Ministery of Higher Education

Sana’a Univeristy
Education College
M A Program
English Department

Michael West’s General List

Comparison
With Yemeni Crescent Book words

Prepared By: Supervised By:

Yasser Mohammed Al-Refaee Dr:Ismail M. Naji

1
Introduction

Although the language makes use of a large number of words, not all of these words
are equally useful. One measure of usefulness is word frequency, that is, how often
the word occurs in normal use of the language. From the point of view of frequency,
the word the is a very useful word in English. It occurs so frequently that about 7% of
the words on a page of written English and the same proportion of the words in a
conversation are repetitions of the word the. Look back over this paragraph and you
will find an occurrence of the in almost every line.

The good news for second language learners and second language teachers and
pcurriculum designers is that a small number of the words of English occur very
frequently and if a learner knows these words, that learner will know a very large
proportion of the running words in a written or spoken text. Most of these words are
content words and knowing enough of them allows a good degree of comprehension
of a text. Thus, words selection has to be taken into consideration when selecting a
textbook or designing a syllabus.

However, with a continuing emphasis on communication in language teaching there

is a tendency to give less attention to the selection and checking of language forms
in course design. Now that the benefits of form focused instruction are being
positively reassessed, we may see a change in attitude towards vocabulary lists and
frequency studies. The benefits of giving attention to principles of selection and
gradation in teaching however remain important no matter what approach to
teaching is being used. A goal of this review of the findings of research on vocabulary
size and frequency is to show that this information can result in considerable
benefits for both teachers and learners.

In an attempt to see the extent to which our English books known as crescent are in
line with what is called content specifications in terms of words selection and the
orientation of series itself ,the matching between its methodology and design.
Crescent series are claimed to be communicative in nature. The purpose of this
paper, thus, is to figure out the whether these books are following a synthetic or
analytic approach for selection and gradation of its content .Synthetic approach
means deciding and specifying what linguistic items to include .Analytic approach
does not present carefully selected samples of language in an attempt to build up a
gradual picture of the grammar of the language .Instead ,it identifies phrases which
have high utility and presents these as whole phrases .After counting and
comparing the words of all crescent book series and West's lists, we found that the
crescent books series are not synthetic nor analytic .the number of words covered in

2
crescent series books are approximately 49.91% which is neither below nor above
the norms of synthetic or analytic approaches.

What vocabulary does a language learner need?

Second language learners need first to concentrate on the high frequency words of
the language. Now ,we look at some useful vocabulary lists based on frequency and
review the research on the adequacy of the General Service List (West, 1953). Most
counts also consider range that is the occurrence of a word across several
subsections of a corpus (McIntosh, Halliday and Strevens, 1961).

The practice of counting words has a long history dating as far back as Hellenic times
(DeRocher, 1973). Several early word counts are mentioned in Fries and Traver
(1960). There are many lists of the most frequently occurring words in English among
which is The General Service List (West, 1953) The GSL contains 2000 headwords and
was developed in the 1940s. The frequency figures for most items are based on a
5,000,000 word written corpus. Percentage figures are given for different meanings
and parts of speech of the headword. In spite of its age, some errors, and its solely
written base, it still remains the best of the available lists because of its information
about the frequency of meanings, and West's careful application of criteria other
than frequency and range.
The classic list of high frequency words is Michael West's General Service List (1953).
The 2000 word GSL is of practical use to teachers and curriculum planners as it
contains words within the word family each with its own frequency. For example,
excited, excites, exciting and excitement come under the headword excite. The GSL
was written so that it could be used as a resource for compiling simplified reading
texts into stages or steps. West and his colleagues produced vast numbers of
simplified readers using this vocabulary. This is actually a very old list being based on
frequency studies done in the early decades of this century. Doubts have been cast
on its adequacy because of its age (Richards, 1974) and the relatively poor coverage
provided by the words not in the first 1000 words of the list (Engels, 1968).

Engels makes two major points. Even if a limited vocabulary covers 95% of a text, a
much larger vocabulary is still needed to cover the remaining 5% (p. 215). However
Engels overestimates the size of this vocabulary. He suggests 497,000 words. His
second point is that the limited vocabulary chosen by West (1953) is not the best
selection. Engels examined 10 texts of 1000 words each. He found that West's GSL
plus numbers covered 81.8% of the running words (This did not include proper
nouns which covered 4.13%). Engels' definition of what should be included in a word
family did not agree with West's and so Engels considered that West's GSL contained
3,372 words. This is because Engels considered flat and flatten, and police and

3
policeman to be different word families. West gives separate figures for such items
but indicates through the format of the GSL that they are in the same family. This
difference however does not influence results. Engels considered the first 1000 of
the GSL to be a good choice because the words were of high frequency and wide
range (p. 221).

Engels correctly points out that the GSL does not provide 95% coverage of texts. He
also says that the words outside the first 1000 of the GSL are "fallacious ... [because]
they cannot be called general service words". Engels considers that the range and
frequency of these words are too low to be included in the list. He suggests that for
the lower frequency words in the GSL "the work should be done all over again" (p.
226), giving more attention to topic and genre divisions. Hwang and Nation (1995)
report on such a study. The results only partly support Engels' ideas. It is possible to
replace 452 of the words in the GSL with 250 words of higher frequency across a
range of genres, but the change in total text coverage is small - from 82.3% to 83.4%.
Even adjusting for the difference in size of the GSL, 2,147 words, and the new list,
1,945 words, still leaves the percentage difference in coverage at 1.68%. Thus
although the GSL is in need of replacement because of its age, errors it contains, and
its written focus, it is still the best available list, given the range of information it
contains about the relative frequency of the meanings of the words. In a variety of
studies (Hwang, 1989; Hirsh and Nation, 1992; Sutarsyah, Nation and Kennedy,
1994) the GSL has provided coverage of 78% to 92% of various kinds of written text,
averaging around 82% coverage.
Word frequency lists
Frequency information provides a rational basis for making sure that learners get
the best return for their vocabulary learning effort. Vocabulary frequency lists which
take account of range have an important role to play in curriculum design and in
setting learning goals.
This does not necessarily mean that learners must be provided with large vocabulary
lists as the major source of their vocabulary learning. It does mean however that
course designers should have lists to refer to when they consider the vocabulary
component of a language course, and teachers need to have reference lists to judge
whether a particular word deserves attention or not, and whether a text is suitable
for a class.

The availability of powerful computers and very large corpora now make the
development of such lists a much easier job than it was when Thorndike and Lorge
(1944) and their colleagues manually counted 18,000,000 running words. The
making of a frequency list however is not simply a mechanical task, and judgments
based on well established criteria need to be made. The following list suggests
several of the factors that would need to be considered in the development of a

4
resource list of high frequency words.

1Representativeness The corpora that the list is based on should adequately

represent the wide range of uses of language. In the past, most word lists have been
based on written corpora. There needs to be a substantial spoken corpus involved in
the development of a general service list. The spoken and written corpora used
should also cover a range of representative text types. Biber's (1990) corpus studies
have shown how particular language features cluster in particular text types. The
corpora used should contain a wide range of useful types so that the biases of a
particular text type do not unduly influence the resulting list.
2Frequency and range Most frequency studies have given recognition to the
importance of range of occurrence. A word should not become part of a general
service list because it occurs frequently. It should occur frequently across a wide
range of texts. This does not mean that its frequency has to be roughly the same
across the different texts, but means that it should occur in some form or other in
most of the different texts or groupings of texts.
3Word families The development of a general service list needs to make use of a
sensible set of criteria regarding what forms and uses are counted as being members
of the same family. Should governor be counted as part of the word family
represented by govern? When making this decision, the purposes of the list and the
learners for which it is intended need to be considered. As well as basing the
decision on features such as regularity, productivity, and frequency (Bauer and
Nation, 1993), the likelihood of learners seeing these relationships needs to be
considered (Nagy and Anderson, 1984).

4Idioms and set expressions some items larger than a word behave like high
frequency words. That is, they occur frequently as a unit (Good morning, Never
mind), and their meaning is not clear from the meaning of the parts (at once, set
out). If the frequency of such items is high enough to get them into a general service
list in direct competition with single words, then perhaps they should be there.
Certainly the arguments for idioms are strong, whereas set expressions could be
included under one of their constituent words (but see Nagy, this volume).
5Range of information To be of full use in course design, a list of high frequency
words would need to include the following information for each word - the forms
and parts of speech included in a word family, frequency, the underlying meaning of
the word, variations of meaning and collocations and the relative frequency of these
meanings and uses, and restrictions on the use of the word with regard to
politeness, geographical distribution etc. Some dictionaries, notably the revised
edition of the COBUILD dictionary, include much of this information, but still do not
go far enough. This variety of information needs to be set out in a way that is readily
accessible to teachers and learners.

5
6Other criteria West (1953: ix) found that frequency and range alone were not
sufficient criteria for deciding what goes into a word list designed for teaching
purposes. West made use of ease or difficulty of learning (it is easier to learn another
related meaning for a known word than to learn another word), necessity (words
that express ideas that cannot be expressed through other words), cover (it is not
efficient to be able to express the same idea in different ways. It is more efficient to
learn a word that covers a quite different idea), stylistic level and emotional words
(West saw second language learners as initially needing neutral vocabulary). One of
the many interesting findings of the COBUILD project was that different forms of a
word often behave in different ways, taking their own set of collocates and
expressing different shades of meaning (Sinclair, 1991). Careful consideration would
need to be given to these and other criteria in the final stages of making a general
service list.
With a continuing emphasis on communication in language teaching there is a
tendency to give less attention to the selection and checking of language forms in
course design. Now that the benefits of form focused instruction are being positively
reassessed, we may see a change in attitude towards vocabulary lists and frequency
studies. The benefits of giving attention to principles of selection and gradation in
teaching however remain important no matter what approach to teaching is being
used. A goal of this review of the findings of research on vocabulary size and
frequency is to show that this information can result in considerable benefits for
both teachers and learners.

6
Michael West’s General List
A list of (2282)

Ability Afternoon Another Asl Basic

Able Again Answer Asleep Basin

About Against Anxiety Association Basis

Above Age Anxious Astonish Bath

Abroad Agency Any At Bathe
Absence Agent Anybody Attentive Battle
Absent Agriculture Anyhow Attack Bay
Absolute Ago Anyone Attempt Because
Accept Agree Anything Attend Bcket
Accident Ahead Anyway Attention Be

Accord Aim Anywhere Attract Beak

Account Air Apart Attractive Beam

Accuse Airplane Apology Audience Bean

Accustom Alike Appear Aunt Bear
Ache Alive Appearance Autumn Beard
Across All Applaud Avenue Beast

Act Allow Applause Average Beat

Action Allowance apple Avoid Beauty

Active Almost Application Avoidance Become

Actor Alone Apply Awake Bed

Actress Along Appoint Away Bedroom
Actual Aloud Approve Awkward Before
Add Already Arch Axe Beg
Address Also Argue Baby Begin

Admire Although Arise Back Behave

7
 Admission Altogether Arm Backward Behaviour

Admit Always Army Bad Behind

Adopt Ambition Around Bag Being

Adoption Ambitious Arrange Baggage Belief
Advance Among Arrest Bake Belive
Advantage Amongst Arrive Balance Bell
Adventure Amount Arrow Ball Belong
Advertise Amuse Art Band Below
Advice Ancient Article Bank Belt
Advise And Artificial Bar Bend

Affair Anger Attraction Barber Berry

Afford Angle As Bare Beside
Afraid Angry Ashamed Bargain Besides

After Animal Ashamed Barrel Best

Better Boy Chain Cloth Compose

Between Brain Chair Clothe Composition

Beyond Branch Chairman Cloud Condition
Bicycle Brass Chalk Club Confess
Big By Chance Coal Confession
Bill Cage Change Coarse Court
Bind Cake Character Coast Cover
Bird Calculate Charge Coat Cow
Birth Calculation Charm Coffee Coward

Business Calculator Cheap Coin Cowardice

Bit Call Cheat Cold Crack

Bite Calm Check Collar Crash

Bitter Camera Chesses Collect Cream

Black Camp Chest Collection Creature

8
 Blade Can Chicken Collector Crime

Blame Canal Chief College Criminal

Bleed Cap Child Colony Critic

Bless Cape Childhood Color Crop
Blind Capital Chimney Comb Cross
Block Captain Choice Combine Crowd
Blood Car Choose Come Crown
Blow Card Christmas Comfort Cruel

Blue Care Church Command Crush

Board Carriage Chwwe Commerce Cry

Boast Carry Circle Commercial Cultivate
Boat Cart Circular Committee Cultivation

Body Case Citizen Common Cultivator

Boil Castle City Companion Cup

Bold Cat Civilize Companionship Cupboard

Bone Catch Claim Company Cure

Book Cattle Class Compare Curious

Border Cause Classification Comparison Curl

Borrow Caution Classify Compete Current
Both Cautious Clay Competition Curse
Bottle Cave Clean Competitor Curtain
Bottom Cent Clear Complain Curve
Boundary Center Clerk Complaint Cushion
Boundary Century Clever Complete Custom
Bow Ceremony Climb Completion Customary

Bowl Certain Clock Complicate Customer

Box Certainty Close Complication Cut

9
Employ Drow Descend Department Daily
Employee Drum Descendant Depend Damage
Empty Dry Descent Dependence Damp
Enclose Duck Describe Dependent Dance
Enclosure Due Discussion Depth Danger
Encourage Dull Discussion Desert Dare

End During Disease Deserve Dark

Enemy Dust Disgust Desire Darken
Engine Duty Dish Desk Date
Engineer Each Dismiss Despair Daughter
English Eager Disregard Destroy Day

Enjoy Ear Disrespect Destruction Daylight

Enough Early Dissatisfaction Destructive Dead

Enter Earn Dissatisfy Detail Deaf
Entertain Earnest Distance Determine Deafen
Entire Earth Distant Develop Deal
Entrance Ease Distinguish Devil Dear
Envelope East District diamond Death
Envy Eastern Disturb Dictionary Debt

Equal Easy Ditch Die Decay

Escape Eat Dive Difference Deceit
Especially Edge Divide Difficult Deceive
Essence Educate Division Difficulty Decide
Essential Education Do Dig Decision
Even Educator Doctor Dine Decisive
Evening Effect Dog Dinner Declare
Event Effective Dollar Dip Decrease

Everlasting Efficiency Donkey Direct Deed

10
Every Efficient Door Direction Deep
Every Effort Dot Director Deepen
Everybody Egg Double Dirt Deer

Everyday Either Doubt Disagree Defeat

Everyone Elastic Down Disappear Defend

Everything Elder Dozen Disappearance Defendant
Everywhere Elect Drag Disappoint Defense
Evil Election Draw Disapprove Degree
Exact Electric Drawer Discipline Delay
Examine Electrician Dream Discomfort Delicate

Example Elephant Dress Discontent Delight

Excellence Else Drink Discover Deliver
Excellent Elsewhere Drive Discovery Delivery
Except Empire Drop Description Demand
Girl Freeze Fit Family Exception
Give Frequency Fix Fan Excess

Glad Frequent Flag Fancy Excessive

Glass Fresh Flame Far Exchange

Glory Friend Flash Farm Excite

Go Friendly Flat Farm Excuse

Goat Fright Flatten Fashion Exercise

God Friendship Flavor Fashioned Exist

Gold From Flesh Fast Existence

Golden From Float Fasten Expect

Good Front Flood Fat Expense

Govern Fruit Floor Fate Expensive

Governor Fry Flour Father Experience

Grace Full Flow Fatten Experiment

11
Gradual Fun Flower Fault Explain
Grain Funeral Fly Favor Explode

Grammar Funny follow Favorite Explore

Grammatical Fur Figure Fear Explosion

Grand Furnish Fold Feast Explosive

Grass Furniture Fond Feather Express

Grateful Further Food Feed Expression

Grave Future Fool Feel Extend

Gray Gaiety Foot Fellow Extension
Grease Gain For Fellowship Extensive
Great Gallon Forbid Female Extent
Great Game Force Fence Extra
Greed Gap Foreign Fever Extraordinary
Green Garage Forest Few Extreme
Grind Garden Forget Field Eye
Ground Gas Forgive Fierce Face

Group Gate Fork Fight Fact

Grow Gather Formal Frighten Factory
Growth Gay Former Fill Fade
Guard General Forth Film Fail
Guess Generous Fortunate Find Failure
Guest Gentle Fortune Fine Faint
Guide Gentleman Forward Finger Fair
Guilit Get Frame Finish Faith

Gun Gift Framework Fire Fall

Habit Gighway Free First Fame

Hair Half Freedom Fish Familiar

Kitchen Insurance Husband Hesitation Hall

12
Knee Insure Hut Hide Hand
Kneel Intend I High Handkerchief
Knife Intention Ice Hill Handle
Knock Interfere Idea Hinder Handshake
Knot Interference Ideal Hindrance Handwriting
Know International Idle Hire Hang

Knowledge Interrupt If History Happen

Lack Interruption Ill Hit Happy

Ladder Into Imaginary Hold Harbor
Lady Introduce Imaginative Hole Hard
Lake Introduction Imagine Holiday Harden
Lamp Invention Imitate Hollow Hardly
Land Invention Imitation Holy Harm
Landlord Inventor Immediate Home Hammer
Language Invite Immense Homecoming Haste
Large Inward Importance Homemade Hasten
Last Iron Important Homework Hate
Lately Island Impossible Honest Hate

Later It Improve Honesty Hatred

Latter Jaw In Honor Have

Laugh Jealous Inch Hook Harvest

Laugher Jealousy Include Hope Hay
Law Jewel Inclusive Horizon He
Lawyer Join Increase Horizontal Head
Lay Joint Indeed Horse Headache
Lazy Joke Indoor Hospital Headdress
Lead Journey Industry Host Heal

Leadership Joy Influence Hot Health

13
Leaf Judge Influential Hotel Heap
Lean Juice Inform Hour Hear
Learn Jump Ink House Heart

Least Just Inn How Heat

Leather Justice Inquire However Heaven

Leave Keep Inquiry Human Heavenly

Left Key Insect Humble Heavy

Leg Kick Inside Hunger Height

Lend Kill Instant Hunt Heighten
Length Kind Instead Hurrah Hello

Lengthen King Interest Hurry Help

Less Kingdom Instrument Hurt Here
Lose Kiss Insult Hesitate
Neat Modern Meantime Lessen Lessen
Necessity Modest Meanwhile Lot Lesson
Neck Modesty Measure Loud Let

Need Moment Meat Love Letter

Needle Momentary Mechanic Lovely Level

Neglect Money Mechanism Low Liar

Neighbor Monkey Medical Loyalty Liberty
Neighborhood Month Medicine Loyalty Librarian

Neither Moon Meet Luck Library

Nephew Moonlight Melt Lump Lie

Nest Moral Member Lunch Life
Net More Membership Lung Lift
Network Moreover Memory Machine Light

Never Morning Mend Machinery Lighten

New Most Mention Mad Like

14
News Mother Merchant Madden Likely
Newspaper Motherhood Mercy Mail Limb
Next Motherly Mere Main Limit
Nice Motion Merry Make Line
Niece Motor Message Male Lip
Night Mountain Messenger Man Lipstick

No Mouse Metal Mange Liquid

Noble Mouth Middle Mankind Lis
Nobody Move Might Manner List
Noise Much Mild Manufacture Listen
None Mud Mile Many Literary
Noon Multiplication Milk Map Literature
North Multiply Mill March Little
North Murder Mind Mark Live

Northern Music Mine Market Load

Nose Musician Mineral Marriage Loaf
Not Must Minister Marry Loan
Note Mystery Minute Mass Local

Notebook Nail Miserable Master Lock

Nothing Name Misery Mat Lodge
Notice Narrow Miss Match Log
Now Nation Mistake Mater Lonely
Nowadays Native Mix Material Long

Nowhere Nature Mixture May Look

Nuisance Nbasket Model Maybe Loose

Number Ncessary Moderate Meal Lord

Numerous Near Moderation Mean Loss

Pot Pigeon Passage Orange Nurse

15
Pound Pile Passenger Order Nursery

Pour Pin Past Ordinary Nut

Poverty pinch Paste Organ Oar

Powder Pink Pastry Organize Obedience

Power Pint Path Origin Obedient

Practical Pipe Particle Ornament Obey

Practice Pity Patience Other Object

Praise Plain Patient Otherwise Objection

Pray Plan Patriotic Ought Observe

Preach Plant Pattern Ounce Occasion

Precious Plaster Pause Out Ocean
Prefer Plate Paw Outline Of
Preference Play Pay Outside Off
Prepare Pleasant Peace Outward Offend

Presence Please Pearl Over offense

Present Pleasure Peculiar Overcome Offer

Preserve Plenty Prejudice Overflow Office

President Plow Pen Owe Officer

Press Plural Pencil Own Official
Pressure Pocket Penny Ownership Often
Pretend Poem People Pack Oil
Pretense Poet Perfect Package Old
Pretty Point Perfection Pad Old

Prevent Poison Performance Page Omission

Prevention Police Performance Paint Omit

Price Polish Perhaps Paint On

Pride Polite Permanent Pair Once

16
Priest Political Permission Palce One
Print Politician Permit Pale Only
Prison Politics Person Pan Onto
Private Pool Person Paper Open

Prize Poor Persuade Parcel Operate

Probable Popular Persuasion Pardon Operation

Problem Population Pet Parent Operator
Procession Possess Photograph Park Opinion
Product Possession Photography Part Opportunity
Production Possessor Pick Particular Oppose
Producw Possible Picture Partner Opposite
Profession Post Piece Party Opposition
Profit Postpone Pig Pass Or
Satisfactory Road Rellege Rabbit Program

Satisfy Roar Remain Race Program

Sauce Roast Remark Radio Progress
Saucer Rob Remedy Rail Promise
Scent Robbery Remember Railroad Prompt

School Rock Remind Rain Pronounce

Science Rod Rent Raise Pronunciation
Scientific Roll Repair Rake Proof
Scientist Roof Repeat Rank Property
Scissors Room Repetition Rapid Proposal

Scold Root Replace Rare Propose

Scorn Rope Replay Rate Propwe

Scrape Rubber Responsible Rather Protect
Scratch Rubbish Report Raw Protection

Screen Rubbish Represent Ray Proud

17
Screw Rude Representative Razor Prove

Search Rug Reproduce Reach Provide

Season Ruin Reproduction Read Public

Season Rule Republic Ready Pull

Seat Run Reputation Real Pump
Second Rush Rest Realize Punctual
Second Rust Restaurant Reason Punish
Secrecy Sort Result Reasonable Pupil
Secret Sacred Retire Receipt Pure
Secretary Sacrifice Revenge Receive Purple

See Sad Review Recent Purpose

Seed Sadden Reward Recognition Push
Seem Saddle Ribbon Recognize Put
Seize Safe Rice Reflection Puzzle

Seldom Safety Rich Refresh Qualification

Self Sail Rid Refuse Qualify

Selfish Sailor Ride Regard Quality

Sell Sake Right Regret Quantity
Send Salary Ring Regular Quarrel
Sense Sale ripe Rejoice Quart
Sensitive Salesman Ripen Relate Quarter

Sentence Salt Rise Relation Queen

Recommend Same Risk Relative Question

Record Sample Rival Relief Quick
Red Sand Rivalry Relieve Quiet
Redden Satisfaction River Religion Quite
Sting Speech Royalty Resistance Reduce

Stir Speed Rub Respect Reduction

18
Stock Spell Soap Signal Refer

Stocking Spend Social Signature Reference

Stomach Spill Society Silence Reflect

Sign Service Scale Rotten Request

Suger Set Scarce Rough Rescue

Suggest Settle Scatter Round Reserve

Suggestion Several Scence Row Resign

Suit Still Scenery Royal Resist

Stone Spin Sock Silent Shaalow

Stop Spit Soft Silk Shade

Store Spite Soften Silver Shadow

Storm Splendid Soil Simple Shake

Story Split Soldier Simplicity Shall
Stove Spoil Solemn Since Shame
Straight Sport Solid Sincere Shape

Straighten Spot Solution Sing Share

Strange Spread Solve Single Sharp

Strap Spring Some Sink Sharpen

Straw Spirit Somebody Sir Shave

Stream Square Somehow Sister She

Street Sreep Someone Sit Sheep

Strengthen Staff Sometime Situation Sheet
Stretch Stage Sometimes Size Shelf
Strict Stain Somewhere Skill Shell

String Stair Something Skin Shelter

Strip Stamp Soncern Skirt Shield

Stripe Stand Soncern Sky Shiling

19
Stroke Standard Song Slave Shine
Strokw Star Soon Slavery Ship
Strong Start sore Sleep Shirt
Struggle State Sorrow Slide Shock
Student Station Sorry Sliff Shoe

Shout Stay Sort Slight Shoot

Show Steady Soul Slip Shop

Shower Separate Sound Slippery Shore
Shut Separation Soup Slope Short

Sick Serious Save Slow Shorten

Side Servant Saw Small Should

Sight Serve Say Rot Shoulder
View Twist Too Sousin Smeel
Village Type Tool South Smile

Violence Ubstance Steam Sow Smokw

Violent Ugly Steel Space Smoth

Virtue Umbrella Steep Spade Snake

Visit Study Steer Spare Snow

Table Stick Stem Speak

Suck Town Threaten Telephone Summer

Sudden Toy Throat Tell Sun

Unless Track Throw temper Sune

Unlite Trade Thumb Temperature Supper

Until Train Thunder Temple Supplay

Up Translate Thus Tempt Support

Upon Translation Ticket Tend Suppose

Upper Translator Tidw Tender Sure

20
Uppermost Trap Tidy Tent Surface

Upright Travel Tie Term Surround

Upset Tray Tight Terrible Surprise

Urge Treasure Tighten Test Suspect

Urgent Treasury Till Teste Suspicion

Use Treat Timw Than Suspicious

Usual Tree Tin Thank Swallow
Vain Tremble Tip That Swear
Valley Trial Tire The Sweat
Valublw Tribe Title Theater Sweep
Value Trick To Theatrical Sweet

Various Trip Tobacco Then Sweeten

Varriety Trouble Today There Swell

Veil Trunk Toe Therefore Swim

Verb Trust Together These Swing

Verse Truth Tomorrow They Sword

Very Try Ton Thick Sympathetic

Vessel Tube Tongue Thicken Sympathy

Victory Turn Tonight Sour System

West Tame Touch Think Take

Wire Tap Tough Thirst Take

Tax Tour This Tall

Tail Stiff Those Taxi

Tailor Tower Though Tea

Western Under Though Teach

Wet Underneath Thread Tear

What Understand Threaten Telegraph

21
 Wisdom Union Tooth Thief
Wise Unit Top Thin
Wish Unity Total Thing
Visitor Strength Toward Thom
Voice Step Uncle Thorough
Success Universal Whichever Wall

Such Universe While Wander

Succeed Vote Whip Want

Vowel Whisper War

Voyage Whistle Warm
Wage White Warmth
Waist Whiten Warn
Wait Who Wash

Waiter Whoever Waste

Wake Whole Watch
Walk Whom Water
Whatever Whose Wave
Wheat Why Wax

Wheel Why Way

When Wicked We
Whenever Wide Wealth(Bauer and Nation, 1993

Where Widen Weak

Wherever Widow Weaken
Whether Widower Weapon
Which Width Wear

With Wife Weather

Within Wild Weave

Without Will Weed

22
 Witness Win Week
Women Wind Weekday
Whichever Window Weekend
While Wine Weigh
Stuff Wing Weight
Stupid Winter Welcome

Subject Wipe Well

23
Yemeni books list (2081):

bite base ( n) arrange Almost abbreviation

Blanket beak Art gallery aloud able
Blaze beans artifact also about
Bleeding bear artificial Although above
Blind Beard artist always abroad
blind(n) beat ask am accident
Block beautiful asleep amal accept
blood beauty asma Ambition ache
Blouse because aspirin ambulance across
blue Become at amen activity
board bed ate an actually
boat bedding Atlantic anchor add
boil Bedroom atmosphere and addicted
bone bee attack anger Address
book beehive attend angry adjective
Bookshop beekeeper attraction animal adult
border been August annual advanced
borrow before aunt another adverb
both beg awake Answer advertise
bottle begin away ant advertisement
Bought beginning awful Antonym advice
Bounce Behind Axe any Aerial
bowl believe back anywhere afraid
box Belong to bad appear After
boxer below badly-built appearance Afternoon
boxer Belt bag appear again
boy Bend(v) bake apple against
bracelet benefit baker applicant age

24
 bracelet berry Bakery apricot ago
Braille best balance April agree
Brave better balcony Arabic agriculture
bread between Bald arch air
break bicycle ball archaeological air-hostess
breakfast big balloon architect airline
breath bike banana architecture Air-wing
bridge Biology Bandage are Albarid
Brightly bird Bank area algebra
bit bank manager Armchair All right
Bars(of a gate) army allow
along abit black Basketball arrival
conversation coffee cheetah candle brilliant
cook coin chef Capital city bring
cool cold Chemicals captain birthday
copper cold chemistry car broken
copy Collapse chest carbohydrates brother
coriander Collect chicken care brown
corner collection children careful brush
cornflakes college chocolate Carefully build
Coronation Color choice Caretaker Built
correct column cholera carpenter bumpy
cost(v) combine choose Carpet Burger
cotton come chop(v) Carrier burn
cough comedy chopped carry burn
Could comfortable chopsticks carry, carried burning
countable comic chose carton bury
country Coming circle cartoon bus
course comma Citizen cassette Bush
court(n) commit city castle business

25
 courtyard Commonwealth Civil war cat businessman
cousin Company class catch but
Cover comparative classroom cause Butcher
coverings compare claw CD butter
Crash comparison clean censer by
Cream comparison Clear centimeter Bye
Create Compete Clear centre cabin
creek complete clerk Century café
crew Computer Clever ceremony cage
Crime conclusion climate Certain cake
crockery confidence climb chair calendar
crossroads Confident clinic chalk call
crosss confirm Close champion Called
crowd Congratulations closedown chance calm down
Crown connect Cloth change Came
crush conscientious Clothes channel camel
cry consonant cloud character camera
cucmber Contain club chat camp
cultural continue Coal-mining cheap can
culture Continue coast check can (n)
cumin contrast coastguard Cheer Cancel
Disobey cup control coastline cheese
cure cupboard Convention coat
Equivalent Eastern distance Deliver Curly
erosion eat district dentist currency
escape eaten divided depart curry
essential Education Do departure Curtain
even (when ) Educational doctor describe curved
Evening efficient Document description Cushion
event egg doll desert customer

26
 Eventually eight domestic desertification customs officer
ever eighteen done desk cut
Everest eighth door destination cut up
everyday eighty Dot Destroy cutlery
everyone either Down Details cycle
everywhere electric Downhill develop cylindrical
exactly electrical dozens development cyclist
exam Electrical fault draft Diamond Dad
examine electricity drag diary dam
example Electronics drama Did damage (v)
excellent elephant draw die dancer
except eleven dream different dangerous
Exchange Emergency Dress Difficult dark
exercise Emigration dressmaker dig data
exhibition emphasize dried dinner daughter
expect Empire drilling Directions Dave
experience employer drink dirt dawn
experiment end Drive Dirty day
explain endless driven Disabled daytime
Explanation energy driver disagree dead
export engineer drop Disappear deal with
extract Engineering drought disaster dear
extremely Enjoy drown disaster Death
Eye enough dry Discipline decide
eye-witness Enter During Discover deck
eye-witness Entrance dust Discovery Decorated
fabric Entry dustbin Discuss defend
face Envelope Dusty Discussion Define
facilities epidemic duties disease Definitely
facilities epidemic each Disembarkation definition

27
 Factory episode early dishes degree
Facts equal Earn disinfect degrees Celsius

fair Equipment earrings disinfectant delay

falcon Easier, easiest Disneyland delicious
alone ability Invention immediately fallen
grazing garlic for fill in famine
great gas Forename fill in famous
green gazelle Forest Film fan
grief gear forestation film director fantastic
grill generally forget final far
grind generation fork finaly Farm
groan Gentle form find farmer
ground gentlemen form fine farmhouse
grow Geography forming finely farmland
guess germ fortunately Finger Farther
guide get forty finish fascinated
gun gift forwards fire fascinating
habits Giggle found fireman Fashion(n)
hair ginger four Fireproof fast
half giraffe fourteen First Fat
Hall girl fox fish fat
hammer Give France fish father
hand give birth free fishermen Favorites
hand glad Free Fit Fax
handbag glass frequently fit Feather
handicrafts glass fresh five February
handkerchief glasses Friday Flag fed
handle glue fridge flame feed
handlebars Go friend flat feel
happen goat friendliness Flat feelings

28
 happy gone friendly flight feet
hard Good frighten flippers felt
harvest good at from Floor female
Hassan Goodbye frozen flour fertile
Have goods(pl n) Fruit flu fertilizer
He/he Govern Fuad fly/flies festival
HE Excellency government fun flyflew fewer
head grab/grabbed fur foal fewer
Head of state grandson Furniture focus Field
Head( chief) grape further fog fifteen
headache grapefruit furthermore fog Fifth
headline grass future follow fifty
Headquarters grate Game food fig
headword grateful garden foot/feet Figure
health graze gardening football fill
label invest immunize horrific Hear
ladder invitation Impolite horse heavy
lady invite important hose height
lake Iraq impossible Hospital held
lamb iron Impossible hot Helicopter
Lamp Is/is Improve hotel Hellow
lampshade Islam/Islamic in hour help
land island incense house Help
landslide It/it Including household helpful
language itself Income housewife her
large Jacket increase Housework her
last jar Independent however Here
late jet (of water) Independently huge hers
later job India humid herself
laugh journalism industrial humidity Hi

29
 lay journalist industry hump hidden
lazy journey infect hundred hide
leaf judo infection hundreds high
leaf \ leaves juice infinitive hunger High jump
Learner jump infinitive hunting highlands
leather jungle Influence hurricane Hill
leave Just information hurt Hilly
leave kaftan infrequently husband him
left keep ingredient hygiene himself
leg keeper inhabitant hypothesis hire
Legal kettle inject I/I'm his
legend Key injection ice-cream historical
lemon kg( kilogram) Injured icy history
length kick injury/ies idea hit
leopard kill inside idea hobby
less kilo Instruction ideal hold
lesson kilometer intense idex hole
let kind interested in idiomatic holy
letter King interesting ill home
lettuce Kitchen international illness/es homeless
level Knee interview imagine homework
Library kneel into imagine hope
life knew introduce Imitate hopeless
lift knife Invent immediate horizon
immunization horrible
lighting(n) knowledge light immigrant know
newsflash mountain middle male like
Next Mountainous midnight man Likely
nice mouse Might management line
Night moustache mile mane link

30
 nightfall Mouth milk mango lion
nine move Million man-made liquid
ninety Mr. minaret map list
nitrogen Mrs. mind Marathon listen
No mud mine marble literature
Nobody Mum minister mare litre
noise museum minor marvelous Live
noisily music minute mark local
nomad musician miracle mast lone
noon must mirror mat long
no-one my Miss match long-eared
normally myself missing material look
normally mysterious mistake mathematician lorry
northern mystery misty Mathematics lose
not nadia mix mattress Loss
notes Nail mixture may lost
nothing name mixture maybe Loud
nothing narrow nineteen me lounge
notice national mobile mean love
noun National moderate meaning Lovely
Now nationality Modern measure low
Nowadays native moment meat Luckily
nowhere natural Monarch Medal luggage
number near Money medicine luky
nurse nearby monkey meet lunch
nut nearly monster meeting lying
Obey necessary month memory Machine
object(n) neck moon men mad
Occasion necklace more mend magazine
Occupation need morning menswear magnificent

31
 Ocean neighbour Moslem menu magnificent
o'clock neither Mosque message Main
of net Most Messenger mainly
of course Never mostly met Majlis
off new mother metal major
President newly motor metre make
Press news Motorist microscope malaria
pressure play peak page office
prevent please pear pain officer
Previous plough peas painful Official
Prince plug Pedestrian paint Often
Principality plump peel paintbrush Oh
print plus peeled painter oil
priority poet pen painting(n) Ok
Prison point pencil paints olive
Prisoner poison Penicillin Pakistan on
probably Police penny palace one
Problem policeman people Palace onion
procedure polite Pepper pan only
process ( n ) polite(ly) Perfect panic open
producer politeness preference papaya opinion
product pool perhaps paper opportunity
profit Popular Period paramedic opposite
programme Population Permanente parents or
promote port person paresly oral
pronunciation positive personal park orange
protect possibility peter park( a car) order
protection Possible petrol Parliament Ordinary
protein post Phone Parliamentary organizer
prove Postbox photography part originally

32
 province postcard phrase partner others
public poster Physical party otter
pull Postman physics pass ours
pullover pot pice of passage ourselves
pulse potato pick passenger out
pupil potter picnic passive outboard
purpose pottery Picture passport Outer
Purpose pour Pigeon Past outside
push powerful pillow past outwards
Put Practice(n) pills paste (n) over
puzzle Pray pilot pat Over there
qualifications Prefix Pin path owl
qualified Preparation pineapple patience Owner
qualify prepare place patient oxygen
quantity preposition plan Pattern Pacific
quarter prescribe plant pavement packed lunch
Queen prescription plastic Pay packet
Sewer present Plate peacefully question
Sex save Room peaches questionnaire
sexless Saw root Reign(n,v) quickly
shake say rope relations quiet
shaking scald rough Relationship quietly
shall scales round relative Quiz
shape Scarf roundabout Relax race
shark scary Route remember radio
She/she Scene row remind radiographer
sheep scenery Royal remove rain
sheet school rubber re-order rainfall
sheikh Science rude re-pack rainy
Shelf scientific rug repair( v) raise

33
 shine scientist Rugby repeat Ran
Shirt scissors ruins Replace ranch
Shock score rule reply rattlesnake
Shoe scratch ruler report Raven
shop Scream rumor Republic raw
shopkeeper scruffy run rescue reach
shore Sea Rush(v) reservation read
short Search(n,v) rut Respect ready
shortage seat Sack Responsibility real
shortened Second sad rest really
shorts secondary sadly Restaurant reason
shout secretary safe restore Reasonable
show Security safety result Receive
shower See said return recently
showercurtaian seed Sail(n) rev/revved reception
sick seedless Sailing rice receptionist
side seem sailor rich recklessly
sight seen salad ridden recognize
sign selfish salary ride recommend
Signature sell Salmon right Recorder
silently Sense Salt Ring recover
silk Separate sam Rise(v) red
Silly serial same river reduce
similar series sand road refrigerated
simmer Serious sandals Robot register
Simon seriously sandy rock regularly
Simple Serve Satellite rocky Regulation
T.V Set Saturday Roll(v) simplified
table settler sauce roof since
table subtropical stand soil sing

34
 tags succeed star Sold sink
tail Success starve solve sister
Take successful Station some Sit
Take(time) suddenly stationary somebody sitdown
Talk sue Statue someone site
tall sugar stay something Situation
tallest Suggest steal sometimes Six
tanker Suitcase Steam Somewhere Size
tap summary steam son skill
tarmac Summer steep song skin
taste sun step soon Skirt
taxi/taxied Sunday Stereo sore sky
taxi-driver sunny Stick sorghum skyscraper
tea sunrise Still Sorry sleep
Teach sunset stitch Sort slight
teacher super Stole sound(n) slim
team superb stone spaceship sling
Tease superlative Stood spade slip (t)
teenager Supermarket stop spare slow
Teeth Superstition store Speak small
Telephone supply stork spear smallest
telescope support Storm Special smallpox
temperature suppose story Spectator smile
temple sure straight on speed Smoke
Ten surface (n,v) Straight(hair) spelling smoking
tense surgery Stream spend smooth
tent Surprised Street spice snake
Terrible survivor stress spike sneeze
terrified Swallow Stretcher Spoke snow
Terrified swam Strict spokesman so

35
 text Sweater string spoonful soak
Textbook swim stripe sport Soap
than Swimmer Strong sports teacher society
thanks Switch structure spread Sock
that swollen stuck squeeze Socket
The/the sword study staff Sofa
Warning symbol study stained soft
Was Synonym study(n) Stairs theatre
Wash syringe Stupid Stall(n) their
Watch system style Stamp theirs
water Up subject together them
Wave Uphill tropical Toilet Themselves
way upset Trouble(n ~) told Then
we upwards Trousers tomato There
weak urban truck tomb therefore
weapon Urgent truth tomorrow thermometer
Wear us try too these
weather use T-shirt took They/they
wedding Useful tsp( teaspoon) toothpaste Thick
Wednesday usually Tuesday topsoil thin
Week vacancy turn Toral thing
weekend vaccinate Twelve total think
weigh valley twenty touch Third
weight Valuable twin tour thirsty
welcome Value(n) Two tourch thirteen
well variety type Tourism thirty
well ( n ) vegetables Typical tourist this
Went vegetation umbrella Tow thoroughly
Were vehicle uncle towards those
wet verandah unconscious towel Thousands

36
 What verb uncountable Tower Three
Wheelchair very under Town throat
When victim underlined track (n) through
Where view understand tractor throw
whereas villa Unexpected trade Thursday
wherever village unfit trading ( n ) tick
which visa unfortunately traditional ticket
while Visit unfriendly traffic jam Tidier, tidiest
whisper visitor Unhappy Train tie
white vitamin unhelpful Training timetable
Who voice uniform Traitor tired
Whole volcano unique Trapped title
whose Volleyball unit travel to
Why vowel Unity Tray toatally
widely wait University treasure Today
wory Wales unlike treat toes
would walk Unlucky treatment wife
wreck wall Unnecessary tree wildlife
write wander untidy triangular will
Written want until trick Win / won
Wrong warm unusual trip window
x-ray workbook unwell you windy
year worker wonderful young wing
yellow workshop won't yours winter
Yes world wood yourself Wipe
Yesterday worldwide wooden Youth wish
yield ( n ) worried wool zebra With
zoo worse word Zebra crossing Without
zoologist worst Work zone woman
horn Blame Beach arrive yogurt

37
One dimension of analysis which has been the subject of a great deal of discussion
and comment is the synthetic/ analytic dimension. The distinction between synthetic
and analytic (Wilkins, 1976) described the synthetic language teaching strategy is
one in which the different parts of language are thought separately and step by step
so that acquisition is a process of gradual accumulation of parts until the whole
structure of language has been built up. In an analytic syllabus, learners are
presented with chunk of language which may include structures of varying degrees
of difficulty. The starting point for syllabus design is not the grammatical system of
the language, but the communicative purposes for which language is used. It is
theoretically possible to conceive of language courses as being solely synthetic or
solely analytic. However, it is likely that, in practice, courses will be typified as more-
or- less synthetic or more or less analytic according to the prominence given to
discrete elements in the selection and grading of input.

In terms of words selection, it is said that if the syllabus content covers less than 20
percent of Michael West General List, it is analytic, communicative and if the syllabus
content covers more than70 it is synthetic, lexical syllabus.
• All words in Michael West’s list are (2282)
• All words in the Yemeni books (2081)
• Words in Yemeni books but not in Michael West list (942)
• Words in Yemeni books that are in West Michael list (1139)49.91%
• Words in Michael West list but not in Yemeni books (2417)

1139 × 100
49.91%
2282

Then, we come to the judgment that the English Crescent Book Series for Yemen is
neither synthetic nor analytic in terms of its words selection. Simply, all words of the
Yemen books of English known as crescent series are 2081 and only 1139(49.91%)
words of them are found in Michael West General lists .The books are claimed to be
communicative adopting the functional notional syllabus design .The notional
functional design is not based on structural, grammatical, lexical selection of words,
it is rather concerned with the notion (what does the learner need to mean in
English) and functions.

38
References

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Terry O'Neill, Peter Snow and Helen O'Neill, Crescent English Course Pupil's six
Books, English Language Teaching for The Arab World /Oxford University Press SARL,
1900.
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