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ACKNOWLEDGEMENT
The researcher would like to take this opportunity to express her sincerest
gratitude and deep regard to all people behind the success of this research paper. First and
foremost, the researcher wants to thank Almighty God for bestowing her with knowledge
and motivation to come up with this research topic and actually pursue it. To her dearest
parents, thank you for the support financially and morally. The researcher will also be
forever indebted to her Practical Research adviser, Mrs. Kristine C. Sinfuego, along with
the efforts of other teachers in St. Lorenzo School of Polomolok, Inc. Their exemplary
guidance, valuable feedbacks, and constant encouragement throughout the making of this
research paper were of immense help and are very much appreciated.
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DEDICATION
First to her family, who were always there through thick and thin.
To Mrs. Kristine C. Sinfuego for molding the researcher’s potential and also for the
To St. Lorenzo School of Polomolok, Inc. for creating and enriching the knowledge of
every student in order to attain the maximum fulfillment of the students to become an
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TABLE OF CONTENTS:
ACKNOWLEDGEMENT ________________________________________________ ii
DEDICATION _________________________________________________________ iii
Abstract _______________________________________________________________ vi
The Problem and Its Setting _______________________________________________ 1
Introduction __________________________________________________________ 1
Hypothesis: __________________________________________________________ 2
Definition of Terms ____________________________________________________ 2
Methodology ___________________________________________________________ 5
Materials and ingredients: _______________________________________________ 6
Procedures: __________________________________________________________ 7
I. Preparation: ____________________________________________________ 7
II. Extraction: _____________________________________________________ 7
III. Addition of Preservatives ________________________________________ 7
IV. Refilling _____________________________________________________ 8
Performance Test: _____________________________________________________ 8
Locale of the Study ___________________________________________________ 14
Instrumentation ______________________________________________________ 14
Statistical Analysis ___________________________________________________ 14
Analysis of Variance __________________________________________________ 15
CHAPTER V _________________________________________________________ 22
SUMMARY, CONCLUSION, AND RECOMMENDATION ___________________ 22
Summary ___________________________________________________________ 22
Conclusion__________________________________________________________ 22
Recommendations ____________________________________________________ 22
Bibliography __________________________________________________________ 23
APPENDIX A _________________________________________________________ 24
APPENDIX B _________________________________________________________ 25
APPENDIX C _________________________________________________________ 26
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List of Figures:
List of Tables
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Abstract
Eggplant peels were extracted to create pen inks and was evaluated through
respondents’ performance assessment and measuring its longevity. Results from this
research revealed that eggplant peels extract as pen ink has extremely low performance
rate and only lasted less than a day. Therefore, pen inks out of eggplant peels is not
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Chapter I
Introduction
pen inks contain propyl alcohol and toluene. Single or repeated exposures to toluene can
affect the nervous system of a person exposed to it and can also make the air toxic.
Propyl alcohol, on the other hand, causes skin and respiratory tract irritation. (Material
Commercial pen inks pose a threat to people exposed to it and to the environment.
Meanwhile, earlier civilizations used natural dyes such as saffron and turmeric. Fruits
vegetable with purple peels containing anthocyanin as its dominant pigment. Specifically,
it is rich in nasunin which is a purple anthocyanin. This study aims to prove the
possibility of eggplant peels extract as pen ink and its durability basing on its longevity.
researcher let nine Grade Twelve (STEM strand) students to try the pen ink for seven
days. This was conducted within the premises of St. Lorenzo School of Polomolok, Inc.
The researcher conducted performance test to assess the ink’s longevity. This was
South Cotabato.
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If this study will be successful one, there would be a significant increase in
eggplant demands rendering the eggplant growers in Polomolok, South Cotabato more
income. The researcher will also be benefited by spending lesser amount of money in
buying pens.
Hypothesis:
Definition of Terms
Anthocyanin- any of various soluble glycoside pigments producing blue to red coloring
Pigment- any of a group of compounds that are intensely colored and are used
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Chapter II: Review of Related Literature
This chapter presents the review of related literature that includes vital
Ballpoint pen, the felt-tip marker, and the fiber-tip pen have led to inks containing
solutions of dyes in water or organic solvents such as propylene glycol, propyl alcohol,
toluene or glyco-ethers. Other ingredients like resins, preservatives and wetting agents
Propyl alcohol is a clear liquid with an alcohol-like odor. Its vapors may cause
drowsiness and dizziness. Propyl alcohol may also cause skin and respiratory tract
irritation. (Scientific, 2010, p. 1)On the other hand, toluene is a clear, colorless liquid
with a distinctive smell. It is produced in the process of making gasoline and other fuels
from crude oil and in making coke from coal. A serious health concern is that toluene
may have an effect on your nervous system. (Sciences, 2015, pp. 2-3)
Throughout history, ink has been made in many different colored juices and
extracts of plants and animals as well as synthetic materials. Earlier civilizations used
natural dyes such as saffron and turmeric. Fruits such as pomegranate were also used by
modified to produce different hues or increased stability. (Francis & Markakis, 2009, pp.
1-2)
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Anthocyanins are generally accepted as the largest and most important group of
water-soluble pigments in nature. The word anthocyanin derived from two Greek words:
anthos, which means flower, and kyanos, which means dark blue, reveals its important
are responsible for diverse pigmentation from orange to red, purple and blue in flowers,
fruits and vegetables. (Horbowicz, Kosson, Grzesiuk, & Debski, 2008) Anthocyanins are
very soluble in polar solvents, being easily extracted with water, methanol and ethanol.
(Lima, Corrêa, Saczk, Martins, & Castilho, 2008, p. 878) Moreover, anthocyanin is a
color pigment that gives many fruits and berries a blue, red or dark purple hue and is
found in a wide assortment of healthy foods. Several foods that contain anthocyanins are
eggplant and eggplant peel showed high amounts of anthocyanin. (Jung, JukBae, Jo, Jo,
flavonoids, which together with other anthocyanins imparts to the eggplant its
and cosmetic fields. It is present in very few foods and eggplants are the natural source
that contains significantly more. This phytonutrient is concentrated in the peel. (European
Scientific Journal, 2014)Furthermore, the main natural source of nasunin is the skin of
eggplants. It is the substance that provides the dark pigment in the fruit of the eggplant.
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Chapter III
Methodology
This study aims to prove the possibility of creating pen ink out of eggplant peels
Research Methodology
This chapter presents the methods of research and procedure used in conducting
this study. It includes the materials, methods, and treatments. The researcher made use of
the experimental design. The experimental units of this research were the chosen
participants of this study. There were nine experimental units and three treatment levels
Conceptual Framework:
EGGPLANT PREPARING
INPUT
OUTPUT
PROCESS
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TREATMENT LEVELS EXPERIMENTAL UNITS
teaspoon of salt)
teaspoon of salt)
teaspoon of salt)
15 mL of purified water
15 mL of ethanol
3 teaspoons of vinegar
3 teaspoons of salt
10 mL of oleic acid
strainer
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Juicer
Funnel
Two pieces of 100 mL beaker or any container that can hold liquid
Filter paper
Syringe
Procedures:
I. Preparation:
1. Eggplants, purified water, ethanol, vinegar, and syringe were bought from
II. Extraction:
2. The juice extracted from eggplant peels was transferred into a container.
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- Vinegar and salt were added into the mixture, and then was stirred thoroughly
for 10 minutes.
IV. Refilling
- Empty pen ink cartridges were refilled with the created ink using a syringe.
After pouring the ink inside the cartridge, oleic acid was added as stopper
Performance Test:
1. The researcher used the created pen ink every day until it does not write anymore.
2. The researcher recorded the number of days it lasted to determine its longevity.
3. The researcher then referred to the rubrics for its numeric equivalent.
Research Documentation:
I. Preparation of Materials
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II. Extraction
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Figure 6 Collected extract
Figure 7 Filtration
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Figure 8 Addition of purified water
Figure 9 Stirring
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II. Addition of Preservatives
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III. Refilling
Figure 13 Refilling
The study was done in St. Lorenzo School of Polomolok,Inc. and at the
Instrumentation
The instruments that were used in this research are the pen inks that were created
out of eggplant peels. The sampling technique used was convenience sampling.
Questionnaires and observation based on rubrics were also used for data gathering.
Statistical Analysis
Respondents’ Assessment
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Treatments Student 1 Student 2 Student 3
T1
T2
T3
Ink’s Longevity
T1
T2
T3
Analysis of Variance
Respondents’ Assessment
95% Confidence
Interval for Mean
Std.
Deviati Std. Lower Upper
N Mean on Error Bound Bound Minimum Maximum
Treatment 1
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Treatment 2
Treatment 3
Total .
Sum of Mean
Squares df Square F Sig.
Between Groups
Within Groups .
Total
Ink’s Longevity
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on Lower Upper
Bound Bound
Treatment 1
Treatment 2
Treatment 3
Total .
Sum of Mean
Squares df Square F Sig.
Between Groups
Within Groups .
Total
CHAPTER IV
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PRESENTATION, INTERPRETATION, AND ANALYSIS OF DATA
This chapter presents and interprets the data gathered in tabular form. This aims to create
The pens were tested through St. Lorenzo School of Polomolok,Inc. STEM-12
students’ participation and researcher’s observation basing on its durability through light
exposure, reaction to temperature, and its longevity. Results obtained in the following
rom
T3 Extremely low Extremely low Low
the
table, it can be observed that all respondents in the Treatment 1 level find the ink’s
performance extremely low while in Treatment 2 level, 2 out of 3 respondents find the
ink’s performance extremely low and one of them find its performance low. The results
in Treatment 3 level is the same with Treatment 2 level. Looking at the table, the
researcher can conclude that no treatment levels showed possibility that eggplant peels
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Ink’s Performance Assessment
95% Confidence
Interval for Mean
ANOVA
Performance
Sum of Mean
Squares df Square F Sig.
Total 1.556 8
It can be observed that the significance value is 0.630 (i.e., p = .630), which is above
0.05. and, this implies that there is a statistically no significant difference in the
performance of pen ink created between the different treatment levels. Therefore, the
researcher accepts the null hypothesis and rejects the alternative hypothesis.
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Table 3 Pen Ink's Longevity
1 2 3
1 1 1 1 3 1
2 1 2 1 4 1.33
3 1 1 2 4 1.33
2- one day
4- one week
From the table above, it can be observed that all pens in Treatment 1 level lasted less than
a day while 2 out of 3 pens in Treatment 2 levels lasted less than a day. Treatment 3 level
have the same result with Treatment 2 level. Looking at the table, each treatment level’s
average is almost equal to 1 and its corresponding description in the rubrics is less than a
day. The researcher can conclude that the pen inks created are not durable enough basing
on its longevity.
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on Lower Upper
Bound Bound
Sum of Mean
Squares df Square F Sig.
Total 1.556 8
It can be observed that the significance value is 0.079 (i.e., p = .079), which is
above 0.05. and, this implies that there is a statistically no significant difference in the
pen ink’s longevity between the different treatment levels. Therefore, the researcher
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CHAPTER V
Summary
Based on the analysis of the results of this study, the researcher arrived at the
following summary:
Pen inks made out of eggplant peels have extremely low performance rate. Thus,
it is not possible to create quality pen inks out of eggplant peels extract.
The ink’s longevity did not last a day. Therefore, it is not durable enough to be
used as pen ink.
Conclusion
Basing on the results gathered, the ink created is of extremely low performance
rate and its longevity did not last a day. Therefore, the researcher concludes that eggplant
Recommendations
pigments.
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Bibliography
European Scientific Journal. (2014). 1-2.
Horbowicz, Kosson, Grzesiuk, & Debski. (2008). Anthocyanins of Fruits and Vegetables
- Their Occurrence, Analysis and Role in Human Nutrition. Vegetable Crops
Research Bulletin.
Jung, E.-j., JukBae, M., Jo, E.-K., Jo, Y.-H., & Lee, K. (2011). Journal of Medicinal
Plants Research. In E.-j. Jung. Chang-won, Korea: Department of Food Science
and Biotechnology.
Lima, A., Corrêa, A., Saczk, A., Martins, M., & Castilho, R. (2008). Anthocyanins,
Pigment Stability and Antioxidant activity in Jabuticaba. Antlanta, Georgia:
Callix Publishing.
Reference.md. (2012).
Sciences, D. o. (2015). Toxicological Profile for Toluene. Antlanta: Agency for Toxic
Substances and Disease Registry.
Scientific, T. F. (2010). Material Safety Data Sheet. Fair Lawn: Fisher Scientific.
Sharma, N. (2014). Analysis of Blue Fountain Pen Inks. Saharanpur: Scholar's Research
Library.
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APPENDIX A
QUESTIONNAIRE
DOCUMENTATION
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APPENDIX B
=3 =1.33 =1.33
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APPENDIX C
CURRICULUM VITAE
Email: lmlloren11@gmail.com
Education
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Basic Ropemanship Training January 2017
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