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30 π
1 a θ= × 2π = ≈ 0.52 rad [1]
360 6
210
b θ= × 2π ≈ 3.7 rad [1]
360
0.05
c θ= × 2π ≈ 8.7 × 10−4 rad [1]
360
1 .0
2 a θ= × 360 = 57.3° ≈ 57° [1]
2π
4 .0
b θ= × 360 ≈ 230° [1]
2π
0.15
c θ= × 360 ≈ 8.6° [1]
2π
3 a 88 days is equivalent to 2π radians.
44
θ= × 2π = π rad [1]
88
1
b θ= × 2π ≈ 0.071 rad (4.1°) [1]
88
4 a Friction between the tyres and the road. [1]
b Gravitational force acting on the planet due to the Sun. [1]
c Electrical force acting on the electron due to the positive nucleus. [1]
d The (inward) contact force between the clothes and the rotating drum. [1]
v 150
5 a ω= = [1]
r 20000
ω = 7.5 × 105 rad s−1 [1]
2
v
b a= [1]
r
150 2
a= [1]
20 000
a = 1.125 m s–2 ≈ 1.1 m s−2 [1]
c F = ma = 80 × 1.125 [1]
F = 90 N [1]
8 .2
6 a i Time = = 0.82 s [1]
10
ii Distance = circumference of circle = 2π × 0.80 = 5.03 m ≈ 5.0 m [1]
distance 5.03
iii speed = = [1]
time 0.82
speed, v = 6.13 m s ≈ 6.1 m s−1
−1
[1]
v2
iv a = [1]
r
6.13 2
a= [1]
0.80
a = 47 m s–2 [1]
mv 2
10 net force =
r
0.120 × 4.0 2
net force = = 2.4 N [2]
0.80
weight W of stone = mg = 0.120 × 9.81 = 1.18 N ≈ 1.2 N [1]
At the top: W + TB = 2.4 so TB = 2.4 − 1.2 = 1.2 N [1]
At the bottom: TA − W = 2.4 so TA = 2.4 + 1.2 = 3.6 N [1]
T 3 .6
ratio = A = = 3.0 [1]
TB 1 .2
2
59 2 ⎛ 59 ⎞
ratio = 2 = ⎜ ⎟ [1]
5 ⎝ 5 ⎠
ratio ≈ 140 [1]
GM
6 g= − [1]
r2
6.67 × 10 −11 × 1.0 × 10 26
g= (magnitude only) [1]
(2.2 × 10 )
7 2
GMm
8 a F= − [1]
r2
6.67 × 10 −11 × 1800 × 6.0 × 10 24 ⎛ 7.8 × 1010 ⎞
F= ⎜r = = 3.9 × 1010 m ⎟⎟ [1]
(3.9 × 1010
2
) ⎜
⎝ 2 ⎠
F = 4.74 × 10–4 N ≈ 4.7 × 10–4 N [1]
GMm
b F= − 2
r
6.67 × 10 −11 × 1800 × 6.4 × 10 23
F= [1]
(
3.9 × 1010
2
)
F = 5.05 × 10–5 N ≈ 5.1 × 10–5 N [1]
F
c a= (F is the net force.) [1]
m
4.74 × 10−4 − 5.05 × 10−5
a= [1]
1800
a ≈ 2.4 × 10–7 m s–2 (towards the centre of the Earth) [1]
GMm
9 a F= − [1]
r2
6.67 × 10 −11 × 5000 × 6.0 × 10 24
F= (r = 6400 + 400 = 6800 km) [1]
(6800 × 10 )
3 2
GM M GM E
= [1]
x 2
(R − x )2
ME
R−x=x× [1]
MM
R−x=x× 81 so R − x = 9x [1]
R
10x = R so x= [1]
10
2π 2π
7 a ω = 2πf = = [1]
T 2.0
ω = 3.14 rad s–1 ≈ 3.1 rad s–1 [1]
b a = –(2πf )2x or a = –ω2x [1]
a = 3.142 × 3.0 × 10–2 [1]
a ≈ 0.30 m s–2 [1]
c x = A cos (2πft) = A cos (ωt) [1]
x = 3.0 × 10–2 cos (3.14 × 6.7) [1]
x ≈ –1.7 × 10–2 m [1]
[2]
b Gradient of v–t graph = acceleration
(for s.h.m. acceleration ∝ −displacement)
[2]
1 2
c Kinetic energy = mv ∝ v2
2
[2]
d Potential energy = total energy − kinetic energy
[2]
b PV = nRT [1]
At a constant temperature, the product
PV is a constant. [1]
Hence a graph of PV against P is a
straight horizontal line. [1]
7 a PV = nRT [1]
4 .0
n= = 0.138 moles [1]
29
nRT 0.138 × 8.31× (273 + 34)
P= = [1]
V 0.030
P = 1.17 × 10 Pa ≈ 1.2 × 104 Pa (12 kPa)
4
[1]
P
b is constant when the volume of the gas is constant. [1]
T
The pressure is doubled, hence the absolute temperature of the gas is also doubled. [1]
Therefore:
temperature = 2 × (273 + 34) = 614 K [1]
temperature in °C = 614 – 273 = 341 °C ≈ 340 °C [1]
PV
8 a n= [1]
RT
180 × 10 3 × 2.0 × 10 −2 300 × 10 3 × 2.0 × 10 −2
n= + [1]
8.31 × (273 − 13) 8.31 × ( 273 − 13)
n = 4.44 moles ≈ 4.4 moles [1]
b Total volume, V = 4.0 × 10–2 m3, T = 273 – 13 = 260 K
nRT
P= [1]
V
4.44 × 8.31 × 260
P= [1]
4.0 × 10 − 2
P ≈ 2.4 × 105 Pa (240 kPa) [1]
F 400
9 a P= = [1]
A 1.6 × 10 −3
P = 2.5 × 105 Pa [1]
PV
b n= [1]
RT
2.5 × 10 5 × 2.4 × 10 −4
n= [1]
8.31 × (273 + 5.0)
n = 2.6 × 10–2 moles [1]
c i mass = number of moles × molar mass
mass = 2.6 × 10–2 × 29 = 0.754 g ≈ 0.75 g [1]
mass
ii density =
volume
0.754 × 10 −3
density = [1]
2.4 × 10 − 4
density = 3.14 kg m–3 ≈ 3.1 kg m–3 [1]
b Net field strength, E = 2.2 × 106 – 1.1 × 106 = 1.1 × 106 V m–1 [1]
The direction of the electric field at X is to the left. [1]
7 a Q = V × 4πεor = 20 000 × 4 × π × 8.85 × 10−12 × 0.15 [1]
Q = 3.3 × 10–7 C [1]
kQ 9.0 ×10 9 × 3.3 ×10 −7
b E = 2 = [1]
r 0.15 2
= 1.32 × 10 V m–1 ≈ 1.3 × 105 V m–1
5
[1]
c F = eV = 1.6 × 10−19 × 1.32 × 105 [1]
F = 2.11 × 10−14 N ≈ 2.1 × 10−14 N [1]
1
• Both obey an inverse square law with distance; that is, F ∝ . [1]
r2
• The field strengths are defined as force per unit (positive) charge or mass. [1]
• Both produce action at a distance. [1]
Differences
• Electrical forces can be either attractive or repulsive, whereas gravitational forces are
always attractive. [1]
• Gravitational forces act between masses, whereas electrical forces act between charges. [1]
10 The electric field strength due to the charge +Q is equal in magnitude but opposite in direction
to the electric field strength due to the charge +3Q. [1]
Therefore:
Q 3Q
= (where R is the distance between the charges = 10 cm) [1]
4 πε 0 x 2
4 πε 0 ( R − x) 2
1 3
2
= [1]
x ( R − x) 2
R−x
so = 3 [1]
x
R
x(1 + 3)=R so x= = 0.37 R [1]
1+ 3
x = 0.37 × 10 = 3.7 cm [1]
e 2 4πε 0 r 2
11 ratio = (where m = mass of proton and r = separation) [2]
Gm 2 r 2
e2
ratio = [1]
4 πε 0 Gm 2
The r2 terms cancel and so this ratio is independent of the separation. [1]
(1.6 × 10−19 ) 2
ratio = [1]
4 π × 8.85 × 10 −12 × 6.67 × 10−11 × (1.7 × 10 −27 ) 2
ratio ≈ 1.2 × 1036 [1]
I 225 ×10 −3
8 a ∆Q = I∆t = = = 4.5 × 10–3 C [1]
f 50
Q 4.5 × 10 −3
b C= = [1]
V 9 .0
= 5.0 × 10–4 F = 500 µF [1]
c i The capacitors are in parallel, so the total capacitance = 2C and charge stored = 2Q;
current =2I = 2 × 225 = 450 mA [1]
1 1
ii The capacitors are in series, so the total capacitance = C and charge stored = Q;
2 2
1 1
current = I = × 225 = 113 mA [1]
2 2
9 a Q = CV = 200 × 10–6 × 200 = 0.040 C [1]
1 1
b E = CV 2 = × 200 × 10–6 × 2002 = 4.0 J [1]
2 2
c The two capacitors now make a pair of capacitors in parallel of total capacitance
= 100 µF + 200 µF = 300 µF [1]
Q 0.040
The charge is conserved, therefore V = = [1]
C 300 × 10 −6
= 133 V [1]
1 1
d E = CV 2 = × 300 × 10–6 × 1332 [1]
2 2
= 2.67 J [1]
e The energy is lost as the connected wires are heated as the current passes through them. [1]
5 a F = BIl sin θ
F = 0.050 × 3.0 × 0.04 × sin 90° [1]
F = 6.0 × 10–3 N [1]
b F = 0.050 × 3.0 × 0.04 × sin 30° [1]
F = 3.0 × 10–3 N [1]
c F = 0.050 × 3.0 × 0.04 × sin 65° [1]
F = 5.44 × 10–3 N ≈ 5.4 × 10–3 N [1]
6 Force experienced by PQ = force experienced by RS (but in opposite direction). [1]
No force experienced by QR and PS (since current is parallel to the field). [1]
torque = one of the forces × perpendicular distance between forces = (BIL)x [1]
torque = BI(Lx), Lx = area of loop = A [1]
torque = BIA ∝ A [1]
The torque is directly proportional to the area of the loop.
7 a Current is at right angles to magnetic field. [1]
Left-hand rule produces force on AB towards the right. [1]
Wire leaves mercury and breaks contact/current stops/force stops. [1]
Weight causes AB to fall back/return and make contact again. [1]
b i Moment = Fd [1]
3.5 × 10−5
F= = 1.0 × 10−3 N [1]
0.035
F
ii F = BIl ⇒ I = [1]
Bl
1.0 ×10 −3
I= = 2.38 A ≈ 2.4 A [1]
(6.0 ×10 −3 × 0.07)
8 a F = BIl × number of turns [1]
F = 0.19 × 2.8 × 0.07 × 25 = 0.93 N [1]
b Torque= Fd = 0.93 × 0.03 [1]
torque = 0.028 N m [1]
c The longest side always stays at 90º to the magnetic field as the coil turns
so the force is constant. [1]
The perpendicular distance between the forces changes as the coil turns
so the torque (moment) changes. [1]
F
ii E =
Q
F 6.4 × 10 −15
Q= = [1]
E 2.0 × 10 4
Q = 3.2 × 10−19 C [1]
3 F = BQv [1]
F = 0.18 × 1.6 × 10–19 × 4.0 × 106 [1]
F = 1.15 × 10–13 N ≈ 1.2 × 10−13 N [1]
4 a F = BQv [1]
F = 0.004 × 1.6 × 10–19 × 8.0 × 106 [1]
F = 5.12 × 10−15 N ≈ 5.1 × 10−15 N [1]
−15
F 5.12 ×10
b a= = [1]
m 9.11×10−31
a = 5.63 × 1015 m s−2 ≈ 5.6 × 1015 m s−2 [1]
c From circular motion, the centripetal acceleration a is given by:
v2
a=
r
v2 (8.0 × 10 6 ) 2
r= = [1]
a 5.63 × 1015
r = 1.14 × 10−2 m ≈ 1.1 × 10−2 m (1.1 cm) [1]
5 a
Both arrows at A and B are towards the centre of the circle. [1]
b The force on the electron is at 90° to the velocity. Hence the path described by the
electron is a circle. [1]
c The magnetic force provides the centripetal force. [1]
mv 2
Therefore: BQv = [1]
r
mv BQr
BQ = or v = [1]
r m
2.0 × 10 × 1.6 × 10 −19 × 5.0 × 10 −2
−3
v= [1]
9.1 × 10 −31
v = 1.76 × 107 m s–1 ≈ 1.8 × 107 m s−1 [1]
BQr
d v= , so the speed v is directly proportional to the radius r. [1]
m
1.76 × 10 7
Radius is halved, so v = = 8.8 × 106 m s−1 [1]
2
6 a Ek = 15 × 103 × 1.6 × 10−19 = 2.4 × 10−15 J (1 eV = 1.6 × 10−19 J) [1]
1
mv 2 = 2.4 × 10−15
2
2 × 2.4 × 10 −15
v= [1]
1.7 × 10 − 27
v = 1.68 × 106 m s−1 ≈ 1.7 × 106 m s−1 [1]
mv 2
b F = ma = [1]
r
1.7 × 10 −27 × (1.68 × 10 6 ) 2
F= [1]
0.05
F = 9.60 × 10 N ≈ 9.6 × 10−14 N
−14
[1]
c F = BQv [1]
F 9.60 × 10 −14
B= = [1]
Qv 1.6 × 10 −19 × 1.68 × 10 6
B ≈ 0.36 T [1]
distance
d speed =
time
circumference 2π × 0.05
time = = [1]
speed 1.68 × 10 6
time = 1.87 × 10−7 s ≈ 1.9 × 10−7 s [1]
7 a In order for the positively charged ions to emerge from the slit,
the net force perpendicular to the velocity must be zero. [1]
10
11 a The magnitude of the induced e.m.f. in a circuit is directly proportional to the rate of
change of magnetic flux linkage. [1]
b Lenz’s law expresses the principle of conservation of energy. [1]
c i magnetic flux = magnetic flux density × cross-sectional area of coil
or Φ = BA [1]
ii Flux linkage = NBA [1]
Coil X: flux linkage = NBA = 200 × 0.10 × (π × 0.022) ≈ 2.5 × 10−2 Wb [1]
Coil Y: flux linkage = NBA = 4000 × 0.01 × (π × 0.032) ≈ 1.1 × 10−1 Wb [1]
The coil Y has greater flux linkage. [1]
P 690
3 a i I= = [1]
V 230
Irms = 3.0 A [1]
ii Ipeak = 3 2 = 4.2 A [1]
iii Vpeak = 230 2 = 325 V [1]
b Correct shape all above axis. [1]
Two cycles shown (i.e. one cycle of current waveform). [1]
Peak and average power marked. [1]
4 a a.c. [1]
Current is positive and negative OR current flows one way, then the opposite way. [1]
V2
b Voltage switches between +2 and −2 V. Power is , so it has the same value for both
R
positive and negative values of the voltage. [1]
c i 2V [1]
ii 2 V [1]
⎛ 2 .5 ⎞ ⎛ 6 ⎞
5 Average power = ⎜ ⎟× ⎜ ⎟ [1]
⎝ 2⎠ ⎝ 2⎠
= 7.5 W [1]
6 a i Period = 80 ms = 0.080 s [1]
1
f= = 12. 5 Hz [1]
T
ii Peak voltage = 4.5 V [1]
4.5
r.m.s. voltage = = 3.2 V [1]
2
b V0 = 4.5 V [1]
ω = 2πf = 2π × 12.5 = 78.5 s−1 ≈ 79 s−1 [1]
P 24
7 a I= = [1]
V 6
I = 4.0 A [1]
1150
b Vp = 6 × [1]
30
Vp = 230 V [1]
24 30 × 4
c Ip = or Ip = [1]
230 1150
Ip = 0.10 A [1]
d Maximum p.d. = 6 2 [1]
maximum p.d. = 8.5 V [1]
e Heat is still produced inside the wires even if it cannot be conducted to the
outside. The wires may melt if they cannot lose the heat. [1]
115
8 a Number of turns on the primary = × 500 = 1000 turns [1]
230
Vs 115
b Is = = = 0.023 A r.m.s. [1]
R 5000
500
c Ip = 0.023 × = 0.0125 A ≈ 0.013 A r.m.s. [1]
1000
d Peak voltage = 115 2 = 162 V [1]
so the cables will break down. [1]
P 1000
9 a I= = = 10 A r.m.s. [1]
V 100
P = I 2R = 102 × 5 = 500 W [1]
b At high voltages the current is less for the same power. [1]
Power lost in cable = I 2R so power lost is less. [1]
3 a Electromagnetic radiation travels through space as waves and, as such, shows diffraction
and interference effects. [1]
b Electromagnetic radiation interacts with matter as ‘particles’. The photoelectric effect
provides strong evidence for the particle-like (photon) behaviour of electromagnetic
radiation. [1]
c 3.0 × 108
4 a c = fλ so f = = [1]
λ 6.4 × 10 −7
f = 4.69 × 10 Hz ≈ 4.7 × 1014 Hz
14
[1]
b E = hf [1]
E = 6.63 × 10−34 × 4.69 × 1014 [1]
E = 3.1 × 10−19 J [1]
5 For an electron to escape from the surface of the metal, it must absorb energy from the photon
that is greater than the work function. [1]
The work function is the minimum energy required by the electron to escape from the surface
of the metal. [1]
The photon of visible light has energy less than the work function of the metal, whereas
the photon of ultraviolet radiation has energy greater than the work function. [1]
hc
8 ∆E = hf = [1]
λ
6.63 ×10 −34 × 3.0 ×10 8
∆E = [1]
670 ×10 −9
∆E = 2.97 × 10−19 J ≈ 3.0 × 10−19 J [1]
13 a The threshold frequency is the minimum frequency of electromagnetic radiation that just
removes electrons from the surface of the metal. [1]
b At the threshold frequency, the energy of the photon is equal to the work function φ of the
metal. Hence:
φ = hf0 (f0 = threshold frequency) [1]
1.9 × 1.6 × 10 −19
f0 = [1]
6.63 × 10 −34
f0 = 4.6 × 1014 Hz [1]
hc
14 a E = hf = [1]
λ
6.63 × 10 −34 × 3.0 × 108
E= [1]
550 × 10 −9
E = 3.62 × 10–19 J ≈ 3.6 × 10–19 J [1]
b Power emitted as light = 0.05 × 60 = 3.0 W [1]
3 .0
Number of photons emitted per second = [1]
3.62 × 10 −19
= 8.3 × 1018 [1]
15 φ = 4.3 × 1.6 × 10–19 = 6.88 × 10–19 J [1]
hc 6.63 × 10 −34 × 3.0 × 108
Energy of photon = = = 9.47 × 10−19 J [1]
λ 2.1 × 10 −7
h
16 λ = [1]
mv
h 6.63 × 10 −34
ν= = [1]
mλ 1.7 × 10 −27 × 2.0 × 10 −11
6.65 × 10 −27
2 a i Mass = = 4.01 u [1]
1.66 × 10 − 27
2.16 × 10 −26
ii Mass = = 13.01 u [1]
1.66 × 10 − 27
b i Mass = 1.01 × 1.66 × 10−27 = 1.68 × 10−27 kg [1]
ii Mass = 234.99 × 1.66 × 10−27 = 3.90 × 10−25 kg [1]
3 In all nuclear reactions the following quantities are conserved:
• charge (or proton number)
• nucleon number
• mass–energy
• momentum.
Any three of the above. [3]
4 a The nucleons within the nucleus are held tightly together by the strong nuclear force. [1]
b The binding energy of a nucleus is the minimum energy required to separate the nucleus
into its constituent protons and neutrons. [1]
binding energy
c binding energy per nucleon =
number of nucleons
128
binding energy per nucleon = [1]
16
binding energy per nucleon = 8.0 MeV [1]
5 a The half-life of a radioactive isotope is the mean time taken for the number of nuclei of the
isotope to decrease to half the initial number. [1]
N
b i 20 minutes is 1 half-life, so number of nuclei left = 0 [1]
2
ii 1.0 hour is 3 half-lives. [1]
3
⎛1⎞ N
Number of nuclei left = ⎜ ⎟ N 0 = 0 [1]
⎝2⎠ 8
6 a iActivity is equal to the number of emissions (or decays of nuclei) per second.
Hence, there are 540 α-particles emitted in 1 second. [1]
ii Number of α-particles emitted in 1 h = 540 × 3600 ≈ 1.9 × 106 [1]
b Energy released in 1 s = number of α-particles emitted in 1 s × energy of each α-particle [1]
energy released in 1 s = 540 × 8.6 × 10−14 [1]
energy released in 1 s = 4.64 × 10−11 J ≈ 4.6 × 10−11 J [1]
c Rate of emission of energy = energy released per second
rate of emission of energy = 4.6 × 10−11 J s−1 = 4.6 × 10−11 W [1]
56
7 a The nuclide 26 Fe is the most stable. [1]
It has the maximum value for the binding energy per nucleon. [1]
b Binding energy = binding energy per nucleon × number of nucleons
binding energy ≈ 12.3 × 10−13 × 12 [1]
binding energy ≈ 1.5 × 10−11 J [1]
c From the graph, the binding energies per nucleon of 21 H and 42 He are approximately
1.0 × 10−13 J and 11.2 × 10−13 J. [1]
energy released = difference in binding energy per nucleon × number of nucleons [1]
energy released = [11.2 × 10−13 – 1.0 × 10−13] × 4 [1]
energy released = 4.08 × 10−12 J ≈ 4.1 × 10−12 J [1]
d High temperatures (~108 K) and pressures. [2]
ii In the reaction above, there is a decrease in the mass of the particles. [1]
2
According to ∆E = ∆mc , a decrease in mass implies that energy is released
in the process. [1]
iii The change in mass is ∆m given by:
∆m = [1.575 × 10−25 + 2.306 × 10−25 + 2(1.675 × 10−27)] – [3.902 × 10−25 + 1.675 × 10−27][1]
∆m = –4.250 × 10−28 kg [1]
(The minus sign means a decrease in mass and hence energy is released in this reaction.)
∆E = ∆mc2 [1]
∆E = 4.250 × 10−28 × (3.0 × 108)2 [1]
−11 −11
∆E = 3.83 × 10 J ≈ 3.8 × 10 J [1]
10 Binding energy of ‘reactant’ = 236 × 7.59 = 1791 MeV (binding energy of neutron = 0) [1]
Total binding energy of ‘products’ = (146 × 8.41) + (87 × 8.59) ≈ 1975 MeV [1]
Therefore energy released = 1975 – 1791 = 184 MeV [1]
0.693 0.693
11 a t1/2 = so λ = [1]
λ t1/2
0.693
λ= [1]
56
λ = 1.238 × 10−2 s−1 ≈ 1.2 × 10−2 s−1 [1]
b A = λN [1]
0.693
A= × 6.0 × 1010 [1]
56
A ≈ 7.4 × 108 Bq [1]
A
12 a A = λN so λ = [1]
N
5.0 × 10 9
λ= [1]
8.0 × 1014
λ = 6.25 × 10−6 s−1 ≈ 6.3 × 10−6 s−1 [1]
0.693
b t1/2 = [1]
λ
0.693
t1/2 = [1]
6.25 × 10 −6
t1/2 = 1.11 × 105 s ≈ 1.1 × 105 s [1]
c N = N0 e−λt [1]
−6
N = 8.0 × 1014 e − (6.25×10 × 40×3600 ) [1]
N = 3.25 × 1014 ≈ 3.3 × 1014 [1]
13 a The decay constant is the probability that an individual nucleus will decay per unit time. [1]
0.693 0.693
b i t1/2 = so λ = [1]
λ t1/2
0.693
λ= [1]
18 × 24 × 3600
λ = 4.46 × 10−7 s−1 ≈ 4.5 × 10−7 s−1 [1]
ii A = λN [1]
A = 4.46 × 10−7 × 4.0 × 1012 [1]
A = 1.78 × 106 Bq ≈ 1.8 × 106 Bq [1]
iii 36 days is equal to 2 half-lives. [1]
2
⎛1⎞
activity = ⎜ ⎟ × 1.78 × 106 = 4.45 × 105 Bq ≈ 4.5 × 105 Bq [1]
⎝2⎠
14 a number of nuclei = number of moles × NA
1.0 × 10 −6
number of nuclei = × 6.02 × 1023 [1]
226
number of nuclei = 2.66 × 1015 ≈ 2.7 × 1015 [1]
b A = λN [1]
⎛ 0.693 ⎞ 0.693 × 2.66 × 1015
A = ⎜⎜ ⎟⎟ × N = [1]
⎝ t1/2 ⎠ 1600 × 365 × 24 × 3600
A ≈ 3.7 × 104 Bq [1]
6 a The output is not saturated so the potential at both the inverting and non-inverting inputs
is very nearly the same. [1]
Since the non-inverting input is earthed, this value is 0 V. [1]
b 1.0 V [1]
V 1
c I= = = 5.0 × 10−4 A [1]
R 2000
d Negligible current goes into the (–) terminal of the op-amp since it has a very high input
resistance (impedance). [1]
R
e Size of gain = f = 5 so Rf = 5Rin
Rin
Rf = 5 × 2 = 10 kΩ [1]
7 a Any two from:
infinite open-loop voltage gain, infinite input resistance (or impedance),
infinite bandwidth, zero output resistance (or impedance) [2]
V 10 −3
b i I= = 4 [1]
R 10
I = 1.0 × 10−7 A [1]
ii V = IR = −1.0 × 10−7 × 100 × 103 = −1.0 × 10−2 V [1]
V − 1.0 ×10 −2
iii Gain = out = = −10 [1]
Vin 1.0 ×10 −3
iv 1.0 × 10−2 V (with Q being more positive) [1]
8 a For [2] marks, any two from the following points. [2]
With an inverting amplifier the output is half a cycle out of phase with the input,
whereas with a non-inverting amplifier the input and output are in phase.
The input goes to the (−) terminal on the op-amp for an inverting amplifier and
to the (+) terminal for the non-inverting amplifier.
The input resistance (impedance ) is higher for an op-amp used as a non-inverting amplifier.
− Rf
For an inverting amplifier the gain is but for an inverting amplifier
Rin
R
the gain is 1 + 1 .
R2
R 40
b G = 1+ 1 = 1+ [1]
R2 20
G=3 [1]
V V 8.0
c G = out ⇒ Vin = out = = 2.67 V ≈ 2.7 V [1]
Vin G 3
V 8.0
d I= = [1]
R (20 + 40 )×10 3
I = 1.33 × 10−4 A ≈ 1.3 × 10−4 A [1]
e The voltage is the same as for part c; voltage across the 20 kΩ resistor = 2.7 V [1]
output of
op-amp
green
red
b When output of op-amp is +9 V then the green LED is forward biased with enough
p.d. across it. The red LED is reverse biased. [1]
When output of op-amp is −9 V then the red LED is forward biased with enough
p.d. across it. The green LED is reverse biased. [1]
The attenuation coefficient is inversely proportional to the cube of the photon energy (µ ∝ E −3). [1]
17 a
b I = I0e−µx [1]
where µ is the (linear) attenuation/absorption coefficient. [1]
c 0.10 = e−0.693x [1]
ln 0.10 = –0.693x
–2.3 = −0.693x [1]
x = 3.32 mm ≈ 3.3 mm [1]
18 a X-ray image produced of target area. [1]
Image is stored in a computer. [1]
X-ray beam rotated about target so that many images produced from different angles. [1]
Computer stores and processes images to give image of slice through target. [1]
Process repeated for different slices. [1]
b X-ray image is flat shadow image of whole structure. [1]
CAT scan gives two-dimensional image of a slice through structure. [1]
Images of slices can be processed to give image of structure in any plane. [1]
2 a In amplitude modulation the amplitude of the carrier wave is altered to carry the signal
(the frequency remains the same). [1]
In frequency modulation the frequency of the carrier wave is altered to carry the signal
(the amplitude remains the same). [1]
b i 30 × 2 = 60 kHz [1]
ii 800 − 60 = 740 kHz [1]
iii Alters from 740 kHz to 860 kHz 6000 times a second. [1]
c More transmitters may be needed as the range of FM is less than that of AM. [1]
Equipment to transmit and receive FM is more expensive. [1]
3 a i Carrier wave [1]
ii Sidebands [1]
iii 5 kHz [1]
b i 2.5 × 10−5 s [1]
ii 2.0 × 10−4 s [1]
iii Correct amplitude-modulated shape [1]
8 carrier wave oscillations per oscillation of the amplitude [1]
Correct times marked [1]
25 40 55 f / kHz
V / mV
8
0
0 1 2 3 4 5 t / ms
c i Any variation in the signal that occurs between sampling is not detected [1]
Increasing sampling frequency decreases the time between samples [1]
Frequency at least 2 × signal, i.e. 600 Hz (frequency of signal ≈ 300 Hz) [1]
ii The variation in voltage can use more voltage levels (28 levels rather than 24 levels). [1]
The signal voltage at every sample is closer to the actual value. [1]
⎛ 6.0 × 10 −3 ⎞
6 Signal-to-noise ratio (in dB) = 10 lg ⎜⎜ ⎟ = 164.7 dB ≈ 165 dB
−19 ⎟
[1]
⎝ 2 .0 × 10 ⎠
1.0 × 10 −3
7 a Signal-to-noise ratio = 10 lg = 30 dB [1]
0.001× 10 −3
b Signal becomes 0.001 mW or signal-to-noise ratio is 1 [1]
0 dB [1]
The stone is whirled at a constant speed of 4.0 m s−1 in a vertical circle of radius 80 cm.
tension in the rod at A
Calculate the ratio: [6]
tension in the rod at B
Total: Score: %
59
5 The diagram shows the Moon and an artificial satellite orbiting round the Earth.
The radius of the Earth is R.
a Write an equation for the gravitational field strength g at a distance r from the centre of
an isolated object of mass M. [1]
b By what factor would the gravitational field decrease if the distance from the centre of
the mass were doubled? [2]
c The satellite orbits at a distance of 5R from the Earth’s centre and the Moon is at a
distance of 59R. Calculate the ratio:
gravitational field strength at position of satellite
[3]
gravitational field strength at position of Moon
6 The planet Neptune has a mass of 1.0 × 1026 kg and a radius of 2.2 × 107 m.
Calculate the surface gravitational field strength of Neptune. [3]
7 Calculate the radius of Pluto, given its mass is 5.0 × 1023 kg and its surface
gravitational field strength has been estimated to be 4.0 N kg−1. [3]
8 A space probe of mass 1800 kg is travelling from Earth to the planet Mars.
The space probe is midway between the planets. Use the data given to calculate:
a the gravitational force on the space probe due to the Earth [3]
b the gravitational force on the space probe due to Mars [2]
c the acceleration of the probe due to the gravitational force acting on it. [3]
Data
separation between Earth and Mars = 7.8 × 1010 m
mass of Earth = 6.0 × 1024 kg mass of Mars = 6.4 × 1023 kg
9 An artificial satellite orbits the Earth at a height of 400 km above its surface.
The satellite has a mass 5000 kg, the radius of the Earth is 6400 km and the mass of the
Earth is 6.0 × 1024 kg. For this satellite, calculate:
a the gravitational force experienced [3]
b its centripetal acceleration [2]
c its orbital speed. [3]
Total: Score: %
57
a State a time at which the object has maximum speed. Explain your answer. [2]
b State a time at which the magnitude of the object’s acceleration is a maximum.
Explain your answer. [2]
3 An apple is hung vertically from a length of string to form a simple pendulum.
The apple is pulled to one side and then released. It executes 12 oscillations in a time of 13.2 s.
a Calculate the period of the oscillations. [2]
b Calculate the frequency of the oscillations. [2]
4 This is the graph of displacement x against time t for an oscillating object.
5 Two objects A and B have the same period of oscillation. In each case a and b below,
determine the phase difference between the motions of the objects A and B.
a [2]
b [2]
8 The diagram shows the displacement–time graph for a particle executing simple
harmonic motion.
Total: Score: %
59
7 A 300 g block of iron cools from 300 °C to room temperature at 20 °C. The specific heat
capacity of iron is 490 J kg−1 K−1. Calculate the heat released by the block of iron. [3]
8 Calculate the energy that must be removed from 200 g of water at 0 °C to convert it all
into ice at 0 °C. [2]
The water flows through the heater at a rate of 0.015 kg s−1. The heater warms the water
from 15 °C to 42 °C. Assuming that all the energy from the heater is transferred to
heating the water, calculate the power of the heater. [5]
13 A gas is held in a cylinder by a friction-free piston. When the force holding the piston in
place is removed, the gas expands and pushes the piston outwards.
Explain why the temperature of the gas falls. [2]
14 Hot water of mass 300 g and at a temperature of 90 °C is added to 200 g of cold water
at 10 °C. What is the final temperature of the mixture? You may assume there are no
losses to the environment and all heat transfer takes place between the hot water and
the cold water. [5]
15 A metal cube of mass 75 g is heated in a naked flame until it is red hot. The metal block is
quickly transferred to 200 g of cold water. The water is well stirred. The graph shows the
variation of the temperature of the water recorded by a datalogger during the experiment.
The metal has a specific heat capacity of 500 J kg−1 K−1. Use the additional information
provided in the graph to determine the initial temperature of the metal cube. You may
assume there are no losses to the environment and all heat transfer takes place between
the metal block and the water. [5]
Total: Score: %
71
13 The diagram below shows three different types of arrangements of gas particles.
A gas whose particles consist of single atoms is referred to as monatomic – for example
helium (He). A gas with two atoms to a molecule is called diatomic – for example oxygen
(O2). A gas with more than two atoms to a molecule is said to be polyatomic – for example
water vapour (H2O).
A single atom can travel independently in the x, y and z directions: it is said to have three
degrees of freedom. From the equation for the mean translational kinetic energy of the atom,
1
we can generalise that a gas particle has mean energy of kT per degree of freedom.
2
Molecules can also have additional degrees of freedom due to their rotational energy.
a Use the diagram above to explain why:
5
i the mean energy of a diatomic molecule is kT [2]
2
ii the mean energy of a polyatomic molecule is 3kT. [2]
b Calculate the internal energy of one mole of water vapour (steam) per unit kelvin. [3]
Total: Score: %
75
The force experienced by the charge +q at point A is F. Calculate the magnitude of the
force experienced by this charge when it is placed at points B, C, D and E. In each case,
explain your answer. [9]
5 A spherical metal dome of radius 15 cm is electrically charged. It has a positive charge of
+2.5 µC distributed uniformly on its surface.
a Calculate the electric field strength on the surface of the dome. [3]
b Explain how your answer to a would change at a distance of 30 cm from the surface of
the dome. [2]
is about 1036 and is independent of the actual separation between the protons. [6]
12 A helium nucleus consists of two protons and two neutrons. Its diameter is about 10−15 m.
a Calculate the force of electrostatic repulsion between two protons at this separation. [2]
b Calculate the potential at a distance of 10–15 m from the centre of a proton. [2]
c How much work would need to be done to bring two protons this close to each other? [2]
d If one proton were stationary, at what speed would the second proton need to be fired
at it to get this close? (Ignore any relativistic effects.) [3]
Total: Score: %
66
mA
9.0 V
The reed switch vibrates between the two contacts with a frequency of 50 Hz. On each oscillation
the capacitor is fully charged and totally discharged. The current through the milliammeter is
225 mA.
a Calculate the charge that flows off the capacitor each time it is discharged. [1]
b Calculate the capacitance of the capacitor. [2]
c Calculate the current through the milliammeter when a second identical capacitor
is connected:
i in parallel with the original capacitor [1]
ii in series with the original capacitor. [1]
Total: Score: %
64
2 A current-carrying conductor is placed in an external magnetic field. In each case below, use
Fleming’s left-hand rule to predict the direction of the force on the conductor.
a b c
[3]
3 The unit of magnetic flux density is the tesla.
Show that: 1 T = 1 N A−1 m−1 [2]
4 Calculate the force per centimetre length of a straight wire placed at right angles to a uniform
magnetic field of magnetic flux density 0.12 T and carrying a current of 3.5 A. [3]
5 A 4.0 cm long conductor carrying a current of 3.0 A is placed in a uniform magnetic field
of flux density 50 mT. In each of a, b and c below, determine the size of the force acting
on the conductor. [6]
a b c
6 The diagram shows the rectangular loop PQRS of a simple electric motor placed in a
uniform magnetic field of flux density B.
axis
The current in the loop is I. The lengths PQ and RS are both L and lengths QR and SP are both x.
Show that the torque of the couple acting on the loop for a given current and magnetic flux
density is directly proportional to the area of the loop. [5]
7 The diagram shows a rigid wire AB pivoted at
the point A so that it is free to move in a vertical
plane. The lower end of the wire dips into
mercury. A uniform magnetic field of
6.0 × 10−3 T acts into the paper throughout the
diagram.
a When the current is switched on, the wire
continuously moves up out of the mercury
and then falls back again. Explain this
motion. [4]
b The force on the wire due to the current may
be taken to act at the midpoint of the wire.
When the current is first switched on, the
moment of this force about A is 3.5 × 10−5 N m.
Calculate:
i the force acting on the wire [2]
ii the current in the wire. [2]
8 The coil in the d.c. motor shown in question 6 has a length L = 7.0 × 10−2 m and width
x = 3.0 × 10−2 m. There are 25 turns on the coil and it is placed in a uniform magnetic field of
0.19 T. The coil carries a current of 2.8 A. The coil is free to rotate about an axis midway between
PQ and RS.
a Calculate the force on the longest side of the coil. [2]
b Calculate the maximum torque (moment) exerted on the coil. [2]
c Explain why the force acting on the long side of the coil does not change as the coil rotates
but the torque exerted on the coil varies. [2]
9 The diagram shows an arrangement that is used to determine the magnetic flux density
between the poles of a magnet.
The magnet is placed on a sensitive top pan balance. A current-carrying wire is placed at right
angles to the magnetic field between the poles of the magnet. The force experienced by the
current-carrying wire is equal but opposite to the force experienced by the magnet. The magnet
is pushed downward when the wire experiences an upward force.
The length of the wire in the magnetic field is 5.0 cm. The balance reading is 102.00 g when
there is no current in the wire. The balance reading increases to 103.14 g when the current in
the wire is 8.2 A.
a Show that the force experienced by the wire is equal to 1.1 × 10−2 N. [1]
b Calculate the magnetic flux density of the magnetic field between the poles of the magnet. [3]
Total: Score: %
39
a Calculate the magnitude and direction of the electric field between the plates. [3]
b Describe the electric field between the plates. [2]
c A charged oil droplet of weight 6.4 × 10−15 N is held stationary between the two plates.
i State whether the charge on the droplet is positive or negative.
Explain your answer. [2]
ii Determine the charge on the oil droplet. [2]
3 Calculate the force experienced by an electron travelling at a velocity of 4.0 × 106 m s−1
at right angles to a magnetic field of magnetic flux density 0.18 T. [3]
4 The diagram shows an electron moving at a constant speed of 8.0 × 106 m s−1 in a plane
perpendicular to a uniform magnetic field of magnetic flux density 4.0 mT.
a Calculate the force acting on the electron due to the magnetic field. [3]
b What is the centripetal acceleration of the electron? [2]
c Use your answer to b to determine the radius of the circular path described by the electron. [2]
5 The diagram shows the trajectory of an electron travelling into a region of uniform magnetic
field of flux density 2.0 mT. The electron enters the region of magnetic field at 90°.
a Draw the direction of the force experienced by the electron at points A and B. [1]
b Explain why the electron describes part of a circular path while in the region of the
magnetic field. [1]
c The radius of curvature of the path of the electron in the magnetic field is 5.0 cm.
Calculate the speed v of the electron. [5]
d Explain how your answer to c would change if the electron described a circular path
of radius 2.5 cm. [2]
6 A proton of kinetic energy 15 keV travelling at right angles to a magnetic field describes
a circle of radius of 5.0 cm. The mass of a proton is 1.7 × 10−27 kg.
a Show that the speed of the proton is 1.7 × 106 m s−1. [3]
b For this proton, calculate the centripetal force provided by the magnetic field. [3]
c Determine the magnetic flux density of the magnetic field that keeps the proton moving
in its circular orbit. [3]
d How long does it take for the proton to complete one orbit? [2]
7 The diagram shows a velocity-selector for charged ions. Ions of speed v emerge from the slit.
a The parallel plates have a separation of 2.4 cm and are connected to a 5.0 kV supply.
A magnetic field is applied at right angles to the electric field between the plates such
that the positively charged ions emerge from the slit of the velocity-selector at a speed of
6.0 × 106 m s−1. Calculate the magnetic flux density of the magnetic field. [6]
b Ions from the velocity-selector pass into a mass spectrometer which contains another magnetic
field, of flux density B. The ions all have charge Q but either have mass m1 or mass m2. Show
that the difference in the radius of the two isotopes in the magnetic field is given by:
(m1 − m 2 )v
∆r = [2]
BQ
Total: Score: %
55
a Explain why the lamp illuminates only for a short period. [4]
b State one change to the apparatus that would allow the lamp to illuminate normally. [1]
10 A wire of length L is placed in a uniform magnetic field of flux density B.
The wire is moved at a constant velocity v at right angles to the magnetic field.
Use Faraday’s law of electromagnetic induction to show that the induced e.m.f. E across the
ends of the wire is given by E = BLv.
Hence calculate the e.m.f. induced across the ends of a 20 cm long rod rolling along a
horizontal table at a speed of 0.30 m s−1. (The vertical component of the Earth’s magnetic
flux density is about 40 µT.) [8]
11 a State Faraday’s law of electromagnetic induction. [1]
b Lenz’s law expresses an important conservation law. Name this conservation law. [1]
c i Define magnetic flux for a coil placed at right angles to a magnetic field. [1]
ii Determine for which of the two coils X and Y, each placed at right angles to the
magnetic field, is the magnetic flux linkage the greatest. [4]
Total: Score: %
59
a V and I are in phase with each other. Explain what is meant by in phase. [1]
b Copy the graph and add a waveform to show how the power dissipated varies with t. [3]
3 An electric drill is marked 230 V r.m.s., 690 W.
Calculate:
a i the r.m.s. current in the wire connecting the drill to the mains [2]
ii the peak current in the wire connecting the drill to the mains [1]
iii the peak value of the potential difference across the drill. [1]
b Sketch a graph of the power drawn by the drill over one cycle of the current.
Mark on the graph the values of peak power and average power. [3]
4 The diagram shows the variation of voltage with time across a resistor.
a State and explain whether the current in the
resistor is a.c. or d.c. [2]
+2 V
b Explain why the power dissipated in the
resistor is the same as the power produced
by a steady voltage of 2 V. [1] 0
c For the voltage variation shown, state: t/s
i the peak value [1]
ii the r.m.s. value. [1] −2 V
Total: Score: %
50
9 The diagram below shows a hot solid, at a temperature of 5000 K, emitting a continuous
spectrum.
22 For the hydrogen atom, the energy level En in joules is given by the equation
2.18 ×10 −18
En = −
n2
where n is an integer, known as the principal quantum number.
a Calculate the energy level of the ground state (n = 1) and the energy level of the first
excited state (n = 2). [2]
b Determine the wavelength of radiation emitted when an electron makes a transition from
the first excited state to the ground state. In which region of the electromagnetic spectrum
would you find a spectral line with this wavelength? [4]
c In which region of the electromagnetic spectrum would you find the spectral line
corresponding to an electron transition between energy levels with principal quantum
numbers of 6 and 7? Justify your answer. [4]
Total: Score: %
90
7 The binding energy per nucleon against nucleon number graph for some common nuclides is
shown below.
i Copy the diagram, adding labels to identify the neutrons, the strontium nuclide and
the xenon nuclide. [1]
ii Explain why energy is released in the reaction above. [2]
iii Use the following data to determine the energy released in a single fission reaction
involving 235 1
92 U and 0 n . [5]
235 −25 95 −25
mass of 92 U = 3.902 × 10 kg mass of 38 Sr = 1.575 × 10 kg
1 −27 139 −25
mass of 0n = 1.675 × 10 kg mass of 54 Xe = 2.306 × 10 kg
12 The activity of a radioactive source containing 8.0 × 1014 undecayed nuclei is 5.0 × 109 Bq.
a Determine the decay constant in s−1. [3]
b Calculate the half-life of the nucleus. [3]
c How many undecayed nuclei will be left after 40 hours? [3]
13 a Define the decay constant of a nucleus. [1]
b The thorium isotope 227
90 Th has a half-life of 18 days.
A particular radioactive source contains 4.0 × 1012 nuclei of the isotope 227
90 Th .
i Determine the decay constant for the thorium isotope 227
90 Th in s−1. [3]
ii What is the initial activity of the source? [3]
iii Calculate the activity of the source after 36 days. [2]
14 A sample of rock is known to contain 1.0 µg of the radioactive radium isotope 226
88 Ra .
The half-life of this particular isotope is 1600 years. The molar mass of radium-226 is 226 g.
a Determine the number of nuclei of the isotope 226 88 Ra in the rock sample. [2]
b Calculate the activity from decay of the radium-226 in the sample. [3]
15 In a process referred to as ‘annihilation’, a particle interacts with its antiparticle and the
entire mass of the combined particles is transformed into energy in the form of photons.
The following equation represents the interaction of a proton (p) and its antiparticle, the
antiproton ( p ).
1
1p + −11 p → γ + γ
The antiproton has the same mass as a proton – the only difference is that it has a negative
charge. Determine the wavelength λ of each of the two identical photons emitted in the
reaction above. (Mass of a proton = 1.7 × 10−27 kg.) [5]
16 Does fusion or fission produce more energy per kilogram of fuel? Answer this question by
considering the fusion reaction in 7 c and the fission reaction in 9 b.
(The molar masses of hydrogen-2 and uranium-235 are 2 g and 235 g, respectively.) [7]
17 Some astronomers believe that our solar system was formed 5.0 × 109 years ago.
Assuming that all uranium-238 nuclei were formed before this time, what fraction of the
original uranium-238 nuclei remain in the solar system today? The isotope of uranium
238 9
92 U has a half-life of 4.5 × 10 y. [4]
Total: Score: %
100
sensing
device
a State the type of amplifier drawn. Explain how the graph shows that the
amplifier is of this type. [2]
b State why the graph flattens at the ends. [1]
c Suggest the value that was used for the supply voltage Vs. [1]
d State what changes occur to the graph if:
i Rin is halved in value but Rf is kept unchanged [2]
ii Rf is halved in value but Rin is unchanged from the initial value [1]
iii the supply voltage Vs is increased. [1]
e The variable resistor is removed and an a.c. signal of maximum voltage ±1.0 V
is applied to the input of the amplifier circuit. Sketch the output voltage and
input voltage on the same graph. [2]
f Explain why the amplifier circuit produces distortion if an a.c. signal with a maximum
voltage of 3.0 V is applied to the input. [2]
6 In the circuit shown in question 5 the input voltage Vin is 1.0 V and Rin is 2.0 kΩ.
a Explain why the potential at the inverting input (−) is almost zero. [2]
b State the value of the fall in potential across Rin. [1]
c Calculate the current in Rin. [1]
d Explain why the current in Rf is the same as the current in Rin. [1]
e Determine the value of Rf. You will need to use the graph from question 5. [1]
7 An electrical device generates a potential of +1.0 mV at point P.
Total: Score: %
58
12 Briefly describe the production of X-rays and explain why an X-ray spectrum may consist
of a continuous spectrum and a line spectrum. [7]
13 The intensity of a collimated X-ray beam is 250 W m−2.
a Define intensity. [1]
b The diameter of the X-ray beam is 4.0 mm. Calculate the power transmitted by the beam. [2]
14 Describe what is meant by a contrast medium and state why it is used in X-ray scans. [2]
15 The potential difference between the cathode and the anode of an X-ray tube is 80 kV.
Calculate the minimum wavelength of the X-rays emitted from this tube. [3]
16 The photoelectric effect is one of the attenuation mechanisms by which X-ray photons
interact with the atoms in the body. Describe some of the characteristics of this mechanism. [3]
17 A collimated X-ray beam is incident on a metal block. The incident intensity of the beam is I0.
a Draw a sketch graph to show the variation with thickness x of the intensity I of the beam. [3]
b Write down an expression for the intensity I in terms of I0 and x.
Explain any other symbol you use. [2]
c The linear absorption coefficient of a beam of 80 keV X-rays is 0.693 mm−1 in copper.
Calculate the thickness of copper necessary to reduce the intensity of the beam to 0.10 I0. [3]
18 a Describe the use of a CAT scanner. [5]
b Compare the image formed in X-ray diagnosis with that produced by a CAT scanner. [3]
19 Outline how ultrasound may be used in medical diagnosis. [5]
20 Explain why, in medical diagnosis using ultrasound, a coupling medium is necessary
between the ultrasound probe and the skin. [6]
21 a When an ultrasound pulse reflects from the front and back edges of a bone, it produces
two peaks on an A-scan. The time interval between these two peaks is 13 µs. The speed
of the ultrasound in bone is 4000 m s−1. Calculate the thickness of the bone. [3]
b Describe how a B-scan differs from an A-scan. [2]
22 a Outline the principles of magnetic resonance. [6]
b Outline, with the aid of a sketch diagram, the use of MRI (magnetic resonance imaging)
to obtain diagnostic information about internal body structures. [10]
23 X-Rays, ultrasound and MRI are all used in medical diagnosis.
State one situation in which each of these techniques is preferred and give reasons, one in
each case, for the choice. [6]
Total: Score: %
104
a State and explain one similarity and one difference between the audio signals
that they carry. [4]
b Explain how the graphs show that the carrier frequency is the same. [1]
2 a Describe the difference between amplitude and frequency modulation. [2]
b A carrier wave has a frequency 800 kHz. It is modulated in frequency by an audio signal
of frequency 6 kHz and amplitude 2.0 V.
The frequency deviation of the carrier wave is 30 kHz V−1.
i Determine the maximum frequency shift produced. [1]
ii Determine the minimum frequency of the modulated carrier wave. [1]
iii Describe how the frequency of the carrier wave changes. [1]
c A country intends to start a new broadcasting system. State two reasons why it is more
expensive to set up an FM broadcasting system rather than an AM system. [2]
3 The graph shows the frequency spectrum of an AM radio wave carrying an audio signal
of a single frequency.
35 40 45 Frequency / kHz
4 Data is often produced as an analogue signal and then converted into digital form
for transmission.
a Explain, with the aid of sketch graphs, the difference between an analogue and
a digital signal. [4]
b Explain the process of sampling in which an analogue signal is turned into
a digital signal. [3]
5 The diagram shows the analogue signal from a microphone.
For transmission, the signal is digitally sampled every 0.5 ms starting at time t = 0 s.
In the analogue-to-digital (ADC) converter,
0 to 0.99 mV produces a digital output 0000
1 to 1.99 mV produces a digital output 0001
and so on.
a State the value of the digital out put when t = 0 s and when t = 0.5 ms. [2]
b The digital signal from the ADC is eventually converted back into analogue form.
Draw a sketch diagram showing the final analogue signal produced. [3]
c i Explain how increasing the sampling frequency improves the final analogue signal
produced and suggest a suitable maximum value for the sampling frequency. [3]
ii Telephone systems use 8-bit numbers, rather than 4-bit numbers. Explain why this
improves the final analogue signal produced. [2]
6 A laser provides power input of 6.0 mW into an optic fibre, where the average noise is
2.0 × 10−19 W. Calculate the signal-to-noise ratio in dB. [1]
7 A signal has a power of 1.0 mW and a noise of 0.001 mW.
a What is the signal-to-noise ratio in dB? [1]
b The signal is attenuated by 30 dB and the noise remains constant.
What is the new signal-to noise ratio in dB? [2]
8 In the modern telephone system, more and more coaxial cable has been replaced for
long-distance transmission of telephone signals by optic fibre.
State and explain two reasons for this change. [4]
9 a State a typical value of wavelength for:
i space waves
ii sky waves. [2]
b Explain why satellite communication is more reliable than a sky wave for long-distance
communication between two points on the Earth’s surface. [2]
10 a Describe the orbit of a geostationary satellite. [3]
b State a typical wavelength for communication between the Earth’s surface and a
geostationary satellite. [1]
c State one advantage and one disadvantage of the use of a geostationary satellite
rather than a satellite in polar orbit for telephone communication. [2]
11 In the original telephone system of 1876, every telephone was connected to every other
telephone by a pair of wires. Today the telephone is used worldwide as the result of the
invention of the exchange and the use of sampling using digital electronics.
Describe how each of these developments has meant that many telephone conversations
can take place at once. [4]
Total: Score: %
61