c
e

Also from (5.l.5Jb). we have

6E

aEl·{EEE}2(l/剧气 ( 6)
e
Therefore to second 。 rder in per t: urbation theory
." 2
胃 Al\"闷. . ' .!!号 (1刊 (eB!lll CAlO 勺,
EI (,, =!I) E1(m-O)
e ( 7>
, .2 句
E。 a- 气 [3+4(eB! m. cA刷‘ J
e •

Assuming t~p f 二句ld s t。 be weak. the Eera [l+&(eB/zzeCAH)z ligaay be appzoxia4zed


by 1+2 (eB/mεCAM)z in the exact expression for eaergy , thanwa see chatexactex-

pression for the m 0 energy levels yields the second order results found above.
~

we mayviE) --Ea is es

( b) ezhB- ez-celd es
seEe
Ee- n en z per t ur bat aAon a s
AHU
WJ

血,
nω-

nr

iz
hH

S
,
、,
吨'­

(8 )

whercω1s the angular frequency of the energy difference . To determ1ne which

direct10n to orient 8' the 田口1x elements of (S Ij


,~ - S~~) with j -x .y , z becweer飞
-2j
与。
whe玄 e Zî(~i a 中。 )
X and Xo wil1 be examined.
1
X1 - + 1 a n.d X。匈 Z。 (ψ。 +a091)aze

'I"et us u s e sx ' "-n


-z

"

the general forms of mixture betveen the two m- O states.

[1+><-1 + 1-> 忡 1 J reprεsentation. than from (2)

S1xe:-l 今[卜叫忡汀. S2X~~ • H ,( 1忡叫一>}, (9)

hence
(s szx > tF l
< -l +h
l
。。

)
巾w,

'
白白V

a
lx (10 )

als。

slJ:-FL{| 一叫叫, sdml半 n忡忡卜叶 l (11)

and thus
(s szx}

• nuv
仇wv

l x (12)
1

From 叫 and (山. ve see that by orthonormallty of 叮 stat盹飞 1 (Slx- S2x )x


8 刊。 dern Quan~um Mechanics - So1utions

lxf z 口, situlazly iEcan be Shown thatq 。 |{Sly-s2Jl 勺'罢。 HO\Jever 四 have

(Sl z-52zM: . L-M吨,。, then四 (5 1 ,-5 2 , )\χf 雹 Z{ ~(~: + al~~) and <Xo l (Slz-S2z} ~

*。
与‘。
马‘ l

xl z z ?" dn( l +a
*。
a ) -. From 0τεhogonality of X and Xo we knoy th3~
a 2
,
、,

- 3
1 1

hence in general <x ! (S1z - S 2z) !X > does not vanish. Th ereforc the S' fie1d should
o 1
be 1n the z - diτec::ion.

33. From (5 . 7.1) the photon- elec tt" on interaction 1s \Jτi 巳 ten as

V 蟹,
- '"
-二-;:A .
~ ~
P (1 )
m C
a
• 四伽 二
~ - iωn.x/c+iωt
and for emission (see (5.7.6)) , loI e have A "" A。 εe - ........".^ ,...,..."'... where ~'" is the ?ol-

arization. Matrix e1ement

- eA~ - iωn. 1./c...... " 1 (1)


V01. "" -二~n
mc -" le
1-
~-"""c.øl
-',,-.
e

and the transitioo rate from i~ is (c.f. analogous case for absorption 10

(5 .7.8))
, . ~ 一

h
气 吨 - 阳川叫川
(ο
2盯川川川霄时咐喇/川川
M圳)f 玉舌古
i云τ封担\AO
旷。

Jfi户2 (3 >

e
e;(/.n
h
噜v

1:

川叫引

iiE
叫A p

2iL+E
ct1
-M 『

idn x aE Ae''l { OE
ι2-m

i 3i a-
p r2 m}UA-c S·
p

d 0·H
10 ::he mvuw 'r"
,, +
"机

)
ω

(的
,、

n

eL

-rr om [ 1 'ih/mewe 盯ite as in{5·7 . zl) nlpxli > - imω <n\x\i>. etc. Hence ·
口n

1

' <
e"

·
W. -
句 2
(2时的旦」生。L JJtlt.q|2lui26(En-Ei刊ω )t (5) ·aa
l崎叽
mnzc2i
e -•.
hw m-me - 1.and remembay t hat 2is a sphezica1tens。云。 f rank 1 , ~e have

n , g

fmasakuzai(1967}[see equations(2127 > and {2·128)l that Eni 尊 <nl~1 i> ""J♀ -iÿ •
··

and
1』‘

l -E .ed 2
~l cx . v ZX 2y •
?』

= + (6)
4品

E
ε
-
嘈企

E a-

n
--a· 『

·

?10dcrn Quantum ~echanics _ Solutiοns 99

s--n e e n L s p e r p c nd --
ue h av e a z za E dAn
GU Lav- co c - Lt
z pol ar i z ac i on v ec E r


- i ES


pr o j e c E L n n E Eh e x y pl a ne 2x --
+c 2y

L哩
be {


c ose wh e r e e
'E


}

ε
HW
a

tc c?"c
JCo n2 d 1s the angle
a
-
鸣。

n- n h
c e z ax S

L h er e f r e t h
m


a n gu a r d i S E r zbU E


o a i s pr p r E
nal



a
S

5 .L
‘ n e t h -e m l

a ses
H巳

ne u n i f an ul a r



‘ E m n cu


i

o。
Eh e

ε
z d L r e cE


m

R


A
n Eh i s



口US E be cac r Led off by the ph。un.me re E。re if the ph。E。n is emiz ced in che
p s i cA V e z edi r ee c z

n i E mus c be r i gh c
--

l a r i z ed { k e spi

内r

n pa r a el EO R O E en t )
um
L f t h e p h o t on i s
d nd
em E E ed i n ch e n e aE eL p--

v e z AUi r e ct i n chen E


L S S n p i nz i n

。‘


the +z òirection and its polarization ~USt be left-handed.
Since 山山 c口川
r .

立1n the gro气 State 0[: J H for a short wh11e. before it leaks into a 叫… e1-
g…?一ε 。of .....He
恒e. 凹
T hu臼s 干 w
盹e 叫 i臼sε由he …
W1εh th 巳 Er。 und s ta Ee 。f JHe.

J H :ψ{r}-LsrLTJE/a u,
。.。 霄气古? 。, a。 -waecα 雹 O.5JÁ

3b /3re
吁-
--宵

、4·d

e4vy
H1l { P / aa laqdo
2

/盼
z

r l
-3
,x
、J4··

2
,、
2

、,,
坷,‘

.
e
。回


-a

e pr b a
MO

t
日。

t ,,2 x

d r r 24 ( 2-a
禽。
山,
e

a 3

rdo

(where fdn 撞 4π) a }


20
-3r/ao .. 4(2/ :1 2 , 3/2 ,.,. J .,, 3 2 -x
。 24 〈2/a。) {a。/3}idxx 葛川在/27
r .......
e - 0.838. Hence p ra bab11ity •

ic。 i2=0·702{。r a70Z Chance}·

wrue v(:, z)· 与[V。exp{iωz./c -1ωt) + Voexp(-l~z/c +1叫}IWhere v eiωz Ir::.-iω< ,.


。--
responsible for absorptlon of energy MωWhile v e-iωZ /c+1,ω<
1S responsible for
,
es i ss i n O E en e z VJ un s4 nc a WMdA< F • l y a .b .

O。

b s r p t 1 n ar

E

c n 1b u t es a n a .h sozp

口.



τ

t10n rate 1s

/C (1)/2/ε. (2π/H)/VO/2/2/<kf/eiWZ/C/S>/2Õ( Et -E.-H叫 (1)


Where dflis a Plane wave h sUM and l b t s aMJke;SUM-
100 Hodern Quan也 um He chan ics - Sol~ti。、 s

The basic dLEfezenceS WLEh phMMketric case are(1)lv。/2121n Place 。 E

J i A。 l2/m;cz(C·E·(5·7·l}and (5·73))and (川 l<kf l .iwZ/cls>12 in place of


· + i z/ c
s 2' -her e n t e . +pi s a-b s en E Ln u r cas e-
A
'νa

f E . PBe


<


> nw


E
口回 integ r a l to be evaluated is

- 1k 一 一曾 守 wzl 俨
r e fτ开「VXM X ( 2 >

....here ψs(x) is the at。也主 c ....ave functicn. Compare (2) ....ith the Space integral in

the phocoelcctric case (see (5.7.33))


+咱

f 节二 t. (_ l~Q)e1w=/C.S(川 (3)

vhere ....e le~ - 1币。 perate on plane ....ave (i.e. ln:egrate by part 9 。 τ use Henni t-

icityoE -LHh . TTus picks upL- Zwtuch can be taken 坐坐坐呈 integral in (3).
Th us

Id~fl 巴山 /cI 5>1 2 .τ÷T丁|〈ZE | t在1ω./ c15> 1 2 (4)


~. (kf .i )
m电

and n te a oal e2E


f} h2 LZ
sn
ss Fl g 5 ha v
。牛 'z

l n@ AU We
n

-E

z

k

S
(5)

So the angular d 主strlbution differs by the absence (our case) or pτesence (photo-

a··
2_ 2

h a-
electric) of sin-ecosφ.

-
E····t
The energy dependence is such that energy conservation Et - E~ _ ~ωmust be
k. "5
be satisfied in both cases. n由 means that k is determiped by ~2k~/2~ - ES _

a--AE-
f
税ωBut suppose we now v a吉y ω . 币、 en the trans1t1on 艺 ate integrated with the a··』 E a--- a·· ll

阳山。 f final states

elect 玄 ic c ase).

k-25c-k= 主旦v
a--v

36 . Us e perlod lc boundary conditions 1n two d 立mensions. man


x L '~y L ~
-· a·-4··
d凰
" a·· qE a--
M~de~ Qu~ntum MeehaniC9 - Solut1on! 101

2 2 2 .2hl.._ , 2
-nx+ny-kun叶 • 扫飞 e n!.llDbe言。 f states 1n d1fferentla1 町ea 1n po-
,
and n

lar c o o;:d1nιεε. (n.+) ls nd+dn • (L/2霄 ).kd+dk.


z To convert dk lnto dE. use ' t ..

A2/ Za and 出us K<kdk/.. • dE 町 dk .. md川 2k. Hence p(的 dE邮. (山川中 )dE均
由町 fact町〈山叫 zfz〉 UMdepesdeaz 。 E K{目叫:

^parclcle of ca~a m, coastraiaed by an lnfinlte -wa11 pocentla1 v1 chln the later-

va l O ~xε L. sat 1B f1es thεboundar). c: ond1ε10n s1n kL .. sin(nπ). or

k - nrr /L , n-O.!1.!2....... (1)

芒四 (on e d ~e n s 1 0 nal) eneτgy 15 E ..


2._2/.._ ...2_22 , ...2
)("'k"'/2~凰.. )(4n 雹 /2 mL.. Wh at ~e need to ca1-

cu l a t. e 立 5 ndn expressed .1. 8 the dens 立 ty of states (1.e. number of states per un1t

ene rgy lnterval) v1z: p(E)dE. Here dE .. 22_ ,-,


K 宵 nda/mL....
.2 ..2".22
$0 nda .. (mL"/~"~")dE. Th e

assuop c. i o n o f h1gh energy 15 needed 1u order to work 1u a n-c ont 立nu. um spa c: e ra-

t he r than the dlscrete set g!veu by (1). Dlmenslon 1s eons 立 stent ~th Chat fouad

1n prob l em 36 础。 ve for tWQ d~enslons. namely 豆豆巴兰旦兰兰 as required.

3. Use ( 5. 7.32) and (5.7.33) 由 ere 10 (5.7.33) ve replace the hydrogen atom vave

fU llctlon by 中 s' the ground atate vave functlon of a three -d立meas10nal lsotropic

ha n:lO n 立C 09cillat。宫。 f a o.gular frequeccyω Tb e d1fferent1al crOS8 sect10n


"。
re ads the玄 efore aa
'噜 一
2.. -1k咱
器·乓坐!I「Pi咀 .i:/"(_1\(句句飞 1 2
平与 (1)
aω L
J110
~ )("'(2盯

由町 e ( -1到码。 peratea 0 0. tbe f且&1 8tate vave funct10n U3 1ng Rerm1 t1c1叮. Equa-

t1 0Q (1) s 阳.p 1 1f 1es to

3_ ,2
2 . .. 2
kçl(. ,t" :, 21
dσ4 胃(mI.
~~ . ..; 1 ,:f:-3(~ f" ë)"ï/e
1'_ -1q.x .l,
....-!þsd-xl-
.1
( 2)
Eω(2.)

时1盯e q z z z - F , and '5·{剧。/叫)J'" e --0. I~P (note:ω#ω。, the osc111ator


31 也-也,_ r 2 /2~

fre quency).
un +
Eneτ&1
1-z -k
conservac1ou requ1re8 that
dn ZEf a
句,‘

ω

(3)

10 2 M。 dern Quan tum Hechanics - SOlut1ons

Let U5 evaluate the


.. .. integ 军 alinEq.(2 】.1. ε.

1 • !e-1q.x~ed3X • (当。泸州 1 1 1
.1' xyz
~ (4)

咄町e zxz-frive叩ox /2M缸.


2
- na


1__. 1 are a i l a T ex p r es s
v i z-n x ' v' z


< Y' x -

,
and qx-qy qz·Bymethodd quadMEtre-H have zx-4HC剧。 (xHqχU"'O)2/2~ ,

产叫/阳。}也·而百Z J中2国o _ ~,...


。"

1
2
- (击。)3/2 阳山"叫坷;句:}/剧。

(5)

mdf zems 。
d E the a

cos-. , and

ZZa 咎 MFE[k产E 川 c。叫川.


)( h .2 ... _ ,
(6)

土叫

白lUS fr。也 (2) ve have putting everyth1ng together


4
d」阳

βc

·饵

k +
σ α

-o
4

(7)

tet's check the d~nsion of (7). a: d~田 nsionl四 s. )(: ML 2 门 , i:. : 1 儿,


f ω , ω 。= 1/T.

hence dimens!oQ of (7) 15


7

lT22HZ 4
P PI皿 IT/MlTl~ - L (d 1men.1叩 of .area) (8)

39. Via Four1er t玄an.f。言11 , ve knov

-fa-dmdZ e42叫ldZL ,
(1)
;;.. 2
拭目 d~x • r~dr8 1neded.. and for ground-state of hydrogen atom ve have VIO。的 ,
f >
-u-
n nu r EOha。}e
品V

3.1宝 -r/a -rl


。 -ye Ja。 .men

HF3·{舌h-3/2 (r.' r: Tr2削 (cosa)d+e-(r/ao+1p.r/~) (2)

We chmse the z-zig U the dkecZiond LEMEet。re 2.2·PzZEpzaprcose-


.幅画电

hdern Quantum ~echanics- 哩与马旦旦 103


2 nd hw e A C
e sr a Ee , --a z i ab l es


UE A

、Z
E et

,。
~ (p 1

Th e r i n t ( 3)
r 1 '- i n i s a i s sE r aei

h t r wa z
ο
μ

l E'h
』u


.


du
Hwe h a v e
w

afJ)ap起?叫三兰兰巴fLL卜。s(川 l
k < jz+p2JM2)

/
e r aOL{ 1
-a2 2 (4 )
- ~2Jsin(prl 的+主τ)
ÞOI4'-~"\ i" qnJ .,. a~ I(-C Os(pr/)()} IIi'"
(jz+phv 卡

r
J
I。

ac r-由 c。n c ributi。 n vanishes because 。E dominance of e-r凡。 the r-口 Contribu_
E 豆。 n gives

)(p) • 」与I'ol!)
~2 +--0 2 /)(言 2
22+p/vtl ( 5)

si nc e y = ( l / a30
}
ka
-e{ +p) ,‘ assume

- s f or m

lHb!Z ‘(三}白L
W4[Md < p2l4.
(6)

O, This pr。biem4s spot1Eane。us emisszoR Lnche dAPOle appr。xiEAZion{EL〉 E。r a hy-

ar。gen az。m(。r a hydr。gerzhlike a EOE WiEh 。nlyone valence electE。n)·The c。E­


plete treatrnen: lead1ng toτ(2p噜lsJa 1·6xlo-9
sec. is well described on p.41 _
44 of J. J. Sakurai , Advanced Qu antum Mechanlc~ (1967)
...cer 6
(a) Assut睡 each par ticl e t s motion 1s ooly due tO t he SHQ potentia1. than t he

energy states fo r any one particle are ~~ω. 3阳 12 …… h吨}如 … Fτ。m Fenni
- DiraC sta t is t1ca l dis tr1bution. we have the probab111t斗y f。艺 state v1th eneτ&Y
(E-EF)/k,)叶、ere Er 1s the Fe宫Z立巳nergy and the
E being oc cupied 15 P - 21 (1 + e
constant 2 15 due to spin multiplic1ty (2 s+1) , 5。
<1)
, < E 叫 n . ...,)协ω-
NZZPi-LI+ 四p[(ECEF)1盯· "'1-""1

1n pr1nc1plc~ if ve knowωand temperature T , solv主ng (1) for EF vould yield the

Fermi ene乞&Y E • 1n practice 巳h1s 1s far fro tC being ele'回 entary. Th e ground
F
sta te t (0)
\'" 1s
E(O) = 2{~~W+3~/2+….+( [N12) 4)~W )+( [N12 J咆)~w6 - (2)
_ N

v~ere 6 ~ 0 if N 1s even. Ó ~ 1 for N odd. and (N/21 1s the integer pa艺汇 。t 2'

E(的 can be t' e四 1tten a9


(3)
E(的 • [NI2)~+[N/2) ([NI2) -l)ll时 ([NI2)吨)~w6.

Th ence fo宫 N even and N odd. we have


dD}-lzh <N …). E(O) • [(N_l)214 + N12)~ 仰。ω. ω
Note foτN even. we have N/2 energy states \o'hlle f or N odd we have (N/21 +1
sta te s . Al so fo t' the ground state.νe h~ve from the def1nition of Fermi energy

that 4
r (N -l)~ω 12 for N even (5)

EF • 1 归 12灿 for N odd


(a) . 巳han fr 。因
(的If盹 ass u回 N 忡 1. and no mutualγ盯act10u a5 in pa草
- .
/ )
u帆

<MN
句ι
r缸

ω

n
.

"E
NMdmFMd SEateMYBY Emz:-h while hmimqy

FroQ the C1 ebsch -Gordán Coeffic1ents table. the co回Ibinatioll of twO 5pio-1 pa t' t1-
2.
Th ese are 1n the \ml.m2> bas1s representation ,
cles lead to 9 states. ln
104
Flodern Quantum ~Ie c: hanics • Solutions 105

J=2 111> .1- 山忐( i 山 +2!00>+[ -川, ih[|m101〉 1. 如 (10-1>+ 1 -10> 1 (1.)

J=1 iu| 胁 -101> 1 忐 fll- l> -I-ll>1 忐[ 10-i. >-I-IO>1 (lb)

L

[ 1 'I‘ O + il ]
.
, AU

、,

、,
>
j=O (10)

For t~o ident1cal parti c: les wh1ch are bosons (w1th no orbical angular momentum)

and both of spin 1 , Bose statistics require symmetry for the states. Evidently

m
1
froQ (1b) the j-l states are ant1-s ymQe tric under 争+ m ~hile (1a) and ~lc)
2
are acce?tab1e , iorming six syn血eor 立 c states with j æ 2 and j-O ra5pective1y.

If the e1ectτ 。 n were a spin1e 旨 S oO$on. then the tota1 wave fun~tion (飞...ith now

口。 spin pa玄 c) must be symmetric , "./iz:-


12{ ( x ) ( x } + >AV ( x ) } ,, a
(x )
s{ LE q
ιψ

山uv

e z
仙剧,
l, 2 =
L鸪-


2

l
V

VA
l

α

且收。 (X )ψα(X )"


1 2 1f α. ß

we have on1y 'lsinglec" parahel1um. If we assu阻 that the interaccion due to

spin is 51国 11. then there 1s no "口 lplet" orthohelluti1 and the le"/els of para-

he1ium reoa1ns the same.


旦一

Cons1der rotation operator around z-ax 立 s:


4·Td / un
AWV

z e Z
(1)

U-
V(<:>)

Leζ. • 2霄 13 . (4 宵 13.. ....). No 乞 e hovever that rotat10n by 2宵 13. 15 equ主va1ent


Jf'-

7he system must return to 1ts or1g1na1 conf1guxation. &nd from (1) we have

0(2宵 13)!~> • const.!n> (2)


-1m~1
叶飞 ere ∞ nst. 1n (2) must be +1 because P12 P 32 g~ves +1. Th~refore e --TI ~ Æ2n/3

:::1 1. 'al h1ch 1n turn i ø:p 1ies

.. .口,主 3. 主 6. 主9 . .. . . . . . .. .. .... (J)


106 州。de rn Quantum J.lechanics - ?oh.:tions

5. (a) The sp in statèS must be (<.I t '1 11y s~ctric. (i) I +>[ +::.! 忡 1s obv io usly of
S-J vhere S 15 total sp 1n . (11) ~毛( i 忡忡 10> + I +>! 叫 H 也 |叫 +>1 +> ) . Th is

msEru: 山n can be ob cai时 b7 applying S啕. 5 _ + 5 _ + 5) _ '0 1 叫 忡 1 +>


2 1
Since s;。 L cmues vlth SJ Mehave s a3in Ehis cas ealm.(UL)SLaply

vrite dcwn a11 poss ible stat臼吐出+, -, 0 and of equal 叫 litud巴. we have

;与[1+> 1 口计 -> + 1 书 1 ->10> + 10>! - >1+> + Ic>I+>I - > + 1->1+>10> + 1 -> 10>1 仲 1. This

旦旦旦旦 be a pure S~3 s Cate since 5-3 , mS.O ~ould contaln [O>jO>!O>. Proof:

Imagine 3?p lyin g (气)3u|+〉!+,|+〉 , chere muld be a cm口 1bution from

5)_52_5 1 _ 1 +> 1 +> 1 忡 ~ lo>lo>lo >. It can no t be a pure $:1 state either. Proof

白色 s ,.".,e 口4c szl state w。uld l 。。K Like 2 ♂ .2)+EG:)+2 〈2.b which Mcess -
a~ily co ntains 10 >[0>[0 >. NO~ S~2 states canno c be tota11y symme口 ic. Proof :

S-2 s tates with mS -l must be Q~thogona l to the sy~etric S-3 state. ~e can con-
struct only one totally sy时,e 巳 rlc stace out of ++0. +0+, and 0++. Ans可er fo r
part ( 111 ) is SQme linear comhlnation of 5-3 and 5- 1.

(b) Tn1s time the sp1n pa rt OUHt be totally antis归wetric by Bose statis tics.
Cases (i) and (1i) above are clea~ly impossible (0言 total an t. isy皿ec叮 e.g.

fo r ++0, +0+, 0++ no matter hO~ we d1strlbute the signs ve canno t arrange for
an antisymmctric state of spin. For case (111) it 15 possible , we have:-

ik[| 忡忡斗> - 1叫斗 10> + 1 叫叫忡- 1 叫叫斗 +1 叶 1+>10> - 1 斗忡忡]. there

1s 1n fact only one total1y antisymmeCric sp1n sta巳e ?osslble . It goes like
( x'c> a n d i s nec e s s az -- ,
+hω
噜a

y a s eI4n8 et s nu .

‘ E

6. Poss且 ble sp1n states f盯 sp1n 川 partlc1es are 2.~ + 1 ~ 4. $0 the c时


t10n 1s 4 ,,,_,, 4 ,.. _, 12
(ls)~(2s)~(2p)ÁL. Hlgh degener acy 1s because the 2p orbita1s can acc-
omodate up to 阳+1) - 12 山 trons ,明叫与 (1~) .去争·丐且 z 此 i.e .
66 - fold degene艺 acy and h ence a v巳ry large number.

一 一… -一→
抖。 dern Quantum ~Iechanìcs ~ ~~ lut ioo5 107

τhe ground state (loves t tero) should have spin states as syn四etr l. C as poss-

i ble. and space sζa tes as antisy~etric as po ss i~le {ιf. d1scussion of C-atom1.

The only an t isymme ~τic space states are P-YðV也. i.e. 1 1-1 2-1. ltot.~l. Wi t h

S _ a 3/2 + 3/2 _ J. we have a spin 7-plet. For the total angular momentum.
汇。, •
L ar.d 吉 should be as "an 巳 ip 町allel"as possible.EMsamp liesEhat Jz。 E=2.

P. c nce ground 5 ζace 187p2·


7 ωThe 旧ve fun~tion for a slngle particle 叫~-d7τ 叫nr. x i川 w1. cn
mtSY EiL)=λ 气 2!2mL2 For a 汇wo partlcle sy s tem the wave functi on 1s
l] ( 'i)
(j
zj
(立

( 2} X -A} (x ]
x
山V

) c j
仙v

(x (~)
ιmw

z 句,­
l i
, ..
鸣,­

...here C~! 15 deter口 ined by sy~etry and che f 灶 ling of ene玄 gy levels according
1)

巳。 Pauli p rinc ip le. for ground state of t....o sp立n ~ fe吉mion s . the 巳。 tal ....ave

funccion mus t. be antisy回netrlc and the sp1n part 15 tr1plet (h ence 5y回etric) •
(2) =
therefore the space yave function ( 1) must be ant1symmetric. Thus ~

ih 叫叫X 1 ) 俨
state space wave func 巳 10n. ye musC choose
审 (2) (气, X ) - (2! IïL)[sin, x /Lιn2口 2!L-sin2nx 1 !L sinrrx 2 !Ll
2 1 ( 2)

霄 2~2 2" -_ c_2 l.1 2 I ") ~~ 2


(1 " +2") 5宵 y.. ~/2 m:.-.
and EE。 ε. 2 才E三

(b) If 5pin pa>: 巳 i s a s1nglet state (which 15 antisy回metric). t han space ~ave

function must be symme 口 1c. Hence (1) mus t assume for t h e ground s tate t he fo~~
( 2E s--1 n xz/ ,"


、,,吨, -- 9 .

X ZL 2
tr

(3)
)霄

n2

-2
霄/

二­
、,
巾V

E
,旷-略

'1

Z
-u
句‘

Z

<

-
Z

EFM

and E E

(c) F1 r5t fcr tr立plet and "s1nglet state the firsc order ener gy shift is
óE - -λr dx1dX Zψ (2)*(x 1 •又 2) 6 (,也C X 2) 中 (2) (x , '''2> {的
103 !od ern Quantum Mechanics - Solutions
,,

Use the expli c. it form (2) and integrate over 6-function , we find for triplet

state 6E 富 (Z!L)Z(_λ 12)1 dXl(sin~xl/L sin 2宵X1/L - sin2霄x1/L sin霄Xl/L)ZzD


LL ~_4
and for singlet state 6E = -À(2/L)'~~ sin~(wxl/L)dxl - -3À/2L .

1
1
1
t


旦旦旦 r 7

1. (;J) F' ro r.l (7 .1.6) ':lnd (7 . 1. 7), ö t! :'ippoann-S l! h.-1n g, u equ a. :::ion :'e d. ds (i l"'. one .1 i-
:enSion) ! , tZ} 、 '"' ;> + vt .} 主人 , .. (:L
E -H。 2iε YI91 >c r < 圳~' - '> 2 <X !9> + ; d 叉 '<)( 1

E-

~andled by t 乃~ E -E+iεp re scr i.p!:ion if ....~ are to Îl.J '..e a transmitted \l ave for


U 山
uE时鱼
d 叮叩叫

e f 1e …
志>a; for reitecteó wave 1n x<-a we need ~l:escriptlon E 噜 E-iεHence for tr3ns-

? :" 2m 自 ε-H《 2 工 ε ,^、, . ,。

c飞主 (x川,旷的'叮)
x' • (去)ftdpt-q|php·! 百元户">叩 "[x ' >dp t
川县}tdfJUM/矶市izzzj 川 x'n/,f[;) (1)

‘ {υ2古 )tdqIJ(町') /(k 2 _q2H c)]

'o ere we have used the one dlmensional verslon of (7 .1. 14) and (7.1. 15).
\o The

po les of (1) are at q _企 (k 2 主 1ε )~ , 主k=ic'. By stra1ghtfo~a4d method of resi-

due contour integracion 1n q - plane. we ha\"e


FU { } i--u i k x x
+ ' e i-z e i -klx x'

VA z Fhw
a
, (x. x ') FK
(2)
Hence inEegral equauon for qlJ+} > is

qlf) 〉 -ui 伊 - (山川 (2~/的L;adx-eik! 时 'Iv的句 'I~ 的〉 (3)


For transmitted wave x>a (hence /x-x ' [ _ x崎)('), we have

叫 ψ(+)Meib/砰唱苛24a 产(町, )附'以 'I~ 的〉ι


(3' )

Similarly for aτeflected wave x< - a. we have from (2)

叫 ψ(-)M 产/Z -tf2L;a e-ikf时 ')V(X') 吨 '1ψ 〈大队 (的

where the f1rst term on r.h.s. of (4) 1s real1y the or1g1na1 vave for x<-a.

( b) Ta ke nov V - _ (y~2/2m)6(x) where y>O , and subst1tuεe 10to (3) ve have


x l . (+)>.
- <x 主工
<X l! 伊 +ZK .iklxl<OI.(叶
〈口|中>. (5)

109
"。 d~ r n υuan 巳 U :D "1ech ~ni cs
=- SolU t1 ons 111
• -k l

噜X


'va
i
. {

噜X
f dn }

」A
l
sep f
unaM +l
e • 2m, e
-?

rd句


'k


"
<
d c sg} • ,‘ s i n k -x -


x /k ·x•

噜X
u he r e e s e-
ao l a becuween , and
-·x•
,

't民
l

噜 x

噜」
• nd . .

噜k
v

组a


av町age 。vez V £s
叫 J市ZB-w
\.J e nO \J
mo hd 心 all incident beaa dizeczhn E(assuung EME spheh

( 1;'1 川 1;" 1 、叶fdnJE. 小ZH}


V<E')V{f}sia2KIE--ZHl/k2lz· - 2"l2
(4)

(b) Lec us no~ ~pp1y ch巳。pucal Ehmrea fozE-E· {E。四arð sCatcerlng) g1 ea


v
bj (7.) . 9) 正 n th~ second-ocder Born approximat10n (7.2.23)
也霄 (2) 7
tOt." k I tQ (f à""
/;t'
(k:a j(')}

• r.句-iz年 )2/d 3 x 'lλMEd-fZ叩ν旧'-;"卜,噜 :5}


V(x ')V(x") / 1-;' -x"1}.

Since (5) 1s depen也nt on 由巳 ang1e be叫姐 :and {2··hHneu u u h an


average over a11 k d1~ect10n. 1.ι?LfdaraE.G ~PVq
• 句宵 IC musξ be cOcputed . Hence
Ot。ε. r.. (乖可fι '/d 3 x" 山且1
立:Ll
ιeρ
川 i让k叫
叫l 咐
l z'.ζ
主"才 I~ , τ~IV(仕叫
r''η)川V 仕
( r "川
〕门}
IX'-x"j
·手IdJx' 山
(6)

Th is 1& the 归国臼 (4) òlnd 吨a1a V t.s a3阳.aed to be Spher1C a.l ly sytlll:坦白1c.
F;:o::. (7 .ι 35) and (7.6.34) , and tt飞e (7.6.50). 飞.le
S -
Z {王坐D
method of partial vaves have

A且 d i' ''r-a " EESz-fuji 〈国) -6山(kR))/仅hi 阳)-6山(kR))叫。­


''- tot.
h

+
"

ZEKX

飞Z


t-。

A from (7.山) -川 38). 胆 have f町 the ra叫 vave functlon A_ _

ut'r. u~ + ( k ' 4-L(L+l川luz·0 吨町e k t2 .. 2m(叫川. and u. • 0 at 二


4。
>0。町 s山i阳 13 飞
叫川}ν
川/ιj俨.
ρ 吼
ν{川. 巧
r3与
ν飞.(叫叮飞仪的

'rEο) • 儿
j ,仙)
s缸正lnce
,…. ðι-卢•

Bu t from the gene~al recurslon for jt( kR). ve h ave j~(k'R) .. Ljt(k'R)/k'R _
Z 抖。 d .τn Quan t. u lI1 M~ c. hölnlcs - Sc h:tlons

jl+l( k ' R). ~ ence

sι - 1- (k ' R)J 1 + 1 (k , .)/J 1 (k'R) , 1 - ( k'R)2 / (21+)). (1)

时阳

咀­
e sa
06
E e st E-E'
a·· aRzuz
zj s

、ν

zr

。、,
Our
k 2 + u u
飞,

,‘ 、

、d

z +
n

位 'R)2n 仕的- (21+))( kR )a...( kR)


f. +l ~-"
, 、 .

/
2 ._2 , ", 2.",'t.\ 、 t: 电+1 ,,
_ (k'>.k')R'~l!( k).)'Z: 、 (1 +1) ! 、
· 一一 ,

..


l>
UMU

UHh
{V-{+z-+ -2 川
'&。】守

13 +3}2
/ {
( .l
立民

. .
r 、

1
'
‘叮·

B-z ,‘ 2 +l
d
-
'伽
p


> si z z ea
' -UR

,。
‘ z n
(2)
-z

J

Cl early only S-vave (t-O) ‘,, 111 have sign 立 E 主 c a. nt contribut1on t 。巳。t.cl. scatt e. r 立"8,

henc e

飞。J F 4乌霄 2. 16霄 2..2_6


S1ne。·可川 V♂· (3)

If the energy 1s ra1sed sllghcly , ve must take 1nto account 6 cc也 trlbutio o..
1
Fro ll1 (2) above ve have 轧; -2mV R 2"__...3 ,, "d2
仪且 )-/45现 Naw from (7.6.17) 四 bave

e> . --Ke e Ru
"0
e1 2e .. . ..7-

f { -- O s i ad + k se n l P <c o se> +
r

唱‘

(4)

h.ac. 1f(的 12 - (山2)810气。 + ~2(.1(61~。】+产〈占。~1与sln61s1a60oosa +…. .or


d O' l..ø_~12
一~. If(6)1~ • A+Bcos9 = .1n~ð_/k' + 6c臼 (6. -6 _).1o~ ,.1a6 ∞.8/且4.
2. 1.2 ,.... _..,
1 。

Ye s~e therefore 出MUAEbiael$136。c。s 〈614。〉 /siaZe。 =6daej$126。 andu-


2.. _.2
lng ( 2) B/A ; 3(kR)~ Vhere ve àa四 see c。叫 61~o) - 1.

(2.) let I s tak.e


,
(1】~
f ,~ .' (时, ε
1c.

nd denote C - cos8. t -
..-, t ..o
(21+1)_161_ .1_,,'" ,___...., -_ - 2mV
且严土Le "'''Lsin6.P ,_<cos9)
!c. -- ~-l.-.r.'-- - - '

1句 !2k.. >
2 , _.2
...-云a
..2
n

1 (for lJ吨).
."
t11 en \l e
2
1
2k [(1句 2/2.J)-<oo..J
knc阳、酬J t.o exp .and

l/ ( C-() t~
a .P.(.)
-.!. -t, -L"..... 扭出e
- •..• d。咀坦
- - - - -1{.‘+l咄町e
-"'....- . - -.---- a.
-1 -旦旦iz:弘且豆豆.
2 t - t
Modern Quantum Mechanics _ Soluc 正。ns. 113

?叫 ω(and 回归ve 1n mind che orchoS叫 1cy of che Legendre 叫n叫S


LL dEPa(E) 勺,(<)气否有)6 2.1 1 ).

怕且 lec us revr1te f~ 川 e) as

俨(时'且+1) ,..216
U0 21k(e L川1 (0 '1!'。乓土!2.[芋~, (o) 飞肌
H'u 民
Hence comp3re coeff1cienc of Pt(C) on both s1des ye have
J
216 ~…
(e....."l_ 川'注明

Assume Iôtl <<1 than e 2i6 t._ 1 ~ 2i勺. and ye find


v-ibuh 卡2'2(,-1) Qt (0
(b) (1) Obv!ously from abov
wτ1te ô 1 富 -VoKt (,) w1th

飞(,) -古严ZτIï明吨(,>1)

This is evident fr。a Ehe axplicizexpansi。n E。rzn f。r qa{C){ezat leas z kz(ζ) +

o r。r k+O)· Efence we sea f。r zepulsive p。teatial v。〉0· ezz -v。民立 (<)<OJ and
for aCCract1ve potent1al Vo<O:δ t '"" - voKt (ç)>O.

(i1) No~ the deBroglie wave length λ- h/p - 2宵民/p • 2霄 /k (or ~- 1/k) , wh11e
the ra 咿 。 f t he :?mte町叫
nt
町ε吐i 叫

1/ , - 1/[1+'句, (μ/k) ‘叮. 2(k/μ)2z2n-2and EUth飞 eref。苦e the polyn回。~al K!(ç) Y111 be

Th 1s g1ves the approx1回国 fo rm. fo l." 6豆 1n ter lllS ofηas follo :


ws
L+l
6户·导言·主iLf3442- 坦← 4出」2Hl
川 (2叫 ::HzjMEZ77 (1)

Accord l.r飞g to Go ttfr1ed (1966) [p.124. Eq. (17)) for .ma11 Õ


6 :k}.ztan8.k2Z+1·2且+2.几
£ bhmx Laa。£ -[古在写女ï2/; r 气J(r)dr (2)
14 H。 dern Q'..!antum Mechan! c: s - Solutions

w he r a u( --> • { 2 m/ dn2> "'( E ) { 2 mv / 2) - z ur - si nc e 2•+l od


-

咱,
/
zz+l ) ,.


e HW


o e o { [re

g,
b,
阳晒盯 4飞ne-xdx=n 门. ....e have
2' 牛 1 ..21 ~A ,, 2
; k-- 二 2--.(t!)" ,押向 ,.... _- p 21+1
[ (川) : ] 2 飞瓦拉刊 e ~p -- '-d川 c',.! r
山 hp

nw n e h 2v-H"

e
岛内吨,‘ - 2觅觅 !/(21+1):. hence
-H
2兰iiZKY 可」-坦← ...i主UuZHl ( 3)
{叫 !"zuEM(2HJ: 民
and (3) is the sa田 as (1) above obtained using the Q2, (c) expans ion f町四 1..

Th e ground state wave fu nc t' i 'o n for tl飞e hard sphere (!8n be 町 itten as ψ 位, 6 ,的写
Yo。 (e ,价 R(r) 三 (1/4π)~x( 叶 / r. vhere x( 叶。beys the equat10n (-~2 /2m)d2x/d艺Za

EoX (r<a) and x(r) D 0 for r>a. Th us x(军) • A::1nαr + 8cosar fo r r< .1, Mithαu
2 与
[2mEo/K'I~.ηle requirement that R(r) be fin ite at r 0 dem2h ds that 3 : O. At 3

山 bound町内 . xω 吨 Thus we impose 0..1 - 1f町 E。 4(霄/的 2.ne mma-

lization constant A 15 fixed by 1内巾。dcos9dr 写寸 4.bxz(叶 ar 驾 1 , 0:=


2 2
A f a s4 n g r -dr E l
o This in turn lmpiles A _12Q7言. [8咀。/霄 2M 2 ] 气 s刁7言.

No 'W ....e check explic 正 tly t he unce军巳ainty relat i。n in x-p"' (AX >2 . < X2> -

mzbU 〈x2〉 afrZSLnZBCOAlw| Zr2dHc。sedr E-L」z f r28122町dr ..


2.π3 Ó
1 , z
3?["/3 -划 .nd 叩鹰。 .onEK Other hand 〈〉 24h苍山3x , aw

d 2中 • 1 与 ,t2! a , 2 巾。
dx2 (4.) ~x2( r/ 叶·币羽毛[-丐乒旦严]茬}

= (击)与{主5旦三-坦平王-丰坦王](~王) 2
' ~3x + ("牛!...)户内』气[-且旦巳王 泸
ι+α旦旦吗1 ax
‘ 2"" 冒 E44z
.l r j
r E
二 herefore
2x
< p >
• - 言兰丢:豆;f4旦{叫
2咱
击..,,-a
J 2 r 2 _) 】卜- 坦吨巳旦旦叫呈旦叫王勾](.叫川
平 a
.号;言f[-4丘+出手旦];ωnZec。句句 dcos恤
310dern Quantum M~~hanlcs - Solutlons 115

~2 .4霄,C[~一一;.
arsin2ar (2
, ~__2_2\
-u "'r") _ 2oslnarcosar
..""..................."',一]dr
2a l" 3 b ~ r

--azar d ,‘
2
~2.8霄,a , azr12gresinezzcosgr2342α2. a z

α3
·ττ n- 一τ一+一一一]dr - +一τ"-l
• unp
-
r- 甲

It cao be read11y seên that <Pz> • O. thus we have


2 ,._ , 2 _ ~, _2/'"
(&x){APx〉·百[宵 13 - "J~- .孤 14 •
Ll ,, 2.. y2

..m ich 1s coos1stu、 t vith the He1seoberg une~rta 1o ty re lat1on.

6. (a) Th c full vave functlon for r>a ean be vr1~ten 1n part 1al vave analys1s as
(+L 1
~X' tψ> -一:., 3/2 E1-(21+1)Å.(r)P.(cos')
.(2宵) ....- 1 "--.-~"L".~' .t

(1)... (1) tt...\ ..... ... (2)... (2) t t.._\ ..l...__ '- (1) __..1 ... (2)
vith AZ-czhatkx}+czha tkr〉 uhezeh£ and h且 are the Ran kel func-

tions of the firs 巳 and seeoñd k.1..nd. respect1vely. ‘


W'h ea ie cooslder large r be-

havlo r. ve have (c.f. (7 .6.33)):


16
Å (r) - e'.l[jl(kr)co.6 且 -n且 (kr) s1n6 ].
1 1
(1) ~ _i(kr-h/2) ,..._ • (2) ~ _-:l (kr-h/2)
Asymp totlca lly hì 噜 e..'..... -"'''~/1 k:r. h~"'~.. e-...'.....-.. ..'...'I il:x. 'W hUe the large

r behav10r of :':'",(+)
<xlψ> 13 , (from (7.6.8) and (7.6.16))


叫>1.(+)> + ,;.,
3/2
+古 )3/2 ~(21+1)[e2i51 立kr ,....,._ -
t(21+1)[e--"e---/21kr .-.,
_-1( ---..'/2ikx]Pl(cO.B).
k.r -L吟
(1) -与e.....~l
$0 clearly cì-' ._, c_(2)
_ L.2i6. and ,..~ -~, Th us
i6
e'.1[cos6 j 且 (kr)
Å1(r) -
1 - .1n 6 n (kr)];
1 1

Fo r hard sph~re. the bo四dary ∞ odit1ou at r- a ~a A.(r)I___


1.,~,
- 0
I 言-a
be~t且 e the

sphere ~.5 :ú哼 enetrable. Th 1s me&n 3 jL(ka)~osð1-o1 (ka )s 1nð 且 -o oztaaeA.


.1n (ka) /ka
jl(ka)/n1(ka). For
。町
z 时 雹恤叫扭时叫
飞。-击拮揣
e j馆话- -ta
叫a

ω \le have f ∞ -i zL〈mdd£山6 , P 1 (c叫 and in 山 11咄咄阻 k .. O.

the 1 -0 par t1a1 vave do :1nates 出e scatter1ng. 1


Tbua 叭的. ~ : e ---Sin(~)1
-1ka and

kno1Ji吨 tha t: da川- If(B)1


2
we have for 由e total cross sect100 f1 - J(扭曲
2 ,_ ..1 2".. ._ .2" _" ,, _2 _ 2
- Ilf(e) 1 胡 - J~2 8坦 (ka) 曲- 4..1Q-(ka)/k- 4..-. =
Class1cal ly ~ the IOgeometr1c croS3 s ect1oo" 15 雹a 2 .. By "geo1a雹 tr立e cross sec-
116Fβder n 口uan tuG Mechanics - Solutions

sc of E a6 d i u s E -haE l C.K s t .h
he p n?-. c
a a ‘L& of

。思
E a

τ
KM


ean t h e az ea E ehe G F
on we

,­

ti


the plane 飞~ave (a~d has the same crosS sectlon arεa as th a t. ()f a ha::-d sph~=e).
Lo~ cnergy sC3ttering of course means a ve艺y la r ge vave length scðcte r ing and

~e do no t necessarl1y expec t a classlcal1yτeas。nable result · ' - - --e


o tential (c. f <7.4.14)). we have 6 C (b) 主击u川 l+ZL)dz
7. (a) For the Ga
2/_2
where V( r } - v"e - E I a . t h is lmplies that
u - muyT - (bZ+z2)/ aZA ,
^n{b) -一二号j, e 山
C~- . 2k\(l -<n内

- mV - {ol的 2 卢 -(zl的 2巾 , -5 吨给 .- (b/a) ‘-


z 一;!!.!..o
n
e ,-, - , -L e QL 2 k~"

2k){'"

Since we a re given 乞hat Ô~ ::: μ


.j, (ω
叫b
6♂G 斤I言 旦旦旦。哇主 e刊(l/kà)户2
1 -- 2 k裂之

(b) For t he Yukawa potenεial V{r)ZJoe- Mr /UT , we have


_ -. /b'右T
rnV--"" r 呈 dz .
7iFUZ! -T寸 dz •
^.(b) • -二斗亨 -4 i rzVo TL .IEiz 」 u(bZ+zZ 卢
2kl鬼 2 - \.l r

-- { r e em-oe -noa Z
z = b z+ z'-} -
e i n Ee eer a
τ

m hu m
w
i
&

2. _2 .}鱼 (b2+ t. 2)~经


- \.1 " ,- ur rdr
-u (b ~+ 'Z"')

,
...
2 Î。 ~气古立甘" dz • 2 (,亏亏辽阳
1 • ..1. ..':....τ2+z2)气 dz • (bL+z 叶、

l
-lJ r ,
事 z7L」EL =2K (ω
t
。 (rLb2)~

where K 1s the modified Bessel function. Thus ,


^y{b川-指2 2Ko俨L. _ 在~2 Ko (.b)

hence 6y a A(b)l assu皿 s value


且 y'''''lb '"'立 ,民

6Y ,,巴B2 K~ (\J tlk).


t \J k){ GaL <a/ -Ka) z ‘‘nc e as es 6
G1 nu er y
+ v
a naq as

6 g e '
ln case of Gaussian po~ential
M。 dern Quantum M~chanics - S01ut10ns 111

_t 2 /k2.2
刑 dly 臼 e - . -- - 10 由
t he
阳 臼c as且e of 由
t he Yu k,ava 归阳阳
t.町
.nntε叫 64:‘ K
飞。 (ω.t
叫 叭/
t/ 比 for
t >> kl川R叫 we have )(o(叫 k)、而(山与.-.1/< 山s ð! a150 g。臼 to zero
verγrapi d. ly as t. increases.

8. (a) Froo (7.1.11) and (7.1.12) , we have

)(2 .....1 1 啡 1 e+ ik !';-;'/


EE| 一-一-τ怜'>葛 G+(ht}·-l
2m ~"'I E-Ko+icIA ' - ""+,, x.x') - - ï;i; ~τTr|. (1)

Th 1s Creen's funct10n turns out to be the out-go1ng vave solutlon to the Helm-
hol t z equa(n+- iz

c

z) nu { +X ' ) { J‘ )
-
文v

<4'x ' }
噜X

噜X
b民

+ , • 20

(2)

To solve thls equatlon. Íirst notlce that the ð-functlon 1n spherlcal coordlna-
tes can be represented as

、- t •
奇 (x-x s)· 226 {町 I)t~o m!-lY~m(a'.t')Ytm(el')' (3)

Ex pandlng the Creen's functlon 1n spher立cal harmonlcs. ve have

叩言,h m"£?ggz(E·E·}Y山 6' , +')Y tm (6.+) ( 4)


S E-t uce[
SU KU 32
(2E du < >+
a nz-z 1k ZL
{E
)Ea]
az
ta

t
n2 r e-
。­

w

led to an equatlon for gt(玄,玄, )


d dhd +22
、,』
牛'

z -r - g
r -七6(时') • (5)

Th e boundary condltions 町e that g1 be flnlte at the or1g1n and 1nfin1ty. Th 1s

10 turu requ1res that


(1)
8 t (r , r') • Ajt(kr<)h~.J(kr>). (6)
Wh en ve 田 tch the discont1nuity 10 slope (at r_r t ) , we f1nd

A • +1k.
(7)
Th us the expans10n of the Greents funct10u 18
,, 2
frZ |古拉|主与 ··ik301a(KE〈叫1)(1<υ.iaY:a{@·.φ')Ylm.(6.~) (8)

(b)InZ-zepτesentation
"。 der n ~~_~_t_u.I!l_.H_echanlcs - Solutions

!I 噜 ! ..~ ~ ..3..3.... , 1
句 l E.t m仰·句 iEEH+Id x-d fd|E=中zz|2·H忡 (9)

....he :c < 2•_,}--,-,


E-24。+iE
J;'> can be evaluated (=0 111. (的. .a nd (c 、f. (7 .S.21b)) ';I Elo.> _

亏程万 J 1 (kr) 咛(<)刷 le ve 盯Ue <;1 '


E! m(+) 巧乍E万^t(k;r) 中 r). A.5 su c:史

t: hat the p。巳ential is l。ea1·i.e. 〈2·!vl2··〉 -v(主 '}6t3}{2·-2··}·tha 〈 9)can be


te l.r[' 1tten as

^t (k 川中2}·jzh)Y:(2)· 鄂fι-dxe1·AJt:(叫:21 号 (r' )


(10)
~(kr〈〉hji){KT〉川主, )6 叫主吐')^t<旷}
!he second te~ OQ r.h.s. of (10) beco 圃'

ziiM·E· E刊叮

Y叮::G
巾阳叫叫}川吨呼
4:F:7
Y叮 川 会气〈叫川

• 2爷
i吉i乎苦引件呈叮斗
:F?rf.d2叫 ' 且俨时叫,
4叮币
咛Y:5:
Y {E讪M
叫 .uu阜巾 3 卢,
ò飞
l问】 且γμ(

.?可(Î:)(宫, 2叫叫世~ (11)

τ-nus

VM a bM-zt§4飞叫hi~飞川 ')A L (k

As r .. ø. it ÚI cle ar that ve sh明lld ldent1ry r> ~S r. and r< -r'4 Eut f艺C古
(7 .6. 7) and (A4S.19 ). v2 have 、
e1 (kr-t冒 12】- e-i 〈kr,且曹 /2} (1} ei{k宏啕 (H1h/2)
J t (kr) 飞-:: - 21kr • ht l
(kr)τ工主?一一立了一-一'
(13)
50 fτ 。 m ( 12) ,
.-z4aik· , ikr -E
i-
(- e-- }
K- ··E
}-
2~k([1--;i. (J 严'以产川 V(川 r'Zdr'J主r .< >
£鸣

,.-

^t(k; r)
I&

on the other haod. fo~ suff1c1ently large r. there are only the plane 1ncoming

~ave and the spherical outgo 1ng vave. vith scattering amp11tude f(9) _

tL (2t+川ρ)Pt(COS8)4 The 且thpzcial Hve 飞 (k】 contr1butes to A皇位叫


坐壁ern Quantum Mechanlcs _ Soluo豆豆 119
{c f
- { 7 0 8) l as

Agh)ztiL[川kf , (k) 卢.
r
e. -i(kr h)
-τ-J

{ 15}
阳+

FLwa ml
E12 l4kk
(Z2
ni
gk )az
(}
{>de--L

川J
-h6-
aEd n t zn

ηω­
m··

乓dvs-

{c f


pd { 7 6 1 4}

'e1
an.d { 7 6 l zJj t h aE S 2i


ff e Z
t

唱 2-k
R


E ‘
=-(2m/M21 4.j t{krJAa{k;r)V(rj r2dr.
9
( a) Fr " (7 29} (16)
,。

,
p ( c sa} che scauerzng waveLS 〈Z! ψ(+} 〉 l
a 右τ))/2 fi'(2 l+1) 飞 (r) )(

~
anQ λ(r)

sa Ci siles (c. E. (7 .6.36)) u~' + (k 2 _ 主江!l _ 3 (2. +υ
‘ M~- ~亏"")u , (r) •

F町 S-wave ωω μ

问.】/j(
的2句切}川
内vω .叫叫
r- 也

o uth
Hence
R r si /
UA(rJ :

U;+{KZ-γd 叫飞= 0 and for r<R the onc;;;::::::::;y


and


-毒

n r r hww h.1l e E r

‘ LK
r > a { u s ‘ ng { 7 6 33)

a

.

and { 7- anw qJ} ) w h


L

λ恤
eL-O - a av e u { r )

'


re si n ( r +d J J -K

,,民


O E

These t W' o solutions must v~tch at r-R. 1.e. u


r z na+ -s


uol r _R_. u....(R) whlle u'/ _ ,, 11
o'r=R+ ~orr~R_ C YUo(R) . Th erefore
16
6V

Re o sin(kr+6 n )
÷二

kR •- .B。 Rsizt{kzo
kR
16 O
e-- cos( 陆刊。) - Bocos (kR) '"工旦。 (1)
~sin(kR).
s lv n (l } f "

@。

6
r a n - we h a ve

tan6。 afzk]sia2{ku
1 + (y 巧言n( kR)cOS(kR) (2)
( KUJ aaU s s u ze vs l r, , k - f EO E <l ) wt -oh t ai n
。民
、,

>

tan(kR+6 0 ) _ S1n(kR1
∞ S( 陆)+{YJK〉 Un{回}富市带去I明
t hu s 'k 2 RW
'- -
• k
于<< 1,
,的

and t h s r es e m-b e (J)


C'
R

s he haEAM
s ca t t er - ng { 7'
ε

S p--hueze
.4 ] .
民uv

反恤'

- aaga i n f r om
(2) above we have
c
,。

E nu wh e 3 +

a n ‘ ( v / .K> s i n ( ) c os ( k }

MM
。"

• nu

(的
Modern Quantu~ Mecoanics - Solutions

i. e. s1n(2 陆) - - 2k/y ;: O. Ostensibly ve ha四 soluu。ns(KRUzm-h吨}霄, but

(n+l,)宵 1s el 立minaεcd since cotð o then 8。εs t. hrough zero f言。m belov (negative
slde) . 50 ve ..,.τ it: e krR ;: n霄 (where dcotóo!dk < 0 dS k 1nc吉eases) ðnd k汇R - n宵
-ε , ε< < 1.
Hence Sin {2krR)z -sin(ZE} 胃帽 2k/r , 8nd ε . k/y to flrst 0τrle乞. and
n," hZ c'-
'比
/霄

y a2SK asn esk-z


o2-a
nun2 A i2
eZ n-
CER tiR
/
-


an

n
kr R -


Th e resonance energy 15
un
LZ
E缸

E

、J
γ
Z 』

<

(5)

For a particle conflned inside patentlal V _ O. 言 <R. and V - - for r>R and 1n

s-vave-we have UT , +k2umDWhere u{D)EDand u(R}·o .s。 1utionis ufr)E

Asin(kr) (O~r三 R) and fro~ boundary cond1tlon kR • n霄 . bound state energies are
2,_2/ ., 2 2 2'A _ 2
EbzH K/ZB=H n 霄 12m且 Hence from (5) , we have
", _ _

Er ; Eb (1 - 2/Ry). (6)

Finally from (2). we have

d(cotôo)/dE = (d(cotôo)/dk)(dk/dE)
(7)
l
[Rcos( kR )(k+y sin(2 kR )/2)Sin( kR) _ (l+yi\cos(陆))s ia 2 (回) J与­
ys in气kR) ~<k

) ,,.
2
At E>.R 宫' since k R 言 m 〈l--L} si R { ) { n / vl an AU C s ( 2 'a z
xR
宙的

b
L民

'

、 ,

r yR'" E 1 , ...e
hav巳 f r om (7)
MF
r - - (8)

,

HA--
Notice t hat because of the 1/y2 dependence 1n (8) r+ 0 as y becomes large . t hus

the zes 。MMHbumem;皿 1y. sharp.

1
··a·····a-a-a-
Assuoe thac 1n1t1ally (t-O) the part1cle 1s 1n an e1genstate'lυ The potential

V(; , t) - V(;)cosωt 1s turned on at t -D. Take t he perturbat10n expans1。口。f the


state am币UEudes VE}up m 山 t ord町 VE)=4~}+ 俨 ω+ …. . Th en
(0)
。bvi。usly cn(E}-eni·Let the f正nal sta te be If>. then
( 1) 巳噜 ..1ωc'
ci-' (t) • (-1/叫 v f1 (r) ∞ ωtle .l..Wf1 t. dt 1 •
(1)
a·咱
a-a·

问。 dern
h er e vf ( -r) 旦旦坦旦旦些主豆豆豆 - Solut1ons
121
f -E } / un
" i <f/v(;) I 1> an A
-=.

ω
fi (E


!nte g: rate (1)
{r
g!ves
l)
c ( E>
Vf l_e i (,..句f1)c

主[ Cωh 了­
+1·e4(剖 F. -U);:
2K f1 寸可吃了J •
i l>
(E 2 (2)
C :>viously ,
'5 ….
c C
>. appreciable on1y lf
(1) ω f1 +ω o P
主 。r Ez zi ‘ Mω

(U)
ωf 立 ·ω= o or E
f
, E
i + wω (3)
Th. trans 二 tlon rate 1s then

hrv 2
r (r ) l
w f,
-un + l
ρ

1.f ‘ E ( )
EF

F』
ρ
F- }
f R
E .
嗣ι

川d
E Ei +un
PU

ω
US1 n z { 7 ' i 23 ) )
box normallZðtlon
(E } Z
(0. f.
n JUa/ d r- a <'I"/ 2 } 3
, ~e have
. . ‘. (4 )
ρ

E f 擅
,,M ,
Z

ei m
beh


vhere k 1. the m。时 ntum of che (5)
f
final State. 00 Ehe t he r


Lua nd
flux 了 (0. f. (7 .11 - the incident
. -.
.26) ) 15 lJt
• Xk三 1m!. • Fro lI1
3 ( 7 1 25)
t.i e kno \l εha ,
s .i. tlon ra:e W'
i呵.f • (ln c: ldent f i ux x f d / d nHJ do
} tran- 'h.
σ

- W' e obtaln
•3
(tEJft}(去)3 R21<fIV(;)1 1> 12 (k l" +k l ç }
F&
EE r f +uM
P缸

Zζf-EC Xω
+由

ω
2o 3 ) 4'r2
产K

+LA
i <

.m
.,2,, 'T
4 Ud
{ } e E i . ‘
r

if(KLhM 卢+ {中2阳 I Y. 卢}
! WA

4πH
(6)
where 101εlal
and f 1na1 States
are aSSumed to
be plane vaves
'~o flnal sεates 2 2E and momentum of
are related by ,P" uR .K / 2m ," 2
• un 21 - 'h.


υ'"

/

un
.民

!

AE

Since
2)
(E
C
(-1/H}2;itdE'e 归 Emt'VEB{ 叫 fdt"eiωmifv(ε
勺,

.,aûlar z。 (2) W' e have


副主
{ 7)

}
鸣,‘
,,、,‘

c <t }
-i 咛)14tdt JωfJVEaC叫
I.V m1 (坦在卫主:1·+ 与生cry 十四,.. ~ +w
-011
1. 2 .-~ ?
' (~)' ("11)飞
vf "'vm1 { (.丁乞ζ+τtr-[4· 兰?咀f..)c
ω+ 凶 a
,.
122 刊。 dern Quantu l'D ~e_chanics - Solution5

如 -LY
+ l _ e 1(ωfm吨3)E1 +-l二~'f l. _ei(2时dfnJdrJ E i 7t

{』
ω-
+ 1· i- h-m
m-+

e-ω
• l
E 二
--l
,..
>

~+ω ω 和'.‘ 2 :.1 +ω


m

dA
1111. -mi -fm

归 z

咱-剖 m
i(ω 句句}巳 H-m
Efa

f
e- ω
+-..::l [1-e fm mi J E+



二二
aω ..",
h T U fm +ω. l. (8)

Looking at the square brackets o f (8) 飞回 see that these terms contribuεe on1y if

the denominators are close 巳。 zero. vhich means

ω :; Wm!W , (,、Bf ·a· ,』 i『 q4ωs ME


M Z ωi' ωf • ω1 主旧 (9)

Th e wf ..ω1zω1ast condition of (9) 1s the same as in the first orrl陀 r transit10n

(3) whercls the other thr阜巳 conditions are new. In partlcu1ar. th哇re can be a
"5εcond harmonic" gene ration where ω 叫a 军 2ω.
i -f

Furthermore. the first condition (ωf .ωm主ω) of (9) i..p1 立es that the in~erme­

d1ate states that are 主ω~ avay from the final state If> v111 contr1bute most

acong a11 interced 正 ate states.

Th ese observat10ns can be genera1ized tO even higher order perturbations. For

examp1e. in )rd order perturbation 1J e expect to see a " t hird harmonic" trans1tiou
vith ω=ω
f - 主 3ω. -i......
1 1. The potentia1 for the elast王c scattering of a fas 巳 e1ectron by the ground state
。f the hydrogen atom 1s
. 2
." = e / " + e j l
2 +VA +X
• r E
4'X
-
(1)
So the ma 巳 r1x e1e 囚ent for elastic scatter1ng 15

<k'O[V [ k'O>写 ;3fλJ-24| 专Z+4L|0〉


幅 ι| 王-言 '1
,
131E.23 ·*+e2ez
-r3fd x e f d xψ。 (x'){ -: + , .....1: ., ]ψ(>毡, ) (2)
o' . ~ r 交 -~'I

where E a2·.古.

As exp1ained in section 7.12 , the first term 1n V does not cootribute to the

fd 3 χ I integration , and f艺。因 Eq. (7 .12.10)


画画·画画圄- .圄圃国

"。 d.军咽 。uantum Me ch&ttlcs .. Solut1on , 123

噜坷
舍 'a
2
,,,d Fx .e / ..
• ,"• /

"、

(3)
F川hemm , aft-=shifting
-..
the c。。Mhate vaziabkZeZ+ 主, ve have
.... ....
fdzZJq-x/l2.2·| . 主? e 1q • i '
q-
( ,‘}

,。

<k'OjVjkO> ·主ifz 叫。> +吨|J句〉 lL-3. (5)

Mt • ' aB AG < - nu->


+X
• ,,
<1 a ) 3 ,,zze" , a v·
向UM

E


>
咱-
,、

2 • ,1 , 3/2 _-r/a


Not ice



'布日与(王;) e 。 -so
+ +一

<O!e 1Q • x '! 口> - (~)3 (+ll-2r , 2dcosedr'e-Zr'/ao e 1q言 'c时 一

~, 3 4 '-_I_-2r'/.
·<-}=L r e' 。 -up·t·.
-0 ‘, -
therefore
噜噜

<oj.1q 'xio, '". (~ )3 生.组Z旦ι一_ --ll


q 11.1_2. _2 ,, 2 一一一寸 2 • (6)
"归。坷)- [肝飞 qa )<)
o
d一泸

Th us
M ,,,
〈宦'口 jvjkO> - "{-a.)
m2••} ?"
·l •
-nu 、

-。

I +
A-v (7)

For the d 在 fferent ia1 cross sect10u (c.f. (7.12.6)) v1 th k' _ k

仕的非 ZEd-o|vlbl2. 呼半.」LZ


F 电[今+(qa.)<)
J (8)

12. (See P1且.e.l steia.: NOD. Relati叫.s tic: He chan1cs (1973) , p.292 f四 ba~OUl:咀国-

汇 er1al). Energy E 1.

E - E(3~. J~}
3 1 • "'3
l' "'2' (1)

In the cas e. of a central potent 1al , 1t turua out that


," " E{ . • ' @+ e} •
T咀
,ιd

p)
i

vhere
, ,\1
J.·JP♂·寸言+d..-2~aφ
J& • f p &d6 -f 窑 dt FZ me;/山 2&)lod & • 2.(0 口ρ
124 Xodern v~antum
0" Hecha~!eø - 501ut10n3

u Jr-j p产 -f 辛苦 • J ( 2 Il Q l-2uV何;/r2J~dr
he
db za
equt
ε
ta
oa w and c asza nt s (3)

£··
c


244
e- a n-a ,‘-aed


e- ,‘ ar e


g
-t o

α
-
due -ov t h e

i u ' gh ,a
d


,,
H( II/ q1 ' ql ) - 0
1
- E.
(4)
~uatloQ (2) a rises because (3) g1ves

J九宫 -fc 协2ωμ川v协怦


(5)
阳臼 v盯{扣叶,) 1. 由
tlh. C。凶u10。呻 p归。 εtent1al , V(r) 闺吨2/hH have

Jr 匈 f {2 lJ E+2 jJe. 2

&od 叫出 sooe. algebra ,由is integrat10n glves (c.f. Coldsteitt. 旦旦兰旦L旦兰h-


旦主主 (1980) , p.475)
E _ _ 2 霄 2υe 也
-一一一.,
(Jr+Je+Jφ)"
• E(J_+J
-
+J ",

' -r"-eφ ,.
>
( 6)

c。即町巳 (2) .nd (刀 • \l e see 由at for a central potent 1al 1n g四町a1. .1, and

;二:: f :::y p p r: ::工7;二:12:乙::: 211 1ke臼a町st .与t吐山叫叩


510问叫
10E吨g8昭μ1J;1 8Ja t
.;' "8 appe旦ar a h.rays 1旦
c∞。m曲b1扭Da且εt1扫。D (υJr+J e 忖
+ J.μ). hen c: e 由
t}1.町艺re 18 atε leaø盹巳 a 臼d 。u呻ble de吨g胆ε臼".白rac叮y.

Zn the case of c。ul。ab p。teatia1·there 1·.za addiZ10BE。 che aagu1azrmob--



噜L

出+

ut 'L··
• y+A EA'u eEe2·z
iHH

·E
v a,‘ ce E Ek" e a c ze--oa 4'

Aa
2 !
'P

(7)
时11ch detenú且ea the dlrectiou of the major ax1s
, and 由e eccentrlclty of t he
con1c.
P A
i
11 one vr1tes for the general cent=al potent 1al
V{Z 〉 ··a2/EB+@{叶 --
then (8)

山dt - (号?}(ExEL
(9)


、 二
:;. ~ .~ 盯 A

"。 d. 町、 Quantum Mechanics - Solu~1oua


125

There!ore. ~ preCe5SeS 1n general accord1ng to this 叫uatlon. 臼nse.quentl,.. t he.

gent巳 ral ca ‘I! of ÐOtiO 。立 n a central potent 立 a1 may be pictured 10 terms of • prc-

eesslng conle. that a1so has a changing eccentrielty. 1n ter也& of act 立。Q and

angle var:!.ahles. thls 回 ans that tht主 Coulomblan 国 t10n 1s d1st1cguished by a

single per 1‘ .d w亏、 ereas the motlon of a centra1 field problem 1s generally char-

acter1zed by ~o per10ds vh1ch are not cc~osurablι

!h c expllelt expresslon of X2 from (7) (for our classical system) 1s


12242eZuz22424aZZ4
-H-ifL+ 弘 ezM 〈 p/2"-E 〕 +μ.'. (10)
主 4. -t 2
Othe宫 than t. he last t也 <m "二~~ 10 A~ of (10) , the flrst two 巳 erms are proport豆。 n.

a1 to the ~inetlc and p 。 εent1a1 energles of the Cou1omb problem. It 1s thu5


-+2 .._ . ....... . _ .72. . .;2 e2
clear that 叶飞 e Hami1tcnlan K • p~1 勾+叭。+ F(A') 1. a po1yno咀 a1 1n (~- ~ )
2"
p1us the extra term , (r) 10 (的 It follovs that a11 the a1gebra of the Po18S0n

brackets re~in the S3皿 (as that vithout p(1 2 川 • and the previou8 state晤时S
are 5t111 v~lld.

τ。 descr 立 be quaütum systegs , we mod1fy the fo1sso~ brack怠 ts 1n汇。 c。回:tU t a. tors:

[L..L ,]-立
i .'J' )(t..... L
....1Jk.k J"

[L~i"'jJ
. X.l - 1)(t 肉, (11)
.......1jk. 、

[M...M ,l
1...J' - i)tt~H.. L
'..'1Jk'k

由 ere M 三 "172 ~百A.. a :o.d L 王与ε


"样... ....1 ....... "'1 -
(L 'p句 L..) ----
"'~ij k. '"-jr k. .r k.-j' -.--- L4
such that -1 1s He~t 且!1. It

f o llσvs that (for Ram1 1ton1an B)

A2 ‘_ ("e 2z )2+(2uB
(ue lC1:
2+H 2 1. 2
)Z+(2"B)(1:'+H') ,也‘ M • H2• (12)

Th ese lead t。

B - -'1针古F} (13)

Le t
"。 deτn Quantum Mech a n 主 cs - Solu t1on s

平 → 丰噜噜

J • ~(吨+ L) ,且,与 (li - L) (14)

hen cne has

(J 车, JjJ • i~εijkJk' (K孔, K j ] • ..1j(C1jk~民, (Ki , JjJ . 0 (15)

...iεh the cons 口a 1nE32. EZ(c.f.als。 d1scussim in schiff , Gu2ntum Hechanics

(1
凹9归
川川

6阳肌
8
飞μ
岛Ij'+院〉
噜7

j(j+1)~ 2 , The 00即 lete set of commuti吨 observables can thus be chosen as J蝠'

J and K_. ith


, , 1J

1ZFLFesy}zk(k+UM2也 (06,)

Jztn 〈 dy)Z 峭EL(dy)


(16)
Kz也(dy)znHPLMr)
H 也 (06,)罩 EωPL〈α时
4
'J here E(k) - -生2'前币2 '
!n t c. rms 0: th巳 us飞la l quan:um numbers (n , t ,时 \tle have

ue 马 l
H :: 啕 ι-一1 • -一:::2' -2
(17)
2~2 (2 1+1) 孟 2)( '" n

τnus the eige~value s depend on ly on the principal quantum number n , and the num-

ber of degene racy 1s

n2· 〈 2 £+l】 2 (18)

:or t~e Coulo~b p~oblem.τhe degeneracy f or the central potent1al problem. on

<ne 。 εher hand .Hmsteasily seen by the <Lagn) zePEesZncatim deEine d by

Eqs . (1也) _ (16) . While 1n the Coulcmb p玄。blem the t 1JO commut1ng conserveG vec-

tozs7and t t e derived Emmth巳 conserved vectors à and t. i n the central po -

巳entia1pmbleaZiSL 二cnge r a cons e~ed vect町 (ln gener al). !hus the t1J O

C. Ol:miιζing se ts of obseτvables reðuce to one . and the degeneracy reduces t。


巴鱼立业旦旦旦旦旦chani臼- Solutions l.27

k • (2I肿。 (1 9)

Since the S c.hr8仙g.r 叫uat1cn 1n x-s阳e gcvern1吨 themve Eumum oL

separates thεsame vay as the Hnmilton-Jacobl equaticn , namely , in sph町 1cal

(a巳d paτabolic】巳。。τdinates , ve &巳 t L.guerτ巳 functions for the spheτ1c.1 c.se.

S-ar putea să vă placă și