The main reasons for their limited applications appear to be their limited performance,

high price and lack of support from environmental/ governmental agencies. More
recently, growing environmental consciousness, drive for products based on
renewable sources, legislative compliances, etc., once again revived bio-based
greases. The further advancement in base oil chemistry and processes coupled with
additive chemistry to improve the performance of these bio-based fluids has further
provided support for their growth. Consequently, more and more lubricating greases
based on different base oils viz., canola oil, rapeseed oil, soybean oil, sunflower oil,
castor oil, synthetic esters, etc., have recently been reported from different parts of the
world. These bio-based greases have increasingly found applications in various
industries like agriculture, forestry, mining, water treatment/sewage treatment, off
shore, railroad, automotive applications, etc. [6-10]. As the majority of lubricating
greases presently being used are mineral oil based, it is likely that these vegetable oil
based greases, possibly, are going to replace mineral oil based greases or, to a lesser
extent, by synthetic oil based greases.

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Bio-greases offer applications in a wide variety of fields and

are especially suitable for the lubrication of forestry
machinery, construction vehicles, rail curve, rail flange and
marine applications. In all the above mentioned fields there is
a clear loss-lubrication situation where the lubricating grease
eventually ends up either in soil or water. The biodegradability
of these bio-based greases allows the wasted grease to degrade
naturally and not harm the environment in the process. Case
studies have displayed the benefits of bio-based greases
including gearbox greases, wire rope lubricants and greases for
bearings. The prime advantage of the superior lubricity of biobased
lubricants is the reduction in the energy consumption by
about 7 to 15 per cent. The reduction in wear and friction
results in increased life of the equipment

(jurnal soybased)

When a soluble calcium salt, such as calcium chloride, is added to the filtered extract, solid
calcium alginate is formed. If the calcium solution and filtered extract are mixed carefully,
the calcium alginate can be formed as fibres – bad mixing gives a gelatinous solid. This
fibrous material can be readily separated on a metal screen (sieve) and washed with water
to remove excess calcium. It is then stirred in dilute acid and converted to alginic acid,
which retains the fibrous characteristics of the calcium alginate. This form of alginic acid
can be easily squeezed in a screw press. A screw press with a graduated-pitch screw is
usually used; the squeezing action must be applied very gradually, otherwise the material
will just move backwards and out of the press. The product from the screw press looks
relatively solid but still contains only 20–25 percent alginic acid. However, it is dry enough
to form a paste when sodium carbonate is mixed with it to convert it to sodium alginate.
Sodium carbonate is added to the alginic acid in a suitable type of mixer until the required
pH is reached, then the paste is extruded as pellets, dried and milled.
The disadvantage of this second method, compared to the alginic acid method, is that
an extra step is added to the process. The advantage is that the handling of the fibrous
calcium alginate and alginic acid is much simpler and alcohol is not needed. Alcohol is
expensive and while it is usually recovered and recycled, recovery is never 100 percent,
so its use adds to the costs.
A guide to seaweed industry

Soap thickener (Metal Soap of Alginic Acid): 2-15%

Thickener 2-40%