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“INTRODUCTION TO LINGUISTIC”

Q1: Identify the function of the following sentences;


I). Eid Mubarark. (Exlamatory)

II). A thing is of beauty is a joy forever. (Declaritive)

III). Can you fetch me aglass of water? (Introgative)

IV). Biology deals with living things. (Doclaritive)

V). An adjective modifies a noun or pronoun. (Declaritive)

VI). Alas; (Exclamatory)

VII). America declares war on Iraq. ( Declaritive)

VIII). I warn you. (Imparative)

IX). I apologize for what I have done. ( Imparative)

X). I feel disappointed. (Declaritive)

Q2: Describe the first sound in each word bellow;


i).knife. ii).Layer. iii) Shore. iv)chromosome. v)chimney.
ANS;
Symbol | Examples| Place | Manner|voice | Oral\Nasal
/k/ | knife | Alveolar| stop| + |Oral
/l/ | Layer |Alveola |Aproximant |+ |Oral
/s/ |Shore |Palatal | Friction |+ |Oral
/s/ |Chromosome|Palatal| Friction| _ |Nasal
/ts/ |chimney |velar | stop |+ |Oral
B). Describe the last sound of the below;
ANS: Symbol |Example | Place| Manner| Voice | Oral\Nasal
/p/ | Porridge | velar |Stop |+ | Oral
/s/ |curise | Alveolar| Stop |+ |Oral
/p/ |Pin | Alveolar| stop |_ |Oral
/s/ |Smoth |Velar |stop |_ |Oral
/m/ |Myth |Friction |Stop |+ |Nasal

Q3: What are the different dialects of your mother tongue?


What are the major differences among different dialects?
ANS: Pashto is my mother tongue. I feel very proud to speak my mother
tongue. Pashto, also known as Pakhto, Pashtu, and Pushto, is a member of
the Indo-Iranian branch of the Indo-European language family. It spoken in
Afghanistan, Pakistan, Kyrgyzstan, Tajikistan, and Pakistan as well as by a
large diaspora encompassing India, Iran, United Arab Emirates, United
Kingdom, and the United States. It may be spoken by around 50 million
people worldwide. Southern Pashto is spoken by 6 million people in
Afghanistan. Northern Pashto is spoken by 9.6 million people In Pakistan.
Dialects are linguistic varieties which differ in pronunciation, vocabulary and
grammar from each other and from Standard language (which is itself a
dialect).
Pashto can be divided into dialect groups, differentiated mostly by
pronunciation and some vocabulary. The major dialect divisions, in turn,
have numerous variants. In general, however, speakers of Pashto dialects
can understand each other. Lexical similarity between Northern and
Southern Pashto is estimated at approximately 80% There are two (main)
dialects in Pashto, soft and hard. The soft dialect is spoken in Quetta,
Waziristan, Kandahar, and other southern Pashtun areas; the hard one is
spoken in northern areas, like Peshawar, Swat, Mardan, Dir (in Pakistan) and
Nangarhar, Kabul, Jalalabad (in Afghanistan).

That said, the “kh” (Pekhawar, Pukhtun, Pukhto, Pakhto, kha) is used in the
hard dialect. The soft dialect uses “sh” for the same words: Peshawar,
Pushtun/Pashtun, Pashto/Pushto, sha.

In Pashto, we have more letters than we do in Arabic. One of the ones not
included in Arabic is “khin” ( ‫)ښ‬, and that’s the “kh” sound you hear in the
hard dialect. The “sh” sound is the same as “sheen” ( ‫)ش‬. Pashto and Arabic
both have the letter “kha”/”khey” ( ‫)خ‬, however, so ‫ښ‬does not replace
kha/khey.

Me, since I’m from northern Pashtunkhwa, I use the “kh” dialect, but since
“kh” is a hell of a difficult letter for most westerners or others who don’t
have the letter in their languages, I prefer to use “sh” when talking to a non-
Pashtun audience. With my family, though, using “sh” instead of “kh”
sounds really weird.

The sound system of Pashto has many similarities to that of other Indo-
Iranian languages. At the same time, Pashto stands out among them as
having adopted certain features from neighboring Indo-Aryan languages,
such as retroflex consonants.

There are other differences in the dialects, too. For instance, the soft dialect
uses “zh” where the hard dialect uses “g” (e.g., mung vs muzh (both mean
we)). There are several regional standard forms of Pashto which have high
prestige, and serve as a means of communication between the various tribal
communities in those regions. Yusufzai Pashto, called Peshawari or
Northeastern Pashto, is the prestige variety of Pashto in central, northern,
and eastern parts of the Khyber Pakhtunkhwa province of Pakistan.

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