BRASS

PRESENTED BY:
AAQUIB MAHFOOZ
MOHD KHALID RAZA
SHAHBAZ KHAN
MAAZ AKBAR
MD AAMIR KHAN
MD HASHIM
 INTRODUCTION
• Brass is an alloy of copper and zinc.
• The proportions of zinc and copper can be varied to create a range
of brasses with varying properties.
• It is used for decoration for its bright gold-like appearance
• for applications where low friction is required such as locks, gears,
bearings,
• Brass is often used in situations where it is important
that sparks not be struck, as in fittings and tools around explosive
gases.
 HISTORCAL DEVELOPMENT
• First produced by ancient metalworkers in the area now known as
Syria or eastern Turkey as early as 3000 B.C.

• They knew how to melt copper with tin to make a metal called
bronze but sometimes they also made brass without knowing it

• By the Roman period brass was being deliberately produced from

metallic copper and zinc minerals using the cementation process
and variations on this method continued until the mid-19th century

• It wasn't until 1746 that a German scientist named Andreas

Sigismund Marggraf (1709-1782) identified zinc and determined its
properties.

• The process for combining metallic copper and zinc to make brass
was patented in England in 1781.
CLASSIFICATION
 TYPES OF BRASS
• Alloys - (up to 35% Zn) - single phase
– Cold working alloys

• + Alloys - (35 - 40% Zn) - two phase (duplex

brasses)

– Hot working alloys

NB Copper alloys containing 5% zinc, tin and lead are
known in the USA as “red brass” but in the UK are
classified as leaded gunmetal
 Alloys
• Brasses containing a minimum of 63% copper are termed
alpha brasses or cold working brasses .

• They are highly ductile at room temperature, and are readily

deformed by cold rolling, deep drawing, bending, spinning
cold heading, thread rolling etc.

• Alloys with a higher copper content (80%-90%) and which are

gold in colour are used extensively for decorative
metalwork, costume jewellery, badges and buttons
 + Alloys
• Brasses containing 35%-45% zinc are known as alpha-beta or
duplex brasses because they contain a mixture of the original
solid solution (alpha phase) and a new solid solution of higher
zinc content (beta phase)

• Their ability to be deformed at room temperature (cold

worked) is limited.

• They and are ideal for extruding into complex solid and hollow
shapes and hot forging.
Other Alloying Elements Added

ELEMENT MATERIAL PROPERTY IMPROVED

Lead 1.0 to 4.0% High-speed Machining Brass Machinability

Manganese
Aluminium
Silicon 0.75 to 2.5% High Tensile Brasses Yield strength up to
Nickel 500MN/m²
Iron

Aluminium Aluminium Brasses Corrosion resistance

Arsenic 0.4 to 1.5% Dezincification-resistant Brass especially in sea water
Tin Naval Brasses
PROPERTIES
 PROPERTIES OF BRASS
• Excellent Machinability
– Sets the standard by which other materials are judged
– Slight reduction in ductility when lead is present

• Good Strength
– Yield Strength 250 to 500 MPa

• Corrosion Resistance
– No plating or painting required
• Conductivity
– Electrical
– Thermal

• Non sparking
• Attractive colours
• Strength at cryogenic temperatures
• Wear Resistance
• Recyclable
• No loss of properties at temperatures up to 200°C
• Good impact resistance (toughness)
 COLOURS
CuZn5 4-6 % Zn
CuZn10 9-11% Zn

CuZn15 14-16% Zn
CuZn20 19-20% Zn

CuZn30 29-31% Zn
CuZn33 32-34% Zn

CuZn36 34.5-36.5% Zn
CuZn37 36-38% Zn
CuZn40 39.5-41.5% Zn
MANUFACTURING
Hot Forging
During hot forging, the temperature reaches above the recrystallization point
of the metal. This kind of extreme heat is necessary in avoiding strain
hardening of the metal during deformation. In order to prevent the oxidation
of certain metals, like super alloys, a type of hot forging called isothermal
forging is a good choice. In isothermal forging, the metal deformation occurs
within a highly controlled atmosphere, similar to that of a vacuum

Advantages Disadvantages

Production of discrete parts Less precise tolerances

Scale Formation
Low stresses or low work hardening
Homogenized grain structure
Increased ductility
Elimination of chemical incongruities
Possible warping of the material
during the cooling process
Varying metal grain structure
Possible reactions between the
surrounding atmosphere and the
metal
 Hot Forging

• Extrusion
• Hot stamping/forging
• Hot rolling
 Hot Stamping

Open Die Stamping

Closed Die Stamping

Cold Forming -
Cold forming is a process in the manufacture of industrial products. This
provides for tool life, high quality, lower per piece cost, service, accuracy and
prototype capabilities.

Advantages Disadvantages

Improved reproducibility The metal is less ductile

Increased dimensional control Residual stress may occur

Handles high stress and high die loads Heavier and more powerful equipment
is needed
Produces net shape or near-net shape
parts Stronger tooling is required
 Cold Forming
• Drawing (Sections, Wire, Tube)
• Heading
• Rolling
• Stamping/Pressing
• Deep Drawing
• Spinning
• Machining
 FABRICATION
• Brass can easily be joined to itself and all
other copper alloys, by soft soldering and
brazing.
• This makes the fabrication of intricate
brasswork much easier than with some other
metals and
• also contributes to cleaner lines due to the
omission of rivets, straps and brackets.
APPLICATIONS
 SECURITY HARDWARE AND
IRONMONGERY
• Brass offers freedom from corrosion,
• Fine tolerances in machining,
• Smooth operation of moving Parts
• And a general requirement for a long,
trouble free life without maintenance or
replacement.
 ORNAMENTAL DOOR FURNITURE

• Finger plates,
escutcheon plates, lever
handle and ball handle
door sets, are typical of
the many items which
can be manufactured in
architectural brass,
using a variety of
different processes.
 HANDRAILS AND BALUSTRADES

The ease with which brass

can be extruded to almost
any profile makes it the
ideal metal for handrails.

whereas intricate
balustrade designs can be
cast, formed or fabricated
using brazing and soft
soldering techniques.
 ELECTRICAL COMPONENTS
Brass is well suited to the
manufacture of the
numerous components in
plugs, switches and
industrial fuse gear, where
good electrical conductivity
is essential.

It can also be used

decoratively in the
manufacture of domestic
light switches, socket outlet
plates and light
fittings
DECORATIVE AND PROTECTIVE FINISHES

• Brass is one of the few

metals that can be
successfully polished to
either a high gloss or
mirror finish.
• any desired colour from
a gold-like
yellow, through dull
yellows and amber
browns, to chocolate
brown and black.
 PLUMBING

UNIONS T MEMBER
 FACADE TREATMENT

Aberdeen Square: Brass Building Medway Building at University of Kent

Architect: Alison Brooks
Parish Church in La vez
MAJOR PRODUCTS
 • Brass Door Hardware
Brass Door Knockers
Brass Door Knobs
Brass Door Hinges
Brass Door Pull

• Brass Fittings
Brass Rods
Brass Inserts
Brass Tubes
Brass Elbow

• Brass Builder Hardware

Brass Cabinet
Brass Spring
Brass Bolts
Brass Anchors
 • Brass Electrical Accessories
Brass Cable Glands
Brass Coils
Brass Wires
Brass Neutral Links

• Brass Crafts
Brass Ashtray
Brass Coaster
Brass Figures
Brass Key Chain

• Antiques & Nautical Instruments

Brass Artifacts
Brass Collectibles
Brass Telescope
Brass Trumpet
 BRASS PRODUCTS
- BRASS HINGES - BRASS TOWER BOLTS

- BRASS LATCHES - BRASS GLASS FITTINGS

- BRASS WINDOW FITTINGS - BRASS DOOR FITTINGS

 BRASS HINGES

BRASS BUTT HINGES : BRASS RAILWAY HINGES THICKNESS 5/32" (3.6 MM-
THICKNESS 1/16" (1.5 : THICKNESS 3/32" (2 4.6MM)
MM-2.7 MM MM-4.6MM

THICKNESS 1/8 " (2.7 Thickness (3mm-

MM-3.6) 5MM)
BRASS BOLTS
BRASS GLASS FITTINGS
 BRASS WINDOW FITTINGS
SIZE IN INCH 2”-8”
SIZE IN INCH
6”-9”

SIZE IN INCH 6.5”-8” SIZE IN INCH 6”

 BRASS DOOR FITTINGS
• Brass Aldrops
• Brass Door Stopper
• Brass Door Eye ROD DIMETER 1/2" (12 MM-25MM)
• Brass Door Chain

SIZE IN MM85-100

175 mm
OTHER BRASS FITTINGS
 BRASS LATCHES
SIZE IN INCH 6-12”

SIZE IN INCH 2-4”

SIZE IN INCH 2-4”

SIZE IN INCH 4-24”

 Duct Covers
• Contemporary

Classic
FORMS IN WHICH BRASS IS AVAILABLE

Foils Strips

Sheets Pipes

Bars Wires
COMPARATIVE ANALYSIS
 Brass Bronze COPPER STEEL

Composition: Brass is any alloy Brass is any alloy Copper is a base STEEL
of copper and of copper and metal is any alloy
zinc tin
Higher Melts at 950 high level of Steel structures
malleability centigrade. electrical and have more
than zinc or thermal fatigue life and
copper. conductivity strength.

Low melting Melts at 950 c 1083c 1050c

point (900 c)

Properties
corrosion Bronze resists corrosion resists corrosion
resistant. corrosion resistant.
a better
Good conductor conductor of Good conductor Conductor
heat and
electricity

Not as hard as Hard and brittle Copper is softer Hard and brittle
steel. and easier to
Color: Muted yellow, Reddish brown. reddish-orange greyish
somewhat
similar to gold,
but duller.

Rates 380-450/kg 400-450/kg 45-60/kg

 ADVANTAGES
• Superb colour and texture
• Will accept a mirror-like polish
• Will not corrode
• Can be manufactured as rod, profile, tube, plate, sheet, foil and wire
• Good strength and ductility
• Easily processed by casting, extruding, rolling, drawing and hot
stamping
• Excellent machining qualities
• No degradation in sunlight
• Will not soften in high temperatures (up to 200oC)
• Will not embrittle in sub-zero temperatures (down to -100 oC)
• Brass is cost-effective
• No plating or painting required
• Brass also has excellent thermal conductivity making it a first
choice for heat exchangers (radiators).
• Brasses have a range of attractive colours ranging from red to
yellow to gold to silver.
• Pathogens, which can be spread by touch, die in a few hours on
brass surfaces.
• It is a metal ideally suited to the production of almost every
item of architectural hardware
including mortice locks, lever handle and ball handle sets, finger
plates, escutcheon plates,
window furniture and many other products
• Brass is recyclable
– Without loss of properties
– The recycling infrastructure is already in place
 DISADVANTAGES
• Brass requires a good deal of maintenance since it is
prone to a blackish tarnish.

Disadvantages of Brass Doors

• These doors can be scratched or dented which gives
bad look.
• Brass doors are suitable for only interiors as they fade
away in harsh weather conditions.
• They require polishing to protect their surface.
• Color of brass doors fades with the passage of time.
• These doors have warm feeling in summer and cold in
winter when they are touched.
 BIBLIOGRAPHY
• http://www.google.co.in/url?sa=t&rct=j&q=product%20of%20brass%20ppt&sourc
e=web&
• http://www.starmfg.com
• http://www.copperinfo.co.uk/alloys/brass
• http://www.kme.com/en/arkita_brass_and_bronze_for_architecture
• http://www.venus-ind.com/
• http://dominobrass.com.au/
• Wikipedia

BOOKS
• Materials hand book
• Engineering materials
• W.c.mackay