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CALCULATION
1
2
Introduction to Units ( Pressure)
PRESSURE CONVERSION
1 Kg / cm² = 14 . 223 psi ( Lb / In² )
1 Kg / cm² = 0 . 9807 Bar.
1 PSI = 0.07031 Kg / cm²
1m = 100 cm
1cm = 10 mm
1m = 1000 mm
1in. = 25.4 mm
3
Introduction to Units ( Temperature)
Temperature unit = Degree Celsius
or
Degree Fahrenheit
C = 5/9(f-32)
4
PYTHAGORAS PRINCIPLE APPLICATION
A
Pythagoras Principle :
In Any Right Angled Triangle a Sum of
Adjacent Side Square Is Always Equal to It
Hypotenuse Square.
B C
LET US SAY ABC is right angle triangle .
AB and BC = Adjacent sides and AC = Hypotenuse.
So based on pythagoras theory ,
Example :
A
5
3
B 4 C
Proof of theory in triangle ABC
AB = 3 , BC = 4 and AC = 5
SO AC² = AB² + BC²
= 3² + 4 ² = 25
By taking AC = 5 so AC² = 25 It means that
6
LHS = RHS
TRIGONOMETRIC FUNCTIONS
A
Trigonometric functions are used to solve
the problems of different types of triangle.
θ
B C We will see some simple formulas to solve
right angle triangle which we are using in
day to day work.
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TRIGONOMETRY
A
B C
Adjacent Side
8
TRIGONOMETRIC FUNCTIONS
A
α
25 mm
We Will Find Value Of θ By Tangent Formula So ,
25 mm
θ
B 25 mm C
A AB
SIN ø = OPPOSITE SIDE =
HYPOTENEOUS AC
= 30
OPPOSITE HYPOTENEOUS 50
SIDE
50
= 0.60
30
ø = InvSINE VALUE OF 0.60
ø ø = 36° - 52’
B C
ADJACENT SIDE
11
AREA
Definition : A surface covered by specific
Shape is called area of that shape.
i.e. area of square,circle etc.
L
So If L = 5cm
Then Area = 5 X 5 = 25cm²
12
FIND OUT SIDE ‘ø ’ OF A TRIANGLE
Example:
A TAN ø = OPPOSITE SIDE = AB
ADJACENT SIDE BC
TAN 36° = 20
OPPOSITE HYPOTENEOUS
SIDE
BC
• 20
20 • • BC = TAN VALUE OF 36°
36° • 20
B C • • BC = 0.727
?
ADJACENT SIDE
•
• • BC = 27. 51 mm
13
AREA
2. Rectangle: Area Of Rectangle = L X B
B
Where, L = Length
B = Width L
If L= 10 mm, And B = 6 mm
Then, Area = 10 X 6 = 60mm²
3. Circle :
Area Of Circle = π / 4 x D² D
Where D= Diameter Of The Circle
D
15
AREA
4. Triangle : H
Area Of Triangle = ½ B x H
Where B = Base Of Triangle
B
H = Height Of Triangle
5. Cylinder :
D H
Surface area of Cylinder
=πxDxH
Where H = Height Of Cylinder
D = Diameter Of Cylinder
16
VOLUME
Defination : A space covered by any object is called
volume of that object.
Volume= L X B X H
Where H
B
L = Length
L
B = Width 17
H = Height
VOLUME
H
3.Prism or Triangle Block :
L
Volume of Triangular Block B
= Cross Section Area of Triangle x Length
Volume = ½ B H X L Where
B = Base of R.A.Triangle
H = Height of R.A.Triangle
L = Length of Prism
18
VOLUME
4. Cylinder :
Cylinder
Volume= ¼πD² X H
D
Where : H
D = Diameter Of Cylinder
H = Length Of Cylinder
19
CG CALCULATION
CG
TAN LINE
m
DIA
20
WEIGHT CALCULATION
Examples :
• Rectangular plate
• Circular plate
• Circular plate with cutout
• Circular sector
• Shell coursce
Examples :
1. Rectangular plate :
CM
Weight of This Plate 3.5 CM
0
10
= Volume X Sp.Gravity 200 CM
= L X B X H X 7.86gm / CC
Here L = 200cm, B = Width = 100cm And H = Thk = 3.5 cm
So Volume = 200 X 100 X 3.5 cm³
= 70000 cm³
Now Weight Of Plate = Volume X Sp .Gravity
= 70000 X 7.86 gm/cc
= 550200 gms
22
= 550.2 kgs
WEIGHT CALCULATION
Examples :
2. CIRCULAR PLATE :
300 cm
Weight= V X Sp. Gravity
Volume V= Cross Section Area X Thk
= ¼πD² X 4cm Thk = 4cm
= ¼π x 300² X 4cm
= 282743.33 cm³
So W = V X sp.Gravity
= 282743.33 X 7.86 gms/cc
= 2222362.5738 gms
= 2222.362 kgs
23
WEIGHT CALCULATION
Examples :
Circular sector : R1
R2
Weight of Circular Plate Sector :
W = Volume X Sp.Gravty. ∅ = 120º
Now Volume = Cross Sec.Area X Thk
= π X ( R1² - R2²) X Ø X 2 cm R1 = 400 cm
360 R2 = 350 cm
= π X (400² - 350²) X 120 X 2 THK = 2cm
360 ∅ = 120º
= 78539.81 cm³
Now Weight = V X Sp .Gravity
= 78539.81 X 7.86 gms/cc
= 617322.95 gms
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= 617.323 kgs
WEIGHT CALCULATION
m
Examples : 300 c
Shell :
W = V X Sp.Gravity
V= ¼ π X ( OD² - ID² ) X Length 4 00 c m
Here OD = 400 + 10 = 410cm
ID = 400cm
Length = 300cm
5cm
So V = ¼π X ( 410² - 400² ) X 300cm
= 1908517.54cm³
Now Weight
W = V X Sp. Gravity
= 1908517.54 X 7.86 = 15000947gms
25
= 15000.947kgs = @ 15 Ton
WEP CALCULATION
SINGLE 'V'
A B In given figure, to find out
Distance, we will use
θ =600
98 Trigonometric formula.
100 Tan θ / 2 = AB / BC
C 2 Here AB = ?, BC = 98, θ / 2 = 30º
3
∴ Tan 30 = AB / 98
∴ AB = Tan 30º X 98
= 56.54 mm
26
WEP CALCULATION
Double ‘V’
THK =60
40 same trigonometric formula. Double v are of
2 two types:
18 1. Equal v
θ= 600
3 2. 2/3 rd &1/3 rd.
T joint
• In t joint also by tan formula
we can find WEP dimensions:
40THK
= = AC = 20 , θ = 500 , AB = ?
B
θ = 500
Tan θ = AB / AC
C
AB = 20 x Tan 500
A
AB = 23.83
27
WEP CALCULATION
COMPOUND 'V'
P= 10
56
q= 45 THK=70
12
R.F.= 2
R.G.= 3
Weight calculation.
29
30
WELD METAL WEIGHT CALCULATION
31
WELD METAL WEIGHT CALCULATION
50
4
Now A2 =A3
3
2
A2 = 1/2 x B x h = 0.5 x B x 4.7 cm²
Here B= 47 Tan30º =2.713cm
1.Crossection Area Of Joint ∴ A2 = 0.5 x 2.713 x 4.7 Cm²
A = A1 + A2 + A3 + A4 = 6.38 Cm²
A3 = 6.38 Cm²
Now A = 1.2 + 6.38 + 6.38 + 0.94 cm²
A = 14.9cm² A4 =0.2 * 4.7 cm²
32
WELD METAL WEIGHT CALCULATION
x
1:3 Taper
40 60
35
USE OF CALIBRATION TAPE
36
USE OF CALIBRATION TAPE.
Example: Cut 1meter long bulbar
Tape-01 Tape 02
Total error at 1m (+1) Total error at 1m (-1)
Marking of 1 m (add the error)
1000mm+(+1)mm 1000mm+(-1)mm
Marking at 1001mm Marking at 999mm
measure the length(subtract the error)
Length found 1001mm Length found 999mm
1001-(+1)mm 999-(-1)mm
1000mm actual length 1000mm actual length
37
Tape 01 (+1 mm error)
Bulb bar
Marking 1000+(+1) mm
Measuring 1001- (+1) mm error
Actual 1000 mm
38
Tape 02 (-1 mm error)
Bulb bar
Marking 1000+(-1) mm
Measuring 999 - (-1) mm error
Actual 1000 mm
39
CIRCUMFERENCE CALCULATION
Circumference = Pie x Diameter of job
If I/D is known and O/S circ. Is required then,
Circumference = Pie x ( I/D + 2 x thick )
Here Pie value is very important.
Which is the correct value of pie?
22/7
3.14
3.1415926 (Direct from calculator/ computer)
40
CIRCUMFERENCE CALCULATION
Example 1 : O/S Dia of the job is 10000mm, calculate O/S
circumference.
1) 10000mm x 22/7 = 31428.571mm
2) 10000mm x 3.14 = 31400.00mm
3) 10000mm x 3.1415926 = 31415.926mm
41
CIRCUMFERENCE CALCULATION
44
OFFSET CALCULATION
45
ORIENTATION MARKING
• Measure circumference.
46
ORIENTATION MARKING
47
TOLERANCES
48
TOLERANCES
Y X
49
TOLERANCES
50
TOLERANCES
(4) Out of circularity (OOC) :
0.2 % R ( R-theoretical radius of PRB )
Example : R = 4000mm OOC = 0.2 x 4000/100
= 8mm
(5) Flange position w.r.t web :
(Flange unbalance) :+/- 1mm
[ X - Y ] = 2mm
X
Y
51
Example:
L = ARC LENGTH
L
a = AREA OF SEGMENT
h c = CHORD LENGTH
a q = ANGLE
C r = RADIUS
h = HEIGHT BETWEEN CHORD TO ARC
q r
(5) L= 0.0174533 rr r q
(1) c= 2 √ h (2r -h)
(6) q = 57. 29578 r L
r
( 2 ) a = 1/2 [ rL - c ( r - h ) ]
( 7 ) h = r [ 1 - COS ( q / 2 ) ]
(3) h = r - 1/2√ 4 r 2 - C2 ( 8 ) C = 2r ( Sin q / 2)
( 9 ) X = PCD ( Sin 180/ N)
(4)r = c2+4h2
8h X= Straight Distance between 2 holes &
N= No. of Holes 52
CHORD LENGTH
A C B
60 R
Example :
Web segment size - 600
Inside radius R - 4000mm
Sine 30 = CB/4000mm
1/2 chord length CB = 0.5 x 4000mm
= 2000mm
53
Full chord length = 4000mm
PYTHAGORAS PRINCIPLE APPLICATION
Trimming height calculation in hemispherical D’end
For matching OD / ID of D’end to shell OD / ID we have to do actual
Marking on D’end for trimming height
We can find out trimming height by
Pythagoras theory
As shown in figure, we can have
Following dimension before E D
Marking trimming A
AB = Radius of D’end. Based on act B
Circumference at that end T.L
AC = CD = D’end I/S Radius as per
C
DRG. from T.L
BC = Straight face or height from T.L TO D’end. edge
ED = D’end radius calculated from its matching part’s
Circumference
BE = Trimming height req to maintain for req circumference of 54
Matching part circumference
PYTHAGORAS PRINCIPLE APPLICATION
Example :
AB = 1500mm
AC = CD = 1510mm
BC = 173.5mm E D
ED = 1495mm A
BE = ? B
T.L
Based on Pythagoras theory C
In triangle CED CE² + ED² = CD²
∴ CE² = CD² - ED² = 1510 ² - 1495²
∴ CE = 212.3mm
Now CE = CB + BE
∴ BE = CE - CB = 212.3 - 173.5
55
= 38.8mm
TRIGONOMETRIC FUNCTIONS
56
TRIGONOMETRIC FUNCTIONS
Tank rotator rollers dist calculation
1. Angle θ between 2 roller: As shown in figure
BC = Half of the dist between two rollers A
AD = Shell o/s radius
DC = Roller radius
θ
So we can get above dimensions from DRG and
Actual dist from tank rotator D
Now as per sine formula Sin θ/2 = BC/ AC
AC = AD + DC ( Shell OD + Roller DIA ) C B
Sin θ/2 = BC / (AD +DC)
Now If We Take BC = 1500 mm, AD = 2000mm AND DC = 400 mm
Then Sin θ /2 = 1500 / (2000 + 400 ) = 1500 / 2400 = 0.625
Sin θ /2 = 0.625 ∴ θ /2 = INV Sin 0.625 = 38.68º
57
∴ θ = 2 X 38.68º = 77.36º
TRIGONOMETRIC FUNCTIONS
Tank rotator rollers dist calculation : A
2.Roller dist. By deciding angle
Between two roller
If We Keep Roller Angle = 75º θ
AD = Shell O/s Radius = 3000mm
DC = Roller Radius = 400mm D
CE = Dist. Between Two Roller
= CB + BE = 2 X CB (CB = BE)
Now By Sine Law C B E
Sin θ /2 = BC/AC ∴BC = Sin θ/2 X AC
∴ BC = Sin37.5º X 3400 (θ= 75º ∴ θ/2 = 37.5º, AC = AD + DC = 3000 + 400)
∴ BC = 0.6087 X 3400 = 2069.78 mm
∴ Dist.Between Roller CE = 2 X BC = 2 X 2069.78
58
= 4139.56mm
PCD & HOLE MARKING CALCULATIONS
Hook
00
50
60
4000
SLING ANGLE CALCULATION.
ø
00
50
61
2000
CALCULATIONS
Sin Ø = x/y
x = 2000 & y = 5000
Ø = 23.5 0
2Ø = 23.5 X 2 = 470
62
M/CING ALLOWANCES
Add 3 mm (min.) on all dimensions to provide for m/cing
allowances.
Example of O/Lay on Gasket face of Flange:
1894 dia.(max.)
1900 dia.
63
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