Documente Academic
Documente Profesional
Documente Cultură
DOI 10.1007/s11012-011-9436-y
Received: 15 October 2010 / Accepted: 13 May 2011 / Published online: 14 June 2011
© Springer Science+Business Media B.V. 2011
Abstract As a first endeavor, the buckling analysis Keywords Buckling · FG quadrilateral plates ·
of functionally graded (FG) arbitrary straight-sided Differential quadrature · Elastic foundation
quadrilateral plates rested on two-parameter elastic
foundation under in-plane loads is presented. The for-
mulation is based on the first order shear deformation 1 Introduction
theory (FSDT). The material properties are assumed
to be graded in the thickness direction. The solution Plates made of functionally graded materials (FGMs)
procedure is composed of transforming the govern- have found wide applications as structural members
ing equations from physical domain to computational in modern industries such as mechanical, aerospace,
domain and then discretization of the spatial deriva- nuclear engineering and reactors. On the other hands,
tives by employing the differential quadrature method beams, plates and shells on elastic foundations have
(DQM) as an efficient and accurate numerical tool. Af- been widely adopted by many researchers to model
ter studying the convergence of the method, its accu- interaction between elastic media and these struc-
racy is demonstrated by comparing the obtained solu- tural elements for various engineering problems [1–8].
tions with the existing results in literature for isotropic Hence, the buckling characteristics of FG plates on
skew and FG rectangular plates. Then, the effects of elastic foundations under compressive in-plane loads
thickness-to-length ratio, elastic foundation parame- are of great interest for engineering design and manu-
ters, volume fraction index, geometrical shape and the facture.
boundary conditions on the critical buckling load pa- The buckling analyses of isotropic and laminated
rameter of the FG plates are studied. composite straight-sided quadrilateral plates were
studied by some researchers; see for example Refs.
[9–12]. However, to the best of authors’ knowledge,
the buckling of FG plates was restricted to plates hav-
P. Malekzadeh () · M.R. Golbahar Haghighi
Department of Mechanical Engineering, Persian Gulf ing unique simple plan-forms such as rectangular and
University, Bushehr 75168, Iran circular plates (see for example Refs. [13–18]). This
e-mail: p_malekz@yahoo.com apparent void has thus formed the motivation of the
P. Malekzadeh () present work.
e-mail: malekzadeh@pgu.ac.ir In order to overcome this shortcoming, in this
work the geometrical mapping technique in conjunc-
A. Alibeygi Beni
Department of Civil Engineering, Persian Gulf University, tion with the differential quadrature method as an ac-
Bushehr 75168, Iran curate and relatively simple solution procedure is em-
322 Meccanica (2012) 47:321–333
ployed to study the mechanical buckling of FG ar- coordinate system (x, y, z) is used to label the material
bitrary straight-sided quadrilateral plates. In study- points of the plate in the unstressed reference configu-
ing the global behaviors of the structural elements ration. The material properties of the plate are assumed
such as buckling and free vibration analysis, bet- to vary continuously through the thickness of the plate.
ter convergence behavior together with less computa- Without loss of generality of the formulation and
tional efforts is observed by DQM compared with its the method of solution, in this study the effective ma-
peer numerical competent techniques such as the fi- terial properties of the FG plate is obtained by using
nite element method, the finite difference method, the the power law distribution,
boundary element method and the meshless technique
[3, 8, 12, 19, 20]. P (z) = Pm + (Pc − Pm )(Vf )p (1)
To solve the problem under consideration, by us-
ing a four-nodded element, the straight-sided quadri- where P denotes a generic material property, Pc and
lateral domain is mapped into a square computational Pm are the corresponding values at the upper surface
domain. Then, the spatial derivatives in the differen- (ceramic) and lower surface (metal) of the plate and
tial equations and the related boundary conditions are Vf [= (2z + h)/2h] is the volume fraction; p denotes
transformed from the physical domain into the compu- the volume fraction index (or material graded index),
tational domain by employing the geometrical trans- which is a positive real number.
formation. Consequently, the differential quadrature The stability equations of the plate can be de-
method is employed to discretize the spatial deriva- rived by using the adjacent equilibrium (Trefftz) cri-
tives and change the governing equations into a sys-
teria [21]. For this purpose, assume that the equilib-
tem of algebraic eigenvalue equations. The solution
rium state of the FG plate under in-plane load is de-
of this equation gives the critical buckling load pa-
fined in terms of displacement components ū, v̄ and
rameter. Numerical examples illustrating the conver-
w̄, in the x, y and z-directions, respectively. Then
gence and accuracy of the method are presented and
the displacement components of a neighboring sta-
the obtained results are compared with those of the
ble state can be denoted as ū + u, v̄ + v and w̄ + w
other available solution for the skew isotropic and FG
rectangular plates. Then, the effects of different pa- in the x, y and z-directions, respectively. For thin-
rameters on the critical buckling load parameter of FG to-moderately thick plates under uniform external in-
quadrilateral plates are studied. plane edge loads, the equilibrium stresses can be as-
sumed to be constant within the plate [13–18, 22, 23]
and consequently equal to those applied on the edges
2 Theoretical formulation of the plate. Hence, an equilibrium analysis to evaluate
the displacement components in the equilibrium state
Consider a moderately thick FG arbitrary straight- is not necessary. Considering this fact, based on Tre-
sided quadrilateral plate which is made from a mixture fftz criteria the stability equations can be derived from
of ceramics and metals as shown in Fig. 1. A Cartesian the stationary condition of the second variation of the
Meccanica (2012) 47:321–333 323
total potential energy, which in this case becomes, and performing the integration by parts with respect to
h the in-plane coordinate variable x and y. The results
δ(δ̄ 2 ) = σxx δεxx + σyy δεyy + 2σxz δεxz of which are,
0 A
Stability equations:
σ̂xx ∂w 2 δu:
+ 2σyz δεyz + 2σxy δεxy +
2 ∂x
2 ∂ 2u i ∂ v
2 ∂ 2ϕx
σ̂yy ∂w An + (Ân + As ) + Bn
+ δ ∂x 2 ∂x∂y ∂x 2
2 ∂y
∂ 2ϕy ∂ 2u ∂ 2ϕx
∂w ∂w + (B̂n + Bsi ) + Ais 2 + Bsi = 0, (6)
+ σ̂xy δ dA dz = 0 (2) ∂x∂y ∂y ∂y 2
∂x ∂y
δv:
where is the total potential energy of the plate; σij
and εij (i, j = x, y, z) are the stress and linear strain ∂ 2u ∂ 2v ∂ 2ϕx
(Ân + Ais ) + An 2 + (B̂n + Bsi )
components due to the perturbed displacement compo- ∂x∂y ∂y ∂x∂y
nents (u, v, w); σ̂ij (i, j = x, y) are the applied stress ∂ 2ϕy 2 2 y
i∂ v i∂ ϕ
components on the edges of the plate. Also, σij are + Bn + As + Bs = 0, (7)
∂y 2 ∂x 2 ∂x 2
related to the strain components εij according to the
plane stress constitutive relations as, δϕ x :
σxx C11 C12 εxx ∂ 2u ∂ 2v ∂ 2ϕx
= , σxy = 2C66 εxy , Bn 2
+ (B̂n + Bsi ) + Dn
σyy C12 C22 εyy ∂x ∂x∂y ∂x 2
(3a–d)
∂ 2ϕy ∂ 2u ∂ 2ϕx
+ (D̂n + Dsi ) + Bsi 2 + Dsi
σxz = 2κC55 εxz , σyz = 2κC44 εyz ∂x∂y ∂y ∂y 2
∂w
where κ is the shear correction factor and − As ϕ x + = 0, (8)
∂x
E(z)
C11 (z) = C22 (z) = , δϕ y :
1 − ν 2 (z)
ν(z)E(z) ∂ 2u ∂ 2v ∂ 2ϕx
C12 (z) = , (4a–c) (B̂n + Bsi ) + Bn 2 + (D̂n + Dsi )
1 − ν 2 (z) ∂x∂y ∂y ∂x∂y
E(z)
C44 (z) = C55 (z) = C66 (z) = ∂ 2ϕy 2
i∂ v
2 y
i∂ ϕ
2[1 + ν(z)] + Dn + B s + D s
∂y 2 ∂x 2 ∂x 2
E and ν are Young’s modulus and Poisson’s ratio of ∂w
an arbitrary point of the plate. − As ϕ y + = 0, (9)
∂y
The perturbed displacement components of an arbi-
trary material point of the plate according to the FSDT δw:
are approximated in the thickness direction as, ∂ 2w ∂ 2w
(As + ks ) 2
+ (As + ks ) 2 − kw w
u(x, y, z) = u0 (x, y) + zϕ x (x, y), ∂x ∂y
x
v(x, y, z) = v0 (x, y) + zϕ y (x, y), ∂ϕ ∂ϕ y ∂ 2w ∂ 2w
(5) + As + − N̂xx 2 − N̂yy 2
∂x ∂y ∂x ∂y
w(x, y, z) = w0 (x, y),
∂ 2w
− 2N̂xy = 0. (10)
where u0 , v0 and w0 are the displacement components ∂x∂y
of a material point of the mid-plane in the x, y and z-
directions; ϕ x and ϕ y are the flexural rotations about Boundary conditions:
the y- and x-axis, respectively. The stability equations Either δun = 0 or
and the related boundary conditions can be obtained in (11)
a systematic manner by inserting (3a–d)–(5) into (2) Nnn = n2x Nxx + 2nx ny Nxy + n2y Nyy = 0,
324 Meccanica (2012) 47:321–333
Either δϕ = 0 or
s
Immovable or hard simply support (S):
(14)
Mns = (n2x − n2y )Mxy − nx ny (Myy − Mxx ) = 0,
un = 0, us = 0, ϕ s = 0, w = 0, Mnn = 0, (18)
Either δw = 0 or
Clamped (C):
∂w ∂w ∂w
Qnz + ks + nx N̂xx + ny N̂yy
∂n ∂x ∂y (15) un = 0, us = 0, ϕ s = 0, w = 0, ϕ n = 0.
∂w ∂w (19)
+ N̂xy ny + nx = 0,
∂x ∂y
An Bn Dn 2 1 ψi = (−1)i+1 (1 − ξi − ξ )(1 − ηi − η)
= C11 (z) [ 1 z z2 ] dz,
Ân B̂n D̂n − h2 ν
for i = 1, 2, 3, 4 (21)
h
As Bs 0 2 κ
= C44 (z) [ 1 z z2 ] dz. Now, one can use the geometric transformation (20)
Ais Bsi Dsi − h2 1 in conjunction with the chain rules to change the first-
(17a–e) and second-order derivatives of an arbitrary function
Meccanica (2012) 47:321–333 325
with respect to x- and y-coordinate variables to ξ - and Based on the DQ method, the plate is discretized
η-coordinate variables as, into Nξ and Nη grid points along the ξ - and η-
⎧ ⎫ directions, respectively. Then, at each grid point
⎪ ( ),xx ⎪
( ),x ( ),ξ ⎨ ⎬ (ξi , ηj ) with i = 1, 2, . . . , Nξ and j = 1, 2, . . . , Nη ,
= [J11 ] , ( ),yy the spatial derivatives in the computational domain can
( ),y ( ),η ⎪ ⎩ ⎪
⎭
( ),xy be discretized as,
⎧ ⎫
( ),ξ ( ),ξ ⎨ Nξ Aξ ( )mj ⎬
= −[J22 ][J21 ][J11 ] = m=1
im
,
( ),η ( ),η ⎩ Nη Aη ( )in ⎭
(ξi ,ηj ) n=1 j n
⎧ ⎫
⎪
⎨ ( ),ξ ξ ⎪
⎬ ⎧ ⎫ ⎧ Nξ ξ
⎫
⎪ ( ) ⎪ ⎪
⎪ Bim ( )mj ⎪
⎪
+ [J22 ] ( ),ηη , (22a,b) ⎨ ,ξ ξ ⎬ ⎨ m=1
Nη η ⎬
⎪
⎩ ⎪
⎭ ( ),ηη = B ( ) ,
( ),ξ η ⎪
⎩ ⎪
⎭ ⎪
⎪
n=1 j n in
⎪
⎪
( ),ξ η (ξ ,η ) ⎩ N ξ N η ξ η ⎭
2 i j m=1 n=1 Aim Aj n ( )mn
∂ ()
where ( ),αβ = ∂α∂β . The components of the transfor- (24a,b)
mation matrices are,
⎡ ⎤ β β
where Aij and Bij (β = ξ, η) are the weighting coef-
x,ξ ξ y,ξ ξ
x,ξ y, ξ ⎢ ⎥ ficients of the first- and the second-order derivatives
[J11 ]−1 = , [J21 ] = ⎣ x,ηη y,ηη ⎦ ,
x,η y,η along the β-direction.
x,ξ η y,ξ η The important components of the DQ approxima-
⎡ ⎤ tion are the weighting coefficients and the choice of
(x,ξ )2 (y,ξ )2 2x,ξ y,ξ
⎢ ⎥ sampling points. Here, the weighting coefficients are
[J22 ]−1 = ⎣ (x,η )2 (y,η )2 2x,η y,η ⎦. obtained from the explicit formulation presented by
x,ξ x,η y,ξ y,η x,ξ y,η +x,η y,ξ Shu and Richards [24], which are derived by using the
(23a–c) Lagrange polynomials as the test functions in (24a,b),
The above transformations are used to transform ⎧ M(β )
⎪ i
⎨ (βi −βj ) i = j
the governing differential equations and the related β
Aij = Nβ β
boundary conditions from the physical domain x–y ⎪
⎩ − j =1 Aij i=j
into the computational domain ξ –η. Then, the differ- i=j
ential quadrature rules are employed to discretize the
derivatives. i, j = 1, 2, . . . , Nβ and β = ξ, η, (25)
326 Meccanica (2012) 47:321–333
Table 1 Convergence and comparison study of the critical buckling load parameter cr [= N̂xx b2 /(π 2 D)] of isotropic square plate
under uni-axial load (κ = 5/6)
Table 2 Convergence and comparison study of the critical buckling load parameter cr [= N̂xx b2 /(π 2 D)] for isotropic skew plate
under uni-axial compression load (a/b = 1, h/a = 0.001, κ = 5/6)
Nξ CCCC SSSS
θ = 0° θ = 15° θ = 30° θ = 45° θ = 0° θ = 15° θ = 30° θ = 45°
Table 3 Convergence and comparison study of the critical buckling load parameter cr (= N̂xx b2 /D) for isotropic rectangular plate
rested on elastic foundation subjected to uni-axial load (κ = 5/6)
Nξ (k̂w , k̂s )
(0, 0) (0, 100) (100, 0) (100, 100)
Nβ
where M(βi ) = j =1 (βi − βj ). The weighting coef- study, this type of grid generation rule is used [20],
i=j
ficients for the second-order derivatives are obtained 1 (i − 1)π
as, βi = 1 − cos
2 (Nβ − 1)
β β β β
[Bij ] = [Aij ][Aij ] = [Aij ]2 , β = ξ, η, (26) for β = ξ, η and i = 1, 2, . . . , Nβ . (27)
A natural grid generation rule is that of equally Employing the aforementioned solution procedure,
spaced points. However, a better choice is that corre- the DQ-discretized form of the stability equations (6)–
sponding to zeros of the orthogonal polynomials such (10) and the boundary conditions (11) and (15) can be
as the zeros of the Chebyshev polynomials. In this written as,
Meccanica (2012) 47:321–333 327
N̂xx
Table 4 Convergence and comparison study of the critical buckling load parameter cr (= Ec h ) for simply supported FG square plate
under uni-axial load (κ = 5/6)
Table 5 The critical buckling load parameter (cr ) for clamped and simply supported FG quadrilateral plate subjected to uni-axial
load (b/a = 0.8, c/a = 0.7, α = 70°, β = 75°)
Equations (6)–(9): the geometrical stiffness matrix; and “” is the buck-
ling load parameter. The subscripts “b” and “d” stand
[Sdd
uu
]{U }d + [Sdb
uu
]{U }b + [Sdd
uw
]{w}d = {0}, (28) for the boundary and domain degrees of freedom, re-
spectively. Using (28) and (30) to eliminate the bound-
Equation (10): ary in-plane and rotation degrees of freedom from
(29), one obtains a standard eigenvalue problem,
[Sdd
wu
]{U }d + [Sdb
wu
]{U }b + [Sdd
ww
]{w}d − [G]{w}d
([S] − [G]){w} = {0}, (31)
= {0}, (29)
where
Equations (18) and (19):
[S] = [Sdd
ww
] − [Ŝ][S̄]−1 [Sdd
uw
],
[Sbb ]{U }b + [Sbd ]{U }d = {0},
uu uu
(30)
uu −1 uu
[S̄] = [Sdd
uu
] − [Sdb
uu
][Sbb ] [Sbd ],
y
where {U } = [{uij {vij }T }T {ϕijx }T {ϕij }T ]T ; [Sijαβ ]
is
uu −1 uu
the stiffness matrix (α, β = u, w; i, j = b, d); [G] is [Ŝ] = [Sdd
wu
] − [Sdb
wu
][Sbb ] [Sbd ].
328 Meccanica (2012) 47:321–333
Table 6 The critical buckling load parameter (cr ) for quadrilateral FG plate with mixed boundary conditions subjected to uni-axial
compression load (b/a = 0.8, c/a = 0.7, α = 70°, β = 75°)
Table 7 The critical buckling load parameter (cr ) for clamped and simply supported FG symmetric trapezoidal plate subjected to
bi-axial load (b/a = 0.5, c/a = 0.5, α = 60°, β = 60°)
Table 8 The critical buckling load parameter (cr ) for CCCS and CCSS FG symmetric trapezoidal plate subjected to bi-axial load
(b/a = 0.5, c/a = 0.5, α = 60°, β = 60°)
Solving (31), the critical buckling load parameter is In addition, the non-dimensional elastic foundation
obtained. parameters are defined as,
kw a 4 ks a 2 Ec h3
k̂w = , k̂s = , Dc = .
4 Numerical results Dc Dc 12(1 − νc2 )
In this section, firstly, the convergence and accuracy 4.1 Convergence study and validation
of the method is investigated through different ex-
amples of rectangular and skew isotropic plate (with As a first example to verify the correctness of the pre-
and without elastic foundations) and FG rectangular sented formulation and the method of solution, the ef-
plates. Then, the effects of the volume fraction in- fect of the thickness-to-length ratio on the convergence
dex, geometrical and elastic foundation parameters on and accuracy of the method is investigated by prepar-
the critical buckling load parameter of FG plate un- ing the numerical results for clamped and simply sup-
der in-plane loads are presented. Otherwise specified, ported isotropic square plate. The results are compared
the transverse shear correction factor is taken to be with those of the Pb-Ritz method [22] in Table 1. The
κ = 5/(6 − ν), which is chosen from the work of fast rate of convergence of the solutions and their ex-
Efraim and Eisenberger [25], and also the following cellent agreement with those of the P -Ritz method is
material properties are used for the FG plates, evident.
Metal (aluminum): In order to show the ability of the method for the
analysis of non-rectangular quadrilateral plates, in Ta-
Em = 70 × 109 (N/m2 ), νm = 0.3, ble 2 the convergence of the results for isotropic skew
Ceramic (alumina): plate is studied and is compared with those of the dif-
ferential cubature method (DCM) [11]. Again, the fast
Ec = 380 × 109 (N/m2 ), νc = 0.3. rate of convergence and good agreement between the
330 Meccanica (2012) 47:321–333
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