Chapter Three PDF

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TRANSDUCERS
AND SENSORS
Dr. Ibrahim Al-Naimi
CHAPTER THREE
Transducers and
Sensors
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Transducer and Sensor
• Transducers are elements that respond to
changes in the physical condition of a system and
deliver output signals related to the measured
deliver output signals related to the measured,
but of a different form and nature.
• Sensor is the initial stage in any transducer.
• The property of transducer element is affected by
the variation of the external physical variable
according to unique relationship.
Transducers and Sensors
According to the physical variable to be
measured, the transducers can be classified to:
d th t d b l ifi d t
• Mechanical Transducers
• Thermal Transducers
• Optical Transducers
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Mechanical Transducers
• Displacement
• L l
Level
• Force
• Pressure
• Torque
• Stress and stain
Stress and stain.
• Velocity and acceleration.
• Pneumatic and Hydraulic pressure and flow
Displacement, Location or Position
Transducers
• The measurement of displacement, position, or
location is an important in the process industries.
• Examples of industrial requirements to measure
these variables are many and varied, and the
required transducers are also of greatly varied
design.
design
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Transducers
Examples:
• Location and position of objects on a conveyor
system.
• Location and position of work piece in
automation milling operation.
• Liquid/solid level measurements.
Liquid/solid level measurements
Transducers
• Resistive Transducers
• Capacitive Transducers
• Inductive Transducers
• Ultrasonic Transducers
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Resistive Transducers
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Potentiometer Transducers
• Principled of operation
• Classifications and types.
• Construction.
• The relationship between input and output signals.
• Characteristics (linearity, resolution, sensitivity,
load effect, dynamic response, power dissipation).
• Advantages and disadvantages.
• Applications.
Construction and Principle of
Operation
The transducer output signal is a dc or ac voltage
which is proportional to the potentiometer
hi h i ti l t th t ti t
resistance that is proportional to the slider
displacement.
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Classifications
• Linear Potentiometer
• Rotary Potentiometer
• Helical Potentiometer
Rotary Potentiometer
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Classifications
• Wire‐Wound potentiometer.
• Thin Film type potentiometer (Conducting
Plastic and carbon potentiometer).
• Digital potentiometer.
• Optical potentiometer.
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Load effect in Potentiometers
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Wire‐Wound type potentiometer
• A vey thin (0.01 mm diameter) wire of platinum or
nickel alloy is wound uniformly throughout its
nickel alloy is wound uniformly throughout its
length with a sliding contact called wiper.
• The resistance range between 10Ω and 10M Ω
• The resistance increase in a stepwise manner.
• It is possible to construct potentiometers with 100
– 200 turns per cm length (The resolution range
l h( h l
between 0.1 to 0.05 mm).
• Linear potentiometers are available in many
lengths up to 1m.
Wire‐Wound type potentiometer
• Helical potentiometers are commercially available
with 50 to 60 turns (The angular displacement is
ith 50 t 60 t (Th l di l ti
between 18000 – 21600 degree)
• Potentiometer life exceed 1 million cycles.
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Thin film type potentiometer
• Higher resolution.
• Lower actuating force.
• Lower noise.
• Longer life (exceed 10 million cycles)
• Resistance of 50 to 100 Ω/mm can be obtained
with conductive plastic film.
h d l fl
• Commercially available resolution is 0.001 mm.
Vin2
• Power rating P=
RP
Vin (max) = PRP
Vin
• Sensitivity Vo = x
L
Vin
Sensitivity =
L
• Linearity R ⎡ RM RP ⎤
Vo = Vin ( )⎢ ⎥
RP ⎣ ( RM RP ) + ( R RP ) − ( R RP ) 2 ⎦
• Optimum sensitivity (0.2 V/degree and 2 V/cm)
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• The resistance of a potentiometer should be
chosen with care. On the one hand, an element
with high resistance is preferred because this
results in reduced power dissipation for a given
voltage, which has the added benefit of reduced
thermal effects. On the other hand, increased
resistance increases the output impedance of the
resistance increases the output impedance of the
potentiometer and results in loading nonlinearity
error unless the load resistance is also increased
proportionately.
• Potentiometers are used primarily to measure
large displacements, that is, 10 mm or more for
linear motion and 15 degree or more for angular
motion.
• The dynamic response of wire‐wound
potentiometer is limited by the inertia of the
shaft and wiper assembly Since this inertia is
shaft and wiper assembly. Since this inertia is
large, the wire‐wound potentiometer is used only
for static or quasi‐static measurements where a
high frequency response is not required.
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Conditioning Circuits
• Voltage divider.
• Bridge.
• Operational amplifiers.
Advantages of Potentiometers
• They are relatively inexpensive.
ey a e e at e y e pe s e.
• Simplicity of operation.
• Potentiometers provide high‐voltage output
signals, requiring no amplification in most
applications.
• They monitor in real‐time, without any signal
lag from electronics, to give an accurate results.
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Disadvantages of Potentiometer
• The force needed to move the slider is provided
by the displacement source This mechanical
by the displacement source. This mechanical
loading distorts the measured signal itself.
• Variations in the supply voltage cause error.
• The resolution of wire‐wound type is limited by
the number of turns in the coil and by the coil
uniformity.
if it
• Electrical loading error can be significant when
the load resistance is low.
Disadvantages of Potentiometer
• High‐frequency (or highly transient)
measurements are not feasible because of such
t t f ibl b f h
factors as slider bounce, friction and inertia
resistance, and induced voltages in the wiper arm
and primary coil.
g p
• Mechanical wear, heating up in the coil or film,
and friction in wiper action.
• High electronic noise.
• Sensitivity to temperature variation.
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Typical Applications
• In servo technology applications.
• All
All applications that requires simple
li ti th t i i l
displacement transducer
• For real time applications since there is no signal
lag.
• Example: A potentiometer displacement
sensor is to be used to measure work piece
i t b dt k i
motion from 0 to 10 cm. The resistance
changes linearly over this range from 0 to 1kΩ.
Develop signal conditioning circuit to provide
a linear 0 to 10 V output.
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• Example: A helipot is provided with 50 turns per
mm. A gearing arrangement is attached to the
A i t i tt h d t th
helipot shaft such that the motion of the main
shaft by one revolution causes 4 revolutions of
the helipot shaft. Determine the helipot new
resolution in mm.
Capacitive Transducers
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• Displacement.
• Vib ti
Vibration.
• Pressure/fluid pressure.
• Strain.
• Thickness.
• Level.
Level
• Temperature.
• Moisture.
• These type of Transducers can measure
di l
displacements of the order of 25 nm.
t f th d f 25
• These type of Transducers are available for
displacements measurements of a frequency
range up to 20 kHz.
1 1
High output impedance X C =
• High output impedance =
jωC j 2πfC
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• Capacitive displacement transducers.
• Variable area capacitive transducers.
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Inductive Transducers
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Inductive Transducers
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Dr. Ibrahim Al-Naimi

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